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id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 European support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Chain_of_the_Golden_Horn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Chain_of_the_Golden_Horn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The Great Chain of the Golden Horn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Chain_of_the_Golden_Horn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Strength </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_dispositions_and_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_dispositions_and_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Ottoman dispositions and strategies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_dispositions_and_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_dispositions_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_dispositions_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Byzantine dispositions and tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_dispositions_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Siege </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Siege-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Siege subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Final assault </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Third Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Impact on the Churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cultural impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Impact on the Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaming_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaming_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Renaming of the city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaming_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Primary sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Primary sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eyewitness_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyewitness_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Eyewitness accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyewitness_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-eyewitness_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-eyewitness_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Non-eyewitness accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-eyewitness_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fall of Constantinople</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Konstantinopel_(1453)" title="Belagerung von Konstantinopel (1453) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Belagerung von Konstantinopel (1453)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فتح القسطنطينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فتح القسطنطينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayida_de_Constantinopla" title="Cayida de Constantinopla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cayida de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopolun_s%C3%BCqutu" title="Konstantinopolun süqutu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konstantinopolun süqutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="ایستانبولون فتحی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبولون فتحی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কনস্টান্টিনোপল বিজয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনস্টান্টিনোপল বিজয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_(1453)" title="Аблога Канстанцінопаля (1453) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аблога Канстанцінопаля (1453)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Падзеньне Канстантынопалю – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Падзеньне Канстантынопалю" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB_(1453)" title="Падане на Константинопол (1453) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Падане на Константинопол (1453)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad_Konstantinopolja" title="Pad Konstantinopolja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pad Konstantinopolja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemeridigezh_Kergustentin" title="Kemeridigezh Kergustentin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kemeridigezh Kergustentin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiguda_de_Constantinoble" title="Caiguda de Constantinoble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caiguda de Constantinoble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1d_Konstantinopole" title="Pád Konstantinopole – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pád Konstantinopole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopels_fald" title="Konstantinopels fald – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konstantinopels fald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroberung_von_Konstantinopel_(1453)" title="Eroberung von Konstantinopel (1453) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eroberung von Konstantinopel (1453)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinoopoli_piiramine_(1453)" title="Konstantinoopoli piiramine (1453) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konstantinoopoli piiramine (1453)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_(1453)" title="Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης (1453) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης (1453)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%ADda_de_Constantinopla" title="Caída de Constantinopla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caída de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkero_de_Konstantinopolo" title="Konkero de Konstantinopolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konkero de Konstantinopolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinoplaren_erorialdia" title="Konstantinoplaren erorialdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstantinoplaren erorialdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87" title="فتح قسطنطنیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتح قسطنطنیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chute_de_Constantinople" title="Chute de Constantinople – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chute de Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal_fan_Konstantinopel_(1453)" title="Fal fan Konstantinopel (1453) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fal fan Konstantinopel (1453)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%ADda_de_Constantinopla" title="Caída de Constantinopla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caída de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%A8%EB%9D%BD" title="콘스탄티노폴리스의 함락 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘스탄티노폴리스의 함락" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կոստանդնուպոլսի անկում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոստանդնուպոլսի անկում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="कुस्तुन्तुनिया का पतन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुस्तुन्तुनिया का पतन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad_Carigrada_1453." title="Pad Carigrada 1453. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pad Carigrada 1453." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejatuhan_Konstantinopel" title="Kejatuhan Konstantinopel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kejatuhan Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Costantinopoli_(1453)" title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (1453) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (1453)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="כיבוש קונסטנטינופול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיבוש קונסטנטינופול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="კონსტანტინოპოლის დაცემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსტანტინოპოლის დაცემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expugnatio_Constantinopolis" title="Expugnatio Constantinopolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Expugnatio Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopoles_kri%C5%A1ana" title="Konstantinopoles krišana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konstantinopoles krišana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopolio_%C5%BElugimas" title="Konstantinopolio žlugimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konstantinopolio žlugimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlada_de_Costantinopel" title="Borlada de Costantinopel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Borlada de Costantinopel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin%C3%A1poly_ostroma_(1453)" title="Konstantinápoly ostroma (1453) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konstantinápoly ostroma (1453)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(1453)" title="Пад на Цариград (1453) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пад на Цариград (1453)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="കോൺസ്റ്റാന്റിനോപ്പിളിന്റെ പതനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺസ്റ്റാന്റിനോപ്പിളിന്റെ പതനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سقوط القسطنطنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سقوط القسطنطنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejatuhan_Kustantiniyah" title="Kejatuhan Kustantiniyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejatuhan Kustantiniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Константинополийн уналт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Константинополийн уналт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_en_val_van_Constantinopel_(1453)" title="Beleg en val van Constantinopel (1453) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg en val van Constantinopel (1453)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E9%99%A5%E8%90%BD" title="コンスタンティノープルの陥落 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンスタンティノープルの陥落" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Константинополь йожар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Константинополь йожар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Constantin%C3%B2ble_(1453)" title="Sètge de Constantinòble (1453) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sètge de Constantinòble (1453)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopolning_fathi" title="Konstantinopolning fathi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konstantinopolning fathi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੌਨਸਟੈਨਟੀਨੋਪਲ ਦੀ ਹਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਨਸਟੈਨਟੀਨੋਪਲ ਦੀ ਹਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فتح قسطنطنیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فتح قسطنطنیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_(_%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%87)" title="د قسطنطنیې ايالت ( فتحه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د قسطنطنیې ايالت ( فتحه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upadek_Konstantynopola" title="Upadek Konstantynopola – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upadek Konstantynopola" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queda_de_Constantinopla" title="Queda de Constantinopla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queda de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83derea_Constantinopolului" title="Căderea Constantinopolului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căderea Constantinopolului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_(1453)" title="Падение Константинополя (1453) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Падение Константинополя (1453)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_de_Costantin%C3%B2poli" title="Ruta de Costantinòpoli – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ruta de Costantinòpoli" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faal_fon_Konstantinopel" title="Faal fon Konstantinopel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Faal fon Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimi_i_Kostandinopoj%C3%ABs" title="Pushtimi i Kostandinopojës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimi i Kostandinopojës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fall of Constantinople" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1d_Kon%C5%A1tant%C3%ADnopola" title="Pád Konštantínopola – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pád Konštantínopola" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padec_Konstantinopla" title="Padec Konstantinopla – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Padec Konstantinopla" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="کەوتنی قوستەنتینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەوتنی قوستەنتینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(1453)" title="Пад Цариграда (1453) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пад Цариграда (1453)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad_Carigrada_(1453)" title="Pad Carigrada (1453) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pad Carigrada (1453)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopolin_valloitus_(1453)" title="Konstantinopolin valloitus (1453) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konstantinopolin valloitus (1453)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinopels_fall" title="Konstantinopels fall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fall_of_Constantinople&params=41.030_N_28.935_E_">41°01′48″N 28°56′06″E / 41.030°N 28.935°E / 41.030; 28.935</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman capture of the Byzantine capital</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other sieges of the city, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">List of sieges of Constantinople</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Fall of Constantinople</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Byzantine–Ottoman wars">Byzantine–Ottoman wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_(1453)_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg/270px-Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg/405px-Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg/540px-Le_si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_%281453%29_by_Jean_Le_Tavernier_after_1455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1788" /></a> The siege of Constantinople (1453), French miniature by Jean Le Tavernier after 1455.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 April – 29 May 1453 (1 month, 3 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, Byzantine Empire (present-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fall_of_Constantinople&params=41.030_N_28.935_E_">41°01′48″N 28°56′06″E / 41.030°N 28.935°E / 41.030; 28.935</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <div><ul><li>Constantinople conquered by the Ottomans</li><li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a> continue as Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump states</a> until their conquests in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">1460</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">1461</a>, 1475 and 1479</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Serbian_Despotate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> mercenaries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/25px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/38px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/50px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> volunteers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily"><img alt="Kingdom of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiardinetto2022-4">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/23px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/35px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/46px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="906" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Aragón">Crown of Aragon</a> (Catalan retinue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Orhan Çelebi loyalists</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha_the_Younger" title="Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger">Halil Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Baltoghlu" title="Suleiman Baltoghlu">Suleiman Baltoghlu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karaca_Pasha" title="Karaca Pasha">Karaca Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Bey" title="Hamza Bey">Hamza Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelović">Mahmud Pasha</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Loukas_Notaras" title="Loukas Notaras">Loukas Notaras</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Palaiologos" title="Theophilos Palaiologos">Theophilos Palaiologos</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_Kantakouzenos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos Kantakouzenos">Demetrios Kantakouzenos</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giustiniani_Longo" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Giustiniani Longo">Giovanni Giustiniani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/25px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/38px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/50px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Trevisano" title="Gabriele Trevisano">Gabriele Trevisano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/25px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/38px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/50px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alviso_Diedo" title="Alviso Diedo">Alviso Diedo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily"><img alt="Kingdom of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Orsini_del_Balzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele Orsini del Balzo (page does not exist)">Gabriele Orsini del Balzo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiardinetto2022-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie2005464-6">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Cardinal Isidore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan Çelebi</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">Land forces: <ul><li>100,000–130,000 in total (Western sources)<a href="#cite_note-8">[note 2]</a></li></ul> 40,000–50,000 in total (Turkish sources)<a href="#cite_note-Fall_of_Constantinople-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> 60,000–80,000 in total (Modern sources)<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> <ul><li>Various cannon and <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li></ul> Naval forces: <ul><li>31 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a></li> <li>95 large row boats</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">Land forces: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> 7,000–10,000 professional soldiers</li> <li>30,000–35,000 armed civilians<a href="#cite_note-Fall_of_Constantinople-9">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(Square).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> 600 Orhan Çelebi loyalists<a href="#cite_note-osmanaras600askeri-13">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily"><img alt="Kingdom of Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 200 archers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie2005464-6">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> 200 archers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol200257-14">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/23px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/35px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/46px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="906" /></a> 200 Catalan retinue</li></ul> </div> Naval forces: 26 ships <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/25px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/38px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/50px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a> 10 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/25px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/38px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/50px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> 8 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa"><img alt="Republic of Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> 5 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/23px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/35px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg/46px-Royal_Banner_of_Arag%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="906" /></a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Ancona_%28c._1174%E2%80%931532%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="360" /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Anconitan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Drapeau_de_Provence_%C2%AB_ancien_%C2%BB.svg/23px-Drapeau_de_Provence_%C2%AB_ancien_%C2%BB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Drapeau_de_Provence_%C2%AB_ancien_%C2%BB.svg/35px-Drapeau_de_Provence_%C2%AB_ancien_%C2%BB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Drapeau_de_Provence_%C2%AB_ancien_%C2%BB.svg/45px-Drapeau_de_Provence_%C2%AB_ancien_%C2%BB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="702" /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 200–18,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2013b104-15">[13]</a> (first day) Heavy: 15,000–50,000 (disputed)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,500 killed in action (both military and civilian)<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200041-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> 30,000–50,000 civilians enslaved<a href="#cite_note-iK51W-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akbar2002-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-21">[19]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine–Ottoman_wars" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Byzantine–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Byzantine–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Byzantine–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine–Ottoman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Byzantine–Ottoman wars">Byzantine–Ottoman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:97%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kulaca_Hisar" title="Siege of Kulaca Hisar">Kulaca Hisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C4%B0neg%C3%B6l" title="Siege of İnegöl">İnegöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bapheus" title="Battle of Bapheus">Bapheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dimbos" title="Battle of Dimbos">Dimbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_campaign_in_Asia_Minor" title="Catalan campaign in Asia Minor">Catalan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bursa" title="Siege of Bursa">Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelekanon" title="Battle of Pelekanon">Pelekanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%931331)" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicomedia" title="Siege of Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Gallipoli" title="Fall of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_crusade" title="Savoyard crusade">Savoyard crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Philadelphia" title="Fall of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1383%E2%80%931387)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1383–1387)">1st Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1411)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1411)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1422)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1422)">3rd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">2nd Thessalonica</a></li> <li> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">4th Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Trebizond</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:History of the Byzantine Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History of the Byzantine Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)"><img alt="Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/250px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/375px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif/500px-Byzantine_Empire_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Preceding</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominate_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominate (Roman Empire)">Dominate</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Early period (330–717)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Middle period (717–1204)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Late period (1204–1453)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Latin rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia#Latin_states" title="Frankokratia">others</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/16px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/24px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/32px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:History of the Byzantine Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the Byzantine Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Byzantine Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">the capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 55-day <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> which had begun on 6 April. The attacking <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_classical_Ottoman_Empire" title="Army of the classical Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Army</a>, which significantly outnumbered Constantinople's defenders, was commanded by the 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a> (later nicknamed "the Conqueror"), while the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Byzantine army</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a>. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a>. The fall of Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, marking the effective end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. For many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ealoipolis-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-GpAG8-23">[21]</a> The city's fall also stood as a turning point in <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>. Since ancient times, cities and castles had depended upon <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a> and walls to repel invaders. The <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Walls of Constantinople</a>, especially the Theodosian Walls, protected Constantinople from attack for 800 years and were noted as some of the most advanced defensive systems in the world at the time.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> However, these fortifications were overcome with the use of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, specifically from Ottoman cannons and <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a>, heralding a change in siege warfare.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> The Ottoman cannons repeatedly fired massive cannonballs weighing 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) over 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) which created gaps in the Theodosian Walls for the Ottoman siege.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Byzantine_Empire">The Byzantine Empire</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Byzantine Empire">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> had been an imperial capital since its consecration in 330 under Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been <a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">besieged many times</a> but was captured only once before: the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997304-28">[26]</a> The crusaders established an unstable <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin state</a> in and around Constantinople while the remainder of the Byzantine Empire splintered into a number of successor states, notably <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>. They fought as allies against the Latin establishments, but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne. The Nicaeans eventually <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Constantinople" title="Reconquest of Constantinople">reconquered Constantinople</a> from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologos dynasty</a>. Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997-29">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-O2kxx-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ospbyzwar6001453-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002-32">[30]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Between 1346 and 1349, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-rCeS6-33">[31]</a> The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century <a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Walls">Theodosian Walls</a>. By 1450, the empire was exhausted and had shrunk to a few square kilometers outside the city of Constantinople itself, the <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> with its cultural center at <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, an independent <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> that formed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, was also present at the time on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> succeeded his father in 1451, he was 19 years old. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196560-34">[32]</a> In fact, Europe celebrated Mehmed coming to the throne and hoped his inexperience would lead the Ottomans astray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2005-35">[33]</a> This calculation was boosted by Mehmed's friendly overtures to the European envoys at his new court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373-36">[34]</a> But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. By early 1452, work began on the construction of a second <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumeli hisarı</a>) on the European side of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WDL-37">[35]</a> several miles north of Constantinople. The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadolu Hisarı</a> fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a>. This pair of fortresses ensured complete control of sea traffic on the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373-36">[34]</a> and defended against attack by the <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> colonies on the Black Sea coast to the north. In fact, the new fortress was called Boğazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". The wordplay emphasizes its strategic position: in Turkish boğaz means both "strait" and "throat". In October 1452, Mehmed ordered <a href="/wiki/Turakhan_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Turakhan Beg">Turakhan Beg</a> to station a large garrison force in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> to block <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios</a> (<a href="/wiki/Despotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotes">despotes</a> in Southern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>) from providing aid to their brother <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> during the impending siege of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-39">[note 3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaca_Pasha" title="Karaca Pasha">Karaca Pasha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeyi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a>, sent men to prepare the roads from <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a> to Constantinople so that bridges could cope with the massive cannons. Fifty carpenters and 200 artisans also strengthened the roads where necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200041-17">[15]</a> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Critobulus" title="Michael Critobulus">Michael Critobulus</a> quotes <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>'s speech to his soldiers before the siege:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos195423-40">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> My friends and men of my empire! You all know very well that our forefathers secured this kingdom that we now hold at the cost of many struggles and very great dangers and that, having passed it along in succession from their fathers, from father to son, they handed it down to me. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by them—those at least of you who are of maturer years—and the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. They are not such very ancient events nor of such a sort as to be forgotten through the lapse of time. Still, the eyewitness of those who have seen testifies better than does the hearing of deeds that happened but yesterday or the day before. </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_support">European support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European support">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a> swiftly understood Mehmed's true intentions and turned to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> for help; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">western churches</a> had to be paid. Since the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">mutual excommunications</a> of 1054, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in Rome was committed to establishing unity with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">the eastern church</a>. The union was agreed by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> in 1274, at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors had since been received into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a> had also recently negotiated union with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence#Eugene_IV's_eastern_strategy" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. The imperial efforts to impose union were met with strong resistance in Constantinople. A <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda initiative</a> was stimulated by anti-unionist <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> partisans in Constantinople; the population, as well as the laity and leadership of the Byzantine Church, became bitterly divided. Latent <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">ethnic hatred</a> between Greeks and Italians, stemming from the events of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a> in 1182 by the Greeks and the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204 by the Latins, played a significant role. Ultimately, the attempted union between east and west failed, greatly annoying <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> and the hierarchy of the Roman church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the summer of 1452, when <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumeli Hisarı</a> was completed and the threat of the Ottomans had become imminent, Constantine wrote to the Pope, promising to implement the union, which was declared valid by a half-hearted imperial court on 12 December 1452.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373-36">[34]</a> Although he was eager for an advantage, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes, some of whom were wary of increasing papal control. Furthermore, these Western rulers did not have the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, Spain's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, the internecine fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and Hungary and Poland's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a> of 1444. Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city-states in northern Italy, the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Cardinal Isidore</a>, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2005-35">[33]</a> An accomplished soldier from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giustiniani" title="Giovanni Giustiniani">Giovanni Giustiniani</a>, arrived in January 1453 with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196583–84-41">[38]</a> As a specialist in defending walled cities, Giustiniani was immediately given the overall command of the defence of the land walls by the Emperor. The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewsIT-42">[39]</a> Around the same time, the captains of the Venetian ships that happened to be present in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> offered their services to the Emperor, barring contrary orders from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and Pope Nicholas undertook to send three ships laden with provisions, which set sail near the end of March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196581-43">[40]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdoms of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> arrived in Constantinople the <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Orsini_del_Balzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriele Orsini del Balzo (page does not exist)">Gabriele Orsini del Balzo</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venosa</a> and count of <a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a>, together with 200 Neapolitan archers, who died fighting for the defense of the capital of the Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie2005464-6">[5]</a> Meanwhile, in Venice, deliberations were taking place concerning the kind of assistance the Republic would lend to Constantinople. The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">Senate</a> decided upon sending a fleet in February 1453, but the fleet's departure was delayed until April, when it was already too late for ships to assist in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993-44">[41]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196585-45">[42]</a> Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men, despite having sworn to defend Constantinople, slipped out of the capital the moment Giustiniani arrived. At the same time, Constantine's attempts to appease the Sultan with gifts ended with the execution of the Emperor's ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThackerayFindling2012-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norwich1998-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somerwil-Ayrton2007-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1973-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brownworth2009-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995415-51">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/220px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/330px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG/440px-Walls_of_Constantinople.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Restored Walls of Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_%282%29.jpg/200px-Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_%282%29.jpg/300px-Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_%282%29.jpg/400px-Hali%C3%A7_zinciri_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">chain</a> that closed off the entrance to the Golden Horn in 1453, now on display in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Archaeology_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museums</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Chain_of_the_Golden_Horn">The Great Chain of the Golden Horn </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Great Chain of the Golden Horn ">edit</a>]</div> Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine XI">Emperor Constantine XI</a> ordered that a <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">defensive chain</a> be placed at the mouth of the harbour. This chain, which floated on logs, was strong enough to prevent any Turkish ship from entering the harbour. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993380-52">[49]</a> This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horn Wall">Golden Horn Wall</a>, which faces the Horn. Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall (<a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Walls">Theodosian Walls</a>). Emperor Constantine deemed it necessary to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a> district's wall was the most fortified because that section of the wall protruded northwards. The land fortifications consisted of a 60 ft (18 m) wide moat fronting inner and outer <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">crenellated walls</a> studded with towers every 45–55 metres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpilling2010187-53">[50]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 326px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 324px; height: 219px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -104px; left: -382px; width: 768px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Byz1453.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Ottoman Sultanate and the Eastern Roman Empire in April 1453." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Byz1453.png/768px-Byz1453.png" decoding="async" width="768" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Byz1453.png/1152px-Byz1453.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Byz1453.png/1536px-Byz1453.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Byz1453.png" title="File:Byz1453.png"> </a></div>The Ottoman Sultanate and the Eastern Roman Empire in April 1453. </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strength">Strength</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strength">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg/220px-Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg/330px-Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg/440px-Siege_of_Constantinople_1453_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers</figcaption></figure> The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totalling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-54">[note 4]</a> The population decline also had a huge impact upon the Constantinople's defense capabilities. At the end of March 1453, emperor Constantine XI ordered a census of districts to record how many able-bodied men were in the city and whatever weapons each possessed for defense. George Sphrantzes, the faithful chancellor of the last emperor, recorded that "in spite of the great size of our city, our defenders amounted to 4,773 Greeks, as well as just 200 foreigners". In addition there were volunteers from outside, the "Genoese, Venetians and those who came secretly from Galata to help the defense", who numbered "hardly as many as three thousand", amounting to something under 8,000 men in total to defend a perimeter wall of twelve miles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2013a95–110-55">[51]</a> At the onset of the siege, probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls, including the refugees from the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200032-56">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-57">[note 5]</a> Turkish commander Dorgano, who was in Constantinople working for the Emperor, was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. The defending army's Genoese corps were well trained and equipped, while the rest of the army consisted of small numbers of well-trained soldiers, armed civilians, sailors and volunteer forces from foreign communities, and finally <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a>. The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. The rest of the citizens repaired walls, stood guard on observation posts, collected and distributed food provisions, and collected gold and silver objects from churches to melt down into coins to pay the foreign soldiers. The Ottomans had a much larger force. Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were some 50,000–80,000 Ottoman soldiers, including between 5,000 and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pertusicadvol1-7">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] 70 <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanning2005139–140-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle2000-59">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-halilosmanimpklas-60">[55]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and an elite infantry corps, and thousands of Christian troops, notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a> was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuc2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019-2">[2]</a> — just a few months before, Branković had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuc2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019-2">[2]</a> Contemporaneous Western witnesses of the siege, who tend to exaggerate the military power of the Sultan, provide disparate and higher numbers ranging from 160,000 to 300,000<a href="#cite_note-pertusicadvol1-7">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Barbaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Barbaro">Niccolò Barbaro</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-61">[56]</a> 160,000; the Florentine merchant Jacopo Tedaldi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcasty1955-62">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and the Great Logothete <a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a>:<a href="#cite_note-sphrantzchron-63">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] 200,000; the Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a><a href="#cite_note-isbesepistle-64">[59]</a> and the Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> Leonardo di Chio:<a href="#cite_note-LeonardoChio-65">[60]</a> 300,000).<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_dispositions_and_strategies">Ottoman dispositions and strategies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ottoman dispositions and strategies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/220px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/330px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/440px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles Gun</a>, cast by Munir Ali in 1464, is similar to <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombards</a> used by the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople in 1453 (British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armouries" title="Royal Armouries">Royal Armouries</a> collection).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed</a> built a fleet (crewed partially by Spanish sailors from <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>) to besiege the city from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle2000-59">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Contemporary estimates of the strength of the Ottoman fleet span from 110 ships to 430 (Tedaldi:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcasty1955-62">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] 110; Barbaro:<a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-61">[56]</a> 145; Ubertino Pusculo:<a href="#cite_note-Pusculo-67">[62]</a> 160, Isidore of Kiev<a href="#cite_note-isbesepistle-64">[59]</a> and Leonardo di Chio:<a href="#cite_note-sQMpP-68">[63]</a> 200–250; (Sphrantzes):<a href="#cite_note-sphrantzchron-63">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] 430). A more realistic modern estimate predicts a fleet strength of 110 ships comprising 70 large <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>, 5 ordinary galleys, 10 smaller galleys, 25 large rowing boats, and 75 horse-transports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200044-69">[64]</a> Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374-70">[65]</a> The Ottomans deployed a number of cannons, anywhere from 12 to 62 cannons. They were built at <a href="/wiki/Foundries" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundries">foundries</a> that employed Turkish <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, <a href="/wiki/Orban" title="Orban">Orban</a> (also called Urban). Most of the cannons at the siege were built by Turkish engineers, including a large bombard by Saruca, while one cannon was built by Orban, who also contributed a large bombard.<a href="#cite_note-Steele-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-72">[67]</a> Orban, a <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> (though some suggest he was <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>), was a somewhat mysterious figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374-70">[65]</a> His 27-foot-long (8.2 m) cannon was named "<a href="/wiki/Basilic_(cannon)" title="Basilic (cannon)">Basilica</a>" and was able to hurl a 600-pound (270 kg) stone ball over a <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mile</a> (1.6 km).<a href="#cite_note-q6rsq-73">[68]</a> Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. Orban then left Constantinople and approached Mehmed II, claiming that his weapon could blast "the walls of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> itself". Given abundant funds and materials, the Hungarian engineer built the gun within three months at <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196577–78-74">[69]</a> However, this was the only cannon that Orban built for the Ottoman forces at Constantinople,<a href="#cite_note-Steele-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-72">[67]</a> and it had several drawbacks: it took three hours to reload; cannonballs were in very short supply; and the cannon is said to have collapsed under its own recoil after six weeks. The account of the cannon's collapse is disputed,<a href="#cite_note-pertusicadvol1-7">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Chios" title="Leonard of Chios">Leonardo di Chio</a><a href="#cite_note-LeonardoChio-65">[60]</a> and in the later, and often unreliable, Russian chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Iskander" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor Iskander">Nestor Iskander</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Constantinople,_Zonaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg/310px-Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg/465px-Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg/620px-Conquest_of_Constantinople%2C_Zonaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Modern painting of Mehmed and the Ottoman Army approaching Constantinople with a giant bombard, by <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a>.</figcaption></figure> Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles (240 km) away, Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces. In preparation for the final assault, Mehmed had an artillery train of 70 large pieces dragged from his headquarters at Edirne, in addition to the bombards cast on the spot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2001111-75">[70]</a> This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196577–78-74">[69]</a> There was another large bombard, independently built by Turkish engineer Saruca, that was also used in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Steele-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-72">[67]</a> Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West and the only part of the city not surrounded by water. His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. The bulk of the Ottoman army was encamped south of the Golden Horn. The regular European troops, stretched out along the entire length of the walls, were commanded by Karadja Pasha. The regular troops from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ishak_Pasha" title="Ishak Pasha">Ishak Pasha</a> were stationed south of the <a href="/wiki/Lycus_(river_of_Constantinople)" title="Lycus (river of Constantinople)">Lycus</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. Mehmed himself erected his red-and-gold tent near the Mesoteichion, where the guns and the elite <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> regiments were positioned. The <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">Bashi-bazouks</a> were spread out behind the front lines. Other troops under <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a> were employed north of the Golden Horn. Communication was maintained by a road that had been destroyed over the marshy head of the Horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196594–95-76">[71]</a> The Ottomans were experts in laying siege to cities. They knew that in order to prevent diseases they had to burn corpses, sanitarily dispose of excrement, and carefully scrutinize their sources of water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2005-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_dispositions_and_tactics">Byzantine dispositions and tactics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Byzantine dispositions and tactics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg/220px-Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg/330px-Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg/440px-Fall-of-constantinople-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the Fall of Constantinople, by <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Hatzimihail" title="Theophilos Hatzimihail">Theophilos Hatzimihail</a></figcaption></figure> The city had about 20 km of walls (<a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Walls">land walls</a>: 5.5 km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7 km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5 km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. The walls had recently been repaired (under <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII</a>) and were in fairly good shape, giving the defenders sufficient reason to believe that they could hold out until help from the West arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200039-77">[72]</a> In addition, the defenders were relatively well-equipped with a fleet of 26 ships: 5 from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, 5 from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, 3 from Venetian <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, 1 from <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, 1 from <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, 1 from France, and about 10 from the empire itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200045-78">[73]</a> On 5 April, the Sultan himself arrived with his last troops, and the defenders took up their positions. As Byzantine numbers were insufficient to occupy the walls in their entirety, it had been decided that only the outer walls would be guarded. Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion, the middle section of the land walls, where they were crossed by the river Lycus. This section was considered the weakest spot in the walls and an attack was feared here most. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople#Gate_of_Charisius" title="Walls of Constantinople">Charisian Gate</a> (Myriandrion); later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Minotto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Minotto (page does not exist)">Girolamo Minotto</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%84%CE%BF" class="extiw" title="el:Τζιρόλαμο Μινόττο">el</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Minotto" class="extiw" title="es:Girolamo Minotto">es</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Minotto" class="extiw" title="fr:Girolamo Minotto">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Minotto" class="extiw" title="it:Girolamo Minotto">it</a>] and his Venetians were stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Blachernae_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Blachernae Palace">Blachernae Palace</a>, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Chios" title="Leonard of Chios">Archbishop Leonardo of Chios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196592-79">[74]</a> To the left of the emperor, further south, were the commanders Cataneo, who led Genoese troops, and Theophilus Palaeologus, who guarded the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople#Gate_of_the_Spring" title="Walls of Constantinople">Pegae Gate</a> with Greek soldiers. The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate (itself guarded by a Genoese called Manuel) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196592-79">[74]</a> The sea walls were guarded more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at <a href="/wiki/Stoudion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoudion">Stoudion</a>, a makeshift defence force of Greek monks to his left hand, and <a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Prince Orhan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harbour_of_Eleutherios" title="Harbour of Eleutherios">Harbour of Eleutherios</a>. Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a>; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Trevisano" title="Gabriele Trevisano">Gabriele Trevisano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196593-80">[75]</a> Two tactical reserves were kept behind in the city: one in the Petra district just behind the land walls and one near the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Loukas_Notaras" title="Loukas Notaras">Loukas Notaras</a> and Nicephorus Palaeologus, respectively. The Venetian <a href="/wiki/Alviso_Diedo" title="Alviso Diedo">Alviso Diedo</a> commanded the ships in the harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196594-81">[76]</a> Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> tended to damage their own walls.<a href="#cite_note-LeonardoChio-65">[60]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a>, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200040-82">[77]</a> It has also been claimed that Constantinople was "the best-defended city in Europe" at that time.<a href="#cite_note-bZgqW-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg/260px-Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg/390px-Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg/520px-Kusatma_Zonaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a> depicting the Ottoman Turks transporting their fleet overland into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>.</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. The <a href="/wiki/Princes%27_Islands" title="Princes' Islands">Princes' Islands</a> in the Sea of Marmara were likely taken by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Baltoghlu" title="Suleiman Baltoghlu">Admiral Baltoghlu</a>'s fleet during this phase of the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196596–97-84">[79]</a> Mehmed's massive cannons fired on the walls for weeks but due to their imprecision and extremely slow rate of fire, the Byzantines were able to repair most of the damage after each shot, mitigating the effect of the Ottoman artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376-85">[80]</a> Despite some probing attacks, the Ottoman fleet under Baltoghlu could not enter the Golden Horn due to the chain across the entrance. Although one of the fleet's main tasks was to prevent any foreign ships from entering the Golden Horn, on 20 April, a small flotilla of four Christian ships managed to get in after some heavy fighting, an event which strengthened the morale of the defenders and caused embarrassment to the Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[note 6]</a> Baltoghlu was most likely injured in the eye during the skirmish. Mehmed stripped Baltoghlu of his wealth and property and gave it to the janissaries and ordered him to be whipped 100 times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2005-35">[33]</a> Mehmed ordered the construction of a road of greased logs across <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> on the north side of the Golden Horn and dragged his ships over the hill, directly into the Golden Horn on 22 April, bypassing the chain barrier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376-85">[80]</a> This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Pera</a> and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a> but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore. On orders of Mehmed, they were <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impaled</a> on stakes, in sight of the city's defenders on the sea walls across the Golden Horn. In retaliation, the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners, 260 in all, to the walls, where they were executed, one by one, before the eyes of the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965108-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoRBA-89">[83]</a> With the failure of their attack on the Ottoman vessels, the defenders were forced to disperse part of their forces to defend the sea walls along the Golden Horn. The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople, but they were costly failures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak2011520-90">[84]</a> Venetian surgeon <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Barbaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Barbaro">Niccolò Barbaro</a>, describing in his diary one such land attack by the Janissaries, wrote <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle, particularly the Janissaries ... and when one or two of them were killed, at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones ... without caring how near they came to the city walls. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls.<a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-61">[56]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg/260px-Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg/390px-Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg/520px-Siege_constantinople_bnf_fr2691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Constantinople as depicted between 1470 and 1479<a href="#cite_note-JRaLV-91">[85]</a></figcaption></figure> After these inconclusive attacks, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels to <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">mine</a> them from mid-May to 25 May. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a> were miners of Serbian origin sent from <a href="/wiki/Novo_Brdo" title="Novo Brdo">Novo Brdo</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> An engineer named <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Grant" title="Johannes Grant">Johannes Grant</a>, a German who came with the Genoese contingent, had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the miners.<a href="#cite_note-94">[note 7]</a> The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21, 23 and 25 May, and destroyed with <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> and vigorous combat. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-TQ2Lp-95">[88]</a> On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions. He would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese. Lastly, he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city. Constantine XI only agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possessions. The Emperor was not willing to leave the city without a fight: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives.<a href="#cite_note-97">[note 8]</a></blockquote> Around this time, Mehmed had a final council with his senior officers. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Çandarlı Halil Pasha">Halil Pasha</a>, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a> argued against Halil Pasha and insisted on an immediate attack. Believing that the Byzantine defence was already weakened sufficiently, Mehmed planned to overpower the walls by sheer force and started preparations for a final all-out offensive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_assault">Final assault</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final assault">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg/260px-Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg/390px-Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg/520px-Theofilos_Palaiologos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Painting by the Greek folk painter <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Hatzimihail" title="Theophilos Hatzimihail">Theophilos Hatzimihail</a> showing the battle inside the city, Constantine is visible on a white horse</figcaption></figure> Preparations for the final assault began in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997378-98">[90]</a> For 36 hours after the war council decided to attack, the Ottomans extensively mobilized their manpower for the general offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997378-98">[90]</a> Prayer and resting was then granted to the soldiers on 28 May before the final assault would be launched. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, reached the Capital on 27 May and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997377-99">[91]</a> On 28 May, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, mass religious processions were held in the city. In the evening, a solemn last ceremony of Vespers was held in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, in which the Emperor with representatives and nobility of both the Latin and Greek churches partook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1928651–652-100">[92]</a> Up until this point, the Ottomans had fired 5,000 shots from their cannons using 55,000 pounds of gunpowder. Criers roamed the camp to the sound of the blasting horns, rousing the Ghazis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2013b-101">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Shortly after midnight on Tuesday 29 May, the offensive began.<a href="#cite_note-NewsIT-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2011227-102">[94]</a> The Christian troops of the Ottoman Empire attacked first, followed by successive waves of the irregular <a href="/wiki/Azap" class="mw-redirect" title="Azap">azaps</a>, who were poorly trained and equipped and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian Turkmen beylik</a> forces who focused on a section of the damaged <a href="/wiki/Blachernae" title="Blachernae">Blachernae</a> walls in the north-west part of the city. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. The <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a> mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. Finally, the last wave consisting of elite <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>, attacked the city walls. The <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> general in charge of the defenders on land, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giustiniani" title="Giovanni Giustiniani">Giovanni Giustiniani</a>, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-pertusicadvol1-7">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-isbesepistle-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeonardoChio-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[note 9]</a> With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. Constantine's men eventually could not prevent the Ottomans from entering the city and the defenders were overwhelmed at several points along the wall. Janissaries, led by <a href="/wiki/Ulubatl%C4%B1_Hasan" title="Ulubatlı Hasan">Ulubatlı Hasan</a>, pressed forward. Many Greek soldiers ran back home to protect their families, the Venetians retreated to their ships and a few of the Genoese escaped to Galata. The rest surrendered or committed suicide by jumping off the city walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993388-105">[96]</a> The Greek houses nearest to the walls were the first to suffer from the Ottomans. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple imperial regalia, led the final charge against the incoming Ottomans, perishing in the ensuing battle in the streets alongside his soldiers. The Venetian Nicolò Barbaro claimed in his diary that Constantine hanged himself at the moment when the Turks broke in at the San Romano gate. Ultimately, his fate remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-107">[note 10]</a> After the initial assault, the Ottoman army fanned out along the main thoroughfare of the city, the Mese, past the great forums and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>, which Mehmed II wanted to provide as a seat for his newly appointed patriarch to better control his Christian subjects. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings. The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. The sultan had Pere Julià, his sons and the consul Joan de la Via, amongst others, beheaded. A few civilians managed to escape. When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. Having done so, the Venetians left in ships filled with soldiers and refugees. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993388-105">[96]</a> The army converged upon the <a href="/wiki/Augusteum" title="Augusteum">Augusteum</a>, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Venetian Barbaro observed that blood flowed in the city "like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm" and that bodies of Turks and Christians floated in the sea "like melons along a canal".<a href="#cite_note-Barbaro-61">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atrocities">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> "permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches", but tried to prevent a complete sack of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Fall_of_Constantinople-9">[7]</a> The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. He is famously reported to have been moved to tears by this, saying, "What a city we have given over to plunder and destruction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965152-108">[98]</a> Looting was carried out on a massive scale by sailors and marines who entered the city via other walls before they had been suppressed by regular troops, who were beyond the main gate. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a>, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">Venetian Senate</a> report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200081–84-109">[99]</a> Many of the riches of the city were already looted in <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">1204</a>, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> Other sources claim far more brutal and successful pillaging by the Ottoman invaders. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Chios" title="Leonard of Chios">Leonard of Chios</a> made accounts of the atrocities that followed the fall of Constantinople stated the Ottoman invaders pillaged the city, murdered or enslaved tens of thousands of people, and raped nuns, women and children: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All the valuables and other booty were taken to their camp, and as many as sixty thousand Christians who had been captured. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Women were raped, virgins deflowered and youths forced to take part in shameful obscenities. The nuns left behind, even those who were obviously such, were disgraced with foul debaucheries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville-Jones197239-111">[101]</a></blockquote> During three days of pillaging, the Ottoman invaders captured children and took them away to their tents, and became rich by plundering the imperial palace and the houses of Constantinople. The Ottoman official Tursun Beg wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After having completely overcome the enemy, the soldiers began to plunder the city. They enslaved boys and girls and took silver and gold vessels, precious stones and all sorts of valuable goods and fabrics from the imperial palace and the houses of the rich... Every tent was filled with handsome boys and beautiful girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeg197837-112">[102]</a></blockquote> If any citizens of Constantinople tried to resist, they were slaughtered. According to <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Barbaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Barbaro">Niccolò Barbaro</a>, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". According to <a href="/wiki/Makarios_Melissenos" title="Makarios Melissenos">Makarios Melissenos</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. In many places the ground could not be seen, as it was covered by heaps of corpses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelissenos1980130-113">[103]</a></blockquote> The women of Constantinople suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces.<a href="#cite_note-hRhtW-114">[104]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mansel" title="Philip Mansel">Philip Mansel</a>, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes.<a href="#cite_note-iK51W-19">[17]</a> The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000–50,000) were forced to become slaves.<a href="#cite_note-iK51W-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowley2009-115">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Akbar2002-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradbury1992-116">[106]</a> "They made the people of the city slaves and killed their emperor, and the gazis embraced their pretty girls", confirm Ottoman Chroniclers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> According to Nicolas de Nicolay, slaves were displayed naked at the city's slave market, and young girls could be purchased.<a href="#cite_note-fisher2010-118">[108]</a> The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a> says that people of both genders were raped inside <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> most of the elderly and the infirm/wounded and sick who were refugees inside the churches were killed, and the remainder were chained up and sold into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965147-120">[110]</a> "Everywhere there was misfortune, everyone was touched by pain" when Mehmed entered the city. "There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape."<a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, "marveling at the sight" of the grand basilica. Witnessing a Ghazi wildly hammering at the marble floor, he asked what he was doing. "It is for the Faith!" the Ghazi said. Mehmed cut him down with his <a href="/wiki/Kilij" title="Kilij">Kilij</a>: "Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me."<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> During the festivities, "and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers," Mehmed had the "wretched citizens of Constantinople" dragged before them and "ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville-Jones1972-123">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a> claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Loukas_Notaras" title="Loukas Notaras">Loukas Notaras</a> to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. He replied that "it would be far better for me to die than hand over my own child to be despoiled by him." Mehmed was enraged after hearing this and ordered Loukas to be executed. Before his death, Notaras supposedly said that "Him who was crucified for us, died and arose"' and urged his horrified sons to reject the advances of Mehmed and not fear the outcome. Their father's words encouraged them, and they also "were ready to die". They are also said to have been executed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a> However, American researcher and professor Walter G. Andrew doubts the authenticity of this story, citing the similarities with the earlier story of Saint <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Pelagius of Córdoba">Pelagius</a>, he states that, "it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul."<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> granted his soldiers three days to plunder the city, as he had promised them and in accordance with the custom of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965145-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-mCj01-128">[118]</a> By noon, the city streets were filled with blood. The Turks looted houses, raped and impaled women and children, destroyed churches, tore icons from their frames and books from their bindings. All that remained of the imperial palace in Blachernae were the walls; Byzantium's most sacred icon, the <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a>, was cut into four pieces and destroyed. The most monstrous events took place in the Church of Hagia Sophia. There, the morning service was already underway when the parishioners heard the maddened conquerors approaching. The huge bronze doors immediately slammed shut, but soon the Turks smashed them and entered the temple. The poorer and less attractive looking parishioners were killed on the spot, the rest were taken to a Turkish camp, where they remained to await the decision of their fate.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the <a href="/wiki/War_looting" class="mw-redirect" title="War looting">spoils of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002283-130">[120]</a> On the third day of the conquest, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> ordered all <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> to stop and issued a proclamation that all Christians who had avoided capture or who had been ransomed could return to their homes without further molestation, although many had no homes to return to, and many more had been taken captive and not ransomed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965150–151-131">[121]</a> Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a>, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESphrantzes1980-132">[122]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos1954-133">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. He issued a proclamation: the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open, as they were to remain free and no question would be asked. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Sphrantzes</cite></div></blockquote> Mehmed himself knocked over and trampled on the altar of the Hagia Sophia. He then ordered a muezzin to ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> was converted into a mosque,<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Greek Orthodox Church</a> was allowed to remain intact and <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius Scholarius</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>. This was once thought to be the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman millet system</a>; however, it is now considered a myth and no such system existed in the fifteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-aMn4U-137">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-AIhgF-138">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg/310px-Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg/465px-Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg/620px-Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Following the city's conquest, the Church of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>) was converted into a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>.</figcaption></figure> The fall of Constantinople shocked many Europeans, who viewed it as a catastrophic event for their civilization.<a href="#cite_note-:0-139">[129]</a> Many feared other European Christian kingdoms would suffer the same fate as Constantinople. Two possible responses emerged amongst the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanists</a> and churchmen of that era: <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusade</a> or dialogue. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> strongly advocated for another Crusade, while the German <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-NqTxI-140">[130]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the past we received our wounds in Asia and in Africa—in foreign countries. This time, however, we are being attacked in Europe, in our own land, in our own house. You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. We have never lost a city or a place comparable to Constantinople<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pope Pius II<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morean</a> (Peloponnesian) fortress of <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a>, where Constantine's brothers <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrius</a> ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Palaiologos,_Lord_of_Morea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea">Theodore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995446-142">[132]</a> Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. In 1461, the independent Byzantine state in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> fell to Mehmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995446-142">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a> had died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed Murad, became a personal favourite of Mehmed and served as <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a> (Governor-General) of <a href="/wiki/Rumeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumeli">Rumeli</a> (the Balkans). The younger son, renamed <a href="/wiki/Mesih_Pasha" title="Mesih Pasha">Mesih Pasha</a>, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the province of Gallipoli. He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed's son, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nsxzN-143">[133]</a> With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. The loss of the city was a crippling blow to <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, and it exposed the Christian West to a vigorous and aggressive foe in the East. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. Rumours of <a href="/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain" title="King asleep in mountain">Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel</a> led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. The short lived Crusade immediately came to an end and as Western Europe entered the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">age of Crusading</a> began to come to an end. For some time Greek scholars had gone to <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a>, a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by <a href="/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati" title="Coluccio Salutati">Coluccio Salutati</a>, chancellor of Florence, who had invited <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a>, to lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mw3eQ-144">[134]</a> After the conquest many Greeks, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Argyropoulos" title="John Argyropoulos">John Argyropoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lascaris" title="Constantine Lascaris">Constantine Lascaris</a>, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy</a> and other regions that further propelled the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J2i2B-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byzantines_in_Renaissance_Italy-146">[136]</a> Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the <a href="/wiki/Phanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanar">Phanar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a> districts of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a>, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. A severed head that was claimed to belong to Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> was found and presented to Mehmed and nailed onto a column. While standing before the head, the sultan in his speech said:<a href="#cite_note-auto-147">[137]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Fellow soldiers, this one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete. Now, at this happy and joyful moment of time, we have the riches of the Greeks, we have won their empire, and their religion is completely extinguished. Our ancestors eagerly desired to achieve this; rejoice now since it is your bravery which has won this kingdom for us.</blockquote> The news spread rapidly across the Islamic world. In Egypt "good tidings were proclaimed, and Cairo decorated" to celebrate "this greatest of conquests." The Sharif of Mecca wrote to Mehmed, calling the Sultan "the one who has aided Islam and the Muslims, the Sultan of all kings and sultans". The fact that Constantinople, which was long "known for being indomitable in the eyes of all," as the Sharif of Mecca said, had fallen and that the Prophet Muhammad's prophecy came true shocked the Islamic world and filled it with a great jubilation and rapture.<a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Rome">Third Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Third Rome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellini,_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/220px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/330px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/440px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>Mehmed II by <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Bellini" title="Gentile Bellini">Gentile Bellini</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or "New Rome" as some people call it, although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title) and was simply considered as "the Roman Empire." The fall of Constantinople led competing factions to lay claim to being the inheritors of the Imperial mantle. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. In Mehmed's view, he was the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a>, declaring himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar of the Romans</a>", that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as "the Conqueror". <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a>, Tsar of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Alexander">Ivan Alexander</a>, Tsar of <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Other potential claimants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> have disintegrated into history.<a href="#cite_note-W8pk7-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_Churches">Impact on the Churches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impact on the Churches">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> believed that the Ottomans would persecute <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> Christians and advocated for another crusade at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Mantua_(1459)" title="Council of Mantua (1459)">Council of Mantua</a> in 1459.<a href="#cite_note-:0-139">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco,_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery,_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco%2C_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery%2C_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco%2C_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery%2C_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco%2C_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery%2C_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco%2C_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery%2C_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco%2C_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery%2C_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Constantinople_fresco%2C_Moldovi%C8%9Ba_monastery%2C_Vatra_Moldovi%C8%9Bei%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5729" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Constantinople on a mural at the <a href="/wiki/Moldovi%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Moldovița Monastery">Moldovița Monastery</a> in Romania, painted in 1537</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legends">edit</a>]</div> There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that <a href="/wiki/May_1453_lunar_eclipse" title="May 1453 lunar eclipse">the partial lunar eclipse</a> that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfilment of a prophecy of the city's demise.<a href="#cite_note-L0Kni-151">[141]</a> Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, which some interpreted as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> departing from the city. "This evidently indicated the departure of the Divine Presence, and its leaving the City in total abandonment and desertion, for the Divinity conceals itself in cloud and appears and again disappears."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos195459-152">[142]</a> For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> who had come to relieve the city. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic <a href="/wiki/1452/1453_mystery_eruption" title="1452/1453 mystery eruption">1452/1453 mystery eruption</a> which occurred around the time of the siege. The "fire" seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-nasakuwae-153">[143]</a> Another legend holds that two priests saying <a href="/wiki/Divine_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine liturgy">divine liturgy</a> over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. According to the legend, the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965147-120">[110]</a> Another legend refers to the Marble Emperor (<a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI</a>), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again (a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping hero">sleeping hero</a> legend).<a href="#cite_note-3otvo-154">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-hatzfallhec-155">[145]</a> However, many of the myths surrounding the disappearance of Constantine were developed later and little evidence can be found to support them even in friendly primary accounts of the siege. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cultural impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/220px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/330px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/440px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> enters Constantinople, painting by <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a> composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">duke of Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant" title="Feast of the Pheasant">avowed</a> to take up arms against the Turks. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. Even France, once a fervent participant in the Crusades, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">became an ally of the Ottomans</a>. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Wise">Leo the Wise</a> persisted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002280-156">[146]</a> 29 May 1453, the day of the fall of Constantinople, fell on a Tuesday, and since then <a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a> has been considered an unlucky day by Greeks generally.<a href="#cite_note-QMrK6-157">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_the_Renaissance">Impact on the Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impact on the Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></div> The migration waves of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> scholars and émigrés in the period following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople">sacking of Constantinople</a> and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> studies that led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a><a href="#cite_note-Byzantines_in_Renaissance_Italy-146">[136]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">science</a>. These émigrés were grammarians, humanists, poets, writers, printers, lecturers, musicians, astronomers, architects, academics, artists, scribes, philosophers, scientists, politicians and theologians.<a href="#cite_note-v5gnl-158">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of Byzantine civilization. According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance".<a href="#cite_note-Fall_of_Constantinople-9">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaming_of_the_city">Renaming of the city</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Renaming of the city">edit</a>]</div> Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name "Qosṭanṭīniyye" (القسطنطينية) or "Kostantiniyye", as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. Islambol (اسلامبول, Full of Islam) or Islambul (find Islam) or Islam(b)ol (old <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>: be Islam), both in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk-etymological</a> adaptations of Istanbul created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-istanbulunadlari-159">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul" title="Names of Istanbul">name of Istanbul</a> is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase īs tīmbolī(n) (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: εἰς τὴν πόλιν, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">translit.</a> eis tēn pólin, "to the City"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law.<a href="#cite_note-ZooPt-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-DwbQb-161">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-YEruk-162">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> For the fall of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Marios_Philippides" title="Marios Philippides">Marios Philippides</a> and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak201110–46_(eyewitnesses),_46_(Greeks)_and_88–91_(Turks)-163">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyewitness_accounts">Eyewitness accounts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eyewitness accounts">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_%C5%9Eems_el-Mille_ve%27d_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Şems el-Mille ve'd Din">Mehmed Şems el-Mille ve'd Din</a>, Sufi holy man who gives an account in a letter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tursun_Beg" title="Tursun Beg">Tursun Beg</a>, wrote a history entitled Tarih-i Abu'l Fath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a>, the only Greek eyewitness who wrote about it, but his laconic account is almost entirely lacking in narrative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Chios" title="Leonard of Chios">Leonard of Chios</a>, wrote a report to Pope Nicholas V</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Barbaro" title="Nicolò Barbaro">Nicolò Barbaro</a>, physician on a Venetian galley who kept a journal</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelino_Giovanni_Lomellini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelino Giovanni Lomellini (page does not exist)">Angelino Giovanni Lomellini</a>, Genoese podestà of Pera who wrote a report dated 24 June 1453</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacopo_Tetaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacopo Tetaldi (page does not exist)">Jacopo Tetaldi</a>, Florentine merchant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a>, Orthodox churchman who wrote eight letters to Italy</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benvenuto_(Anconitan_consul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benvenuto (Anconitan consul) (page does not exist)">Benvenuto</a>, Anconitan consul in Constantinople</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubertino_Puscolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubertino Puscolo">Ubertino Puscolo</a>, Italian poet learning Greek in the city, wrote an epic poem</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eparkhos_and_Diplovatatzes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes (page does not exist)">Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes</a>, two refugees whose accounts has become garbled through multiple translations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Iskander" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestor Iskander">Nestor Iskander</a>, youthful eyewitness who wrote a Slavonic account</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samile_the_Vladik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samile the Vladik (page does not exist)">Samile the Vladik</a>, bishop who, like Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes, fled as a refugee to <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a>, Serbian who fought on the Ottoman side</li> <li>a report by some <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> prisoners of war who later came to Bologna</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-eyewitness_accounts">Non-eyewitness accounts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-eyewitness accounts">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a>, a Byzantine Greek historian, one of the most important sources for the last decades and eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles" title="Laonikos Chalkokondyles">Laonikos Chalkokondyles</a>, a Byzantine Greek historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Critobulus" title="Michael Critobulus">Michael Kritoboulos</a>, a Byzantine Greek historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarios_Melissourgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Makarios Melissourgos">Makarios Melissourgos</a>, 16th-century historian who augmented the account of Sphrantzes, not very reliably</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Dotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Dotti (page does not exist)">Paolo Dotti</a>, Venetian official on Crete whose account is based on oral reports</li> <li>Fra Girolamo's letter from Crete to <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Capranica" title="Domenico Capranica">Domenico Capranica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Quirini" title="Lauro Quirini">Lauro Quirini</a>, wrote a report to Pope Nicholas V from Crete based on oral reports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Silvius_Piccolomini" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini">Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini</a> (Pope Pius II), wrote an account based on written sources</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_of_Soemmern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry of Soemmern (page does not exist)">Henry of Soemmern</a>, wrote a letter dated 11 September 1453 in which he cites his sources of information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccola_della_Tuccia" title="Niccola della Tuccia">Niccola della Tuccia</a>, whose Cronaca di Viterbo written in the autumn of 1453 contains unique information</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Tignosi_da_Foligno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niccolò Tignosi da Foligno (page does not exist)">Niccolò Tignosi da Foligno</a>, Expugnatio Constantinopolitana, part of a letter to a friend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_da_Rimini" title="Filippo da Rimini">Filippo da Rimini</a>, Excidium Constantinopolitanae urbis quae quondam Bizantium ferebatur</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ivani_da_Sarzana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Ivani da Sarzana (page does not exist)">Antonio Ivani da Sarzana</a>, Expugnatio Constantinopolitana, part of a letter to the duke of Urbino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Sekoundinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaos Sekoundinos">Nikolaos Sekoundinos</a>, read a report before the Venetian Senate, the Pope and the Neapolitan court</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Languschi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Languschi (page does not exist)">Giacomo Languschi</a>, whose account is embedded in the Venetian chronicle of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zorzi_Dolfin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zorzi Dolfin (page does not exist)">Zorzi Dolfin</a>, had access to eyewitnesses</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Moskhos_(15th_century)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Moskhos (15th century) (page does not exist)">John Moskhos</a>, wrote a poem in honour of Loukas Notaras</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adamo_di_Montaldo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adamo di Montaldo (page does not exist)">Adamo di Montaldo</a>, De Constantinopolitano excidio ad nobilissimum iuvenem Melladucam Cicadam, which contains unique information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikpashazade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashikpashazade">Ashikpashazade</a>, included a chapter on the conquest in his Tarih-i al-i Osman<a href="#cite_note-Angold-164">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshri" class="mw-redirect" title="Neshri">Neshri</a>, included a chapter on the conquest in his universal history<a href="#cite_note-Angold-164">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, 17th-century traveller who collected local traditions of the conquest<a href="#cite_note-Angold-164">[154]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a>, being a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, had to send 1,500 soldiers to help Mehmed II in his siege of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuc2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-pertusicadvol1-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> and to remain there all winter also to prevent the despots Thomas and Demetrius from giving aid to Constantine XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978146-38">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> According to Sphrantzes, whom Constantine had ordered to make a census, the Emperor was appalled when the number of native men capable of bearing arms turned out to be only 4,983. Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196585-45">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villal%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal de Villalón">Cristóbal de Villalón</a> claims there were ' 60,000 Turkish households, 40,000 Greek and Armenian, 10,000 Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196585-45">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965100-86">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman</a> speculates that he may have been Scottish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196584-93">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Original text: Τὸ δὲ τὴν πόλιν σοῖ δοῦναι οὔτ' ἐμὸν ἐστίν οὔτ' ἄλλου τῶν κατοικούντων ἐν ταύτῃ• κοινῇ γὰρ γνώμῃ πάντες αὐτοπροαιρέτως ἀποθανοῦμεν καὶ οὐ φεισόμεθα τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν.<a href="#cite_note-29maiouiefemerida-96">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicolò Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. These charges of cowardice and treason were so widespread that the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> had to deny them by sending diplomatic letters to the Chancelleries of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesimoni1874296–297-103">[95]</a> Giustiniani was carried to <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, where he succumbed to his wounds a few days later. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Barbaro added the description of the emperor's heroic last moments to his diary based on information he received afterward. According to some Ottoman sources Constantine was killed in an accidental encounter with Turkish marines a little further to the south, presumably while making his way to the Sea of Marmara in order to escape by sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200081-106">[97]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuc2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuc2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuc2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuc2020_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuc2020">Buc (2020)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvanović2019_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvanović2019">Ivanović (2019)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiardinetto2022-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiardinetto2022_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiardinetto2022_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiardinetto2022">Giardinetto (2022)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-pasa">"Mahmud Paşa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626212325/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mahmud-pasa">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahmud+Pa%C5%9Fa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fmahmud-pasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilie2005464-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie2005464_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie2005464_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilie2005464_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLilie2005">Lilie (2005)</a>, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-pertusicadvol1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pertusicadvol1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pertusicadvol1_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pertusicadvol1_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pertusicadvol1_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pertusicadvol1_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertusi1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pertusi, Agostino, ed. (1976). La Caduta di Costantinopoli, I: Le testimonianze dei contemporanei. (Scrittori greci e latini) [The Fall of Constantinople, I: The Testimony of the Contemporary Greek and Latin Writers] (in Italian). Vol. I. Verona: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Caduta+di+Costantinopoli%2C+I%3A+Le+testimonianze+dei+contemporanei.+%28Scrittori+greci+e+latini%29&rft.place=Verona&rft.pub=Fondazione+Lorenzo+Valla&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fall_of_Constantinople-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_of_Constantinople_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_of_Constantinople_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_of_Constantinople_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fall_of_Constantinople_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">"Fall of Constantinople"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143934/https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fall+of+Constantinople&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFall-of-Constantinople-1453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Feridun Emecen, Fetih ve Kıyamet 1453 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "Fall of Constantinople". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571): The Fifteenth Century. Vol. 2. DJane Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-osmanaras600askeri-13"><a href="#cite_ref-osmanaras600askeri_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415140012/http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=24133">"İstanbul'un fethinde 600 Türk askeri, Fatih'e karşı savaştı"</a> [In the Conquest of Istanbul 600 Turkish Military Fought Against the Conqueror]. Osmanlı Arauştırmalarlı (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os-ar.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=24133">the original</a> on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+Arau%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalarl%C4%B1&rft.atitle=%C4%B0stanbul%27un+fethinde+600+T%C3%BCrk+askeri%2C+Fatih%27e+kar%C5%9F%C4%B1+sava%C5%9Ft%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os-ar.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D24133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol200257-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol200257_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol2002">Nicol (2002)</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2013b104-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2013b104_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2013b">Crowley (2013b)</a>, p. 104: "As always casualty figures varied widely; Neskor-Iskander gave the number of Ottoman dead at 18,000; Barbaro a more realistic 200" </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Geographical Record". Geographical Review. 11 (4): 611–629. 1921. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7428">0016-7428</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/208254">208254</a>. <q>Less excusable still is the treatment accorded to the statements of Kritopoulos, that 4,500 were killed at the fall of Constantinople.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Geographical+Record&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-629&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F208254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0016-7428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200041-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200041_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200041_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabatt2004" class="citation web cs1">Labatt, Annie (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cnst/hd_cnst.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20fourth%20to%20fifth,it%20had%20declined%20to%2050%2C000.">"Constantinople after 1261"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630190945/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cnst/hd_cnst.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20fourth%20to%20fifth,it%20had%20declined%20to%2050%2C000.">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constantinople+after+1261&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Labatt&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fcnst%2Fhd_cnst.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520the%2520fourth%2520to%2520fifth%2Cit%2520had%2520declined%2520to%252050%252C000.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iK51W-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iK51W_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iK51W_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iK51W_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel" class="citation news cs1">Mansel, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/constantinople.htm">"Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453–1924"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724153239/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/constantinople.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Constantinople%3A+City+of+the+World%27s+Desire+1453%E2%80%931924&rft.aulast=Mansel&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fbooks%2Fchap1%2Fconstantinople.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akbar2002-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akbar2002_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akbar2002_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkbar2002">Akbar (2002)</a>, p. 86: "Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold." </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKhZHVtIX8UC&pg=PA84">Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521930-2"><bdi>978-0-19-521930-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131450/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKhZHVtIX8UC&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Besieged%3A+100+Great+Sieges+from+Jericho+to+Sarajevo&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521930-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKhZHVtIX8UC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ealoipolis-22"><a href="#cite_ref-ealoipolis_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzesMelisseidis_(Melisseides)Zavolea-Melissidi2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frantzes, Georgios; Melisseidis (Melisseides), Ioannis (Ioannes) A.; Zavolea-Melissidi, Pulcheria (2004). <bdi lang="el">Εάλω η ΠόλιςΤ•ο χρονικό της άλωσης της Κωνσταντινούπολης: Συνοπτική ιστορία των γεγονότων στην Κωνσταντινούπολη κατά την περίοδο 1440–1453</bdi> [The City has Fallen: Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinople: Concise History of Events in Constantinople in the Period 1440–1453] (in Greek) (5th ed.). Athens: Vergina Asimakopouli Bros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7171-91-8" title="Special:BookSources/960-7171-91-8"><bdi>960-7171-91-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89+%CE%B7+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82%CE%A4%E2%80%A2%CE%BF+%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82%3A+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF+1440%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Vergina+Asimakopouli+Bros.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=960-7171-91-8&rft.aulast=Frantzes&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft.au=Melisseidis+%28Melisseides%29%2C+Ioannis+%28Ioannes%29+A.&rft.au=Zavolea-Melissidi%2C+Pulcheria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GpAG8-23"><a href="#cite_ref-GpAG8_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2006" class="citation web cs1">Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611074715/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-155920054.html">"The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire"</a>. Contemporary Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-155920054.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2009. <q>It is the end of the Middle Ages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Constantinople+and+the+end+of+empire&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-155920054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Theodosian_Walls/">"Theodosian Walls"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430222628/https://www.worldhistory.org/Theodosian_Walls/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Theodosian+Walls&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FTheodosian_Walls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618134946/http://www.economist.com/node/346800">"The fall of Constantinople"</a>. The Economist. 18 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/346800">the original</a> on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+Constantinople&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F346800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/">"1453: The Fall of Constantinople"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602134956/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=1453%3A+The+Fall+of+Constantinople&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1180%2F1453-the-fall-of-constantinople%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverburg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Silverburg, Sanford R. (26 January 2007). "The Middle East Online: Series 1: Arab-Israeli Relations, 1917–1970. 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Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11463-4"><bdi>978-0-472-11463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusades%3A+The+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11463-4&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusades00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ospbyzwar6001453-31"><a href="#cite_ref-ospbyzwar6001453_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldon2000" class="citation book cs1">Haldon, John (2000). Byzantium at War 600–1453. New York: Osprey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+at+War+600%E2%80%931453&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango (2002)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rCeS6-33"><a href="#cite_ref-rCeS6_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625094232/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/blackdeath.html">"The Black Death"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fhistory%2Fmicrosites%2FH%2Fhistory%2Fa-b%2Fblackdeath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), Channel 4 – History. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196560-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196560_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2005-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2005_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2005_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2005_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2005_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2005">Crowley (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997373_36-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1997">Norwich (1997)</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-37"><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8836/">"Bosphorus (i.e. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1890–1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020201630/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8836/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Bosphorus+%28i.e.+Bosporus%29%2C+View+from+Kuleli%2C+Constantinople%2C+Turkey&rft.date=1890%2F1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F8836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978146-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1978146_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton (1978)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos195423-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos195423_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKritovoulos1954">Kritovoulos (1954)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196583–84-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196583–84_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsIT-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewsIT_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewsIT_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsit.gr/ellada/san-simera-epese-i-kostantinoypoli/1973279/">"Σαν σήμερα "έπεσε" η Κωσταντινούπολη"</a>. NewsIT. 29 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030150/https://www.newsit.gr/ellada/san-simera-epese-i-kostantinoypoli/1973279/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewsIT&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1+%22%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B5%22+%CE%B7+%CE%9A%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7&rft.date=2011-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsit.gr%2Fellada%2Fsan-simera-epese-i-kostantinoypoli%2F1973279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196581-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196581_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1993_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196585-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196585_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196585_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196585_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-ThackerayFindling2012-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ThackerayFindling2012_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_W._ThackerayJohn_E._Findling2012" class="citation book cs1">Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA213">Events That Formed the Modern World</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-901-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-901-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426014400/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=PA213">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Formed+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-901-1&rft.au=Frank+W.+Thackeray&rft.au=John+E.+Findling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRl1sWYShpcC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich1998-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Norwich1998_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Julius_Norwich1998" class="citation book cs1">John Julius Norwich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9euYeUnGSEC&pg=PT453">A Short History of Byzantium</a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192859-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192859-3"><bdi>978-0-14-192859-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426123706/https://books.google.com/books?id=T9euYeUnGSEC&pg=PT453">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. <q>Constantine made one last effort: his ambassadors were executed on the spot.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192859-3&rft.au=John+Julius+Norwich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9euYeUnGSEC%26pg%3DPT453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Somerwil-Ayrton2007-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Somerwil-Ayrton2007_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathie_Somerwil-Ayrton2007" class="citation book cs1">Kathie Somerwil-Ayrton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAtXAAAAYAAJ">The Train that Disappeared into History: The Berlin-to-Bagdad Railway and how it Led to the Great War</a>. Uitgeverij Aspekt. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5911-573-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5911-573-6"><bdi>978-90-5911-573-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426161607/https://books.google.com/books?id=RAtXAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. <q>The Byzantine emperor, then Constantine XI, sent his ambassadors in an attempt to conciliate: they were executed on ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Train+that+Disappeared+into+History%3A+The+Berlin-to-Bagdad+Railway+and+how+it+Led+to+the+Great+War&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Aspekt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5911-573-6&rft.au=Kathie+Somerwil-Ayrton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAtXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1973-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1973_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Roberts1973" class="citation book cs1">John Roberts (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilization01robe">Civilization: The emergence of man in society</a>. CRM Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilization01robe/page/391">391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87665-156-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87665-156-8"><bdi>978-0-87665-156-8</bdi></a>. <q>It became obvious that Mehmed's messages of peace were false, when he had the Byzantine ambassador executed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization%3A+The+emergence+of+man+in+society&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=CRM+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87665-156-8&rft.au=John+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilization01robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brownworth2009-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Brownworth2009_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Brownworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Lars Brownworth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losttowestforgot00brow">Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization</a>. Crown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losttowestforgot00brow/page/291">291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46241-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46241-1"><bdi>978-0-307-46241-1</bdi></a>. <q>When Constantine sent emissaries to remind Mehmed that he was breaking his oath and to implore him to at least spare the neighboring villages, Mehmed had the ambassadors executed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+to+the+West%3A+The+Forgotten+Byzantine+Empire+That+Rescued+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-46241-1&rft.au=Lars+Brownworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosttowestforgot00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995415-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1995415_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1995">Norwich (1995)</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993380-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1993380_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol (1993)</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpilling2010187-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpilling2010187_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpilling2010">Spilling (2010)</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2013a95–110-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2013a95–110_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2013a">Crowley (2013a)</a>, pp. 95–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200032-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200032_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanning2005139–140-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanning2005139–140_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLanning2005">Lanning (2005)</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle2000-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle2000_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle2000_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-halilosmanimpklas-60"><a href="#cite_ref-halilosmanimpklas_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcıkt2001" class="citation book cs1">İnalcıkt, Halil (2001). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300–1600) [The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age, 1300–1600]. Translated by Itzkouritz, Norman; Imber, Colin. London: Orion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu+Klasik+%C3%87a%C4%9F+%281300%E2%80%931600%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1kt&rft.aufirst=Halil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbaro-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbaro_61-3">d</a> Nicolò Barbaro, Giornale dell'Assedio di Costantinopoli, 1453. The autograph copy is conserved in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana" title="Biblioteca Marciana">Biblioteca Marciana</a> in Venice. Barbaro's diary has been translated into English by John Melville-Jones (New York: Exposition Press, 1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConcasty1955-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConcasty1955_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConcasty1955_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConcasty1955">Concasty (1955)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-sphrantzchron-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sphrantzchron_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sphrantzchron_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSphrantzes" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">Sphrantzes, George</a>. <bdi lang="el">Οικτρός Γεώργιος ο Φραντζής ο και Πρωτοβεσιαρίτης Γρηγόριος τάχα μοναχός ταύτα έγραψεν υπέρ των καθ' αυτών και τινων μερικών γεγονότων εν τώ της αθλίας ζωής αυτε χρόνω</bdi> [The Pitiful George Frantzes Who was Protovestiaros, Now a Monk, Wrote This for the Βetterment of Others and as Recompense for Some Deeds in His Miserable Life, This Chronicle] (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BF+%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%BF+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1+%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%88%CE%B5%CE%BD+%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%27+%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%8E+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5+%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%89&rft.aulast=Sphrantzes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbesepistle-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbesepistle_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbesepistle_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbesepistle_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutheniae1453" class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rutheniae, Isidorus (6 July 1453). "Epistola reverendissimi patris domini Isidori cardinalis Ruteni scripta ad reverendissimum dominum Bisarionem episcopum Tusculanum ac cardinalem Nicenum Bononiaeque legatum [Letter of the Most Reverend Lord Father <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Ruthenia</a>, Cardinal, Written to the Most Reverend Lord <a href="/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilios Bessarion">Bessarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Bishop of Tusculum</a> and Cardinal of <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>]" (in Latin). Letter to Bisarion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epistola+reverendissimi+patris+domini+Isidori+cardinalis+Ruteni+scripta+ad+reverendissimum+dominum+Bisarionem+episcopum+Tusculanum+ac+cardinalem+Nicenum+Bononiaeque+legatum+%5BLetter+of+the+Most+Reverend+Lord+Father+Isidore+of+Ruthenia%2C+Cardinal%2C+Written+to+the+Most+Reverend+Lord+Bessarion+Bishop+of+Tusculum+and+Cardinal+of+Nicaea+and+Bologna%5D&rft.date=1453&rft.aulast=Rutheniae&rft.aufirst=Isidorus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeonardoChio-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeonardoChio_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeonardoChio_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeonardoChio_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeonardoChio_65-3">d</a> (in Latin) Leonardo di Chio, Letter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a>, dated 16 August 1453, edited by J.-P. Migne, <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a>, 159, 923A–944B. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_66-0">^</a> Leonardo di Chio, Letter,927B: "three hundred thousand and more". </li> <li id="cite_note-Pusculo-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Pusculo_67-0">^</a> Ubertino Pusculo, Constantinopolis, 1464 </li> <li id="cite_note-sQMpP-68"><a href="#cite_ref-sQMpP_68-0">^</a> Leonardo di Chio, Letter, 930C. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200044-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200044_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997374_70-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1997">Norwich (1997)</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2005" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Brett D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBapOB93lE0C&pg=PA106">The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment</a>. MIT Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19516-4"><bdi>978-0-262-19516-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063603/https://books.google.com/books?id=aBapOB93lE0C&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Archimedes%3A+Science+and+the+Art+of+War+Through+the+Age+of+Enlightenment&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19516-4&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Brett+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBapOB93lE0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT511">Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660</a>. Routledge. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-87376-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-87376-5"><bdi>978-1-351-87376-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229115139/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT511">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1450%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-87376-5&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugkkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q6rsq-73"><a href="#cite_ref-q6rsq_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul (1999). 100 Decisive Battles. Oxford. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514366-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514366-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196577–78-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196577–78_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196577–78_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2001111-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2001111_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold2001">Arnold (2001)</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196594–95-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196594–95_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200039-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200039_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200045-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200045_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196592-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196592_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196592_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196593-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196593_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196594-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196594_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200040-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200040_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-bZgqW-83"><a href="#cite_ref-bZgqW_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/346800?story_id=346800">"The fall of Constantinople"</a>. The Economist. 23 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604214149/http://www.economist.com/node/346800?story_id=346800">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+Constantinople&rft.date=1999-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F346800%3Fstory_id%3D346800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196596–97-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196596–97_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997376_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1997">Norwich (1997)</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965100-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965100_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965108-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965108_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-MoRBA-89"><a href="#cite_ref-MoRBA_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2005">Crowley (2005)</a>, pp. 150–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak2011520-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak2011520_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilippidesHanak2011">Philippides & Hanak (2011)</a>, p. 520. </li> <li id="cite_note-JRaLV-91"><a href="#cite_ref-JRaLV_91-0">^</a> From Jean Chartier, Chronicle of Charles VII, king of France, MS Bnf Français 2691, f. 246v <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9007428x/f304.item.zoom">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173235/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9007428x/f304.item.zoom">Archived</a> 17 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Marios Philippides, Mehmed II the Conqueror and the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies, (ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2007), 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman196584-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman196584_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-TQ2Lp-95"><a href="#cite_ref-TQ2Lp_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2005">Crowley (2005)</a>, pp. 168–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-29maiouiefemerida-96"><a href="#cite_ref-29maiouiefemerida_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/52795/29-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85-1453-%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%C2%BB">"29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν "η Πόλις εάλω..."</a> [29 May 1453: When the City Fell...]. iefemerida.com (in Greek). 29 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525102233/http://www.iefimerida.gr/news/52795/29-%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85-1453-%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD-%C2%AB%CE%B7-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89%C2%BB">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iefemerida.com&rft.atitle=29+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BF%CF%85+1453%3A+%CE%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD+%22%CE%B7+%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%89....&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iefimerida.gr%2Fnews%2F52795%2F29-%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CF%258A%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585-1453-%25CF%258C%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD-%25C2%25AB%25CE%25B7-%25CF%2580%25CF%258C%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CF%2582-%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BB%25CF%2589%25C2%25BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997378-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997378_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997378_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1997">Norwich (1997)</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1997377-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1997377_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1997">Norwich (1997)</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1928651–652-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev1928651–652_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1928">Vasiliev (1928)</a>, pp. 651–652. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2013b-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2013b_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2013b">Crowley (2013b)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant2011227-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant2011227_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDurant2011">Durant (2011)</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesimoni1874296–297-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesimoni1874296–297_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesimoni1874">Desimoni (1874)</a>, pp. 296–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993388-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1993388_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1993388_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1993">Nicol (1993)</a>, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200081-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200081_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965152-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965152_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200081–84-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200081–84_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle (2000)</a>, pp. 81–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowley2013a">Crowley (2013a)</a>, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville-Jones197239-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville-Jones197239_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelville-Jones1972">Melville-Jones (1972)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeg197837-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeg197837_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeg1978">Beg (1978)</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelissenos1980130-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelissenos1980130_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelissenos1980">Melissenos (1980)</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-hRhtW-114"><a href="#cite_ref-hRhtW_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1974" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, Cyril J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wolj60&div=31&id=&page=">"History of Rape and Rape Laws"</a>. Women Law Journal. No. 60. p. 188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426103547/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fwolj60&div=31&id=&page=">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=History+of+Rape+and+Rape+Laws&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=188&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Cyril+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fwolj60%26div%3D31%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowley2009-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Crowley2009_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Crowley2009" class="citation book cs1">Roger Crowley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftOp1cR7VK8C&pg=PT226">Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453</a>. Faber & Faber. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-25079-0"><bdi>978-0-571-25079-0</bdi></a>. <q>The vast majority of the ordinary citizens – about 30,000 – were marched off to the slave markets of Edirne, Bursa and Ankara.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+The+Last+Great+Siege%2C+1453&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-571-25079-0&rft.au=Roger+Crowley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftOp1cR7VK8C%26pg%3DPT226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradbury1992-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradbury1992_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Bradbury1992" class="citation book cs1">Jim Bradbury (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVCRpsfwkiUC&pg=PA322">The Medieval Siege</a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-312-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-312-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115215624/https://books.google.com/books?id=xVCRpsfwkiUC&pg=PA322">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Siege&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-312-4&rft.au=Jim+Bradbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVCRpsfwkiUC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1976" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFBtAAAAMAAJ">"Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople: Religion and society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFBtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+from+the+Prophet+Muhammad+to+the+Capture+of+Constantinople%3A+Religion+and+society&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFBtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher2010-118"><a href="#cite_ref-fisher2010_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2010" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Alan (2010). "The Sale of Slaves in the Ottoman Empire: Markets and State Taxes on Slave Sales, Some Preliminary Considerations". A Precarious Balance. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sale+of+Slaves+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Markets+and+State+Taxes+on+Slave+Sales%2C+Some+Preliminary+Considerations&rft.btitle=A+Precarious+Balance&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalian2021" class="citation news cs1">Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianweekly.com/2021/03/24/the-hagia-sophia-and-turkeys-neo-ottomanism/">"The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism"</a>. The Armenian Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105091803/https://armenianweekly.com/2021/03/24/the-hagia-sophia-and-turkeys-neo-ottomanism/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Hagia+Sophia+and+Turkey%27s+Neo-Ottomanism&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Calian&rft.aufirst=Florin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2021%2F03%2F24%2Fthe-hagia-sophia-and-turkeys-neo-ottomanism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965147-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965147_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965147_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeōrgios_Phrantzēs1980" class="citation book cs1">Geōrgios Phrantzēs (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgAdAAAAYAAJ">The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle</a>. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-290-9"><bdi>978-0-87023-290-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=QgAdAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%3A+A+Chronicle&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-290-9&rft.au=Ge%C5%8Drgios+Phrantz%C4%93s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgAdAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUJAQAAIAAJ">The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts</a>. Hakkert. 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0626-8"><bdi>978-90-256-0626-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131445/https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUJAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Constantinople+1453%3A+Seven+Contemporary+Accounts&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-256-0626-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoUJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville-Jones1972-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville-Jones1972_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMelville-Jones1972">Melville-Jones (1972)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwdhQgAACAAJ">Diary of the Siege of Constantinople, 1453</a>. Exposition Press. 1969. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-682-46972-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-682-46972-2"><bdi>978-0-682-46972-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwdhQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diary+of+the+Siege+of+Constantinople%2C+1453&rft.pub=Exposition+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-682-46972-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwdhQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPkcAAAAYAAJ">Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks</a>. Wayne State University Press. 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1540-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1540-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-1540-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+Byzantium+to+the+Ottoman+Turks&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1540-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPkcAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsKalpakli2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Walter; Kalpakli, Mehmet (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jID6Z1l0IfEC&q=The+Age+of+Beloveds+%E2%80%93+Love+and+the+Beloved+in+Early-Modern+Ottoman+and+European+Culture+and+Society.">The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society</a>. Duke University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3424-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3424-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-3424-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423205818/https://books.google.com/books?id=jID6Z1l0IfEC&q=The+Age+of+Beloveds+%E2%80%93+Love+and+the+Beloved+in+Early-Modern+Ottoman+and+European+Culture+and+Society.">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. <q>Some people who are familiar with the history of stories about sex and love will recognize close parallels to the story of Saint Pelagius, the thirteen-year- old Christian martyr of the early tenth century, said to have been a beautiful and pious youth, who was tortured and dismembered by the Cordoban caliph 'Abdu'r-Rahman III when he refused the caliph's sexual advances." It is easy to see how it could have seemed meaningful and hopeful to a Greek mourning lost Byzantium to reference the cult of Saint Pelagius, which for centuries provided spiritual energy to the Spanish Reconquista. Thus, although it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Beloveds%3A+Love+and+the+Beloved+in+Early-Modern+Ottoman+and+European+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3424-8&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Kalpakli%2C+Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjID6Z1l0IfEC%26q%3DThe%2BAge%2Bof%2BBeloveds%2B%25E2%2580%2593%2BLove%2Band%2Bthe%2BBeloved%2Bin%2BEarly-Modern%2BOttoman%2Band%2BEuropean%2BCulture%2Band%2BSociety.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965145-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965145_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-mCj01-128"><a href="#cite_ref-mCj01_128-0">^</a> Smith, Michael Llewellyn, The Fall of Constantinople, History Makers magazine No. 5, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson (London). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> История Византийской империи : От основания Константинополя до кру- КоЛибри, Азбука-Аттикус, 2023. - 688 с. ; ил. шения государства / Джон Норвич: [пер. с англ. О. Г. Постниковой]. - М.: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-389-19591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-389-19591-2">978-5-389-19591-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinert2002283-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinert2002283_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert (2002)</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1965150–151-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1965150–151_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1965">Runciman (1965)</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESphrantzes1980-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESphrantzes1980_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSphrantzes1980">Sphrantzes (1980)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos1954-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos1954_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKritovoulos1954">Kritovoulos (1954)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand2007" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Carole (21 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leqqBgAAQBAJ">Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The battle of Mazikert</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3115-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-3115-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164823/https://books.google.com/books?id=leqqBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Myth+and+Muslim+Symbol%3A+The+battle+of+Mazikert&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3115-5&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleqqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUJAQAAIAAJ">The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts</a>. Hakkert. 1973. pp. 103–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0626-8"><bdi>978-90-256-0626-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131445/https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUJAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Constantinople+1453%3A+Seven+Contemporary+Accounts&rft.pages=103-112&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-256-0626-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoUJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2021" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Evan (2021). "Hagia Sophia in Istanbul". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/smarthistoryguidetobyzantineart/chapter/hagia-sophia-istanbul/">Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230172933/https://pressbooks.pub/smarthistoryguidetobyzantineart/chapter/hagia-sophia-istanbul/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia+in+Istanbul&rft.btitle=Smarthistory+Guide+to+Byzantine+Art&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks.pub%2Fsmarthistoryguidetobyzantineart%2Fchapter%2Fhagia-sophia-istanbul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aMn4U-137"><a href="#cite_ref-aMn4U_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraude1982" class="citation book cs1">Braude, Benjamin (1982). "Foundation Myths of the Millet System". In Braude, Benjamin; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. Vol. 1. New York: Holmes & Meier. pp. 69–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0519-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8419-0519-3"><bdi>0-8419-0519-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foundation+Myths+of+the+Millet+System&rft.btitle=Christians+and+Jews+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69-90&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8419-0519-3&rft.aulast=Braude&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIhgF-138"><a href="#cite_ref-AIhgF_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2009" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaotto00agos">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Facts On File. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaotto00agos/page/n421">383</a>–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-6259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=383-384&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaotto00agos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyslopDanielsSociety_(U.S.)2011" class="citation book cs1">Hyslop, Stephen Garrison; Daniels, Patricia; Society (U.S.), National Geographic (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KK2TikRZJpsC">Great Empires: An Illustrated Atlas</a>. National Geographic Books. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0829-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0829-4"><bdi>978-1-4262-0829-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115148/https://books.google.com/books?id=KK2TikRZJpsC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Empires%3A+An+Illustrated+Atlas&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0829-4&rft.aulast=Hyslop&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Garrison&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Society+%28U.S.%29%2C+National+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKK2TikRZJpsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NqTxI-140"><a href="#cite_ref-NqTxI_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolf2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Volf" title="Miroslav Volf">Volf, Miroslav</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2010-04/body-counts">"Body counts: the dark side of Christian history"</a>. The Christian Century. 127 (Journal Article): 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-5281">0009-5281</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727002852/https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2010-04/body-counts">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Century&rft.atitle=Body+counts%3A+the+dark+side+of+Christian+history&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=Journal+Article&rft.pages=11-&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0009-5281&rft.aulast=Volf&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiancentury.org%2Farticle%2F2010-04%2Fbody-counts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesGenugten2018" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Erik; Genugten, Saskia van (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3JUDwAAQBAJ">Europe and Islam</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20724-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20724-5"><bdi>978-1-317-20724-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=o3JUDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-20724-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Genugten%2C+Saskia+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3JUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorwich1995446-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1995446_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorwich1995446_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorwich1995">Norwich (1995)</a>, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-nsxzN-143"><a href="#cite_ref-nsxzN_143-0">^</a> Lowry, Heath W. (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mw3eQ-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Mw3eQ_144-0">^</a> N. G. Wilson, From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance, London, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-2418-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-2418-0">0-7156-2418-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-J2i2B-145"><a href="#cite_ref-J2i2B_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34066/John-Argyropoulos">"John Argyropoulos"</a>. britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426183636/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34066/John-Argyropoulos">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Argyropoulos&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F34066%2FJohn-Argyropoulos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byzantines_in_Renaissance_Italy-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byzantines_in_Renaissance_Italy_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byzantines_in_Renaissance_Italy_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html">"Byzantines in Renaissance Italy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030930225420/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2003. Retrieved 10 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Byzantines+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-orb.net%2Fencyclop%2Flate%2Flaterbyz%2Fharris-ren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-147"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUJAQAAIAAJ">The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts</a>. Hakkert. 15 January 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0626-8"><bdi>978-90-256-0626-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131445/https://books.google.com/books?id=SoUJAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Constantinople+1453%3A+Seven+Contemporary+Accounts&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1973-01-15&rft.isbn=978-90-256-0626-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoUJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadia_Maria_El-Cheikh2004" class="citation book cs1">Nadia Maria El-Cheikh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QC03pKNpfaoC">Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs</a>. Harvard CMES. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-30-2"><bdi>978-0-932885-30-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131445/https://books.google.com/books?id=QC03pKNpfaoC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+Viewed+by+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Harvard+CMES&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-932885-30-2&rft.au=Nadia+Maria+El-Cheikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQC03pKNpfaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W8pk7-149"><a href="#cite_ref-W8pk7_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/vol-xxiv/saving-the-third-rome/">"Saving the Third Rome. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia"</a>. IWM. 9 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727180130/http://www.iwm.at/publications/5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences/vol-xxiv/saving-the-third-rome/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IWM&rft.atitle=Saving+the+Third+Rome.+%22Fall+of+the+Empire%22%2C+Byzantium+and+Putin%27s+Russia&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.at%2Fpublications%2F5-junior-visiting-fellows-conferences%2Fvol-xxiv%2Fsaving-the-third-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-L0Kni-151"><a href="#cite_ref-L0Kni_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermierKoutchmy1999" class="citation book cs1">Guillermier, Pierre; Koutchmy, Serge (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totaleclipsessci0000guil">Total Eclipses: Science, Observations, Myths, and Legends</a>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totaleclipsessci0000guil/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-160-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-160-7"><bdi>1-85233-160-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Eclipses%3A+Science%2C+Observations%2C+Myths%2C+and+Legends&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85233-160-7&rft.aulast=Guillermier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Koutchmy%2C+Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotaleclipsessci0000guil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos195459-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritovoulos195459_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKritovoulos1954">Kritovoulos (1954)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-nasakuwae-153"><a href="#cite_ref-nasakuwae_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214073610/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/93/release_1993_1543.html">"#1543"</a> (Press release). Pasadena, California: Public Information Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA). 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/93/release_1993_1543.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%231543&rft.place=Pasadena%2C+California&rft.pub=Public+Information+Office%2C+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory%2C+California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+National+Aeronautics+%26+Space+Administration+%28NASA%29&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Freleases%2F93%2Frelease_1993_1543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3otvo-154"><a href="#cite_ref-3otvo_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213125432/http://www.aegean.gr/agios-therapontas/magazine/special/1453/Palaiologos.html">"The Marble King"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aegean.gr/agios-therapontas/magazine/special/1453/Palaiologos.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marble+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegean.gr%2Fagios-therapontas%2Fmagazine%2Fspecial%2F1453%2FPalaiologos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatzfallhec-155"><a href="#cite_ref-hatzfallhec_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos" class="citation web cs1">Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greece.org/romiosini/fall.html">"Fall of Constantinople, 1453"</a>. Hellenic Electronic Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304151602/http://www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fall+of+Constantinople%2C+1453&rft.pub=Hellenic+Electronic+Center&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Dionysios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greece.org%2Fromiosini%2Ffall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002280-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002280_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango (2002)</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-QMrK6-157"><a href="#cite_ref-QMrK6_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/1999/12/23/the-fall-of-constantinople">"The fall of Constantinople"</a>. The Economist. 23 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306015159/https://www.economist.com/europe/1999/12/23/the-fall-of-constantinople">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+Constantinople&rft.date=1999-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F1999%2F12%2F23%2Fthe-fall-of-constantinople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v5gnl-158"><a href="#cite_ref-v5gnl_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607223345/http://how-to-learn-any-language.com/e/polyglots/greeks-in-italy.html">"Greeks in Italy"</a>. how-to-learn-any-language.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://how-to-learn-any-language.com/e/polyglots/greeks-in-italy.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=how-to-learn-any-language.com&rft.atitle=Greeks+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhow-to-learn-any-language.com%2Fe%2Fpolyglots%2Fgreeks-in-italy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-istanbulunadlari-159"><a href="#cite_ref-istanbulunadlari_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakaoğlu1993–1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1993–1994). "İstanbul'un adları" [The names of Istanbul]. Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%B0stanbul%27un+adlar%C4%B1&rft.btitle=D%C3%BCnden+bug%C3%BCne+%C4%B0stanbul+ansiklopedisi&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrkiye+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=1993%2F1994&rft.aulast=Sakao%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Necdet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZooPt-160"><a href="#cite_ref-ZooPt_160-0">^</a> Robinson, Richard D. (1965). The First Turkish Republic: A Case Study in National Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-DwbQb-161"><a href="#cite_ref-DwbQb_161-0">^</a> Room, Adrian, (1993), Place Name changes 1900–1991, (Metuchen, NJ, & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2600-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2600-3">0-8108-2600-3</a> pp. 46, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-YEruk-162"><a href="#cite_ref-YEruk_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1023189.stm">"Timeline: Turkey"</a>. BBC News. 10 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604170951/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1023189.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Turkey&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1023189.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak201110–46_(eyewitnesses),_46_(Greeks)_and_88–91_(Turks)-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilippidesHanak201110–46_(eyewitnesses),_46_(Greeks)_and_88–91_(Turks)_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilippidesHanak2011">Philippides & Hanak (2011)</a>, pp. 10–46 (eyewitnesses), 46 (Greeks) and 88–91 (Turks). </li> <li id="cite_note-Angold-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angold_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angold_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angold_164-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angold" title="Michael Angold">Michael Angold</a>, The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans: Context and Consequences (Routledge, 2012), pp. 150–152, 163. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2002" class="citation book cs1">Akbar, M. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_iBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-45259-0"><bdi>978-1-134-45259-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012040247/https://books.google.com/books?id=d_iBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shade+of+Swords%3A+Jihad+and+the+Conflict+Between+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-45259-0&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_iBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas (2001). The Renaissance at War. Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35270-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35270-5"><bdi>0-304-35270-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+at+War&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-304-35270-5&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeg1978" class="citation book cs1">Beg, Tursun (1978). The History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Inalcik, Halil; Murphey, Rhoads. Chicago: Biblioteca Islamica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mehmed+the+Conqueror&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Islamica&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=Tursun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConcasty1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Concasty, Marie-Louise (1955). Les 'Informations' de Jacques Tedaldi sur le siège et la prise de Constantinople (in French). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459382832">459382832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%27Informations%27+de+Jacques+Tedaldi+sur+le+si%C3%A8ge+et+la+prise+de+Constantinople&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459382832&rft.aulast=Concasty&rft.aufirst=Marie-Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2005" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0558-1"><bdi>978-1-4013-0558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1453%3A+The+Holy+War+for+Constantinople+and+the+Clash+of+Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0558-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2013b" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVdrAwAAQBAJ">1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West</a>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0558-1"><bdi>978-1-4013-0558-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210182601/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVdrAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1453%3A+The+Holy+War+for+Constantinople+and+the+Clash+of+Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0558-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVdrAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2013a" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XuskQEACAAJ">Constantinople</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29820-4"><bdi>978-0-571-29820-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106131956/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XuskQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-571-29820-4&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XuskQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesimoni1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Desimoni, C. (1874). Adamo di Montaldo. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria (Proceedings of the Ligurian Society for Homeland History) (in Italian). Vol. X. Genoa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adamo+di+Montaldo&rft.place=Genoa&rft.series=Atti+della+Societ%C3%A0+Ligure+di+Storia+Patria+%28Proceedings+of+the+Ligurian+Society+for+Homeland+History%29&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Desimoni&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant2011" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (2011). The Reformation: The Story of Civilization, Volume VI. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4763-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4763-1"><bdi>978-1-4516-4763-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation%3A+The+Story+of+Civilization%2C+Volume+VI&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4763-1&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmecen2012" class="citation book cs1">Emecen, Feridun M. (2012). Fetih ve kıyamet, 1453: İstanbul'un fethi ve kıyamet senaryoları. İstanbul: Timaş. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786051149318" title="Special:BookSources/9786051149318"><bdi>9786051149318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fetih+ve+k%C4%B1yamet%2C+1453%3A+%C4%B0stanbul%27un+fethi+ve+k%C4%B1yamet+senaryolar%C4%B1&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=Tima%C5%9F&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9786051149318&rft.aulast=Emecen&rft.aufirst=Feridun+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKritovoulos1954" class="citation book cs1">Kritovoulos, Michael (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2aHDwAAQBAJ">History of Mehmed the Conqueror</a>. Translated by Riggs, C. T. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19790-6"><bdi>978-0-691-19790-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801131219/https://books.google.com/books?id=V2aHDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mehmed+the+Conqueror&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19790-6&rft.aulast=Kritovoulos&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV2aHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanning2005" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael Lee (2005). The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles. Sourcebooks, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4022-2475-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4022-2475-3"><bdi>1-4022-2475-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+100%3A+The+Stories+Behind+History%27s+Most+Influential+Battles&rft.pub=Sourcebooks%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4022-2475-3&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilie2005" class="citation book cs1">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (2005). Bisanzio la seconda Roma. Rome: Newton Compton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bisanzio+la+seconda+Roma&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+Compton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2002" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissenos1980" class="citation book cs1">Melissenos, Makarios (1980). "The Chronicle of the Siege of Constantinople, April 2 to May 29, 1453". In Philippides, Marios (ed.). The Fall of the Byzantine Empire, A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronicle+of+the+Siege+of+Constantinople%2C+April+2+to+May+29%2C+1453&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+A+Chronicle+by+George+Sphrantzes%2C+1401%E2%80%931477&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Melissenos&rft.aufirst=Makarios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville-Jones1972" class="citation book cs1">Melville-Jones, John R. (1972). The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-256-0626-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-256-0626-1"><bdi>90-256-0626-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Constantinople+1453%3A+Seven+Contemporary+Accounts&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Adolf+M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=90-256-0626-1&rft.aulast=Melville-Jones&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1993" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA388">The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43991-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003234154/https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC&pg=PA388">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+1261%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43991-6&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC">The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89409-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89409-8"><bdi>978-0-521-89409-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702192603/https://books.google.com/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Emperor%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Constantine+Palaiologos%2C+Last+Emperor+of+the+Romans&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89409-8&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlnSmnmL984YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">Nicolle, David</a> (2000). Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium (Campaign). Vol. 78. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-091-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-091-9"><bdi>1-84176-091-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+1453%3A+The+End+of+Byzantium+%28Campaign%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84176-091-9&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41650-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41650-1"><bdi>0-679-41650-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-679-41650-1&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1997" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippidesHanak2011" class="citation book cs1">Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011). The siege and the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Farnham Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409410645" title="Special:BookSources/9781409410645"><bdi>9781409410645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+siege+and+the+fall+of+Constantinople+in+1453&rft.place=Farnham+Burlington%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781409410645&rft.aulast=Philippides&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft.au=Hanak%2C+Walter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinert2002" class="citation book cs1">Reinert, Stephen (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Reinert&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1965). The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 (Canto ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39832-9"><bdi>978-0-521-39832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Constantinople%2C+1453&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=Canto&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39832-9&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571): The Fifteenth Century. Vol. 2. DJane Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pub=DJane+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSphrantzes1980" class="citation book cs1">Sphrantzes, George (1980). The fall of the Byzantine Empire: a chronicle. Translated by Philippides, Marios. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-290-9"><bdi>978-0-87023-290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%3A+a+chronicle&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-290-9&rft.aulast=Sphrantzes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpilling2010" class="citation book cs1">Spilling, Michael, ed. (2010). Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations. London: Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906842123" title="Special:BookSources/9781906842123"><bdi>9781906842123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+That+Changed+History%3A+Key+Battles+That+Decided+the+Fate+of+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781906842123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1928" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander (1928). A History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. II. Vol. II. Translated by Ragozin, S. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Journal articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuc2020" class="citation journal cs1">Buc, Philippe (14 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2020.1719188">"One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans"</a>. Journal of Medieval History. 46 (2): 217–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2020.1719188">10.1080/03044181.2020.1719188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214527543">214527543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=One+among+many+renegades%3A+the+Serb+janissary+Konstantin+Mihailovi%C4%87+and+the+Ottoman+conquest+of+the+Balkans&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-230&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214527543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2020.1719188&rft.aulast=Buc&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03044181.2020.1719188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanović2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanović, Miloš (2019). "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure". The Hungarian Historical Review. 8 (2): 390–410. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2063-8647">2063-8647</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26902328">26902328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Militarization+of+the+Serbian+State+under+Ottoman+Pressure&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=390-410&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26902328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2063-8647&rft.aulast=Ivanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiardinetto2022" class="citation web cs1">Giardinetto, Armando (29 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilsaltodellaquaglia.com/2022/05/29/29-maggio-1453-una-cronaca-della-caduta-di-costantinopoli/">"29 maggio 1453 – Una cronaca della caduta di Costantinopoli"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517105446/https://www.ilsaltodellaquaglia.com/2022/05/29/29-maggio-1453-una-cronaca-della-caduta-di-costantinopoli/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=29+maggio+1453+%E2%80%93+Una+cronaca+della+caduta+di+Costantinopoli&rft.date=2022-05-29&rft.aulast=Giardinetto&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilsaltodellaquaglia.com%2F2022%2F05%2F29%2F29-maggio-1453-una-cronaca-della-caduta-di-costantinopoli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Babinger, Franz</a> (1992): Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1">0-691-01078-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Fletcher" title="Richard A. Fletcher">Fletcher, Richard A.</a>: The Cross and the Crescent (2005) Penguin Group <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303481-2">0-14-303481-2</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Jonathan (2007): Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon/Continuum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-179-4">978-1-84725-179-4</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Jonathan (2010): The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11786-8">978-0-300-11786-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomiglianoSchiavone1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Momigliano, Arnaldo</a>; Schiavone, Aldo (1997). Storia di Roma, 1 (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-11396-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-11396-8"><bdi>88-06-11396-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Roma%2C+1&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=88-06-11396-8&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft.au=Schiavone%2C+Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurr_Nehme2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lina_Murr_Nehme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lina Murr Nehme">Murr Nehme, Lina</a> (2003). 1453: The Conquest of Constantinople. Aleph Et Taw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86839-816-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-86839-816-2"><bdi>2-86839-816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1453%3A+The+Conquest+of+Constantinople&rft.pub=Aleph+Et+Taw&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-86839-816-2&rft.aulast=Murr+Nehme&rft.aufirst=Lina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertusi1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pertusi, Agostino, ed. (1976). La Caduta di Costantinopoli, II: L'eco nel mondo [The Fall of Constantinople, II: The Echo in the World] (in Italian). Vol. II. Verona: Fondazione Lorenzo Valla.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Caduta+di+Costantinopoli%2C+II%3A+L%27eco+nel+mondo&rft.place=Verona&rft.pub=Fondazione+Lorenzo+Valla&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Constantinople" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Novo, Andrew, Queen of Cities, Seattle, Coffeetown Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603810760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603810760">978-1603810760</a></li> <li>Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011.</li> <li>Smith, Michael Llewellyn, "The Fall of Constantinople", in History Makers magazine No. 5 (London, Marshall Cavendish, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1969) p. 192.</li> <li>Wheatcroft, Andrew (2003): The Infidels: The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam, 638–2002. Viking Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86942-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86942-2">0-670-86942-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Wintle" title="Justin Wintle">Wintle, Justin</a> (2003): The Rough Guide History of Islam. Rough Guides. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-018-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-018-X">1-84353-018-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Fall of Constantinople <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fall+of+Constantinople&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fall+of+Constantinople">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fall+of+Constantinople&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fall_of_Constantinople_(1453)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fall of Constantinople (1453)">Fall of Constantinople (1453)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://materiaislamica.com/index.php/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1453)">The Siege of Constantinople As The Islamic World Sees it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422141211/http://materiaislamica.com/index.php/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1453)">Archived</a> 22 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1180/1453-the-fall-of-constantinople/">World History Encyclopedia – 1453: The Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0038xbd">Constantinople Siege & Fall</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin & Colin Imber (In Our Time, 28 December 2006).</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine_Empire_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Byzantine Empire">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Preceding</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Early (330–717)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Constantinian_and_Valentinianic_dynasties" title="Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties">Constantinian–Valentinianic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Theodosian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty">Theodosian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Leonid_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty">Leonid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Justinian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Heraclian era</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dark_Ages" title="Byzantine Dark Ages">Byzantine Dark Ages</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Middle (717–1204)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Nikephorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Amorian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty">Amorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Doukas_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty">Doukid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Komnenos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty">Komnenian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Angelos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty">Angelid era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">Late (1204–1453)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Byzantine successor states (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a>–<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>–<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Theodoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty">Palaiologan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: right;">By modern region or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Sicily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governance</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="Family tree of Byzantine emperors">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Imperial bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">Magister officiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_sacrarum_largitionum" title="Comes sacrarum largitionum">Comes sacrarum largitionum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comes_rerum_privatarum" title="Comes rerum privatarum">Comes rerum privatarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_sacri_palatii" title="Quaestor sacri palatii">Quaestor sacri palatii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_dromou" title="Logothetes tou dromou">Logothetes tou dromou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Sakellarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_genikou" title="Logothetes tou genikou">Logothetes tou genikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logothetes_tou_stratiotikou" title="Logothetes tou stratiotikou">Logothetes tou stratiotikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakellarios" title="Sakellarios">Chartoularios tou sakelliou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiarion" title="Vestiarion">Chartoularios tou vestiariou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_tou_eidikou" title="Epi tou eidikou">Epi tou eidikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasekretis" title="Protasekretis">Protasekretis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_ton_deeseon" title="Epi ton deeseon">Epi ton deeseon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megas_logothetes" title="Megas logothetes">Megas logothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesazon" title="Mesazon">Mesazon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire">Provincial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="Roman province">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katepano" title="Katepano">Catepanates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kephale_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Kephale (Byzantine Empire)">Kephale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despotates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_diplomats" title="Category:Byzantine diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_diplomacy" title="Byzantine diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_battle_tactics" title="Byzantine battle tactics">Battle tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_battles" title="List of Byzantine battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_beacon_system" title="Byzantine beacon system">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_generals" title="Category:Byzantine generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_mercenaries" title="Category:Byzantine mercenaries">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Military manuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire">Military units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_revolts_and_civil_wars" title="List of Byzantine revolts and civil wars">Revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Roman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">Foederati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholae_Palatinae" title="Scholae Palatinae">Scholae Palatinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Themata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisourai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourma">Tourma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungos" title="Droungos">Droungos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">Bandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Komnenian_era)" title="Byzantine army (Komnenian era)">Komnenian army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiaritai" title="Vestiaritai">Vestiaritai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army_(Palaiologan_era)" title="Byzantine army (Palaiologan era)">Palaiologan army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allagion" title="Allagion">Allagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramonai" title="Paramonai">Paramonai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_domestic" title="Grand domestic">Grand domestic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karabisianoi" title="Karabisianoi">Karabisianoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">Maritime themata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)" title="Aegean Sea (theme)">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos_(theme)" title="Samos (theme)">Samos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Fleet" title="Droungarios of the Fleet">Droungarios of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Byzantine Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Religion in the Byzantine Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_saints" title="Category:Byzantine saints">Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li>Missionary activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">Code of Justinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecloga">Ecloga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">Basilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Harmenopoulos" title="Constantine Harmenopoulos">Hexabiblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Mutilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_secular_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine secular architecture">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_sacred_architecture" title="Category:Byzantine sacred architecture">Sacred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-in-square" title="Cross-in-square">Cross-in-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cistern" title="Basilica Cistern">Basilica Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Blachernae" title="Palace of Blachernae">Blachernae Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">City Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Pammakaristos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_of_Anemas" title="Prison of Anemas">Prison of Anemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda" title="Arch of Galerius and Rotunda">Arch of Galerius and Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia,_Thessaloniki" title="Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios" title="Hagios Demetrios">Hagios Demetrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Panagia_Chalkeon" title="Church of Panagia Chalkeon">Panagia Chalkeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Thessaloniki" title="Walls of Thessaloniki">Walls of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">San Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios" title="Nea Moni of Chios">Nea Moni of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Panagia Gorgoepikoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_glass" title="Byzantine glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Byzantine_mosaics" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East">Early Byzantine mosaics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_painters" title="Category:Byzantine painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civilisation_in_the_12th_century" title="Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century">Komnenian renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Varangians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynatoi" title="Dynatoi">Dynatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acritic_songs" title="Acritic songs">Acritic songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">Digenes Akritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_historians" title="Category:Byzantine historians">Historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Everyday life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Cities in the Byzantine Empire">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dance" title="Byzantine dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress" title="Byzantine dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">Flags and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octoechos" title="Octoechos">Octoechos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people" title="Category:Byzantine people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Women in the Byzantine Empire">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Death in the Byzantine Empire">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Science</a></li><li>Learning</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Greek_encyclopedias" title="Category:Byzantine Greek encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Library_of_Constantinople" title="Imperial Library of Constantinople">Imperial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_scholars" title="List of Byzantine scholars">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_university" title="Byzantine university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Constantinople" title="University of Constantinople">University of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth" title="Byzantine commonwealth">Byzantine commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_museums" title="Category:Byzantine museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Byzantine_Empire%E2%80%93related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Outline of the Byzantine Empire">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Major_sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Template:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Template talk:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Major_sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_besieged_by_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of cities besieged by the Ottoman Empire">Major sieges</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> by century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th-14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1285 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kulaca_Hisar" title="Siege of Kulaca Hisar">Kulaca Hisar</a></li> <li>1326 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bursa" title="Siege of Bursa">Bursa</a></li> <li>1328–1331 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%931331)" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)">Nicaea</a></li> <li>1333–1337 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicomedia" title="Siege of Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li>1360s <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li>1385 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sofia" title="Siege of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li>1393 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo" title="Siege of Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a></li> <li>1394–1402 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1411 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1411)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1411)">Constantinople</a></li> <li>1422 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1422)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1422)">Constantinople</a></li> <li>1422–1430 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>1428 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac" title="Siege of Golubac">Golubac</a></li> <li>1440 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1440–41 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1440%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–41)">Novo Brdo</a></li> <li>1448 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a></li> <li>1450 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Krujë</a></li> <li>1453 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constantinople</a></li> <li>1455 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a></li> <li>1456 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1461 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Trebizond</a></li> <li>1462 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Lesbos" title="Ottoman conquest of Lesbos">Mytilene</a></li> <li>1463 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce" title="Siege of Jajce">Jajce</a></li> <li>1464 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce_(1464)" title="Siege of Jajce (1464)">Jajce</a></li> <li>1466–67 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">Krujë</a></li> <li>1467 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">Krujë</a></li> <li>1470 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1470)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1470)">Negroponte</a></li> <li>1474 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">Scutari</a></li> <li>1477–78 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Krujë</a></li> <li>1478–79 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Scutari</a></li> <li>1480 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">Rhodes</a></li> <li>1481 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">Otranto</a></li> <li>1484 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chilia_(1484)" title="Siege of Chilia (1484)">Chilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1500 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Saint_George" title="Siege of the Castle of Saint George">Cephalonia</a></li> <li>1517 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cairo_(1517)" title="Capture of Cairo (1517)">Cairo</a></li> <li>1521 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1522 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knin" title="Siege of Knin">Knin</a></li> <li>1522 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Rhodes</a></li> <li>1529 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Peñón of Algiers</a></li> <li>1529 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna</a></li> <li>1531 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">Diu</a></li> <li>1532 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C5%91szeg" title="Siege of Kőszeg">Güns (Kőszeg)</a></li> <li>1532 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maribor_(1532)" title="Siege of Maribor (1532)">Maribor</a></li> <li>1533–34 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Coron</a></li> <li>1534 <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunis</a></li> <li>1534 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1534)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1534)">Baghdad</a></li> <li>1537 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Klis" title="Siege of Klis">Klis</a></li> <li>1537 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Corfu</a></li> <li>1538 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Diu</a></li> <li>1539 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Castelnuovo</a></li> <li>1541 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1541)" title="Siege of Buda (1541)">Buda</a></li> <li>1543 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li>1543 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">Esztergom</a></li> <li>1548 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Aden</a></li> <li>1548 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Van_(1548)" title="Siege of Van (1548)">Van</a></li> <li>1551 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a></li> <li>1552 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">Muscat</a></li> <li>1552 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Hormuz</a></li> <li>1552 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Temesv%C3%A1r_(1552)" title="Siege of Temesvár (1552)">Temesvár</a></li> <li>1552 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1552)" title="Siege of Eger (1552)">Eger</a></li> <li>1556 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Oran</a></li> <li>1559 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li>1563 <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Oran</a></li> <li>1565 <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li>1566 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Szigetvar</a></li> <li>1570–71 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">Famagusta</a></li> <li>1574 <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li>1578 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko" title="Siege of Gvozdansko">Gvozdansko</a></li> <li>1592 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1592)" title="Siege of Bihać (1592)">Bihać</a></li> <li>1593 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Sisak</a></li> <li>1596 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1596)" title="Siege of Eger (1596)">Eger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1601 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nagykanizsa" title="Siege of Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a></li> <li>1621 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn</a></li> <li>1638 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">Baghdad</a></li> <li>1663 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1663)" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1663)">Uyvar</a></li> <li>1664 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_(1664)" title="Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)">Novi Zrin</a></li> <li>1648–1669 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Candia</a></li> <li>1672 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamenets" title="Siege of Kamenets">Kamenets</a></li> <li>1683 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li>1684 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1684)" title="Siege of Buda (1684)">Buda</a></li> <li>1684 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santa_Maura_(1684)" title="Siege of Santa Maura (1684)">Santa Maura</a></li> <li>1685 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1685)" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1685)">Érsekújvár</a></li> <li>1686 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)" title="Siege of Buda (1686)">Buda</a></li> <li>1686 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="Siege of Pécs">Pécs</a></li> <li>1688 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1688)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1688)">Negroponte</a></li> <li>1688 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1690 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1695 <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)#The_first_Azov_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></li> <li>1696 <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)#The_first_Azov_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1711 <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign#Siege_of_Brăila" title="Pruth River Campaign">Brăila</a></li> <li>1715 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nauplia_(1715)" title="Siege of Nauplia (1715)">Nauplia</a></li> <li>1716 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1716)" title="Siege of Corfu (1716)">Corfu</a></li> <li>1716 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Teme%C5%9Fvar_(1716)" title="Siege of Temeşvar (1716)">Temeşvar</a></li> <li>1717 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1733 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1733)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1733)">Baghdad</a></li> <li>1734–35 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1734)" title="Siege of Ganja (1734)">Ganja</a></li> <li>1737 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">Ochakov</a></li> <li>1739 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belgrade_(1739)" title="Capture of Belgrade (1739)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1788 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1788)">Ochakov</a></li> <li>1788 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khotin_(1788)" title="Siege of Khotin (1788)">Khotin</a></li> <li>1789 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1789)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1789)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1789–90 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">Izmail</a></li> <li>1799 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_El_Arish" title="Siege of El Arish">El Arish</a></li> <li>1799 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li>1799 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Acre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1801 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li>1806 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade</a></li> <li>1821 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(1821)" title="Siege of Patras (1821)">Patras</a></li> <li>1821–22 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–22)">Acropolis</a></li> <li>1821 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Tripolitsa</a></li> <li>1822 <a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></li> <li>1823 <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></li> <li>1825–26 <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></li> <li>1826–27 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">Acropolis</a></li> <li>1828 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars_(1828)" title="Siege of Kars (1828)">Kars</a></li> <li>1828 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna" title="Siege of Varna">Varna</a></li> <li>1854 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calafat" title="Siege of Calafat">Calafat</a></li> <li>1854 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Silistra">Silistra</a></li> <li>1854–55 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li>1855 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">Kars</a></li> <li>1877 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1912–13 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–13)">Scutari</a></li> <li>1912–13 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)">Adrianople</a></li> <li>1915 <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></li> <li>1915–16 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Kut</a></li> <li>1916–1919 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ottoman defeats shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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