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History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Western Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Early use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Islamic world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offensive_and_defensive_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_and_defensive_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Offensive and defensive use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_and_defensive_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 18th and 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 20th and 21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autocannon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autocannon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 Autocannon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocannon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.2 Aircraft use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials,_parts,_and_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials,_parts,_and_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Materials, parts, and terms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials,_parts,_and_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Materials, parts, and terms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Materials,_parts,_and_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Negative spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Solid spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legal considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deceptive_imitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deceptive_imitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Deceptive imitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deceptive_imitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cannon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon" title="Kanon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9" title="مدفع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدفع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%B1%C3%B5" title="Kañõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kañõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F_topu" title="Döyüş topu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Döyüş topu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="توپ (سیلاح) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپ (سیلاح)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="কামান (অস্ত্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামান (অস্ত্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пушка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пушка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гармата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гармата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Топ (оръдие) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топ (оръдие)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top" title="Top – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Top" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanol_(kanolierezh)" title="Kanol (kanolierezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanol (kanolierezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%B3" title="Canó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%C4%83" title="Тупă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тупă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%B3n" title="Kanón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(arf)" title="Canon (arf) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canon (arf)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_(v%C3%A5ben)" title="Kanon (våben) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kanon (våben)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanone" title="Kanone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahur" title="Kahur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kahur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Κανόνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανόνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_(artiller%C3%ADa)" title="Cañón (artillería) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cañón (artillería)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanono" title="Kanono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanoi" title="Kanoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE_(%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="توپ (جنگ‌افزار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توپ (جنگ‌افزار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(artillerie)" title="Canon (artillerie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canon (artillerie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_(wapen)" title="Kanon (wapen) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kanon (wapen)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%B3n_(arma)" title="Canón (arma) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canón (arma)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Тов – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Тов" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%84%8C" title="캐넌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐넌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A9" title="Թնդանոթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թնդանոթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="तोप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तोप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top" title="Top – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Top" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanono" title="Kanono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam" title="Meriam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meriam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone" title="Cannone – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cannone" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbyssa" title="Fallbyssa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fallbyssa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone" title="Cannone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cannone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%97" title="תותח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תותח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94z%CA%8B%CA%8B_lotu" title="Hɔzʋʋ lotu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔzʋʋ lotu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF" title="ಫಿರಂಗಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫಿರಂಗಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ქვემეხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვემეხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Зеңбірек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зеңбірек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzinga" title="Mzinga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzinga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Топ (курал-жарак) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топ (курал-жарак)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canno" title="Canno – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canno" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielgabals" title="Lielgabals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielgabals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patranka" title="Patranka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patranka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%B3n" title="Knón – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Knón" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bolci_danti_cecla_xarci" title="bolci danti cecla xarci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bolci danti cecla xarci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cannon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gy%C3%BA_(l%C3%B6veg)" title="Ágyú (löveg) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ágyú (löveg)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Топ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafondro" title="Tafondro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tafondro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="പീരങ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീരങ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB" title="तोफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam" title="Meriam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Meriam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam" title="Meriam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Meriam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_(geschut)" title="Kanon (geschut) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanon (geschut)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="तोप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E7%A0%B2" title="カノン砲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カノン砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon" title="Kanon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5penet_kanon" title="Våpenet kanon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Våpenet kanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon" title="Canon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambarak" title="Zambarak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zambarak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਤੋਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE" title="توپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouke_%C3%A0_fu_(artillrie)" title="Bouke à fu (artillrie) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bouke à fu (artillrie)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata" title="Armata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canh%C3%A3o" title="Canhão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canhão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun" title="Tun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_illapa" title="Hatun illapa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun illapa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пушка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пушка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenunne" title="Kenunne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kenunne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topi_(arm%C3%AB)" title="Topi (armë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Topi (armë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cannon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%B3n" title="Kanón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kanón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top" title="Top – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Top" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Топ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top" title="Top – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Top" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuuna" title="Kanuuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanuuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon" title="Kanon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="பீரங்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீரங்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="ఫిరంగి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిరంగి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ปืนใหญ่ลำกล้อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปืนใหญ่ลำกล้อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(silah)" title="Top (silah) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Top (silah)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гармата – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гармата" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE" title="توپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon" title="Canon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAng_th%E1%BA%A7n_c%C3%B4ng" title="Súng thần công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Súng thần công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(del_guere)" title="Canon (del guere) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Canon (del guere)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%9C%E7%82%AE" title="加农炮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加农炮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%B2%E7%82%AE" title="加農炮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加農炮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata" title="Armata – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Armata" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%9C%E7%82%AE" title="加农炮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加农炮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cannons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Saint-Lys)_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/200px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/300px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg/400px-%28Saint-Lys%29_Fauconneau_de_1589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6832" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cannons" title="History of cannons">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Artillery in the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Artillery in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">Naval artillery in the Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the US Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Siege artillery in the US Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannon_operation" title="Cannon operation">Operation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader" title="Rifled breech loader">Breech-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannon_projectiles" title="List of cannon projectiles">List of cannon projectiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_cannon" title="English cannon">English cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Cannons of Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Japanese cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Filipino cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cannon" title="Korean cannon">Korean cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Majapahit cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal cannon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">Breech-loading swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">Culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-cannon" title="Demi-cannon">Demi-cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">Demi-culverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_cannon" title="Double-barreled cannon">Double-barreled cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer" title="Gun-howitzer">Gun-howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-mortar">Gun-mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_mortar" title="Hand mortar">Hand mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_railgun" title="Helical railgun">Helical railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_support_gun" title="Infantry support gun">Infantry support gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">Large-calibre artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minion_(cannon)" title="Minion (cannon)">Minion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">Railway gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">Recoilless rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifled gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">Saker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege cannon">Siege cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannons" title="Template:Cannons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannons" title="Template talk:Cannons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A cannon is a large-<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">gun</a> classified as a type of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, which usually launches a <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> using explosive chemical <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a> ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> during the late 19th century. Cannons vary in <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">gauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effective_range" title="Effective range">effective range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobility_(military)" title="Mobility (military)">mobility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">angle of fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a>; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending on their intended use on the battlefield. A cannon is a type of heavy artillery weapon. The word cannon is derived from several languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as tube, cane, or reed. In the modern era, the term cannon has fallen into decline, replaced by guns or artillery, if not a more specific term such as <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>, except for high-caliber <a href="/wiki/Automatic_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic weapon">automatic weapons</a> firing bigger rounds than machine guns, called <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a>. The earliest known depiction of cannons appeared in <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty#Gunpowder_warfare" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty China</a> as early as the 12th century; however, solid archaeological and documentary evidence of cannons do not appear until the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-1">[1]</a> In 1288, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> troops are recorded to have used <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannons</a> in combat, and the earliest extant cannon bearing a date of production comes from the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016330-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200332-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-4">[4]</a> By the early 14th century, possible mentions of cannon had appeared in the Middle East<a href="#cite_note-Hammer2017-5">[5]</a> and the depiction of one in Europe by 1326. Recorded usage of cannon began appearing almost immediately after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200429-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-7">[7]</a> They subsequently spread to India, their usage on the subcontinent being first attested to in 1366.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> By the end of the 14th century, cannons were widespread throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20049–10-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-10">[10]</a> Cannons were used primarily as anti-infantry weapons until around 1374, when large cannons were recorded to have breached walls for the first time in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200359-11">[11]</a> Cannons featured prominently as <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> weapons, and ever larger pieces appeared. In 1464 a 16,000 kg (35,000 lb) cannon known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Bombard" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Turkish Bombard">Great Turkish Bombard</a> was created in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228-12">[12]</a> Cannons as field artillery became more important after 1453 when cannons broke down the walls of the Roman Empire's capital, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">limber</a>, which greatly improved cannon maneuverability and mobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198651-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200466-14">[14]</a> European cannons reached their longer, lighter, more accurate, and more efficient "classic form" around 1480. This classic European cannon design stayed relatively consistent in form with minor changes until the 1750s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016103–04-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div> The word cannon is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language#Origins" title="Italian language">Old Italian</a> word cannone, meaning "large tube", which came from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> canna, in turn originating from the Greek κάννα (kanna), "reed",<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and then generalised to mean any hollow tube-like object.<a href="#cite_note-Definition_and_etymology_of_cannon-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definition_and_etymology_of_cane-19">[19]</a> The word has been used to refer to a <a href="/wiki/Gun#Terminology" title="Gun">gun</a> since 1326 in Italy and 1418 in England. Both of the plural forms cannons and cannon are correct.<a href="#cite_note-Definition_and_etymology_of_cannon-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Definition_of_cannon-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cannons" title="History of cannons">History of cannons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the historical use of gunpowder in general: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gunpowder_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Gunpowder Age">Timeline of the Gunpowder Age</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on development of gunpowder warfare in China: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Science and technology of the Song dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg/220px-Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg/330px-Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg/440px-Yuan_Bronze_Cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bronze cannon with inscription dated the 3rd year of the Zhiyuan era (1332) of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368); it was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Yunju_Temple" title="Yunju Temple">Yunju Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fangshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangshan District">Fangshan District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1935.</figcaption></figure> The cannon may have appeared as early as the 12th century in China,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-1">[1]</a> and was probably a parallel development or evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Fire-lance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-lance">fire-lance</a>, a short ranged anti-personnel weapon combining a gunpowder-filled tube and a polearm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275-21">[21]</a> Projectiles such as iron scraps or porcelain shards, mixed together with the gunpowder ("co-viative"), were placed in fire lance barrels at some point,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby200299-22">[22]</a> and eventually, the paper and bamboo materials of fire lance barrels were replaced by metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200331–32-23">[23]</a> The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a> in Sichuan dated to 1128,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-1">[1]</a> however, the earliest archaeological samples and textual accounts do not appear until the 13th century. The primary extant specimens of cannon from the 13th century are the <a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Bronze_Cannon" title="Wuwei Bronze Cannon">Wuwei Bronze Cannon</a> dated to 1227, the <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_hand_cannon" title="Heilongjiang hand cannon">Heilongjiang hand cannon</a> dated to 1288, and the <a href="/wiki/Xanadu_Gun" title="Xanadu Gun">Xanadu Gun</a> dated to 1298. However, only the Xanadu gun contains an inscription bearing a date of production, so it is considered the earliest confirmed extant cannon. The Xanadu Gun is 34.7 cm (13.7 in) in length and weighs 6.2 kg (14 lb). The other cannons are dated using contextual evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652–53-24">[24]</a> The Heilongjiang <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannon</a> is also often considered by some to be the oldest firearm since it was unearthed near the area where the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a> reports a battle took place involving hand cannons. According to the History of Yuan, in 1288, a Jurchen commander by the name of Li Ting led troops armed with hand cannons into battle against the rebel prince Nayan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293–94-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/220px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/330px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/440px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the <a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a>.</figcaption></figure> Chen Bingying argues there were no guns before 1259, while Dang Shoushan believes the Wuwei gun and other <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> era samples point to the appearance of guns by 1220, and Stephen Haw goes even further by stating that guns were developed as early as 1200.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016329-26">[26]</a> Sinologist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> and renaissance siege expert Thomas Arnold provide a more conservative estimate of around 1280 for the appearance of the "true" cannon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198610-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200118-28">[28]</a> Whether or not any of these are correct, it seems likely that the gun was born sometime during the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201654-29">[29]</a> References to cannons proliferated throughout China in the following centuries. Cannon featured in literary pieces. In 1341 Xian Zhang wrote a poem called The Iron Cannon Affair describing a cannonball fired from an eruptor which could "pierce the heart or belly when striking a man or horse, and even transfix several persons at once."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> By the 1350s the cannon was used extensively in Chinese warfare. In 1358 the Ming army failed to take a city due to its garrisons' usage of cannon, however, they themselves would use cannon, in the thousands, later on during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> in 1366.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201666-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korean_Broadcasting_System-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003173-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a> in 1293 brought gunpowder technology to the <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> archipelago in the form of cannon (Chinese: <a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">Pao</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> cannons were used in riverine warfare at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> One shipwreck in Shandong had a cannon dated to 1377 and an anchor dated to 1372.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Little_is_known_about_their_armament,_but_Chinese_ships_did_carry_bronze_cannon_at_this_time,_as_evidenced_by_the_wreck_of_a_small_two-masted_patrol_vessel_discovered_in_Shandong_together_with_its_anchor_(inscribed_1372)_and_cannon_(inscribed_1377)."_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Little_is_known_about_their_armament,_but_Chinese_ships_did_carry_bronze_cannon_at_this_time,_as_evidenced_by_the_wreck_of_a_small_two-masted_patrol_vessel_discovered_in_Shandong_together_with_its_anchor_(inscribed_1372)_and_cannon_(inscribed_1377)."-36">[36]</a> From the 13th to 15th centuries cannon-armed Chinese ships also travelled throughout Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Considering_that_Chinese_ships_armed_with_gunpowder_weapons,_including_cannons,_visited_the_region_regularly_from_the_1200s_to_the_1400s."-37">[37]</a> Cannon appeared in <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> by 1390 at the latest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran200675-38">[38]</a> The first of the western cannon to be introduced were <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loaders</a> in the early 16th century, which the Chinese began producing themselves by 1523 and improved on by including composite metal construction in their making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaodong200841–61-39">[39]</a> Japan did not acquire cannon until 1510 when a monk brought one back from China, and did not produce any in appreciable numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986430-40">[40]</a> During the 1593 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pyongyang_(1593)" title="Siege of Pyongyang (1593)">siege of Pyongyang</a>, 40,000 Ming troops deployed a variety of cannons against Japanese troops. Despite their defensive advantage and the use of arquebus by Japanese soldiers, the Japanese were at a severe disadvantage due to their lack of cannon. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a>, the Ming–Joseon coalition used artillery widely in land and naval battles, including on the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_ship" title="Turtle ship">turtle ships</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Petlin" title="Ivan Petlin">Ivan Petlin</a>, the first Russian envoy to Beijing, in September 1619, the city was armed with large cannon with cannonballs weighing more than 30 kg (66 lb). His general observation was: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There are many merchants and military persons in the Chinese Empire. They have firearms, and the Chinese are very skillful in military affairs. They go into battle against the Yellow Mongols who fight with bows and arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn198590-43">[43]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ivan Petlin</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg/220px-EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg/330px-EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg/440px-EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Earliest picture of a European cannon, "De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum", <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Milemete" title="Walter de Milemete">Walter de Milemete</a>, 1326</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/220px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/330px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/440px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>Western European handgun, 1380</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/220px-Siege_orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/330px-Siege_orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/440px-Siege_orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>The first Western image of a battle with cannon: the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orléans">siege of Orléans</a> in 1429</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg/220px-%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg/330px-%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg/440px-%C5%A0ibenik_-_topovi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Cannon from the 15th century at <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a> city walls</figcaption></figure> Outside of China, the earliest texts to mention gunpowder are <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opus_Majus" title="Opus Majus">Opus Majus</a> (1267) and Opus Tertium in what has been interpreted as references to <a href="/wiki/Firecracker" title="Firecracker">firecrackers</a>. In the early 20th century, a British artillery officer proposed that <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon#Other_attributed_works" title="Roger Bacon">another work tentatively attributed to Bacon</a>, Epistola de Secretis Operibus Artis et Naturae, et de Nullitate Magiae, dated to 1247, contained an encrypted formula for gunpowder hidden in the text. These claims have been disputed by science historians.<a href="#cite_note-NeedhamLu1987-44">[44]</a> In any case, the formula itself is not useful for firearms or even firecrackers, burning slowly and producing mostly smoke.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There is a record of a gun in Europe dating to 1322 that was discovered in the nineteenth century, but the artifact has since been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334-47">[47]</a> The earliest known European depiction of a gun appeared in 1326 in a manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Milemete" title="Walter de Milemete">Walter de Milemete</a>, although not necessarily drawn by him, known as De Nobilitatibus, sapientii et prudentiis regum (Concerning the Majesty, Wisdom, and Prudence of Kings), which displays a gun with a large arrow emerging from it and its user lowering a long stick to ignite the gun through the touch hole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200429-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-7">[7]</a> In the same year, another similar illustration showed a darker gun being set off by a group of knights, in another work of de Milemete's, De secretis secretorum Aristotelis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676,_335-48">[48]</a> On 11 February of that same year, the <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> appointed two officers to obtain canones de mettallo and ammunition for the town's defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2002120-49">[49]</a> In the following year a document from the Turin area recorded a certain amount was paid "for the making of a certain instrument or device made by Friar Marcello for the projection of pellets of lead".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-7">[7]</a> A reference from 1331 describes an attack mounted by two Germanic knights on <a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a>, using man-portable gunpowder weapons of some sort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200429-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-7">[7]</a> The 1320s seem to have been the takeoff point for guns in Europe according to most modern military historians. Scholars suggest that the lack of gunpowder weapons in a well-traveled Venetian's catalogue for a new crusade in 1321 implies that guns were unknown in Europe up until this point, further solidifying the 1320 mark, however more evidence in this area may be forthcoming in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-7">[7]</a> The oldest extant cannon in Europe is a small bronze example unearthed in Loshult, <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> in southern Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It dates from the early-mid 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and is currently in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_History_Museum" title="Swedish History Museum">Swedish History Museum</a> in Stockholm. Early cannons in Europe often shot arrows and were known by an assortment of names such as <a href="/wiki/Pot-de-fer" title="Pot-de-fer">pot-de-fer</a>, tonnoire, ribaldis, and büszenpyle. The ribaldis, which shot large arrows and simplistic <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a>, were first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_(government)" title="Wardrobe (government)">English Privy Wardrobe</a> accounts during preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a>, between 1345 and 1346.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-52">[52]</a> The Florentine <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a> recounts their destructiveness, indicating that by the end of the battle, "the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls".<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-52">[52]</a> Similar cannon were also used at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%9347)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Calais (1346–47)">siege of Calais (1346–47)</a>, although it was not until the 1380s that the ribaudekin clearly became mounted on wheels.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolle-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_use">Early use</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crecy">Battle of Crecy</a> which pitted the English against the French in 1346 featured the early use of cannon which helped the <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbowmen</a> repulse a large force of Genoese crossbowmen deployed by the French. The English originally intended to use the cannon against cavalry sent to attack their archers, thinking that the loud noises produced by their cannon would panic the advancing horses along with killing the knights atop them.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Early cannons could also be used for more than simply killing men and scaring horses. English cannon were used defensively in 1346 during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breteuil" title="Siege of Breteuil">siege of Breteuil</a> to launch fire onto an advancing <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege tower</a>. In this way, cannons could be used to burn down siege equipment before it reached the fortifications. The use of cannons to shoot fire could also be used offensively as another battle involved the setting of a <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> ablaze with similar methods. The particular incendiary used in these projectiles was most likely a gunpowder mixture. This is one area where early Chinese and European cannons share a similarity as both were possibly used to shoot fire.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a> Another aspect of early European cannons is that they were rather small, dwarfed by the bombards, which would come later. In fact, it is possible that the cannons used at Crécy were capable of being moved rather quickly as there is an anonymous chronicle that notes the guns being used to attack the French camp, indicating that they would have been mobile enough to press the attack. These smaller cannons would eventually give way to larger, wall-breaching guns by the end of the 1300s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_world">Islamic world</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG/220px-Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG/330px-Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG/440px-Great_Turkish_Bombard_at_Fort_Nelson.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles Gun</a>, a 1464 Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malik_E_Maidan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Malik_E_Maidan.jpg/220px-Malik_E_Maidan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Malik_E_Maidan.jpg/330px-Malik_E_Maidan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Malik_E_Maidan.jpg/440px-Malik_E_Maidan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Malik E Maidan, a 16th-century cannon, was effectively used by the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>, and was the largest cannon operated during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a>.</figcaption></figure> There is no clear consensus on when the cannon first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, with dates ranging from 1260 to the mid-14th century. The cannon may have appeared in the Islamic world in the late 13th century, with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> in the 14th century stating that cannons were used in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of North Africa in 1274, and other Arabic military treatises in the 14th century referring to the use of cannon by <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> forces in 1260 and 1303, and by Muslim forces at the 1324 siege of <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a> in Spain. However, some scholars do not accept these early dates. While the date of its first appearance is not entirely clear, the general consensus among most historians is that there is no doubt the Mamluk forces were using cannon by 1342.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer2017-5">[5]</a> Other accounts may have also mentioned the use of cannon in the early 14th century. An Arabic text dating to 1320–1350 describes a type of gunpowder weapon called a midfa which uses gunpowder to shoot projectiles out of a tube at the end of a stock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198643-54">[54]</a> Some scholars consider this a hand cannon while others dispute this claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198643–44-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986582-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> army besieging <a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Elche</a> in 1331 made use of "iron pellets shot with fire".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> in 1260, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> used cannon against the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. He claims that this was "the first cannon in history" and used a gunpowder formula almost identical to the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder. He also argues that this was not known in China or Europe until much later.<a href="#cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-59">[59]</a> Al-Hassan further claims that the earliest textual evidence of cannon is from the Middle East, based on earlier originals which report hand-held cannons being used by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.<a href="#cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-58">[58]</a> Such an early date is not accepted by some historians,<a href="#cite_note-Hammer2017-5">[5]</a> including David Ayalon, Iqtidar Alam Khan, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Tonio Andrade</a>. Khan argues that it was the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and believes cannon only reached <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk Egypt</a> in the 1370s.<a href="#cite_note-khan_6-61">[61]</a> Needham argued that the term midfa, dated to textual sources from 1342 to 1352, did not refer to true hand-guns or bombards, and that contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world did not occur until 1365.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198644-62">[62]</a> Similarly, Andrade dates the textual appearance of cannons in middle eastern sources to the 1360s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-10">[10]</a> Gabor Ágoston and David Ayalon note that the Mamluks had certainly used siege cannons by 1342<a href="#cite_note-Hammer2017-5">[5]</a> or the 1360s, respectively, but earlier uses of cannons in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World">Islamic World</a> are vague with a possible appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> by the 1320s and 1330s, though evidence is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> reported the use of cannon as <a href="/wiki/Siege_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege machine">siege machines</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> in 1274.<a href="#cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-64">[64]</a> The passage by Ibn Khaldun on the Marinid siege of Sijilmassa in 1274 occurs as follows: "[The Sultan] installed siege engines ... and gunpowder engines ..., which project small balls of iron. These balls are ejected from a chamber ... placed in front of a kindling fire of gunpowder; this happens by a strange property which attributes all actions to the power of the Creator."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334-47">[47]</a> The source is not contemporary and was written a century later, around 1382. Its interpretation has been rejected as anachronistic by some historians, who urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204–1324 period as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, naft, as they did for an earlier incendiary, naphtha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010108–09-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-63">[63]</a> Ágoston and Peter Purton note that in the 1204–1324 period, late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for gunpowder, naft, that they used for an earlier incendiary, <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515–16-66">[66]</a> Needham believes Ibn Khaldun was speaking of fire lances rather than hand cannon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198647-67">[67]</a> The Ottoman Empire made good use of cannon as siege artillery. Sixty-eight super-sized bombards were used by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">capture Constantinople</a> in 1453. Jim Bradbury argues that Urban, a Hungarian cannon engineer, introduced this cannon from Central Europe to the Ottoman realm;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury1992293-68">[68]</a> according to Paul Hammer, however, it could have been introduced from other Islamic countries which had earlier used cannons.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-64">[64]</a> These cannon could fire heavy stone balls a mile, and the sound of their blast could reportedly be heard from a distance of 10 miles (16 km).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury1992293-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodëran</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a> discusses Turkish bombards at length in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Shkodra_(book)" title="The Siege of Shkodra (book)">De obsidione Scodrensi</a> (1504), describing the 1478–79 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">siege of Shkodra</a> in which eleven bombards and two mortars were employed. The Ottomans also used cannon to control passage of ships through the Bosphorus strait.<a href="#cite_note-:03-69">[69]</a> Ottoman cannons also proved effective at stopping crusaders at Varna in 1444 and Kosovo in 1448 despite the presence of European cannon in the former case.<a href="#cite_note-:03-69">[69]</a> The similar Dardanelles Guns (for the location) were created by Munir Ali in 1464 and were still in use during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228-12">[12]</a> These were cast in bronze into two parts: the chase (the barrel) and the breech, which combined weighed 18.4 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate moving it. Fathullah Shirazi, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> inhabitant of India who worked for <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, developed a <a href="/wiki/Volley_gun" title="Volley gun">volley gun</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> While there is evidence of cannons in Iran as early as 1405 they were not widespread.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This changed following the increased use of firearms by Shah Ismail I, and the Iranian army used 500 cannons by the 1620s, probably captured from the Ottomans or acquired by allies in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:02-73">[73]</a> By 1443, Iranians were also making some of their own cannon, as Mir Khawand wrote of a 1200 kg metal piece being made by an Iranian rikhtegar which was most likely a cannon.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Due to the difficulties of transporting cannon in mountainous terrain, their use was less common compared to their use in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:02-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3></div> Documentary evidence of cannons in Russia does not appear until 1382 and they were used only in sieges, often by the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-Nossov-75">[75]</a> It was not until 1475 when Ivan III established the first Russian cannon foundry in Moscow that they began to produce cannons natively.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The earliest surviving cannon from Russia dates to 1485.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200378-77">[77]</a> Later on, large cannons were known as bombards, ranging from three to five feet in length and were used by <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a> in defence during the later 14th century. The first bombards were made of iron, but bronze became more prevalent as it was recognized as more stable and capable of propelling stones weighing as much as 45 kilograms (99 lb). Around the same period, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> began to accumulate its own cannon to face the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, starting with medium-sized cannon 3 feet (0.91 m) long and of 10 in calibre.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-78">[78]</a> The earliest reliable recorded use of artillery in the region was against the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1396, forcing the Ottomans to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-78">[78]</a> The Ottomans acquired their own cannon and laid siege to the Byzantine capital again in 1422. By 1453, the Ottomans used 68 Hungarian-made cannon for the 55-day bombardment of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">walls of Constantinople</a>, "hurling the pieces everywhere and killing those who happened to be nearby".<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-78">[78]</a> The largest of their cannons was the Great Turkish Bombard, which required an operating crew of 200 men<a href="#cite_note-Trivia_Library-79">[79]</a> and 70 oxen, and 10,000 men to transport it.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-78">[78]</a> Gunpowder made the formerly devastating <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> obsolete, and with the final fall of Constantinople—which was protected by what were once the strongest walls in Europe—on 29 May 1453, "it was the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">end of an era</a> in more ways than one".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lantakas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lantakas.jpg/220px-Lantakas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lantakas.jpg/330px-Lantakas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lantakas.jpg/440px-Lantakas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Collection of Philippine lantaka in a European museum</figcaption></figure> Cannons were introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Empire when <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>'s Mongol-Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">sought to invade Java</a> in 1293. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a> mentioned that the Mongol used a weapon called <a href="/wiki/Hu_dun_pao" title="Hu dun pao">p'ao</a> against Daha forces.<a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-81">[81]</a>: 1–2 <a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-82">[82]</a>: 244–245 <a href="#cite_note-:112-83">[83]</a>: 220  This weapon is interpreted differently by researchers, it may be a <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a> that throws <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty#Explosives" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">thunderclap bombs</a>, firearms, cannons, or rockets. It is possible that the gunpowder weapons carried by the Mongol–Chinese troops amounted to more than one type.<a href="#cite_note-:10-84">[84]</a>: 97  <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a> that in 1247 <a href="/wiki/Saka_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka era">saka</a> (1325 AD), cannons were widely used in Java especially by the Majapahit. It is recorded that the small kingdoms in Java that sought the protection of Majapahit had to hand over their cannons to the Majapahit.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>: 61  Majapahit under Mahapatih (prime minister) <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a> (in office 1331–1364) utilized gunpowder technology obtained from <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> for use in naval fleet.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>: 57  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang,_nomor_2,_dengan_dudukan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang%2C_nomor_2%2C_dengan_dudukan.png/220px-Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang%2C_nomor_2%2C_dengan_dudukan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang%2C_nomor_2%2C_dengan_dudukan.png/330px-Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang%2C_nomor_2%2C_dengan_dudukan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang%2C_nomor_2%2C_dengan_dudukan.png/440px-Bedil_kuno_atau_meriam_kuno_Jawa_cetbang%2C_nomor_2%2C_dengan_dudukan.png 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>A cannon found from the Brantas river. Made of bronze, with a triangular embossed touch hole. The wooden parts were recently made for display.</figcaption></figure> Mongol-Chinese gunpowder technology of Yuan dynasty resulted in eastern-style cetbang which is similar to Chinese cannon. Swivel guns however, only developed in the archipelago because of the close maritime relations of the Nusantara archipelago with the territory of West India after 1460 AD, which brought new types of gunpowder weapons to the archipelago, likely through Arab intermediaries. This weapon seems to be cannon and gun of Ottoman tradition, for example the <a href="/wiki/Prangi" title="Prangi">prangi</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">breech-loading swivel gun</a>. A new type of cetbang, called the western-style cetbang, was derived from the Turkish prangi. Just like prangi, this cetbang is a breech-loading swivel gun made of bronze or iron, firing single rounds or scattershots (a large number of small bullets).<a href="#cite_note-:10-84">[84]</a>: 94–95  Cannons derived from western-style cetbang can be found in Nusantara, among others were <a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">lantaka</a> and lela. Most lantakas were made of bronze and the earliest ones were <a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">breech-loaded</a>. There is a trend toward muzzle-loading weapons during colonial times.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> came to the archipelago, they referred to the breech-loading swivel gun as berço, while the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> call it verso.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-89">[89]</a>: 151  A <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">pole gun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bedil_tombak" title="Bedil tombak">bedil tombak</a>) was recorded as being used by Java in 1413.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-91">[91]</a>: 245  Duarte Barbosa c. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannon (cetbang or rentaka), long muskets, spingarde (arquebus), schioppi (hand cannon), <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, guns (cannon), and other fireworks. Every place was considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>: 198 <a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>: 224  In 1513, the <a href="/wiki/Djong_(ship)#European_age_of_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Djong (ship)">Javanese fleet</a> led by Pati Unus sailed to attack <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> "with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in iron, over and above what they have in India".<a href="#cite_note-:022-94">[94]</a>: 162 <a href="#cite_note-:222-95">[95]</a>: 23  By early 16th century, the Javanese already locally-producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180- and 260-pounders, weighing anywhere between 3 and 8 tons, length of them between 3 and 6 m (9.8 and 19.7 ft).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Cannons were used by the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in 1352 during its invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-97">[97]</a> Within a decade large quantities of gunpowder could be found in the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010201-97">[97]</a> By the end of the 14th century firearms were also used by the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran200675-38">[38]</a> Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose. The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been amputation.<a href="#cite_note-:13-98">[98]</a>: 180–181  Ownership and manufacture of gunpowder was later prohibited by the colonial Dutch occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-Dipanegara,_P._B._R_1981-99">[99]</a> According to colonel McKenzie quoted in Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java_(1817_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Java (1817 book)">The History of Java</a> (1817), the purest sulfur was supplied from <a href="/wiki/Ijen" title="Ijen">a crater from a mountain</a> near the straits of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-98">[98]</a>: 180–181  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> In Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinian Empire</a> both deployed cannons during the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Adal War">Adal-Abyssinian War</a>. Imported from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and the wider Islamic world, the Adalites led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> were the first African power to introduce cannon warfare to the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Later on as the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> entered the war it would supply and train the Abyssinians with cannons, while the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> sent soldiers and cannon to back Adal. The conflict proved, through their use on both sides, the value of <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a>, cannon, and the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> over traditional weapons.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_and_defensive_use">Offensive and defensive use</h3></div> While previous smaller guns could burn down structures with fire, larger and more powerful cannons forced engineers to develop stronger castle walls from enemy attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a> Cannons were used for other purposes, as fortifications began using cannons as defensive instruments. In India, the fort of Raicher had gun ports built into its walls to accommodate the use of defensive cannons.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli)">The Art of War</a>, Niccolò Machiavelli opined that field artillery forced an army to take up a defensive posture and opposed a more ideal offensive stance.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Machiavelli's concerns can be seen in the criticisms of Portuguese mortars being used in India during the sixteenth century as lack of mobility was one of the key problems with the design.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In Russia the early cannons were again placed in forts as a defensive tool.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Cannons were also difficult to move around in mountainous regions; offensives conducted with such weapons would often be unsuccessful in areas such as Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:02-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg/220px-16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg/330px-16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg/440px-16th_Century_Artillerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="1857" /></a><figcaption>Various 16th-century artillery pieces, including <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falconet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a></figcaption></figure> By the 16th century, cannons were made in a great variety of lengths and bore diameters, but the general rule was that the longer the barrel, the longer the range. Some cannons made during this time had barrels exceeding 10 ft (3.0 m) in length, and could weigh up to 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg). Consequently, large amounts of gunpowder were needed to allow them to fire stone balls several hundred yards.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> By mid-century, European monarchs began to classify cannons to reduce the confusion. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> opted for six sizes of cannon,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> but others settled for more; the Spanish used twelve sizes, and the English sixteen. They are, from largest to smallest: the cannon royal, cannon, cannon serpentine, bastard cannon, demicannon, pedrero, culverin, basilisk, demiculverin, bastard culverin, saker, minion, falcon, falconet, serpentine, and rabinet.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunis-109">[109]</a> Better powder had been developed by this time as well. Instead of the finely ground powder used by the first bombards, powder was replaced by a "corned" variety of coarse grains. This coarse powder had pockets of air between grains, allowing fire to travel through and ignite the entire charge quickly and uniformly.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger, more powerful cannon, as well as their spread throughout the world. As they were not effective at breaching the newer fortifications resulting from the development of cannon, <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchets</a>—became less widely used. However, wooden "battery-towers" took on a similar role as siege towers in the gunpowder age—such as that used at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">Siege of Kazan</a> in 1552, which could hold ten large-calibre cannon, in addition to 50 lighter pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Kazan-111">[111]</a> Another notable effect of cannon on warfare during this period was the change in conventional fortifications. <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> wrote, "There is no wall, whatever its thickness that artillery will not destroy in only a few days."<a href="#cite_note-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)-112">[112]</a> Although castles were not immediately made obsolete by cannon, their use and importance on the battlefield rapidly declined.<a href="#cite_note-Castles-113">[113]</a> Instead of majestic <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a>, the walls of new fortresses were thick, angled, and sloped, while towers became low and stout; increasing use was also made of earth and brick in <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">breastworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a>. These new defences became known as <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion forts</a>, after their characteristic shape which attempted to force any advance towards it directly into the firing line of the guns.<a href="#cite_note-Castles-113">[113]</a> A few of these featured <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">cannon batteries</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-Castles-113">[113]</a> Bastion forts soon replaced castles in Europe and, eventually, those in the Americas as well.<a href="#cite_note-SpanishMain-114">[114]</a> By the end of the 15th century, several technological advancements made cannons more mobile. Wheeled gun carriages and <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnions</a> became common, and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">limber</a> further facilitated transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-115">[115]</a> As a result, field artillery became more viable and began to see more widespread use, often alongside the larger cannons intended for sieges.<a href="#cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sadler-116">[116]</a> Better gunpowder, cast-iron projectiles (replacing stone), and the standardisation of calibres meant that even relatively light cannons could be deadly.<a href="#cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-115">[115]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of War (Machiavelli)">The Art of War</a>, Niccolò Machiavelli observed that "It is true that the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> and the small artillery do much more harm than the heavy artillery."<a href="#cite_note-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)-112">[112]</a> This was the case at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a>, in 1513: the English <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> outfired the Scottish siege artillery, firing two or three times as many rounds.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Despite the increased maneuverability, however, cannon were still the slowest component of the army: a heavy <a href="/wiki/English_cannon" title="English cannon">English cannon</a> required 23 horses to transport, while a culverin needed nine. Even with this many animals pulling, they still moved at a walking pace. Due to their relatively slow speed, lack of organisation, and undeveloped tactics, the combination of <a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a> still dominated the battlefields of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Innovations continued, notably the German invention of the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>, a thick-walled, short-barrelled gun that blasted shot upward at a steep angle. Mortars were useful for sieges, as they could hit targets behind walls or other defences.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This cannon found more use with the Dutch, who learnt to shoot bombs filled with powder from them. Setting the bomb fuse was a problem. "Single firing" was first used to ignite the fuse, where the bomb was placed with the fuse down against the cannon's propellant. This often resulted in the fuse being blown into the bomb, causing it to blow up as it left the mortar. Because of this, "double firing" was tried where the gunner lit the fuse and then the touch hole. This required considerable skill and timing, and was especially dangerous if the gun misfired, leaving a lighted bomb in the barrel. Not until 1650 was it accidentally discovered that double-lighting was superfluous as the heat of firing would light the fuse.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> emphasised the use of light cannon and mobility in his army, and created new formations and tactics that revolutionised artillery. He discontinued using all 12 pounder—or heavier—cannon as field artillery, preferring, instead, to use cannons that could be handled by only a few men. One obsolete type of gun, the "<a href="/wiki/Leather_cannon" title="Leather cannon">leatheren</a>", was replaced by 4 pounder and 9 pounder demi-culverins. These could be operated by three men, and pulled by only two horses. Gustavus Adolphus's army was also the first to use a cartridge that contained both powder and shot which sped up reloading, increasing the rate of fire.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Finally, against infantry he pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>—essentially a tin can filled with musket balls.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Until then there was no more than one cannon for every thousand infantrymen on the battlefield but Gustavus Adolphus increased the number of cannons sixfold. Each regiment was assigned two pieces, though he often arranged them into batteries instead of distributing them piecemeal. He used these batteries to break his opponent's infantry line, while his cavalry would <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflank</a> their heavy guns.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">Battle of Breitenfeld</a>, in 1631, Adolphus proved the effectiveness of the changes made to his army, by defeating <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly</a>. Although severely outnumbered, the Swedes were able to fire between three and five times as many volleys of artillery, and their infantry's <a href="/wiki/Line_(formation)" title="Line (formation)">linear</a> formations helped ensure they did not lose any ground. Battered by cannon fire, and low on morale, Tilly's men broke ranks and fled.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In England, cannons were being used to besiege various fortified buildings during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Nye" title="Nathaniel Nye">Nathaniel Nye</a> is recorded as testing a <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> cannon in 1643 and experimenting with a <a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">saker</a> in 1645.<a href="#cite_note-Porter_2008-125">[125]</a> From 1645 he was the master gunner to the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> garrison at <a href="/wiki/Evesham" title="Evesham">Evesham</a> and in 1646 he successfully directed the artillery at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Worcester_(1646)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Worcester (1646)">Siege of Worcester</a>, detailing his experiences and in his 1647 book The Art of Gunnery.<a href="#cite_note-Porter_2008-125">[125]</a> Believing that war was as much a science as an art,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> his explanations focused on <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, theoretical mathematics,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a><a href="#cite_note-Porter_2008-125">[125]</a> as well as practical considerations such as the ideal specification for gunpowder or <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow matches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> His book acknowledged mathematicians such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jordanus" title="Marcus Jordanus">Marcus Jordanus</a> as well as earlier military writers on artillery such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a> and Thomas (or Francis<a href="#cite_note-Hodgkin-129">[129]</a>) Malthus (author of A Treatise on Artificial Fire-Works<a href="#cite_note-Malthus-130">[130]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Porter_2008-125">[125]</a> Around this time also came the idea of aiming the cannon to hit a target. Gunners controlled the range of their cannons by measuring the angle of elevation, using a "gunner's quadrant". Cannons did not have <a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">sights</a>; therefore, even with measuring tools, aiming was still largely guesswork.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the latter half of the 17th century, the French engineer <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban</a> introduced a more systematic and scientific approach to attacking gunpowder fortresses, in a time when many field commanders "were notorious dunces in siegecraft".<a href="#cite_note-Griffith-132">[132]</a> Careful <a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">sapping</a> forward, supported by <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">enfilading</a> <a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">ricochets</a>, was a key feature of this system, and it even allowed Vauban to calculate the length of time a siege would take.<a href="#cite_note-Griffith-132">[132]</a> He was also a prolific builder of bastion forts, and did much to popularize the idea of "depth in defence" in the face of cannon.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> These principles were followed into the mid-19th century, when changes in armaments necessitated greater depth defence than Vauban had provided for. It was only in the years prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> that new works began to break radically away from his designs.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tsar Cannon, the largest howitzer ever made, cast by Andrey Chokhov[135]"><img alt="The Tsar Cannon, the largest howitzer ever made, cast by Andrey Chokhov[135]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg/120px-TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg/180px-TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg/240px-TheTsarCannonJuly2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Cannon" title="Tsar Cannon">Tsar Cannon</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> ever made, cast by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Youghal_Battery.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of a post-medieval cannon battery, mounted on a medieval town wall, although without carriages."><img alt="Remains of a post-medieval cannon battery, mounted on a medieval town wall, although without carriages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Youghal_Battery.JPG/120px-Youghal_Battery.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Youghal_Battery.JPG/180px-Youghal_Battery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Youghal_Battery.JPG/240px-Youghal_Battery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Remains of a post-medieval <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">cannon battery</a>, mounted on a medieval <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">town wall</a>, although without carriages.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary illustration on how a cannon could be used with the aid of quadrants for improved precision."><img alt="Contemporary illustration on how a cannon could be used with the aid of quadrants for improved precision." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_tg_0000132_Ballistik_%5E_Quadrant_%5E_Kanone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="697" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Contemporary illustration on how a cannon could be used with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrants</a> for improved precision.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The use of gabions with cannon was an important part in the attack and defence of fortifications."><img alt="The use of gabions with cannon was an important part in the attack and defence of fortifications." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg/82px-Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg/123px-Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg/165px-Sixteenth_Century_Cannon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="2463" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The use of <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabions</a> with cannon was an important part in the attack and defence of fortifications.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortbourtange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Bourtange, a bastion fort, was built with angles and sloped walls specifically to defend against cannon."><img alt="Fort Bourtange, a bastion fort, was built with angles and sloped walls specifically to defend against cannon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg/120px-Fortbourtange.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg/180px-Fortbourtange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg/240px-Fortbourtange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="407" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bourtange" title="Fort Bourtange">Fort Bourtange</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">bastion fort</a>, was built with angles and sloped walls specifically to defend against cannon.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">Naval artillery in the Age of Sail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">Siege artillery in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/220px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/330px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg/440px-Antoine_Morel-Fatio_pl10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/36-pounder_long_gun" title="36-pounder long gun">36-pounder long gun</a> at the ready</figcaption></figure> The lower tier of 17th-century English <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a> were usually equipped with demi-cannons, guns that fired a 32-pound (15 kg) solid shot, and could weigh up to 3,400 pounds (1,500 kg).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Demi-cannons were capable of firing these heavy metal balls with such force that they could penetrate more than a metre of solid oak, from a distance of 90 m (300 ft), and could dismast even the largest ships at close range.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Full cannon fired a 42-pound (19 kg) shot, but were discontinued by the 18th century, as they were too unwieldy. By the end of the 18th century, principles long adopted in Europe specified the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s cannon, as well as the acceptable defects, and their severity. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> tested guns by measuring them, firing them two or three times—termed "proof by powder"—and using <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">pressurized water to detect leaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NavyBarbaryI-138">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronade</a> was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779; the lower muzzle velocity of the round shot when fired from this cannon was intended to create more wooden splinters when hitting the structure of an enemy vessel, as they were believed to be more deadly than the ball by itself.<a href="#cite_note-Carronade-139">[139]</a> The carronade was much shorter, and weighed between a third to a quarter of the equivalent <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a>; for example, a 32-pounder carronade weighed less than a <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a>, compared with a 32-pounder long gun, which weighed over 3 t (3.0 long tons; 3.3 short tons). The guns were, therefore, easier to handle, and also required less than half as much gunpowder, allowing fewer men to crew them.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Carronades were manufactured in the usual <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval gun</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">calibres</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> but were not counted in a ship of the line's rated number of guns. As a result, the classification of Royal Navy vessels in this period can be misleading, as they often carried more cannons than were listed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Simpson,_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Simpson%2C_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg/220px-William_Simpson%2C_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Simpson%2C_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg/330px-William_Simpson%2C_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Simpson%2C_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg/440px-William_Simpson%2C_A_Hot_Night_in_the_Batteries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4170" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/William_Simpson_(Scottish_artist)" title="William Simpson (Scottish artist)">William Simpson</a> shows action in a British artillery battery during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> with cannon firing and being loaded and men bringing in supplies.</figcaption></figure> Cannons were crucial in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s rise to power, and continued to play an important role in his army in later years.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the unpopularity of the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> led to riots and rebellions. When over 25,000 royalists led by General Danican assaulted Paris, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a> was appointed to defend the capital; outnumbered five to one and disorganised, the Republicans were desperate.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> When Napoleon arrived, he reorganised the defences but realised that without cannons the city could not be held. He ordered <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> to bring the guns from the Sablons artillery park; the Major and his cavalry fought their way to the recently captured cannons, and brought them back to Napoleon. When Danican's poorly trained men attacked, on <a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> 1795 (5 October in the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="Vendémiaire">calendar used in France</a> at the time), Napoleon ordered his cannon to fire grapeshot into the mob,<a href="#cite_note-Asprey,_pp._112–113.-144">[144]</a> an act that became known as the "<a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire#A_whiff_of_grapeshot" title="13 Vendémiaire">whiff of grapeshot</a>".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The slaughter effectively ended the threat to the new government, while, at the same time, making Bonaparte a famous—and popular—public figure.<a href="#cite_note-Asprey,_pp._112–113.-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Among the first generals to recognise that artillery was not being used to its full potential, Napoleon often massed his cannon into batteries and introduced several changes into the French artillery, improving it significantly and making it among the finest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Baynes,_p._669.-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Such tactics were successfully used by the French, for example, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a>, when 66 guns fired a total of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Roundshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundshot">roundshot</a> and 500 rounds of grapeshot,<a href="#cite_note-Baynes,_p._669.-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> inflicting severe casualties to the Russian forces, whose losses numbered over 20,000 killed and wounded, in total.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>—Napoleon's final battle—the French army had many more artillery pieces than either the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a>. As the battlefield was muddy, <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> caused cannons to bury themselves into the ground after firing, resulting in slow rates of fire, as more effort was required to move them back into an adequate firing position;<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> also, roundshot did not <a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">ricochet</a> with as much force from the wet earth.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Despite the drawbacks, sustained artillery fire proved deadly during the engagement, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#The_French_cavalry_attack" title="Battle of Waterloo">French cavalry attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The British infantry, having formed <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">infantry squares</a>, took heavy losses from the French guns, while their own cannons fired at the <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancers</a>, when they fell back to regroup. Eventually, the French ceased their assault, after taking heavy losses from the British cannon and musket fire.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In the 1810s and 1820s, greater emphasis was placed on the accuracy of long-range gunfire, and less on the weight of a broadside. Around 1822, <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall_(gunner)" title="George Marshall (gunner)">George Marshall</a> wrote Marshall's Practical Marine Gunnery. The book was used by cannon operators in the United States Navy throughout the 19th century. It listed all the types of cannons and instructions.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/220px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/330px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg/440px-ChancellorsvilleBattlefieldModern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A 3-inch <a href="/wiki/Parrott_rifle" title="Parrott rifle">Parrott rifle</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></figcaption></figure> The carronade, although initially very successful and widely adopted, disappeared from the Royal Navy in the 1850s after the development of wrought-iron-jacketed steel cannon by <a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" title="William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">William Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a>. Nevertheless, carronades were used in the American Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-Carronade-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Western cannons during the 19th century became larger, more destructive, more accurate, and could fire at longer range. One example is the American 3-inch (76 mm) wrought-iron, muzzle-loading rifle, or <a href="/wiki/Griffen_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffen gun">Griffen gun</a> (usually called the 3-inch Ordnance Rifle), used during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which had an effective range of over 1.1 mi (1.8 km). Another is the smoothbore <a href="/wiki/Canon_obusier_de_12" title="Canon obusier de 12">12-pounder Napoleon</a>, which originated in France in 1853 and was widely used by both sides in the American Civil War. This cannon was renowned for its sturdiness, reliability, firepower, flexibility, relatively lightweight, and range of 1,700 m (5,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg/220px-Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg/330px-Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg/440px-Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Boshin war">Boshin war</a> (1868–69).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG/220px-De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG/330px-De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG/440px-De_Bange_90_mm_Mikkeli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The 1870s <a href="/wiki/De_Bange_90_mm_cannon" title="De Bange 90 mm cannon">de Bange 90 mm cannon</a> on the yard of Eastern Finland military office in <a href="/wiki/Mikkeli" title="Mikkeli">Mikkeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Savonia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Savonia">South Savonia</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a>—casting spiralling lines inside the cannon's barrel—was applied to artillery more frequently by 1855, as it gave cannon projectiles <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic</a> stability, which improved their accuracy. One of the earliest rifled cannons was the <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading</a> <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong Gun">Armstrong Gun</a>—also invented by William Armstrong—which boasted significantly improved range, accuracy, and power than earlier weapons. The projectile fired from the Armstrong gun could reportedly pierce through a ship's side and explode inside the enemy vessel, causing increased damage and casualties.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The British military adopted the Armstrong gun, and was impressed; <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">the Duke of Cambridge</a> even declared that it "could do everything but speak".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Despite being significantly more advanced than its predecessors, the Armstrong gun was rejected soon after its integration, in favour of the muzzle-loading pieces that had been in use before.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> While both types of gun were effective against wooden ships, neither had the capability to pierce the armour of <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclads</a>; due to reports of slight problems with the breeches of the Armstrong gun, and their higher cost, the older muzzle-loaders were selected to remain in service instead.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Realising that iron was more difficult to pierce with breech-loaded cannons, Armstrong designed rifled muzzle-loading guns,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> which proved successful; <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported: "even the fondest believers in the invulnerability of our present ironclads were obliged to confess that against such artillery, at such ranges, their plates and sides were almost as penetrable as wooden ships."<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The superior cannon of the Western world brought them tremendous advantages in warfare. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> in China, during the 19th century, British battleships bombarded the coastal areas and fortifications from afar, safe from the reach of the Chinese cannons. Similarly, the shortest war in recorded history, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> of 1896, was brought to a swift conclusion by shelling from British cruisers.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The cynical attitude towards recruited infantry in the face of ever more powerful field artillery is the source of the term <a href="/wiki/Cannon_fodder" title="Cannon fodder">cannon fodder</a>, first used by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, in 1814;<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> however, the concept of regarding soldiers as nothing more than "food for powder" was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> as early as 1598, in <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">Henry IV, Part 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35,_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35%2C_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35%2C_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35%2C_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35%2C_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35%2C_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-35%2C_Vergleich_Gesch%C3%BCtzanzahl_1888-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of 1888 and 1913 German cannon</figcaption></figure> Cannons in the 20th and 21st centuries are usually divided into sub-categories and given separate names. Some of the most widely used types of modern cannon are howitzers, mortars, guns, and autocannon, although a few very <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">large-calibre cannon</a>, custom-designed, have also been constructed. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_artillery" title="Nuclear artillery">Nuclear artillery</a> was experimented with, but was abandoned as impractical.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Modern artillery is used in a variety of roles, depending on its type. According to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the general role of artillery is to provide fire support, which is defined as "the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> When referring to cannons, the term gun is often used incorrectly. In military usage, a gun is a cannon with a high muzzle velocity and a <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">flat trajectory</a>, useful for hitting the sides of targets such as walls,<a href="#cite_note-mutuur-169">[169]</a> as opposed to howitzers or mortars, which have lower muzzle velocities, and fire indirectly, lobbing shells up and over obstacles to hit the target from above.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg/220px-British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg/330px-British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg/440px-British_39th_Siege_Battery_RGA_Somme_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></div> By the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Infantry_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry weapon">infantry weapons</a> had become more powerful, forcing most artillery away from the front lines. Despite the change to <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect fire</a>, cannons proved highly effective during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, directly or indirectly causing over 75% of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The onset of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> after the first few months of World War I greatly increased the demand for howitzers, as they were more suited to hitting targets in trenches. Furthermore, their shells carried more explosives than those of guns, and caused considerably less barrel wear. The German army had the advantage here as they began the war with many more howitzers than the French.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> World War I also saw the use of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Gun" title="Paris Gun">Paris Gun</a>, the longest-ranged gun ever fired. This 200 mm (8 in) calibre gun was used by the Germans against Paris and could hit targets more than 122 km (76 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The Second World War sparked new developments in cannon technology. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">sabot rounds</a>, hollow-charge projectiles, and <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximity fuse">proximity fuses</a>, all of which increased the effectiveness of cannon against specific targets.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The proximity fuse emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Used to great effect in <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> projectiles, proximity fuses were fielded in both the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Pacific</a> Theatres of Operations; they were particularly useful against <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> planes. Although widely used in naval warfare, and in anti-air guns, both the British and Americans feared unexploded proximity fuses would be reverse engineered, leading to them limiting their use in continental battles. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, however, the fuses became known as the American artillery's "Christmas present" for the German army because of their effectiveness against German personnel in the open, when they frequently dispersed attacks.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank guns</a> were also tremendously improved during the war: in 1939, the British used primarily <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 2 pounder">2 pounder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 6 pounder">6 pounder</a> guns. By the end of the war, <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 17 pounder">17 pounders</a> had proven much more effective against German tanks, and 32 pounders had entered development.<a href="#cite_note-Anti-tank_guns-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Meanwhile, German tanks were continuously upgraded with better <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">main guns</a>, in addition to other improvements. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a> was originally designed with a 37 mm gun, but was <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> with a 50 mm cannon.<a href="#cite_note-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color-180">[180]</a> To counter the threat of the Russian <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34s</a>, another, more powerful 50 mm gun was introduced,<a href="#cite_note-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color-180">[180]</a> only to give way to a larger 75 mm cannon, which was in a fixed mount as the <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">StuG III</a>, the most-produced German World War II armoured fighting vehicle of any type.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Despite the improved guns, production of the Panzer III was ended in 1943, as the tank still could not match the T-34, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_KwK_43" title="8.8 cm KwK 43">8.8 cm KwK 43</a> and many variations, entered service with the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, and was used as both a tank main gun, and as the <a href="/wiki/PaK_43" class="mw-redirect" title="PaK 43">PaK 43</a> anti-tank gun.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> One of the most powerful guns to see service in World War II, it was capable of destroying any <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> tank at very long ranges.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/220px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/330px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/440px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5695" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">USS Iowa</a> firing her 16 in (41 cm) guns</figcaption></figure> Despite being designed to fire at trajectories with a steep angle of descent, howitzers can be fired <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">directly</a>, as was done by the <a href="/wiki/11th_Marine_Regiment#Korean_War" title="11th Marine Regiment">11th Marine Regiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir">Battle of Chosin Reservoir</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery#Modern_battery_organization" title="Artillery battery">field batteries</a> fired directly upon a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of Chinese infantry; the Marines were forced to brace themselves against their howitzers, as they had no time to dig them in. The Chinese infantry took heavy casualties, and were forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The tendency to create larger calibre cannons during the World Wars has reversed since. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, for example, sought a lighter, more versatile howitzer, to replace their aging pieces. As it could be towed, the M198 was selected to be the successor to the World War II–era cannons used at the time, and entered service in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-M198_Info-188">[188]</a> Still in use today, the M198 is, in turn, being slowly replaced by the <a href="/wiki/M777_howitzer" title="M777 howitzer">M777</a> Ultralightweight howitzer, which weighs nearly half as much and can be more easily moved. Although land-based artillery such as the M198 are powerful, long-ranged, and accurate, naval guns have not been neglected, despite being much smaller than in the past, and, in some cases, having been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cruise_missile-189">[189]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Zumwalt-class_destroyer" title="Zumwalt-class destroyer">Zumwalt-class destroyer</a>'s planned armament included the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gun_System" title="Advanced Gun System">Advanced Gun System</a> (AGS), a pair of 155 mm guns, which fire the <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Land-Attack_Projectile" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Range Land-Attack Projectile">Long Range Land-Attack Projectile</a>. The warhead, which weighed 24 pounds (11 kg), had a <a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">circular error of probability</a> of 50 m (160 ft), and was mounted on a rocket, to increase the effective range to 100 nmi (190 km), further than that of the Paris Gun. The AGS's barrels would be water-cooled, and fire 10 rounds per minute, per gun. The combined firepower from both turrets would give a Zumwalt-class destroyer the firepower equivalent to 12 conventional M198 howitzers.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The reason for the re-integration of cannons as a main armament in United States Navy ships was because satellite-guided munitions fired from a gun would be less expensive than a cruise missile but have a similar guidance capability.<a href="#cite_note-Cruise_missile-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autocannon">Autocannon</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg/220px-USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg/330px-USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg/440px-USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9306" data-file-height="7698" /></a><figcaption>A large bore Maxim on <a href="/wiki/USS_Vixen_(PY-4)" title="USS Vixen (PY-4)">USS Vixen</a> c. 1898</figcaption></figure> Autocannons have an automatic firing mode, similar to that of a machine gun. They have mechanisms to automatically load their ammunition, and therefore have a higher rate of fire than artillery, often approaching, or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">rotary autocannons</a>, even surpassing the firing rate of a machine gun.<a href="#cite_note-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire-191">[191]</a> While there is no minimum bore for autocannons, they are generally larger than machine guns, typically 20 mm (0.79 in) or greater since World War II and are usually capable of using explosive ammunition even if it is not always used. Machine guns in contrast are usually too small to use explosive ammunition;<a href="#cite_note-dictionary_definition-192">[192]</a> such ammunition is additionally banned in international conflict for the parties to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a>. Most nations use rapid-fire cannon on light vehicles, replacing a more powerful, but heavier, tank gun. A typical autocannon is the <a href="/wiki/25_mm_caliber" title="25 mm caliber">25 mm</a> "<a href="/wiki/M242_Bushmaster" title="M242 Bushmaster">Bushmaster</a>" <a href="/wiki/Chain_gun" title="Chain gun">chain gun</a>, mounted on the <a href="/wiki/LAV-25" title="LAV-25">LAV-25</a> and <a href="/wiki/M2_Bradley" title="M2 Bradley">M2 Bradley</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">armoured vehicles</a>. Autocannons may be capable of a very high rate of fire, but ammunition is heavy and bulky, limiting the amount carried. For this reason, both the 25 mm Bushmaster and the 30 mm <a href="/wiki/RARDEN" title="RARDEN">RARDEN</a> are deliberately designed with relatively low rates of fire. The typical rate of fire for a modern autocannon ranges from 90 to 1,800 rounds per minute. Systems with multiple barrels, such as a rotary autocannon, can have rates of fire of several thousand rounds per minute. The fastest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Gryazev-Shipunov_GSh-6-23" title="Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23">GSh-6-23</a>, which has a rate of fire of over 10,000 rounds per minute.<a href="#cite_note-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire-191">[191]</a> Autocannons are often found in aircraft, where they replaced machine guns and as shipboard anti-aircraft weapons, as they provide greater destructive power than machine guns.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aircraft_use">Aircraft use</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_artillery" title="Aircraft artillery">Aircraft artillery</a></div> The first documented installation of a cannon firing <a href="/wiki/Explosive_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive shell">explosive shells</a> on an aircraft was on the Voisin Canon in 1911, displayed at the Paris Exposition that year. By World War I, all of the major powers were experimenting with aircraft-mounted cannons; however, their low rate of fire and great size and weight precluded any of them from being anything other than experimental. The most successful (or least unsuccessful) was the SPAD 12 Ca.1 with a single 37 mm Puteaux mounted to fire between the cylinder banks and through the propeller boss of the aircraft's Hispano-Suiza 8C. The pilot (by necessity an ace) had to manually reload each round.<a href="#cite_note-Early_Aircraft_Armament-194">[194]</a> The first autocannon were developed during World War I as anti-aircraft guns, and one of these, the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Ordnance_Works" title="Coventry Ordnance Works">Coventry Ordnance Works</a> "<a href="/wiki/COW_37_mm_gun" title="COW 37 mm gun">COW 37 mm gun</a>", was installed in an aircraft. However, the war ended before it could be given a field trial, and it never became standard equipment in a production aircraft. Later trials had it fixed at a steep angle upwards in both the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">Vickers Type 161</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter" title="Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter">Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter</a>, an idea that would return later. During this period autocannons became available and several fighters of the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> were fitted with 20 mm cannons. They continued to be installed as an adjunct to machine guns rather than as a replacement, as the rate of fire was still too low and the complete installation too heavy. There was a some debate in the RAF as to whether the greater number of possible rounds being fired from a machine gun, or a smaller number of explosive rounds from a cannon was preferable. Improvements during the war in regards to rate of fire allowed the cannon to displace the machine gun almost entirely.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-193">[193]</a> The cannon was more effective against armour so they were increasingly used during the course of World War II, and newer fighters such as the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Tempest" title="Hawker Tempest">Hawker Tempest</a> usually carried two or four instead of the six <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">.50 Browning machine guns</a> for US aircraft or eight to twelve <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">M1919 Browning machine guns</a> on earlier British aircraft. The <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404" title="Hispano-Suiza HS.404">Hispano-Suiza HS.404</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">Oerlikon 20 mm cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/MG_FF_cannon" title="MG FF cannon">MG FF</a>, and their numerous variants became among the most widely used autocannon in the war. Cannons, as with machine guns, were either fixed to fire forwards (mounted in the wings, in the nose or fuselage, or in a <a href="/wiki/Pannier" title="Pannier">pannier</a> under either), or mounted in <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turrets</a> on heavier aircraft. Both the Germans and Japanese mounted cannons to fire upwards and forwards for use against heavy bombers, with the Germans calling guns so-installed <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%A4ge_Musik" title="Schräge Musik">Schräge Musik</a>, derived from a German colloquialism for jazz music—schräg means "off-key". Preceding the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> the high speeds aircraft were attaining and availability of missiles led to a move to omit cannon due to the belief that they would be useless in a <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfight</a>, but combat experience during the Vietnam War showed conclusively that, despite advances in missiles, there was still a need for cannon. Nearly all modern <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> are armed with an autocannon, and they are also commonly found on <a href="/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-attack aircraft">ground-attack aircraft</a>. One of the most powerful examples is the 30mm GAU-8/A Avenger Gatling-type rotary cannon mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">Lockheed AC-130</a> gunship (a converted transport) can carry a 105 mm howitzer as well as a variety of autocannons ranging up to 40 mm.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Both are used in the <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> role. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter with 37 mm C.O.W. gun mounted to fire upwards"><img alt="Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter with 37 mm C.O.W. gun mounted to fire upwards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg/120px-Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg/180px-Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg/240px-Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="202" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Westland_C.O.W._Gun_Fighter" title="Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter">Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter</a> with 37 mm C.O.W. gun mounted to fire upwards</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supermarine Spitfire with 20 mm cannon protruding from the leading edge of the wing"><img alt="Supermarine Spitfire with 20 mm cannon protruding from the leading edge of the wing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg/120px-Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg/180px-Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg/240px-Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_XVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> with 20 mm cannon protruding from the leading edge of the wing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="GSh-23 autocannon mounted on the underside of a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23"><img alt="GSh-23 autocannon mounted on the underside of a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg/120px-GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg/180px-GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg/240px-GSh-23_on_MiG-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="793" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/GSh-23" class="mw-redirect" title="GSh-23">GSh-23</a> autocannon mounted on the underside of a <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The GAU-8/A Avenger rotary cannon, mounted in a Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II"><img alt="The GAU-8/A Avenger rotary cannon, mounted in a Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg/96px-GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg/145px-GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg/193px-GAU-8_in_A-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <a href="/wiki/GAU-8/A_Avenger" class="mw-redirect" title="GAU-8/A Avenger">GAU-8/A Avenger</a> rotary cannon, mounted in a <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II">Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials,_parts,_and_terms">Materials, parts, and terms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon-diagram2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cannon-diagram2.svg/440px-Cannon-diagram2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cannon-diagram2.svg/660px-Cannon-diagram2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cannon-diagram2.svg/880px-Cannon-diagram2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Side elevation of a typical 18th-century cannon</figcaption></figure> Cannons in general have the form of a truncated cone with an internal cylindrical bore for holding an <a href="/wiki/Explosive_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive charge">explosive charge</a> and a projectile. The thickest, strongest, and closed part of the cone is located near the explosive charge. As any explosive charge will dissipate in all directions equally, the thickest portion of the cannon is useful for containing and directing this force. The backward motion of the cannon as its projectile leaves the bore is termed its <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>, and the effectiveness of the cannon can be measured in terms of how much this response can be diminished, though obviously diminishing recoil through increasing the overall mass of the cannon means decreased mobility. Field artillery cannon in Europe and the Americas were initially made most often of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, though later forms were constructed of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> and eventually steel.<a href="#cite_note-kingsbury-197">[197]</a>: 61  Bronze has several characteristics that made it preferable as a construction material: although it is relatively expensive, does not always alloy well, and can result in a final product that is "spongy about the bore",<a href="#cite_note-kingsbury-197">[197]</a>: 61  bronze is more flexible than iron and therefore less prone to bursting when exposed to high pressure; cast-iron cannon are less expensive and more durable generally than bronze and withstand being fired more times without deteriorating. However, cast-iron cannon have a tendency to burst without having shown any previous weakness or wear, and this makes them more dangerous to operate. The older and more-stable forms of cannon were <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzle-loading</a> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading</a>—to be used they had to have their ordnance packed down the bore through the muzzle rather than inserted through the breech. The following terms refer to the components or aspects of a classical western cannon (c. 1850) as illustrated here.<a href="#cite_note-kingsbury-197">[197]</a>: 66  In what follows, the words near, close, and behind will refer to those parts towards the thick, closed end of the piece, and far, front, in front of, and before to the thinner, open end. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_spaces">Negative spaces</h3></div> <ul><li>Bore: The hollow cylinder bored lengthwise down the centre of the cannon, including the base of the bore or bottom of the bore, the nearest end of the bore in which the <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">ordnance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">wadding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">shot</a>, etc.) rests just before firing. A cannon's <a href="/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)" title="Caliber (artillery)">calibre</a> is determined by the diameter of its bore.</li> <li>Chamber: The cylindrical, conical, or spherical recess at the nearest end of the bottom of the bore into which the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> is packed.</li> <li>Vent: A thin tube on the near end of the cannon connecting the explosive charge inside with an ignition source outside and often filled with a length of <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)" title="Fuse (explosives)">fuse</a>; always located near the breech. Sometimes called the fuse hole or the touch hole. On the top of the vent on the outside of the cannon is a flat circular space called the vent field where the charge is lit. If the cannon is bronze, it will often have a vent piece made of copper screwed into the length of the vent.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_spaces">Solid spaces</h3></div> The main body of a cannon consists of three basic extensions: the foremost and the longest is called the chase, the middle portion is the reinforce, and the closest and briefest portion is the <a href="/wiki/Cascabel_(artillery)" title="Cascabel (artillery)">cascabel</a> or cascable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>The chase: Simply the entire conical part of the cannon in front of the reinforce. It is the longest portion of the cannon, and includes the following elements: <ul><li>The neck: the narrowest part of the chase, always located near the foremost end of the piece.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">muzzle</a>: the portion of the chase forward of the neck. It includes the following: <ul><li>The swell of the muzzle refers to the slight swell in the diameter of the piece at the very end of the chase. It is often chamfered on the inside to make loading the cannon easier. In some guns, this element is replaced with a wide ring and is called a muzzle band.</li> <li>The face is the flat vertical plane at the foremost edge of the muzzle (and of the entire piece).</li> <li>The muzzle mouldings are the tiered rings which connect the face with the rest of the muzzle, the first of which is called the lip and the second the fillet</li> <li>The muzzle <a href="/wiki/Astragal" title="Astragal">astragal</a> and fillets are a series of three narrow rings running around the outside of the chase just behind the neck. Sometimes also collectively called the chase ring.</li></ul></li> <li>The chase astragal and fillets: these are a second series of such rings located at the near end of the chase.</li> <li>The chase girdle: this is the brief length of the chase between the chase astragal and fillets and the reinforce.</li></ul></li> <li>The reinforce: This portion of the piece is frequently divided into a first reinforce and a second reinforce, but in any case is marked as separate from the chase by the presence of a narrow circular reinforce ring or band at its foremost end. The span of the reinforce also includes the following: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Trunnions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunnions">trunnions</a> are located at the foremost end of the reinforce just behind the reinforce ring. They consist of two cylinders perpendicular to the bore and below it which are used to mount the cannon on its carriage.</li> <li>The rimbases are short broad rings located at the union of the trunnions and the cannon which provide support to the carriage attachment.</li> <li>The reinforce band is only present if the cannon has two reinforces, and it divides the first reinforce from the second.</li> <li>The breech refers to the mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore extending to the base of the breech and including the base ring; it also generally refers to the end of the cannon opposite the muzzle, i.e., the location where the explosion of the gunpowder begins as opposed to the opening through which the pressurized gas escapes.</li> <li>The base ring forms a ring at the widest part of the entire cannon at the nearest end of the reinforce just before the cascabel.</li></ul></li> <li>The cascabel: This is that portion of the cannon behind the reinforce(s) and behind the base ring. It includes the following: <ul><li>The knob which is the small spherical terminus of the piece;</li> <li>The neck, a short, narrow piece of metal holding out the knob; and</li> <li>The fillet, the tiered disk connecting the neck of the cascabel to the base of the breech.</li> <li>The base of the breech is the metal disk that forms the most forward part of the cascabel and rests against the breech itself, right next to the base ring.</li></ul></li></ul> To pack a muzzle-loading cannon, first gunpowder is poured down the bore. This is followed by a layer of wadding (often nothing more than paper), and then the cannonball itself. A certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Windage" title="Windage">windage</a> (in this case meaning that the bore is designed slightly wider than the cannonball) allows the ball to fit down the bore, though the greater the windage the less efficient the propulsion of the ball when the gunpowder is ignited. To fire the cannon, the fuse located in the vent is lit, quickly burning down to the gunpowder, which then explodes violently, propelling wadding and ball down the bore and out of the muzzle. A small portion of exploding gas also escapes through the vent, but this does not dramatically affect the total force exerted on the ball. Any large, <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a>, muzzle-loading gun—used before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading">breech-loading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifled" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifled">rifled</a> guns—may be referred to as a cannon, though once standardised names were assigned to different-sized cannon, the term specifically referred to a gun designed to fire a 42-pound (19 kg) shot, as distinct from a <a href="/wiki/Demi-cannon" title="Demi-cannon">demi-cannon</a> – 32 pounds (15 kg), <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverin</a> – 18 pounds (8.2 kg), or <a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">demi-culverin</a> – 9 pounds (4.1 kg). Gun in this context specifically refers to a type of cannon that fires projectiles at high speeds, and usually at relatively low angles;<a href="#cite_note-mutuur-169">[169]</a> they have been used in warships,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The term cannon is also used for <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a>, a modern repeating weapon firing explosive projectiles. Cannon have been used extensively in fighter aircraft since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cannon_operation" title="Cannon operation">Cannon operation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannoniere_1652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cannoniere_1652.jpg/220px-Cannoniere_1652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cannoniere_1652.jpg/330px-Cannoniere_1652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cannoniere_1652.jpg/440px-Cannoniere_1652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>The parts of a cannon described in John Roberts' The Compleat Cannoniere, London, 1652</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv/220px--Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv/Canon_firing_mvi_3662.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Firing of a field gun of the early 17th century with a <a href="/wiki/Linstock" title="Linstock">linstock</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1770s, cannon operation worked as follows: each cannon would be manned by two gunners, six soldiers, and four officers of artillery. The right gunner was to prime the piece and load it with powder, and the left gunner would fetch the powder from the magazine and be ready to fire the cannon at the officer's command. On each side of the cannon, three soldiers stood, to ram and sponge the cannon, and hold the ladle. The second soldier on the left was tasked with providing 50 bullets.<a href="#cite_note-EB1771-200">[200]</a> Before loading, the cannon would be cleaned with a wet sponge to extinguish any smouldering material from the last shot. Fresh powder could be set off prematurely by lingering ignition sources. The powder was added, followed by wadding of paper or hay, and the ball was placed in and rammed down. After ramming, the cannon would be aimed with the elevation set using a quadrant and a <a href="/wiki/Plumb-bob" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumb-bob">plummet</a>. At 45 degrees, the ball had the utmost range: about ten times the gun's level range. Any angle above a horizontal line was called random-shot. Wet sponges were used to cool the pieces every ten or twelve rounds.<a href="#cite_note-EB1771-200">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg/220px-Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg/330px-Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg/440px-Firing_of_a_6_pound_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Firing of a 6-pound cannon</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, a British gun team consisted of five gunners to aim it, clean the bore with a damp sponge to quench any remaining embers before a fresh charge was introduced, and another to load the gun with a bag of powder and then the projectile. The fourth gunner pressed his thumb on the vent hole, to prevent a draught that might fan a flame. The charge loaded, the fourth would prick the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagged_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagged charge (page does not exist)">bagged charge</a> through the vent hole, and fill the vent with powder. On command, the fifth gunner would fire the piece with a <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow match</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friction_primer" title="Friction primer">Friction primers</a> replaced slow match ignition by the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> When a cannon had to be abandoned such as in a retreat or surrender, the touch hole of the cannon would be plugged flush with an iron spike, disabling the cannon (at least until metal boring tools could be used to remove the plug). This was called "spiking". A gun was said to be honeycombed when the surface of the bore had cavities, or holes in it,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> caused by corrosion or casting defects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_considerations">Legal considerations</h3></div> In the United States, muzzleloading cannons made before 1899 (and replicas) that are unable to fire fixed ammunition are considered antiques. They are not subject to the Gun Control Act of 1968 or National Firearms Act of 1934.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> They may be subject to local rules in some jurisdictions, however. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deceptive_imitations">Deceptive imitations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_gun" title="Quaker gun">Quaker gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></div> Historically, logs or poles have been used as decoys to mislead the enemy as to the strength of an emplacement. The "<a href="/wiki/Quaker_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Gun">Quaker Gun</a> trick" was used by Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Washington" title="William Washington">William Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>; in 1780, approximately 100 Loyalists surrendered to them, rather than face bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> During the American Civil War, Quaker guns were also used by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederates</a>, to compensate for their shortage of artillery. The decoy cannon were painted black at the "muzzle", and positioned behind fortifications to delay <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> attacks on those positions. On occasion, real gun carriages were used to complete the deception.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> Cannon sounds have sometimes been used in classical pieces with a military theme. One of the best known examples is <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1812_Overture" title="1812 Overture">1812 Overture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The overture is to be performed using an artillery section together with the orchestra, resulting in noise levels high enough that musicians are required to wear <a href="/wiki/Earplug" title="Earplug">ear protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-july4-208">[208]</a> The cannon fire simulates Russian artillery bombardments of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a>, a critical battle in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">Napoleon's invasion of Russia</a>, whose defeat the piece celebrates.<a href="#cite_note-july4-208">[208]</a> When the overture was first performed, the cannon were fired by an electric current triggered by the conductor.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> However, the overture was not recorded with real cannon fire until <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a> and conductor <a href="/wiki/Antal_Dor%C3%A1ti" title="Antal Doráti">Antal Doráti</a>'s 1958 recording of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Orchestra" title="Minnesota Orchestra">Minnesota Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Cannon fire is also frequently used in presentations of the 1812 on American <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>, a tradition started by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fiedler" title="Arthur Fiedler">Arthur Fiedler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Pops" title="Boston Pops">Boston Pops</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-july4-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> used cannon in their song "<a href="/wiki/For_Those_About_to_Rock_(We_Salute_You)" title="For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)">For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)</a>",<a href="#cite_note-acdcsong-212">[212]</a> and in live shows replica Napoleonic cannon and <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> were used to perform the piece.<a href="#cite_note-acdcsong-212">[212]</a> A recording of that song has accompanied the firing of an authentic reproduction of a <a href="/wiki/M1857_12-pounder_Napoleon" title="M1857 12-pounder Napoleon">M1857 12-pounder Napoleon</a> during <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets" title="Columbus Blue Jackets">Columbus Blue Jackets</a> <a href="/wiki/Goal_(ice_hockey)" title="Goal (ice hockey)">goal</a> celebrations at <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Arena" title="Nationwide Arena">Nationwide Arena</a> since opening night of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Columbus_Blue_Jackets_season" title="2007–08 Columbus Blue Jackets season">2007–08 season</a>. The cannon is the focal point of the team's alternate logo on its third jerseys.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Cannons have been fired in <a href="/wiki/Touchdown" title="Touchdown">touchdown</a> celebrations by several <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> teams including the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers" title="San Diego Chargers">San Diego Chargers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1962_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season" title="1962 Pittsburgh Steelers season">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> used one only during the 1962 campaign but discontinued it after <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Dial" title="Buddy Dial">Buddy Dial</a> was startled by inadvertently running face-first into the cannon's smoky discharge in a 42–27 loss to the <a href="/wiki/1962_Dallas_Cowboys_season" title="1962 Dallas Cowboys season">Dallas Cowboys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2></div> Cannon recovered from the sea are often extensively damaged from exposure to salt water; <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">electrolytic reduction treatment</a> is required to forestall corrosion.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The cannon is then washed in <a href="/wiki/Purified_water#Deionization" title="Purified water">deionized</a> water to remove the <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>, and is treated in <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a>, which prevents further <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> and gives the metal a bluish-black colour.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-union-220">[220]</a> Cannon on display may be protected from oxygen and moisture by a <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> sealant. A coat of <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> may also be painted over the wax sealant, to prevent the cannon from attracting dust.<a href="#cite_note-union-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELu1988-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu1988_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu1988_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu1988_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLu1988">Lu 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016330-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016330_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200332-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase200332_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer2017-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2017_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2017_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2017_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer2017_5-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammer2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT505">Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660</a>. Routledge. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351873765" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351873765"><bdi>978-1351873765</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225064933/https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT505">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1450%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351873765&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugkkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200429-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200429_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200429_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200429_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan20049–10-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan20049–10_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2004">Khan 2004</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201675_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200359-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase200359_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidtchen_1977b,_226–228_12-1">b</a> Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198651-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198651_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200466-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200466_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016103–04-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016103–04_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, pp. 103–04. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=ka/nna1">"κάννα"</a>. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 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Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+and+etymology+of+%27cannon%27&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FCannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cane">"cane"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207121446/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cane">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cane&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition_and_etymology_of_cane-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_and_etymology_of_cane_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cane">"Definition and etymology of 'cane'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424235838/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cane">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+and+etymology+of+%27cane%27&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Definition_of_cannon-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Definition_of_cannon_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/cannon">"Definition of cannon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031192535/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/cannon">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+cannon&rft.pub=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Fcannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986263–275_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, pp. 263–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby200299-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby200299_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2002">Crosby 2002</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200331–32-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase200331–32_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652–53-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201652–53_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293–94-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986293–94_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, pp. 293–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016329-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016329_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198610-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198610_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200118-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold200118_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold2001">Arnold 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201654-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201654_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2003" class="citation book cs1">Norris, John (2003). Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-615-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-615-6"><bdi>978-1-86126-615-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Gunpowder+Artillery%3A+1300%E2%80%931600&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Marlborough%3A+The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-615-6&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201666-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201666_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-Korean_Broadcasting_System-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Korean_Broadcasting_System_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorean_Broadcasting_System-News_department2005" class="citation web cs1">Korean Broadcasting System-News department (30 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seer.snu.ac.kr/trip/anc-4.html">"Science in Korea"</a>. Countdown Begins for Launch of South Korea's Space Rocket. Korean Broadcasting System. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012013159/http://seer.snu.ac.kr/trip/anc-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countdown+Begins+for+Launch+of+South+Korea%27s+Space+Rocket&rft.atitle=Science+in+Korea&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft.au=Korean+Broadcasting+System-News+department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseer.snu.ac.kr%2Ftrip%2Fanc-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003173-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2003173_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard1990" class="citation book cs1">Lombard, Denys (1990). Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2. Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+carrefour+javanais.+Essai+d%27histoire+globale+%28The+Javanese+Crossroads%3A+Towards+a+Global+History%29+Vol.+2&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27%C3%89cole+des+Hautes+%C3%89tudes+en+Sciences+Sociales&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._Grant2005" class="citation book cs1">R. G. Grant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran_e3z7/page/99">Battle: a visual journey through 5,000 years of combat</a> (illustrated ed.). DK Pub. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlevisualjour0000gran_e3z7/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1360-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1360-0"><bdi>978-0-7566-1360-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+a+visual+journey+through+5%2C000+years+of+combat&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=DK+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-1360-0&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlevisualjour0000gran_e3z7%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Little_is_known_about_their_armament,_but_Chinese_ships_did_carry_bronze_cannon_at_this_time,_as_evidenced_by_the_wreck_of_a_small_two-masted_patrol_vessel_discovered_in_Shandong_together_with_its_anchor_(inscribed_1372)_and_cannon_(inscribed_1377)."-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Little_is_known_about_their_armament,_but_Chinese_ships_did_carry_bronze_cannon_at_this_time,_as_evidenced_by_the_wreck_of_a_small_two-masted_patrol_vessel_discovered_in_Shandong_together_with_its_anchor_(inscribed_1372)_and_cannon_(inscribed_1377)."_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, "Little is known about their armament, but Chinese ships did carry bronze cannon at this time, as evidenced by the wreck of a small two-masted patrol vessel discovered in Shandong together with its anchor (inscribed 1372) and cannon (inscribed 1377).". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Considering_that_Chinese_ships_armed_with_gunpowder_weapons,_including_cannons,_visited_the_region_regularly_from_the_1200s_to_the_1400s."-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChase2003"Considering_that_Chinese_ships_armed_with_gunpowder_weapons,_including_cannons,_visited_the_region_regularly_from_the_1200s_to_the_1400s."_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, "Considering that Chinese ships armed with gunpowder weapons, including cannons, visited the region regularly from the 1200s to the 1400s.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETran200675-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETran200675_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETran200675_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTran2006">Tran 2006</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiaodong200841–61-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiaodong200841–61_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXiaodong2008">Xiaodong 2008</a>, pp. 41–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986430-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986430_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2002" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Christon I. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch">World History of Warfare</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/211">211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4423-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4423-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-4423-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+Warfare&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Christon+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistoryofwa00arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick_Grose2011" class="citation web cs1">Derrick Grose (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121114619/http://www.groseducationalmedia.ca/vsc/korea1.html">"Admiral Yi Sun-shin and Turtle Ships"</a>. Virtual stamp Collection. Grose Educational Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groseducationalmedia.ca/vsc/korea1.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+stamp+Collection&rft.atitle=Admiral+Yi+Sun-shin+and+Turtle+Ships&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Derrick+Grose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groseducationalmedia.ca%2Fvsc%2Fkorea1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn198590-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDmytryshyn198590_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDmytryshyn1985">Dmytryshyn 1985</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-NeedhamLu1987-44"><a href="#cite_ref-NeedhamLu1987_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_NeedhamGwei-Djen_LuLing_Wang1987" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham; Gwei-Djen Lu; Ling Wang (1987). Science and civilisation in China. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft.au=Gwei-Djen+Lu&rft.au=Ling+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_NeedhamGwei-Djen_LuLing_Wang1987" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham; Gwei-Djen Lu; Ling Wang (1987). Science and civilisation in China. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. Part 7, p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=Part+7%2C+p.+358&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft.au=Gwei-Djen+Lu&rft.au=Ling+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Bert S. Hall, "Introduction, 1999" p. xxiv to the reprinting of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Riddick_Partington1960" class="citation book cs1">James Riddick Partington (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part">A history of Greek fire and gunpowder</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5954-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5954-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-5954-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Greek+fire+and+gunpowder&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0&rft.au=James+Riddick+Partington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekfi00part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016334_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676,_335-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade201676,_335_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, pp. 76, 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby2002120-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosby2002120_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosby2002">Crosby 2002</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Roger Pauly (2004). Firearms: the Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32796-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32796-3">0-313-32796-3</a> p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Kevin Dockery (2007). Stalkers and Shooters: A History of Snipers. Berkley <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-21542-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-21542-3">0-425-21542-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2000" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2000). Crécy 1346: Triumph of the Longbow. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-966-9"><bdi>978-1-85532-966-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%A9cy+1346%3A+Triumph+of+the+Longbow&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-966-9&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198643-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198643_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198643–44-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198643–44_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1986582-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1986582_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&dq=hasan+al-rammah+fire+lance&pg=PA55">Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. 27 January 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135459321" title="Special:BookSources/9781135459321"><bdi>9781135459321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=9781135459321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77y2AgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhasan%2Bal-rammah%2Bfire%2Blance%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunpowder_Composition-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunpowder_Composition_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunpowder_Composition_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunpowder_Composition_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Hassan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226105129/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm">"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+Composition+for+Rockets+and+Cannon+in+Arabic+Military+Treatises+in+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.aulast=al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%25202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Hassan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427025528/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm">"Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm">the original</a> on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology+Transfer+in+the+Chemical+Industries&rft.aulast=al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%252072.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996). "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols". Journal of Asian History. 30: 41–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Coming+of+Gunpowder+to+the+Islamic+World+and+North+India%3A+Spotlight+on+the+Role+of+the+Mongols&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-khan_6-61"><a href="#cite_ref-khan_6_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2004">Khan 2004</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198644-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198644_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁgoston2005">Ágoston 2005</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2007" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Paul E. J., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9ggAQAAIAAJ">Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450-1660</a>. Ashgate. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2529-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-2529-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1450-1660&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-2529-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9ggAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurton2010108–09-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurton2010108–09_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurton2010">Purton 2010</a>, pp. 108–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515–16-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁgoston200515–16_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁgoston2005">Ágoston 2005</a>, pp. 15–16: "References to early use of firearms in Islamdom (1204, 1248, 1274, 1258–60, 1303 and 1324) must be taken with caution since terminology used for gunpowder and firearms in late medieval Arabic sources is confused. Furthermore, most of these testimonies are given by later chroniclers of the fifteenth century whose use of terminology may have reflected their own time rather than that of the events they were writing about." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham198647-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham198647_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury1992293-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury1992293_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury1992293_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradbury1992">Bradbury 1992</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". Journal of World History. 25 (1): 85–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0005">10.1353/jwh.2014.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8050">1527-8050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143042353">143042353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Firearms+and+Military+Adaptation%3A+The+Ottomans+and+the+European+Military+Revolution%2C+1450%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143042353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-8050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0005&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat2006" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Azar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aXo_125REC&q=dardanelles+gun&pg=PA461">War in Human Civilization</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926213-7"><bdi>978-0-19-926213-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080030/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aXo_125REC&q=dardanelles+gun&pg=PA461">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580347-1"><bdi>978-0-19-580347-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Java+Volume+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=%5BRepr.%5D.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-580347-1&rft.aulast=Raffles&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Stamford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjavavol0000raff%2Fpage%2F180%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dpowder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dipanegara,_P._B._R_1981-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Dipanegara,_P._B._R_1981_99-0">^</a> Dipanegara, P. B. R. Carey, Babad Dipanagara: an account of the outbreak of the Java war, 1825–30: the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara with translations into English and Indonesian volume 9: Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works: 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Tools of War: History of Weapons in Early Modern Times by Syed Ramsey – Somalia chapter, Early Modern Warfare. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Cambridge illustrated atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792, by Jeremy Black p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonWagoner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Richard M.; Wagoner, Philip B. (2014). "Warfare on the Deccan Plateau, 1450–1600: A Military Revolution in Early Modern India?". Journal of World History. 25 (1): 5–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0004">10.1353/jwh.2014.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8050">1527-8050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162260578">162260578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Warfare+on+the+Deccan+Plateau%2C+1450%E2%80%931600%3A+A+Military+Revolution+in+Early+Modern+India%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162260578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-8050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0004&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Wagoner%2C+Philip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cassidy, Ben (2003). "Machiavelli and the Ideology of the Offensive: Gunpowder Weapons in The Art of War". The Journal of Military History. 67 (2): 381–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0106">10.1353/jmh.2003.0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159716602">159716602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Machiavelli+and+the+Ideology+of+the+Offensive%3A+Gunpowder+Weapons+in+The+Art+of+War&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159716602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-7795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0106&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2005). "Gunpowder and Empire: Indian Case". Social Scientist. 33 (3/4): 54–65. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518112">3518112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Gunpowder+and+Empire%3A+Indian+Case&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2004" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Michael C. (2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia, 1550–1682". The Journal of Military History. 68 (1): 9–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0401">10.1353/jmh.2003.0401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159954818">159954818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Military+Revolution+in+Russia%2C+1550%E2%80%931682&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159954818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-7795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0401&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2004" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC">Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32433-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32433-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32433-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529131821/http://books.google.com/books?id=MTXdplfiz-cC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32433-8&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTXdplfiz-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> The six sizes are, in order from largest to smallest: the cannon, great culverin, bastard culverin, "legitimate" culverin, falcon, and falconet. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is3/is3c.htm">"NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005211228/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is3/is3c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=NPS+Interpretive+Series%3A+Artillery+Through+the+Ages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fsource%2Fis3%2Fis3c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunis-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Tunis_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunis1999" class="citation book cs1">Tunis, Edwin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCnyIzibmywC">Weapons: A Pictorial History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6229-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-6229-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080021/https://books.google.com/books?id=sCnyIzibmywC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6229-8&rft.aulast=Tunis&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCnyIzibmywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Tunis, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazan-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Kazan_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossov2006" class="citation book cs1">Nossov, Konstantin (2006). Russian Fortresses, 1480–1682. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-916-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-916-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-916-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Fortresses%2C+1480%E2%80%931682&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-916-5&rft.aulast=Nossov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Art_of_War_(Machiavelli)_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli2005" class="citation book cs1">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2005). The Art of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50046-1"><bdi>978-0-226-50046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50046-1&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castles-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castles_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castles_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castles_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1997" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Philip (1997). Castles. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-2047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-2047-3"><bdi>978-0-7894-2047-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-2047-3&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpanishMain-114"><a href="#cite_ref-SpanishMain_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2006" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvcBWivXlekC">Spanish Main: 1492–1800</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-005-5"><bdi>978-1-84603-005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Main%3A+1492%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-005-5&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvcBWivXlekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Manucy,_p._5-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manucy,_p._5_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manucy,_p._5_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manucy,_p._5_115-2">c</a> Manucy, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadler-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Sadler_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler2006" class="citation book cs1">Sadler, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXX1SrxKTg0C">Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-959-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flodden+1513%3A+Scotland%27s+Greatest+Defeat&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-959-2&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXX1SrxKTg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Sadler, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Manucy, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053839/mortar">"Mortar"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226081438/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053839/mortar">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mortar&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9053839%2Fmortar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Tunis, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Manucy, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Tunis, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Manucy, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Archer (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2FRzcz2W0oC">The Art of War in the Western World</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6"><bdi>978-0-252-06966-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103163623/https://books.google.com/books?id=z2FRzcz2W0oC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+the+Western+World&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06966-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2FRzcz2W0oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter_2008-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_2008_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_2008_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_2008_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter_2008_125-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorter2008">Porter 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonagan2008">Donagan 2008</a>, fig 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonagan2008">Donagan 2008</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonagan2008">Donagan 2008</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgkin-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Hodgkin_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hodgkin, John (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAQDAAAAYAAJ">Rarioria</a>. Vol. III: 'Books on Fireworks'. Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080048/https://books.google.com/books?id=pAQDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rarioria&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAQDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malthus-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Malthus_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalthus1629" class="citation book cs1">Malthus (1629). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A06780.0001.001">A Treatise on Artificial Fire-Works</a>. W. Jones for Richard Hawkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221213953/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A06780.0001.001">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Artificial+Fire-Works&rft.pub=W.+Jones+for+Richard+Hawkins&rft.date=1629&rft.au=Malthus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Deebo%3Bidno%3DA06780.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Tunis, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2006" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Paddy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eH1NtNGWQZ8C">The Vauban Fortifications of France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-875-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-875-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-875-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vauban+Fortifications+of+France&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-875-5&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeH1NtNGWQZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Griffith, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Griffith, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFöversättning_och_bearbetning:_Folke_Günther_...1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">översättning och bearbetning: Folke Günther ... (1996). Guinness Rekordbok (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forum. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-37-10723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-37-10723-3"><bdi>978-91-37-10723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Rekordbok&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Forum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-91-37-10723-3&rft.au=%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttning+och+bearbetning%3A+Folke+G%C3%BCnther+...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cameron_Stone" title="George Cameron Stone">Stone, George Cameron</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5PgapzD6FoC">A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries and in All Times</a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40726-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40726-5"><bdi>978-0-486-40726-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+the+Construction%2C+Decoration%2C+and+Use+of+Arms+and+Armor+in+All+Countries+and+in+All+Times&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-486-40726-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=George+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5PgapzD6FoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2005" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Byron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOWLaNm6c7sC&q=demi-cannon+solid+oak&pg=PA127">Discovering the Great South Land</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kenthurst,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenthurst, New South Wales">Kenthurst</a>: Rosenberg Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-31-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-31-8"><bdi>978-1-877058-31-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080040/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOWLaNm6c7sC&q=demi-cannon+solid+oak&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Great+South+Land&rft.place=Kenthurst&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Rosenberg+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-877058-31-8&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOWLaNm6c7sC%26q%3Ddemi-cannon%2Bsolid%2Boak%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavyBarbaryI-138"><a href="#cite_ref-NavyBarbaryI_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1939" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Dudley W. (1939). Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, Volume I. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Documents+related+to+the+United+States+Wars+with+the+Barbary+Powers%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Dudley+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carronade-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carronade_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carronade_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManigaultWarren_Ripley1996" class="citation book cs1">Manigault, Edward; Warren Ripley (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dS4yZLvS0soC">Siege Train: The Journal of a Confederate Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston</a>. Charleston: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-127-4"><bdi>978-1-57003-127-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080034/https://books.google.com/books?id=dS4yZLvS0soC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Train%3A+The+Journal+of+a+Confederate+Artilleryman+in+the+Defense+of+Charleston&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-127-4&rft.aulast=Manigault&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Warren+Ripley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdS4yZLvS0soC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516191537/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">"The Historical Maritime Society"</a>. The Historical Maritime Society. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Maritime+Society&rft.pub=The+Historical+Maritime+Society&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.org.uk%2Fnelsonsnavycarronade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Twelve-, 18-, 24-, 32-, and 42-<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)#Imperial_Standard_Pound" title="Pound (mass)">pounders</a>, but 6-pounder and 68-pounder versions are known. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner2004" class="citation book cs1">Conner, Susan P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPkgXITA09EC">The Age of Napoleon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32014-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32014-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510172903/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPkgXITA09EC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32014-9&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Susan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPkgXITA09EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprey2000" class="citation book cs1">Asprey, Robert B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqkSyhUcZ0kC">The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04881-6"><bdi>978-0-465-04881-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126091315/https://books.google.com/books?id=UqkSyhUcZ0kC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04881-6&rft.aulast=Asprey&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqkSyhUcZ0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asprey,_pp._112–113.-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asprey,_pp._112–113._144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asprey,_pp._112–113._144-1">b</a> Asprey, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Conner, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Conner, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baynes,_p._669.-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baynes,_p._669._147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baynes,_p._669._147-1">b</a> Baynes, p. 669. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNofi1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Nofi, Albert A.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPFtsn-nRTwC">The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815</a>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-98-2"><bdi>978-0-938289-98-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+June+1815&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-938289-98-2&rft.aulast=Nofi&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPFtsn-nRTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraikCharles_MacFarlane1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lillie_Craik" title="George Lillie Craik">Craik, George L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_MacFarlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles MacFarlane">Charles MacFarlane</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-0GAAAAYAAJ">The Pictorial History of England During the Reign of George the Third: Being a History of the People, as well as a History of the Kingdom, volume 2</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Knight_(publisher)" title="Charles Knight (publisher)">Charles Knight</a>. p. 295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080029/https://books.google.com/books?id=A-0GAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+History+of+England+During+the+Reign+of+George+the+Third%3A+Being+a+History+of+the+People%2C+as+well+as+a+History+of+the+Kingdom%2C+volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Craik&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Charles+MacFarlane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-0GAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan/page/582">The Campaigns of Napoleon</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan/page/582">582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8"><bdi>978-0-02-523660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-02-523660-8&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofnapol00chan%2Fpage%2F582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkin2002" class="citation book cs1">Adkin, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tTYCLqjwj8C">The Waterloo Companion</a>. Stackpole Books. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1854-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1854-7"><bdi>978-0-8117-1854-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Companion&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-1854-7&rft.aulast=Adkin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4tTYCLqjwj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1975" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7ngGaRS6nkC">Napoleon's Artillery</a>. France: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-247-1"><bdi>978-0-85045-247-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Artillery&rft.place=France&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-247-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson-Latham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7ngGaRS6nkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Wilkinson-Latham, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Nofi, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1822" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, George (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHcNBLcgVSQC&q=Marshall%27s+Practical+Marine+Gunnery">Marshall's Practical Marine Gunnery</a>. Norfolk, Virginia: C. Hall. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080026/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Marshall_s_Practical_Marine_Gunnery/lHcNBLcgVSQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Marshall%27s+Practical+Marine+Gunnery&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshall%27s+Practical+Marine+Gunnery&rft.place=Norfolk%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=C.+Hall&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHcNBLcgVSQC%26q%3DMarshall%2527s%2BPractical%2BMarine%2BGunnery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102235759/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">"Carronade"</a>. The Historical Maritime Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavycarronade.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carronade&rft.pub=The+Historical+Maritime+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.org.uk%2Fnelsonsnavycarronade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlettEdwin_OlmsteadM._Hume_Parks2004" class="citation book cs1">Hazlett, James C.; Edwin Olmstead; M. Hume Parks (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twcQGSi1F7QC">Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">Champaign, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. 88–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07210-9"><bdi>978-0-252-07210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Artillery+Weapons+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07210-9&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Edwin+Olmstead&rft.au=M.+Hume+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwcQGSi1F7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1859" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Charles (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-4RAAAAYAAJ">All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal</a>. Charles Dickens. p. 373. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080025/https://books.google.com/books?id=o-4RAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Year+Round%3A+A+Weekly+Journal&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Charles+Dickens&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-4RAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastable2004" class="citation book cs1">Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC">Arms and the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power, 1854–1914</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3404-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080036/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+the+State%3A+Sir+William+Armstrong+and+the+Remaking+of+British+Naval+Power%2C+1854%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3404-1&rft.aulast=Bastable&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ybDCEqsWrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffell" class="citation web cs1">Ruffell, W. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213152724/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled2.htm">"The Gun – Rifled Ordnance: Whitworth"</a>. The Gun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled2.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gun&rft.atitle=The+Gun+%E2%80%93+Rifled+Ordnance%3A+Whitworth&rft.aulast=Ruffell&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friv.co.nz%2Frnza%2Fhist%2Fgun%2Frifled2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastable2004" class="citation book cs1">Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC">Arms and the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Remaking of British Naval Power, 1854–1914</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3404-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3404-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080031/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+the+State%3A+Sir+William+Armstrong+and+the+Remaking+of+British+Naval+Power%2C+1854%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3404-1&rft.aulast=Bastable&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ybDCEqsWrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Bastable, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Bastable, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2002" class="citation book cs1">Young, Mark C. (2002). Guinness Book of World Records (2002 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58378-6"><bdi>978-0-553-58378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+World+Records&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=2002&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-553-58378-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> (in French) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:De_Buonaparte_et_des_Bourbons" class="extiw" title="wikisource:fr:De Buonaparte et des Bourbons">"De Buonaparte et des Bourbons"</a> – full text in the French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1598" class="citation book cs1">Shakespeare, William (1598). Henry IV, Part 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+IV%2C+Part+1&rft.date=1598&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> Act 4, Scene 2, lines 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507020233/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/films/film.aspx?ID=1">"Nuclear artillery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/films/film.aspx?ID=1">the original</a> on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+artillery&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Ffilms%2Ffilm.aspx%3FID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf">AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>. 2007. p. 113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514133410/http://www.nato.int/docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AAP-6+NATO+Glossary+of+Terms+and+Definitions&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fstanag%2Faap006%2Faap-6-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutuur-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutuur_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutuur_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gun">"Definition of "Gun""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+%22Gun%22&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Howitzer">howitzer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421200515/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/howitzer">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=howitzer&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHowitzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Mortar">mortar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904220612/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mortar">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=mortar&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMortar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Manucy, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudmundsson1993" class="citation book cs1">Gudmundsson, Bruce I. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-0w2WUDd0C">On Artillery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94047-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94047-8"><bdi>978-0-275-94047-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080028/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-0w2WUDd0C">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Artillery&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94047-8&rft.aulast=Gudmundsson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_-0w2WUDd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Young, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCamley2004" class="citation book cs1">McCamley, Nicholas J. (2004). Disasters Underground. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-022-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-022-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disasters+Underground&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-022-9&rft.aulast=McCamley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209105150/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq96-1.htm">"Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes"</a>. 20 March 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq96-1.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Proximity+%28VT%29+Fuzes&rft.date=2000-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq96-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/102001.htm">"Variable Time Fuse Contributed to the Victory of United Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013124547/http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/102001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Variable+Time+Fuse+Contributed+to+the+Victory+of+United+Nations&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceservice.si.edu%2Fpages%2F102001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anti-tank_guns-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Anti-tank_guns_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan2000" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4IYXxrcx1_0C">World War II: A Visual Encyclopedia</a>. Sterling. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85585-878-7"><bdi>978-1-85585-878-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+A+Visual+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85585-878-7&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4IYXxrcx1_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2007" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Jason (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avalanchepress.com/BritainsAntiTankGuns.php">"British Anti-Tank Guns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_Press" title="Avalanche Press">Avalanche Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513024413/http://www.avalanchepress.com/BritainsAntiTankGuns.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Anti-Tank+Guns&rft.pub=Avalanche+Press&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avalanchepress.com%2FBritainsAntiTankGuns.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-German_Tanks_of_World_War_II_in_Color_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenThomas_AndersonFrank_Schulz2000" class="citation book cs1">Green, Michael; Thomas Anderson; Frank Schulz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZwQkZr0VrQC">German Tanks of World War II in Color</a>. Zenith Imprint. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0671-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-0671-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080025/https://books.google.com/books?id=DZwQkZr0VrQC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Tanks+of+World+War+II+in+Color&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0671-0&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Thomas+Anderson&rft.au=Frank+Schulz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZwQkZr0VrQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Green, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterlingAnders_Frankson2000" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas; Anders Frankson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa6HLAhSzBAC">Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5052-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5052-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080022/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa6HLAhSzBAC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+A+Statistical+Analysis&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5052-4&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Anders+Frankson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa6HLAhSzBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2007" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, George (2007). German Early War Armored Fighting Vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania">Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania</a>: Stackpole Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3341-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3341-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3341-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Early+War+Armored+Fighting+Vehicles&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3341-0&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairT._P._Gleave1987" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, Ian S. O.; T. P. Gleave (1987). The Mediterranean and Middle East. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630946-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-630946-4"><bdi>978-0-11-630946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-11-630946-4&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.+O.&rft.au=T.+P.+Gleave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyMike_Syron2003" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Peter; Mike Syron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwqhCwNAjSYC">Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler's Tank Divisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf_Publishers" title="Carroll & Graf Publishers">Carroll & Graf Publishers</a>. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1264-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-1264-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080029/https://books.google.com/books?id=LwqhCwNAjSYC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzerkrieg%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Hitler%27s+Tank+Divisions&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1264-9&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Mike+Syron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwqhCwNAjSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarymowycz2001" class="citation book cs1">Jarymowycz, Roman Johann (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PXQYVjbp6MC">Tank Tactics: From Normandy to Lorraine</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-950-1"><bdi>978-1-55587-950-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080038/https://books.google.com/books?id=-PXQYVjbp6MC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Tactics%3A+From+Normandy+to+Lorraine&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-950-1&rft.aulast=Jarymowycz&rft.aufirst=Roman+Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PXQYVjbp6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1999" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Martin (1999). Breakout: The Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea 1950. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 383–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029259-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029259-6"><bdi>978-0-14-029259-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breakout%3A+The+Chosin+Reservoir+Campaign%2C+Korea+1950&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-029259-6&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M198_Info-188"><a href="#cite_ref-M198_Info_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605002819/http://tech.military.com/equipment/view/146534/m198-155mm-towed-howitzer.html">"M198 information"</a>. Military.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.military.com/equipment/view/146534/m198-155mm-towed-howitzer.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M198+information&rft.pub=Military.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.military.com%2Fequipment%2Fview%2F146534%2Fm198-155mm-towed-howitzer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruise_missile-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruise_missile_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruise_missile_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008233620/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2001/Mar/Naval_Guns.htm">"Affordable precision"</a>. National Defense Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2001/Mar/Naval_Guns.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Defense+Magazine&rft.atitle=Affordable+precision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaldefensemagazine.org%2Fissues%2F2001%2FMar%2FNaval_Guns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacch2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lacch, Franco (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo-militare/scandalo-zumwalt-cancellata-la-torretta-da-155-millimetri-un-singolo-proiettile-costa">"Scandalo Zumwalt: cancellata la torretta da 155 millimetri, un singolo proiettile costa 800 mila dollari"</a>. Difesa Online (in Italian). Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Difesa+Online&rft.atitle=Scandalo+Zumwalt%3A+cancellata+la+torretta+da+155+millimetri%2C+un+singolo+proiettile+costa+800+mila+dollari&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.aulast=Lacch&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.difesaonline.it%2Fmondo-militare%2Fscandalo-zumwalt-cancellata-la-torretta-da-155-millimetri-un-singolo-proiettile-costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autocannon_Rate_of_Fire_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Anthony G. (2000). Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-435-3"><bdi>978-1-84037-435-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50940059">50940059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Fire%3A+The+Development+of+Automatic+Cannon%2C+Heavy+Machine+Guns+and+Their+Ammunition+for+Armies%2C+Navies+and+Air+Forces&rft.place=Shrewsbury%2C+UK&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Airlife&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50940059&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-435-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary_definition-192"><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_definition_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cannon">"cannon"</a>. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920111236/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cannon">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cannon&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aircraft_Cannon-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aircraft_Cannon_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aircraft_Cannon_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aircraft_Cannon_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aircraft_Cannon_193-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Kopp" class="citation web cs1">Carlo Kopp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencenews.com.au/article-archive.cfm?ID=513&currentpage=2&detail=yes&thiscatid=0">"Aircraft cannon"</a>. Strike Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706103251/http://www.defencenews.com.au/article-archive.cfm?ID=513&currentpage=2&detail=yes&thiscatid=0">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+cannon&rft.pub=Strike+Publications&rft.au=Carlo+Kopp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencenews.com.au%2Farticle-archive.cfm%3FID%3D513%26currentpage%3D2%26detail%3Dyes%26thiscatid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Aircraft_Armament-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Early_Aircraft_Armament_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Woodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Woodman (page does not exist)">Woodman, Harry</a> (1989). Early Aircraft Armament – The Aircraft and the Gun up to 1918. <a href="/wiki/Arms_and_Armour_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms and Armour Press">Arms and Armour Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-990-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-990-4"><bdi>978-0-85368-990-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Aircraft+Armament+%E2%80%93+The+Aircraft+and+the+Gun+up+to+1918&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-990-4&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063934/http://www.442fw.afrc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123055695">"GAU-8/A"</a>. 442nd Fighter Wing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.442fw.afrc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123055695">the original</a> on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GAU-8%2FA&rft.pub=442nd+Fighter+Wing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.442fw.afrc.af.mil%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D123055695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619223736/http://www.123exp-warfare.com/t/03804237449/">"Information on the GAU-8/A"</a>. The Language of Weaponry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.123exp-warfare.com/t/03804237449/">the original</a> on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Language+of+Weaponry&rft.atitle=Information+on+the+GAU-8%2FA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.123exp-warfare.com%2Ft%2F03804237449%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingsbury-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingsbury_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsbury_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsbury_197-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury1849" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Charles P. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9xVAAAAYAAJ&q=windage&pg=PA59">An elementary treatise on artillery and infantry</a>. New York: GP Putnam. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/761213440">761213440</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080058/https://books.google.com/books?id=z9xVAAAAYAAJ&q=windage&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+elementary+treatise+on+artillery+and+infantry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=GP+Putnam&rft.date=1849&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F761213440&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9xVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dwindage%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoggJohn_H._Batchelor1978" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Ian V.; John H. Batchelor (1978). Naval Gun. 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Allen. p. 667. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711155545/http://books.google.com/books?id=hakMAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+Literature+and+General+Information%2C+volume+2&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=H.G.+Allen&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhakMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1771-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1771_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1771_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Gunnery". Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05211-4"><bdi>978-0-393-05211-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080035/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5XamBYUu0AC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redcoat%3A+the+British+Soldier+in+the+age+of+Horse+and+Musket&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05211-4&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5XamBYUu0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchBarryHunt1864" class="citation book cs1">French, William H.; Barry, William F.; Hunt, H.J. (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/instructionforf00huntgoog">Instruction for Field Artillery</a>. New York: D. 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Retrieved 27 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+of+Civil+War+terms&rft.pub=civilwarhome.com%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarhome.com%2Fterms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampson" class="citation web cs1">Lampson, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828153345/http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/tchaikov/1812.html">"'1812' Overture in E Flat Major Op. 49 (1880)"</a>. Classical Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/works/tchaikovsky/1812.php">the original</a> on 28 August 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgazette.com/ae/20030704overtureae3.asp">the original</a> on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=How+a+rousing+Russian+tune+took+over+our+July+4th&rft.date=2003-08-04&rft.aulast=Druckenbrod&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgazette.com%2Fae%2F20030704overtureae3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1906" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ernest Markham (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x60NAAAAYAAJ">Tchaikovsky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>: G. 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Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chargers+Wire&rft.atitle=Chargers+%27Cannon+Man%27+offers+sad+farewell%3A+%27It%27s+been+a+great+privilege%27&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Tanya+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchargerswire.usatoday.com%2F2017%2F03%2F31%2Flos-angeles-chargers-cannon-man-offers-sad-farewell-its-been-a-great-privilege%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2019" class="citation web cs1">Aronson, Harv (23 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abstractsports.com/blog/posts/2019/august/10-whats-an-ingot-top-10-most-embarrassing-nfl-moments/">"#10 What's an Ingot – Top 10 Most Embarrassing NFL Moments"</a>. Abstract Sports. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abstract+Sports&rft.atitle=%2310+What%27s+an+Ingot+%E2%80%93+Top+10+Most+Embarrassing+NFL+Moments&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Harv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abstractsports.com%2Fblog%2Fposts%2F2019%2Faugust%2F10-whats-an-ingot-top-10-most-embarrassing-nfl-moments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelss" class="citation web cs1">Welss, Carmen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144457/http://www.fnpw.com.au/enews4/cannon.htm">"Rescue Project 'Endeavour Cannon'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_National_Parks_%26_Wildlife" title="Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife">Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautarch.tamu.edu/crl/Report6/union.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2005. 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(2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+guns%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+their+impact&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Willbanks&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation cs2">Williams, Anthony G. (2000), Rapid Fire, Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-435-3"><bdi>978-1-84037-435-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapid+Fire&rft.pub=Shrewsbury%3A+Airlife+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-435-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaodong2008" class="citation cs2">Xiaodong, Yin (2008), "Western Cannon in China in the 16th–17th Centuries", Icon, 14: 41–61, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23787161">23787161</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icon&rft.atitle=Western+Cannon+in+China+in+the+16th%E2%80%9317th+Centuries&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23787161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Xiaodong&rft.aufirst=Yin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2002" class="citation cs2">Young, Mark C (2002), Guinness Book of World Records (2002 ed.), England: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58378-6"><bdi>978-0-553-58378-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+World+Records&rft.place=England&rft.edition=2002&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-553-58378-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Mark+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterlingAnders_Frankson2000" class="citation cs2">Zetterling, Niklas; Anders Frankson (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa6HLAhSzBAC">Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5052-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5052-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020080035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa6HLAhSzBAC">archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021, retrieved 25 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+A+Statistical+Analysis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5052-4&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Anders+Frankson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXa6HLAhSzBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACannon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cannon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cannon">cannon</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/artillery_tactics.htm">Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119155125/http://homepages.ihug.com.au/~dispater/handgonnes.htm">Handgonnes and Matchlocks – History of firearms to 1500</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5236">U.S. patent 5,236</a> – Patent for a Casting ordnance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6612">U.S. patent 6,612</a> – Cannon patent</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US13851">U.S. patent 13,851</a> – Muzzle loading ordnance patent</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comehike.com/outdoors/cannons.php">Historic Cannons of San Francisco</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-8ws4x","wgBackendResponseTime":132,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.652","walltime":"2.834","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24472,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":505290,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21349,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":811055,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2513.870 1 -total"," 32.64% 820.643 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.44% 513.770 111 Template:Citation"," 16.02% 402.598 78 Template:Cite_book"," 9.20% 231.376 58 Template:Sfn"," 6.18% 155.369 35 Template:Cite_web"," 5.28% 132.811 26 Template:Lang"," 4.10% 102.980 19 Template:Rp"," 3.80% 95.429 19 Template:R/superscript"," 3.46% 87.066 15 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[\"CITEREFConner2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowley1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraikCharles_MacFarlane1884\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfurd1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCressy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerrick_Grose2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickens1859\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDmytryshyn1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonagan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruckenbrod2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarl1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatonWagoner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynn,_Tony\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrenchBarryHunt1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGat2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_Alan_Hosking2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenThomas_AndersonFrank_Schulz2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGudmundsson1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHalberstadt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazlettEdwin_OlmsteadM._Hume_Parks2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHobson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkin1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmeyer1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoggJohn_H._Batchelor1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Riddick_Partington1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarymowycz2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_NeedhamGwei-Djen_LuLing_Wang1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsbury1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1939\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKonstam2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorean_Broadcasting_System-News_department2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebs2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLacch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLampson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1906\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorge2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLu1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachiavelli2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalthus1629\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManguin1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManigaultWarren_Ripley1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFManucy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1822\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCamley2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyMike_Syron2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcLahlan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeill1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorillo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNofi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNossov2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNossov2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNourbakhsh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauly2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetzal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlayfairT._P._Gleave1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPramono2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._G._Grant2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaffles1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaffles2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReymond1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins1742\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuffell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuss1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSadler2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShakespeare1598\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTran2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunis1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUrbanski1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillalon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadeTana2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallechinskyIrving_Wallace1975\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1975\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWillbanks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWoodman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaodong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYusof2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZetterlingAnders_Frankson2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFal-Hassan\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFal-Hassan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁgoston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁgoston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFöversättning_och_bearbetning:_Folke_Günther_...1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"1771 Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"AllMusic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cannon\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 111,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 27,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 13,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 26,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 19,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 58,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"US patent\"] = 3,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n 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