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<li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Folk traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_with_romantic_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_with_romantic_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Connection with romantic love </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connection_with_romantic_love-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Connection with romantic love subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Connection_with_romantic_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_ancient_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_ancient_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Possible ancient origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_ancient_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaucer's_Parliament_of_Fowls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaucer's_Parliament_of_Fowls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaucer's_Parliament_of_Fowls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_of_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Court of love </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_of_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentine_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentine_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Valentine poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentine_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebration_and_status_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebration_and_status_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Celebration and status worldwide </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celebration_and_status_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Celebration and status worldwide subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Celebration_and_status_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.11 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.12 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.13 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.14 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.15 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estonia_and_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia_and_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Estonia and Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia_and_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.7 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.8 Scandinavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.9 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.10 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions_on_Valentine's_Day_in_some_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_on_Valentine's_Day_in_some_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Restrictions on Valentine's Day in some countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_on_Valentine's_Day_in_some_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Valentine's Day</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" > 136 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentynsdag" title="Valentynsdag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valentynsdag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinstag" title="Valentinstag – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Valentinstag" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81lgan_Ualentines_D%C3%A6g" title="Hālgan Ualentines Dæg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hālgan Ualentines Dæg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="عيد الحب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الحب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B8" title="ভেলেণ্টাইন দিৱস – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেলেণ্টাইন দিৱস" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_San_Valent%C3%ADn" title="Día de San Valentín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Día de San Valentín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="वेलेन्टाइन्स डे – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वेलेन्टाइन्स डे" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojohayh%C3%BAva_%C3%A1ra" title="Ojohayhúva ára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ojohayhúva ára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Valentin_G%C3%BCn%C3%BC" title="Müqəddəs Valentin Günü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Valentin Günü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="والنتاین گونو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والنتاین گونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8" title="ভালোবাসা দিবস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভালোবাসা দিবস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BD%D3%A9" title="Изге Валентин көнө – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Изге Валентин көнө" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дзень Святога Валянціна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзень Святога Валянціна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дзень сьвятога Валянціна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзень сьвятога Валянціна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="वैलेंटाइन्स डे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वैलेंटाइन्स डे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldaw_nin_Pagkamoot" title="Aldaw nin Pagkamoot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aldaw nin Pagkamoot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Свети Валентин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свети Валентин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinovo" title="Valentinovo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Valentinovo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouel_Valantin" title="Gouel Valantin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouel Valantin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_de_Sant_Valent%C3%AD" title="Dia de Sant Valentí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dia de Sant Valentí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Сăваплă Валентин кунĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăваплă Валентин кунĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_svat%C3%A9ho_Valent%C3%BDna" title="Den svatého Valentýna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Den svatého Valentýna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dydd_San_Ffolant" title="Dydd San Ffolant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dydd San Ffolant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinsdag" title="Valentinsdag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valentinsdag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinstag" title="Valentinstag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Valentinstag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AF%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ލޯބިވެރިންގެ ދުވަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޯބިވެރިންގެ ދުވަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinip%C3%A4ev" title="Valentinipäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valentinipäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Valint%C3%A8in_(festa_di_inamur%C3%AA)" title="San Valintèin (festa di inamurê) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="San Valintèin (festa di inamurê)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_San_Valent%C3%ADn" title="Día de San Valentín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de San Valentín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Valentena_tago" title="Sankt-Valentena tago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankt-Valentena tago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Valentin_eguna" title="San Valentin eguna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Valentin eguna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="روز ولنتاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روز ولنتاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Valentin" title="Saint-Valentin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Valentin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falentynsdei" title="Falentynsdei – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Falentynsdei" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_Fh%C3%A9ile_Vailint%C3%ADn" title="Lá Fhéile Vailintín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lá Fhéile Vailintín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_dos_Namorados" title="Día dos Namorados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Día dos Namorados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87" title="વેલેન્ટાઇન્સ ડે – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વેલેન્ટાઇન્સ ડે" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="व्हेलेंटायन डे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="व्हेलेंटायन डे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%8C%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4" title="발렌타인데이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발렌타인데이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80" title="Սուրբ Վալենտինի օր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Վալենտինի օր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="वैलेंटाइन दिवस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैलेंटाइन दिवस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinovo" title="Valentinovo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valentinovo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_di_Santa_Valentinus" title="Dio di Santa Valentinus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dio di Santa Valentinus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Valentine's Day" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Kasih_Sayang" title="Hari Kasih Sayang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari Kasih Sayang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_de_Sancte_Valentin" title="Die de Sancte Valentin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Die de Sancte Valentin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuku_lwe-Valentine" title="Usuku lwe-Valentine – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Usuku lwe-Valentine" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADnusardagurinn" title="Valentínusardagurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valentínusardagurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Valentino_(festa)" title="San Valentino (festa) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="San Valentino (festa)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יום ולנטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יום ולנטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Valentine" title="Dina Valentine – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dina Valentine" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಪ್ರೇಮಿಗಳ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೇಮಿಗಳ ದಿನಾಚರಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94" title="წმინდა ვალენტინის დღე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წმინდა ვალენტინის დღე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Әулие Валентин күні – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әулие Валентин күні" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siku_ya_wapendanao" title="Siku ya wapendanao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siku ya wapendanao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roja_ev%C3%AEndaran" title="Roja evîndaran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roja evîndaran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D3%B9" title="Валгыды Валентин кечӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Валгыды Валентин кечӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ວັນວາເລນທາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັນວາເລນທາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C4%ABna_diena" title="Valentīna diena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valentīna diena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ltesdag" title="Vältesdag – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vältesdag" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_diena" title="Valentino diena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valentino diena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiensdaag" title="Valentiensdaag – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Valentiensdaag" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AC_de_San_Valentin" title="Dì de San Valentin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dì de San Valentin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1lint-nap" title="Bálint-nap – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bálint-nap" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="प्रेम दिवस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रेम दिवस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ден на вљубените – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ден на вљубените" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetin%27ny_mpifankatia" title="Fetin'ny mpifankatia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fetin'ny mpifankatia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വാലൻന്റൈൻ ദിനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാലൻന്റൈൻ ദിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="व्हॅलेंटाईन्स डे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हॅलेंटाईन्स डे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8" title="عيد الحب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد الحب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BB" title="တ္ၚဲသၟာဲယျ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တ္ၚဲသၟာဲယျ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ولنتاین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ولنتاین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Valentine" title="Hari Valentine – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari Valentine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_de_ls_namorados" title="Die de ls namorados – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Die de ls namorados" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Валентины баяр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Валентины баяр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7" title="ချစ်သူများနေ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချစ်သူများနေ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentijnsdag" title="Valentijnsdag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valentijnsdag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="प्रणय दिवस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रणय दिवस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6" title="मतिना दिवश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मतिना दिवश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC" title="バレンタインデー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バレンタインデー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Везачу Валентинан де – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Везачу Валентинан де" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinsdagen" title="Valentinsdagen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valentinsdagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinsdagen" title="Valentinsdagen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valentinsdagen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Valent%C3%AEn" title="Saint Valentîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Saint Valentîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Шнуй Валентинын кечыже – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шнуй Валентинын кечыже" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8" title="ଭାଲେଣ୍ଟାଇନ ଦିବସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାଲେଣ୍ଟାଇନ ଦିବସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avliyo_Valentin_kuni" title="Avliyo Valentin kuni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avliyo Valentin kuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87" title="ਵੈਲਨਟਾਈਨ ਡੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਲਨਟਾਈਨ ਡੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%DA%88%DB%92" title="ویلنٹائن ڈے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلنٹائن ڈے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%EA%A9%BB" title="ဗေလဲန်တုဲင်းနီꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗေလဲန်တုဲင်းနီꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_di_San_Valentin" title="Dia di San Valentin – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dia di San Valentin" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%8B" title="ទិវានៃក្ដីស្រលាញ់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទិវានៃក្ដីស្រលាញ់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walentynki" title="Walentynki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walentynki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_dos_Namorados" title="Dia dos Namorados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dia dos Namorados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziua_%C3%AEndr%C4%83gosti%C8%9Bilor" title="Ziua îndrăgostiților – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ziua îndrăgostiților" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_da_Son_Valentin" title="Di da Son Valentin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Di da Son Valentin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="День сятого Валентіна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="День сятого Валентіна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="День святого Валентина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День святого Валентина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aso_o_Valenitina" title="Aso o Valenitina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aso o Valenitina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B2_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱢᱟᱦᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa_die_de_Santu_Balentinu" title="Sa die de Santu Balentinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sa die de Santu Balentinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Valentine's Day" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita_e_Sh%C3%ABn_Valentinit" title="Dita e Shën Valentinit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dita e Shën Valentinit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වැලන්ටයින් දිනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වැලන්ටයින් දිනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Valentine's Day" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86" title="ويلنٽائن ڏينهن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويلنٽائن ڏينهن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinovo" title="Valentinovo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valentinovo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڕۆژی ڤالانتاین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژی ڤالانتاین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Дан заљубљених – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дан заљубљених" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinovo" title="Valentinovo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valentinovo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yst%C3%A4v%C3%A4np%C3%A4iv%C3%A4" title="Ystävänpäivä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ystävänpäivä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_hj%C3%A4rtans_dag" title="Alla hjärtans dag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alla hjärtans dag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araw_ng_mga_Puso" title="Araw ng mga Puso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araw ng mga Puso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வேலன்டைன் நாள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேலன்டைன் நாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass_n_ugerrum_Valentin" title="Ass n ugerrum Valentin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ass n ugerrum Valentin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రేమికుల దినోత్సవం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రేమికుల దినోత్సవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loron_St._Valentino" title="Loron St. Valentino – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Loron St. Valentino" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="วันวาเลนไทน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วันวาเลนไทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%B6l_de_Balentin" title="Aköl de Balentin – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Aköl de Balentin" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%89%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A6" title="ᏧᎾᏓᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᎦ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎾᏓᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᎦ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgililer_G%C3%BCn%C3%BC" title="Sevgililer Günü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sevgililer Günü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walentina_g%C3%BCni" title="Walentina güni – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Walentina güni" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Ыдыктыг Валентин хүнү – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ыдыктыг Валентин хүнү" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="День святого Валентина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="День святого Валентина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%DA%88%DB%92" title="ویلنٹائن ڈے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویلنٹائن ڈے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y_Valentine" title="Ngày Valentine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngày Valentine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5brap%C3%A4iv" title="Sõbrapäiv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sõbrapäiv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlaw_han_Gugma" title="Adlaw han Gugma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adlaw han Gugma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%8A%82" title="情人节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="情人节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1-%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92" title="וואלענטינס-טאג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלענטינס-טאג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%AF%80" title="情人節 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="情人節" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_Valentini" title="Roca Valentini – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roca Valentini" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%8A%82" title="情人节 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="情人节" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadau_Valentine" title="Tadau Valentine – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tadau Valentine" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Valentin_sin_xw%C3%A8" title="Saint-Valentin sin xwè – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Saint-Valentin sin xwè" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37587#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="View the content page [c]" 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(disambiguation)">Valentine's Day (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"St. Valentine's Day" redirects here. For the album by Bing Crosby, see <a href="/wiki/St._Valentine%27s_Day_(album)" title="St. Valentine's Day (album)">St. Valentine's Day (album)</a>. 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Antique_Valentine_1909_01.jpg/480px-Antique_Valentine_1909_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1556" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">A Valentine's card, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1909</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>People in many countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">calendar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">calendar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">calendar</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[notes 1]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian, romantic, cultural, commercial observance</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Feast day of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine</a>; the celebration of love and affection</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data">Sending greeting cards and gifts, dating, church services, novenas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>February 14 (fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian Church">Western Christian Church</a>)</li> <li>July 6 (fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>)</li> <li>July 30 (fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG/220px-Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG/330px-Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG/440px-Ergersheim_NDAltbronn_46.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="4442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine</a></figcaption></figure> Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> is celebrated annually on February 14.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> It originated as a Christian <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> honoring a <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">martyr</a> named <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine</a>, and through later folk traditions it has also become a significant cultural, religious and commercial celebration of <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">romance</a> and love in many regions of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kithcart2013-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murphy2022-5">[4]</a> There are a number of martyrdom stories associated with various Saint Valentines connected to February 14,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> including an account of the imprisonment of Saint <a href="/wiki/Valentine_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentine of Rome">Valentine of Rome</a> for ministering to Christians <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecuted under the Roman Empire</a> in the third century.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper2013-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChryssidesWilkins2014-8">[7]</a> According to an early tradition, Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his jailer.<a href="#cite_note-Ball1993-9">[8]</a> Numerous later additions to the legend have better related it to the theme of love: tradition maintains that Saint Valentine performed weddings for Christian soldiers who were forbidden to marry by the Roman emperor;<a href="#cite_note-ChryssidesWilkins2014-8">[7]</a> an 18th-century embellishment to the legend claims he wrote the jailer's daughter a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell before his execution.<a href="#cite_note-Guiley2001-10">[9]</a> The 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Sacramentary" title="Gelasian Sacramentary">Gelasian Sacramentary</a> recorded the celebration of the Feast of Saint Valentine on February 14.<a href="#cite_note-Schuster1927-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polcar1894-12">[11]</a> The day became associated with romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries, when notions of <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> flourished, apparently by association with the "<a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_birds" title="Sexual selection in birds">lovebirds</a>" of early spring. In 18th-century England, it grew into an occasion for couples to express their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"). Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>. In the 19th century, handmade cards gave way to mass-produced greetings.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh_Eric_Schmidt_1993_pp._209–245-13">[12]</a> In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine%27s_Key" title="Saint Valentine's Key">Saint Valentine's keys</a> are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart", as well as to children to ward off <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> (called Saint Valentine's Malady).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Saint Valentine's Day is not a public holiday in any country, although it is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion<a href="#cite_note-Anglican-15">[14]</a> and the Lutheran Church.<a href="#cite_note-Pfatteicher2008-16">[15]</a> Many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrate Saint Valentine's Day on July 6 in honor of Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor of <a href="/wiki/Hieromartyr" title="Hieromartyr">Hieromartyr</a> Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>).<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saint_Valentine">Saint Valentine</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-valentine_110921-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/St-valentine_110921-01.jpg/220px-St-valentine_110921-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/St-valentine_110921-01.jpg/330px-St-valentine_110921-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/St-valentine_110921-01.jpg/440px-St-valentine_110921-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of St. Valentine in <a href="/wiki/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church" title="Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church">Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church</a> in Dublin, Ireland</figcaption></figure> Numerous early Christian martyrs were named <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. m. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae).<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Valentine of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was buried on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a>. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Valentino" title="Catacombs of San Valentino">Church and Catacombs of San Valentino</a> in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of Saint Valentine were transferred to the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">Santa Prassede</a> during the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a> [1288–1292]".<a href="#cite_note-Matilda_Webb_2001-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">Santa Maria in Cosmedin</a>, Rome. Other relics are found at <a href="/wiki/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church" title="Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church">Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church</a> in Dublin, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Valentine of Terni became bishop of <a href="/wiki/Interamna_Nahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Interamna Nahars">Interamna</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a>, in central Italy) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University of Kansas notes that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-23">[22]</a> A relic claimed to be Saint Valentine of Terni's head was preserved in the abbey of <a href="/wiki/New_Minster,_Winchester" title="New Minster, Winchester">New Minster, Winchester</a>, and venerated.<a href="#cite_note-ansgar-24">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early <a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">martyrologies</a> under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> February 14 is celebrated as Saint Valentine's Day in various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>; it has, for example, the rank of "commemoration" in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">calendar of saints</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anglican-15">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of Saint Valentine is given in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">calendar of saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pfatteicher2008-16">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">the 1969 revision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Calendar_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints">Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints</a>, the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was relegated from the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason: "Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14."<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Therefore, as he remains within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a>, he may be recognised optionally during mass outside of <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The feast day is still celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Balzan" title="Balzan">Balzan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>), where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholics">Traditionalist Catholics</a> who follow the older, pre-<a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> calendar (see <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">General Roman Calendar of 1960</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, Saint Valentine is recognized on <a href="/wiki/July_6_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)" title="July 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)">July 6</a>, on which <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine</a>, the Roman presbyter, is honoured; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on <a href="/wiki/July_30_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)" title="July 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)">July 30</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg/220px-St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg/330px-St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg/440px-St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Bassano" title="Jacopo Bassano">Jacopo Bassano</a>.</figcaption></figure> J.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was "a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians."<a href="#cite_note-JC_Cooper_2013-31">[30]</a> Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> in the early 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a> In the 5th or 6th century, a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period.<a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ansgar49-33">[32]</a> The same events are found in <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede's Martyrology</a>, which was compiled in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-ansgar49-33">[32]</a> It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a> in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer Asterius. The jailer's daughter and his forty-six member <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>, family members and servants, came to believe in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and were <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer1894-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a> A later Passio repeated the legend, adding that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Pope Julius I</a> built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino, who donated land to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).<a href="#cite_note-ansgar49-33">[32]</a> The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting with <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s martyrology in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-ansgar49-33">[32]</a> It was repeated in the 13th century, in <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">The Golden Legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> There is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the 18th century and widely repeated.<a href="#cite_note-your_valentine-36">[35]</a> On the evening before Valentine was to be <a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed">executed</a>, he is supposed to have written the first "valentine" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine."<a href="#cite_note-your_valentine-36">[35]</a> The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters.<a href="#cite_note-Ruth_Lee_1952-37">[36]</a> This legend has been published by both <a href="/wiki/American_Greetings" title="American Greetings">American Greetings</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_History_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The History Channel">The History Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentineanddisciples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Valentineanddisciples.jpg/220px-Valentineanddisciples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Valentineanddisciples.jpg/330px-Valentineanddisciples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Valentineanddisciples.jpg/440px-Valentineanddisciples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine of Terni</a> and his disciples</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a>, a 16th-century English historian, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carmelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Carmelites">Order of Carmelites</a> state that Saint Valentine was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">Church of Saint Praxedes</a> in Rome, located near the cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hippolytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Hippolytus">Saint Hippolytus</a>. This order says that according to legend, "Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship."<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Another embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian weddings</a> for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.<a href="#cite_note-David_Harkness_1961-41">[40]</a> The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-David_Harkness_1961-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Max_Christensen_1997-42">[41]</a> However, George Monger writes that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monger2013-43">[42]</a> According to legend, in order "to remind these men of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecuted Christians</a>, a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on Saint Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-Frank_Staff_1969-44">[43]</a> Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a> ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> with an image of <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;<a href="#cite_note-Max_Christensen_1997-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMNH_1958-45">[44]</a> Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Christensen_1997-42">[41]</a> Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the <a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">birthstone</a> of February, which is thought to attract love.<a href="#cite_note-Hesse2007-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_traditions">Folk traditions</h2></div> While the European folk traditions connected with Saint Valentine and Saint Valentine's Day have become marginalized by modern customs connecting the day with <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">romantic love</a>, there are still some connections with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a>. While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, Valentine's Day still remains connected with various regional customs in England. In <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, a character called "Jack" Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses, leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, Saint Valentine or <a href="/wiki/Zdravko" title="Zdravko">Zdravko</a> was one of the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of <a href="/wiki/Beekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beekeepers">beekeepers</a> and pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-GG2008-02-15-49">[48]</a> A proverb says that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots". Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day. Another proverb says "Valentin – prvi spomladin" ('Valentine – the first spring saint'), as in some places (especially <a href="/wiki/White_Carniola" title="White Carniola">White Carniola</a>), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day of love was traditionally March 12, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gregory">Saint Gregory</a>'s day, or February 22, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Saint Vincent's Day</a>. The patron of love was <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony</a>, whose day has been celebrated on June 13.<a href="#cite_note-GG2008-02-15-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_with_romantic_love">Connection with romantic love</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_ancient_origins">Possible ancient origins</h3></div> The "Feast" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: in natali, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'on the birthday') of Saint Valentine originated in Christendom and has been marked by the Western Church of Christendom in honour of one of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyrs</a> named Valentine, as recorded in the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Sacramentary" title="Gelasian Sacramentary">Gelasian Sacramentary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polcar1894-12">[11]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> was observed February 13–15 on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, pagan gods of love, marriage and fertility. It was a rite connected to purification and health, and had only slight connection to fertility (as a part of health) and none to love. The celebration of Saint Valentine is not known to have had any romantic connotations until <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s poetry about "Valentine's Day" in the 14th century, some seven hundred years after celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased.<a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a> Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of <a href="/wiki/Juno_Februa" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Februa">Juno Februa</a>, meaning "Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", was celebrated on February 13–14. Although the Pope <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a> (492–496) article in the Catholic Encyclopedia says that he abolished Lupercalia, theologian and Methodist minister <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Forbes" title="Bruce Forbes">Bruce Forbes</a> wrote that "no evidence" has been demonstrated to link Saint Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a>, despite claims by many authors to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-51">[notes 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ansgar-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDForbes2015-53">[51]</a> Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> and claim a connection to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.<a href="#cite_note-54">[notes 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BDForbes2015-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-oruch_lupercalia-55">[52]</a> Also, the dates do not fit because at the time of Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) on January 6.<a href="#cite_note-56">[notes 4]</a> Although it was called "Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary", it also dealt with the presentation of Jesus at the temple.<a href="#cite_note-auto-57">[53]</a> Jerusalem's Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 14 became the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a> on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.<a href="#cite_note-auto-57">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alban_Butler" title="Alban Butler">Alban Butler</a> in his <a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_the_Fathers,_Martyrs,_and_Other_Principal_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints">The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints</a> (1756–1759) claimed without proof that boys and girls in Lupercalia drew names from a jar to make couples, and that modern Valentine's letters originated from this custom. In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with boys drawing the names of girls at random to couple with them. This custom was combated by priests, for example by <a href="/wiki/Frances_de_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances de Sales">Frances de Sales</a> around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>. However, this religious custom is recorded as early as the 13th century in the life of Saint <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Hungary" title="Elizabeth of Hungary">Elizabeth of Hungary</a>, so it could have a different origin.<a href="#cite_note-ansgar-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaucer's_Parliament_of_Fowls">Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaucer_Hoccleve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chaucer_Hoccleve.png/220px-Chaucer_Hoccleve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chaucer_Hoccleve.png/330px-Chaucer_Hoccleve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Chaucer_Hoccleve.png/440px-Chaucer_Hoccleve.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hoccleve" title="Thomas Hoccleve">Thomas Hoccleve</a> (1412)</figcaption></figure> The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Foules" title="Parlement of Foules">Parliament of Fowls</a> (1382) by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dream_vision" title="Dream vision">dream vision</a> portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates.<a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a> Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> to fifteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ansgar2001-58">[54]</a> Chaucer wrote (in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>): <blockquote>"For this was on seynt Valentynes day Whan every foul cometh there to chese his make Of every kynde that men thynke may And that so huge a noyse gan they make That erthe, and eyr, and tre, and every lake So ful was, that unethe was there space For me to stonde, so ful was al the place."<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a></blockquote> In modern English: <blockquote>"For this was on Saint Valentine's Day When every bird comes there to choose his match Of every kind that men may think of And that so huge a noise they began to make That earth and air and tree and every lake Was so full, that not easily was there space For me to stand—so full was all the place."</blockquote> Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine's Day. Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, an early <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Genoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Genoa">bishop of Genoa</a> who died around AD 307; it was probably celebrated on May 3.<a href="#cite_note-ansgar2001-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> A treaty providing for Richard II and Anne's marriage, the subject of the poem, was signed on May 2, 1381.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Jack B. Oruch notes that <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">the date on which spring begins</a> has changed since Chaucer's time because of the <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">precession of the equinoxes</a> and the introduction of the more accurate <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> only in 1582. On the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> in use in Chaucer's time, February 14 would have fallen on the date now called February 23, a time when some birds have started mating and nesting in England.<a href="#cite_note-oruch-32">[31]</a> Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls refers to a supposedly established tradition, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Antiquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquary">antiquaries</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Alban_Butler" title="Alban Butler">Alban Butler</a>, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. Most notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present".<a href="#cite_note-ansgar-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-oruch_539-64">[60]</a> Three other authors who made poems about <a href="/wiki/Birds_mating" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds mating">birds mating</a> on St. Valentine's Day around the same years: <a href="/wiki/Otton_de_Grandson" class="mw-redirect" title="Otton de Grandson">Otton de Grandson</a> from Savoy, <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a> from England, and a knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most probably predated all of them; but due to the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is not possible to ascertain which of the four may have influenced the others.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_of_love">Court of love</h3></div> The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mantes-la-Jolie" title="Mantes-la-Jolie">Mantes-la-Jolie</a> in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> and dancing.<a href="#cite_note-ansgar_court-66">[62]</a> Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers.<a href="#cite_note-goodrich-67">[63]</a> No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a>, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague.<a href="#cite_note-ansgar_court-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valentine_poetry">Valentine poetry</h3></div> The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondeau (poetry)">rondeau</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles, Duke of Orléans">Charles, Duke of Orléans</a> to his wife, which commences. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Je suis desja d'amour tanné Ma tres doulce Valentinée..."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a></cite></div></blockquote> At the time, the duke was being held in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> following his capture at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>, 1415.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> The earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be those in the <a href="/wiki/Paston_Letters" title="Paston Letters">Paston Letters</a>, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to her future husband John Paston "my right well-beloved Valentine".<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Valentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a> (1600–1601): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day, All in the morning betime, And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine. Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes, And dupp'd the chamber-door; Let in the maid, that out a maid Never departed more."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg/220px-John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg/330px-John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg/440px-John_Donne_BBC_News.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Noted poet <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1595.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his <a href="/wiki/Epithalamion" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithalamion">epithalamion</a> celebrating the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Elizabeth</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a>, on Valentine's Day: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is All the Ayre is thy Diocese And all the chirping Queristers And other birds ar thy parishioners Thou marryest every yeare The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue, The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue, The houshold bird with the redd stomacher Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone, As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed. This day more cheerfully than ever shine This day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day</cite></div></blockquote> The verse "<a href="/wiki/Roses_Are_Red" title="Roses Are Red">Roses are red</a>" echoes conventions traceable as far back as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s epic <a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a> (1590): <blockquote>"She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew, And all the sweetest flowres [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], that in the forrest grew."<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a></blockquote> The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be found in <a href="/wiki/Gammer_Gurton%27s_Garland" title="Gammer Gurton's Garland">Gammer Gurton's Garland</a> (1784), a collection of English nursery rhymes published in London by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a>: <blockquote>"The rose is red, the violet's blue, The honey's sweet, and so are you. Thou art my love and I am thine; I drew thee to my Valentine: The lot was cast and then I drew, And Fortune said it shou'd be you."<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Card;_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Card%3B_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Card%3B_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Card%3B_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Card%3B_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Card%3B_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Card%3B_valentine_card_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>An English Victorian era Valentine card located in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></figcaption></figure> In 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's Valentine Writer, which contained scores of suggested sentimental <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verses</a> for the young lover unable to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines". Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in the United Kingdom, despite postage being expensive.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Penny_Post#United_Kingdom" title="Penny Post">reduction in postal rates</a> following <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill_(postal_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowland Hill (postal reformer)">Sir Rowland Hill</a>'s postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp (<a href="/wiki/Penny_Black" title="Penny Black">Penny Black</a>) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 sent just one year after its introduction, and ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent-76">[72]</a> That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Production increased, "Cupid's Manufactory" as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent-76">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laura_Seddon_Greeting_Card_Collection" title="Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection">Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from early 19th century Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> The collection appears in Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996).<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Roses_(6862116332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Red_Roses_%286862116332%29.jpg/170px-Red_Roses_%286862116332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Red_Roses_%286862116332%29.jpg/255px-Red_Roses_%286862116332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Red_Roses_%286862116332%29.jpg/340px-Red_Roses_%286862116332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Flowers, such as red roses (pictured), are often sent on Valentine's Day.</figcaption></figure> In the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by <a href="/wiki/Esther_Howland" title="Esther Howland">Esther Howland</a> (1828–1904) of <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-american-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-devereux-81">[77]</a> Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-TRE-83">[79]</a> Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England.<a href="#cite_note-TRE-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> A writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day ... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday."<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Elizabeth Gaskell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mr._Harrison%27s_Confessions" title="Mr. Harrison's Confessions">Mr. Harrison's Confessions</a> (1851): "I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly."<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary".<a href="#cite_note-devereux-81">[77]</a> Since the 19th century, handmade cards have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh_Eric_Schmidt_1993_pp._209–245-13">[12]</a> In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the U.S. to follow.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh_Eric_Schmidt_1991_pp_890–98-88">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg/170px-Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg/255px-Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg/340px-Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>A gift box of chocolates, which is a common gift for Valentine's Day</figcaption></figure> In 1868, the British chocolate company <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> created Fancy Boxes – a decorated box of chocolates – in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-Chocolates-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Chocolates-89">[85]</a> In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts, such as giving <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>. The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children. When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.<a href="#cite_note-american-80">[76]</a> The increase in use of the Internet around the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Every year, millions of people use digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as <a href="/wiki/E-cards" class="mw-redirect" title="E-cards">e-cards</a>, love coupons and printable greeting cards. Valentine's Day is considered by some to be a <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holiday</a> due to its commercialization.<a href="#cite_note-wp-91">[87]</a> In the modern era, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> each have a <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">service</a> on Saint Valentine's Day (the Feast of Saint Valentine), which includes the optional rite of the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_vow_renewal_ceremony" title="Wedding vow renewal ceremony">renewal of marriage vows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales">Catholic Bishops of England and Wales</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">novena</a> prayer "to support single people seeking a spouse ahead of St Valentine's Day."<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebration_and_status_worldwide">Celebration and status worldwide</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_(4112917253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_%284112917253%29.jpg/220px-CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_%284112917253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_%284112917253%29.jpg/330px-CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_%284112917253%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_%284112917253%29.jpg/440px-CWAC_Valentine%27s_Day_1944_%284112917253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Canadian Women's Army Corps">Canadian Women's Army Corps</a> member and a man in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Air Force">Canadian Air Force</a> chalk hearts on a tree on Valentine's Day 1944</figcaption></figure> Valentine's Day customs—sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"), offering confectionery and presenting flowers—developed in early modern England and spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> in the 19th century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, like those of <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>, and aspects of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>). Valentine's Day is celebrated in many <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> countries, with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singaporeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Koreans</a> spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.<a href="#cite_note-showbizandstyle.inquirer.net-95">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4></div> In most <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries—for example, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>—Saint Valentine's Day is known as Día de los Enamorados ('Lovers' Day')<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> or as Día del Amor y la Amistad ('Love and Friendship Day'). It is also common to see people perform "acts of appreciation" for their friends.<a href="#cite_note-Levine2012-99">[95]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> it is known as Día del Cariño ('Affection Day').<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> Some countries, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> have a tradition called Amigo secreto ('secret friend'), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of <a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levine2012-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dia_dos_Namorados" title="Dia dos Namorados">Dia dos Namorados</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dia_dos_Namorados" title="Dia dos Namorados">Dia dos Namorados</a> ('Lovers' Day', or 'Boyfriends/Girlfriends Day') is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony</a>'s day—a saint recognized for blessing young couples with happy and prosperous marriages—when traditionally many single women perform popular rituals called simpatias in order to find a good husband or boyfriend.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all because it is usually too close to <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazilian Carnival</a>, which can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> celebrates Día del amor y la amistad ('Love and Friendship Day') on the third Saturday in September instead.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Amigo Secreto is also popular there.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg/220px-Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg/330px-Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg/440px-Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conversation_hearts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversation hearts">Conversation hearts</a>, candies with messages on them, are strongly associated with Valentine's Day in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentine_dance,_school_(2898490693).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Valentine_dance%2C_school_%282898490693%29.jpg/220px-Valentine_dance%2C_school_%282898490693%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Valentine_dance%2C_school_%282898490693%29.jpg/330px-Valentine_dance%2C_school_%282898490693%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Valentine_dance%2C_school_%282898490693%29.jpg/440px-Valentine_dance%2C_school_%282898490693%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> Valentine's school dance, Richmond, Virginia 1956</figcaption></figure> On the United States mainland, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Valentine's Day is a major source of economic activity, with total <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">expenditures</a> topping $18.2 billion in 2017, or over $136 per person.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> This is an increase from $108 per person in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-plu.edu-108">[104]</a> In 2019, a survey by the <a href="/wiki/National_Retail_Federation" title="National Retail Federation">National Retail Federation</a> found that over the previous decade, the percentage of people who celebrate Valentine's Day had declined steadily. From their survey results, they found three primary reasons: over-commercialization of the holiday, not having a significant other, and not being interested in celebrating it.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4></div> In pre-<a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> years, Koch-e-Gul-Faroushi ('Flower Street') in downtown <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> used to be adorned with innovative flower arrangements, to attract the Valentine's Day-celebrating youth.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> In the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, love is often expressed through <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. A new generation of budding poets such as Ramin Mazhar and Mahtab Sahel express themselves through poetry, using Valentine's Day as a theme to voice concerns about the erosion of freedoms. In their political commentary, they defy fear by saying "I kiss you amid the Taliban".<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_in_Bangladesh" title="Valentine's Day in Bangladesh">Valentine's Day in Bangladesh</a></div> Valentine's Day was first celebrated in Bangladesh by <a href="/wiki/Shafik_Rehman" title="Shafik Rehman">Shafik Rehman</a>, a journalist and editor of the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Jaijaidin" title="Jaijaidin">Jaijaidin</a>, in 1993. He was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> from studying in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> He highlighted Valentine's Day to the Bangladeshi people through Jaijaidin. Rehman is called the "father of Valentine's Day in Bangladesh".<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> On this day, people in various types of relationship, including lovers, friends, husbands and wives, mothers and children, students and teachers, express their love for each other with flowers, chocolates, cards and other gifts. On this day, various parks and recreation centers of the country are full of people of love.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> No public holiday, however, is declared on this day in Bangladesh. Some in Bangladesh feel that celebrating this day is not acceptable from a cultural and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> point of view.<a href="#cite_note-spriha-116">[112]</a> Before the celebration of Valentine's Day, February 14 was celebrated as the anti-authoritarian day in Bangladesh. However, that day has been disregarded by people to celebrate Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a></div> In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called "lovers' festival" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 情人节; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 情人節; <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a>: Qīng Rén Jié; <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>: Chêng Lîn Chiat; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>: Chìhng Yàhn Jit; <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghainese language">Shanghainese</a> Xin Yin Jiq). The "Chinese Valentine's Day" is the <a href="/wiki/Qixi_Festival" title="Qixi Festival">Qixi Festival</a> (meaning "The Night of Sevens"; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 七夕; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Qi Xi), celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. According to the legend, the <a href="/wiki/Altair" title="Altair">Cowherd star</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Weaver Maid star</a> are normally separated by the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> (silvery river) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the seventh day of the seventh month of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In recent years, celebrating <a href="/wiki/White_Day" title="White Day">White Day</a> has also become fashionable among some young people.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_in_India" title="Valentine's Day in India">Valentine's Day in India</a></div> In ancient India, there was a tradition of adoring <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a>, the lord of love – exemplified by the erotic carvings in the <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho Group of Monuments</a> and by the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rana-122">[118]</a> This tradition was lost around the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Middle Ages</a>, when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frowned upon.<a href="#cite_note-rana-122">[118]</a> This repression of public affections began to loosen in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> Valentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in commercial TV channels, such as <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, dedicated radio programs, and love letter competitions, in addition to an economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry.<a href="#cite_note-rana-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-derne-124">[120]</a> The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-rana-122">[118]</a> On a 2018 online survey, it was found that 68% of the respondents did not wish to celebrate Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> It can be also observed that different religious groups, including Hindu,<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Muslim<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> and Christian people of India do not support Valentine's Day. In modern times, Hindu and Islamic<a href="#cite_note-monger-128">[124]</a> traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of globalization in India.<a href="#cite_note-rana-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-derne-124">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the "public admission of love" because of them being "alien to Indian culture".<a href="#cite_note-sandbrook-129">[125]</a> Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society: <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_joint_family" title="Hindu joint family">Hindu joint families</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housewife#In_India_and_Pakistan" title="Housewife">full-time mothers</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-derne-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-monger-128">[124]</a> Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.<a href="#cite_note-bbcanger-130">[126]</a> Valentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial">postcolonial</a> perspective by intellectuals from the Indian left. The holiday is regarded as a front for "Western imperialism", "<a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a>", and "the exploitation of working classes through <a href="/wiki/Commercialism" title="Commercialism">commercialism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> It is claimed that as a result of Valentine's Day, the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poor</a> become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> power structure. They also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">demonization</a> that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's Day agenda.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> Right wing <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalists</a> are also hostile. In February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Subash_Chouhan" title="Subash Chouhan">Subash Chouhan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a> warned couples: "They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up".<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> He said "We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places".<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> in February 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India" title="Animal Welfare Board of India">Animal Welfare Board of India</a> appealed to Indians to celebrate February 14 as "Cow Hug Day" for "emotional richness" and to increase "individual and collective happiness." The newspaper referenced the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">sacredness of cows</a> as being equivalent to one's mother in Indian culture, and further rued: ".. <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic traditions</a> are almost on the verge of extinction due to the progress of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> over time. The dazzle of Western civilization has made our physical culture and heritage almost forgotten".<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> According to Rhea Mogul of CNN, a 2017 photo series Indian women sporting cow masks by activist Sujatro Ghosh portrays a society in which cows are more valued than women. Mogul says authorities had advanced the idea to rebrand Valentine's Day as "Cow Hug Day". Mogul says, "But the move seems to have failed and later retracted after it prompted a rush of internet memes, cartoons and jokes by TV hosts about the importance of consent." Media outlets like NDTV mocked the government's plan by underlining the importance of the consent of cows before hugging them. Mogul says critics say <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">cow-worship</a> has been politically manipulated by cow vigilante motivated by conservative <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>'s majoritarian politics to harass minorities with allegations of disrespect of cows or <a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">cow slaughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_in_Iran" title="Valentine's Day in Iran">Valentine's Day in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_(50957801252)_-_Edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_%2850957801252%29_-_Edited.jpg/220px-Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_%2850957801252%29_-_Edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_%2850957801252%29_-_Edited.jpg/330px-Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_%2850957801252%29_-_Edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_%2850957801252%29_-_Edited.jpg/440px-Persian_Valentine%27s_Day_Karaji_%2850957801252%29_-_Edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Part of a celebration of Valentine's Day in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.</figcaption></figure> The history of Valentine's Day in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar era</a> of the latter half of the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> did not take his wife with him during his trip to Europe and he sent her a greeting card from distance on Valentine's Day. This greeting card is available in Iranian museums.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> Since the mid-2000s, Valentine's Day has become increasingly popular in Iran, especially among young people. However, it has also been the subject of heavy criticism from Iranian conservatives, who see it as part of the spread of "decadent" <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Since 2011, authorities have attempted to discourage celebrations and impose restrictions on the sale and production of Valentine's Day-related goods, although the holiday remains popular as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Additionally, there have been efforts to revive the ancient Persian festival of <a href="/wiki/Sepand%C4%81rmazg%C4%81n" title="Sepandārmazgān">Sepandārmazgān</a>, which takes place around the same time, to replace Valentine's Day. However, as of 2016, this has also been largely unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the Jewish tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a> has been revived and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's Day. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a> (usually in late August). In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them (<a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> Taanith, end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday of love by secular people (along with Valentine's Day), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in Western societies. In modern Israeli culture Tu B'Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Morozoff_Ltd." title="Morozoff Ltd.">Morozoff Ltd.</a> introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed at foreigners. Later, in 1953, it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter. In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Isetan" title="Isetan">Isetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_stores_in_Japan" title="Department stores in Japan">department store</a> ran a "Valentine sale". Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom.<a href="#cite_note-japantimes-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-rupp-144">[140]</a> The custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company executive during the initial campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-jasgp-145">[141]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Office_lady" title="Office lady">office ladies</a> give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards,<a href="#cite_note-jasgp-145">[141]</a> candies, <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">dinner dates</a><a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-146">[142]</a> are uncommon, and most of the gifts-related activity is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.<a href="#cite_note-jasgp-145">[141]</a> Japanese chocolate companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year.<a href="#cite_note-jasgp-145">[141]</a> Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Giri_choco" title="Giri choco">giri-choko</a> (義理チョコ), from <a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">giri</a> ('obligation') and choko, ('chocolate'), with unpopular co-workers receiving only "ultra-obligatory" (超義理チョコ, chō-giri choko) cheap chocolate. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Honmei_choco" class="mw-redirect" title="Honmei choco">honmei-choko</a> (本命チョコ, lit. "true feeling chocolate"), chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko (友チョコ, from 'tomo' meaning "friend").<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> In the 1980s, the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a "reply day", on which men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it <a href="/wiki/White_Day" title="White Day">White Day</a> for the color of the chocolates being offered. A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by a <a href="/wiki/Marshmallow" title="Marshmallow">marshmallow</a> manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women.<a href="#cite_note-japantimes-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-rupp-144">[140]</a> In Japan, the romantic "date night" associated with Valentine's Day is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg/170px-Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg/255px-Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg/340px-Valentine%27s_day_cupcakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Valentine's Day themed bouquet of <a href="/wiki/Cupcake" title="Cupcake">cupcakes</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentine</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> for a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> population. Couples take the opportunity of Valentine's feast day to exchange sweet words and gifts as proof of love. Such gifts typically include boxes of chocolates, cupcakes, and red roses, which are considered the emblem of sacrifice and passion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> people celebrate Valentine's Day in a different way in every city. In <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, men take women out to dine and may buy them a gift. Many women are asked to marry on that day. In <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, Valentine's Day is celebrated with the whole family – it is more about family love than a couple's love.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4></div> Islamic officials in <a href="/wiki/West_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Malaysia">West Malaysia</a> warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin" title="Muhyiddin Yassin">Muhyiddin Yassin</a> said the celebration of romantic love was "not suitable" for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (<a href="/wiki/JAKIM#Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="JAKIM">Jakim</a>), which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005 noted that the day "is associated with elements of Christianity," and "we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>." Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationwide campaign called "Awas Jerat Valentine's Day" ("Mind the Valentine's Day Trap"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities included conducting raids in hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> On Valentine's Day 2011, West Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration ban. Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against the celebration of Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>, the celebrations are much more tolerated among young Muslim couples, although some Islamic officials and Muslim activists from the West side have told younger generations to refrain from such celebration by organising da'wah and tried to spread their ban into the East.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> In both the states of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, the celebration is usually common with flowers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_in_Pakistan" title="Valentine's Day in Pakistan">Valentine's Day in Pakistan</a></div> The concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> political party has called for the banning of Valentine's Day celebration.<a href="#cite_note-bbcanger-130">[126]</a> Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great number of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same with card publishers.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> In 2016, the local governing body of <a href="/wiki/Peshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshwar">Peshwar</a> officially banned the celebration of Valentine's Day in the city. The ban was also implemented in other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a> by the local governments.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_High_Court" title="Islamabad High Court">Islamabad High Court</a> banned Valentine's Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> More than 80% of <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a> readers polled on its website agreed with this decision.<a href="#cite_note-spriha-116">[112]</a> In 2018, because of a petition by a citizen, Abdul Waheed, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Electronic_Media_Regulatory_Authority" title="Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority">Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority</a> advised broadcasters and newspapers against airing any Valentine's Day celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Puso in much the same manner as in the West. It is usually marked by a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red roses.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> It is the most popular day for weddings,<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> with some localities offering mass ceremonies for no charge.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, in 2002 and 2008, <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">religious police</a> banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a Christian holiday.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_2002-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_saudi-166">[162]</a> This ban has created a <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrapping_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrapping paper">wrapping paper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_saudi-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_2010-167">[163]</a> In 2012, the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and confiscated all red roses from flower shops.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate only behind closed doors.<a href="#cite_note-saudi_2013-169">[165]</a> "Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes <a href="/wiki/Bid%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid'a">bid'a</a> – a forbidden innovation and deviation from religious law and custom – and mimicry of the West."<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> However, in 2017 and 2018, after a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> was widely circulated, the religious police did not prevent Muslims from celebrating the day.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> In 2018, Sheikh Ahmed Qasim Al-Ghamdi, a Saudi cleric and former president of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice</a>, said that Valentine's Day is not haram and is compatible with Islamic values.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4></div> According to findings, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singaporeans</a> are among the biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100 and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-showbizandstyle.inquirer.net-95">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 (<a href="/wiki/White_Day" title="White Day">White Day</a>). On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything on February or March 14 go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles (짜장면; <a href="/wiki/Jajangmyeon" title="Jajangmyeon">jajangmyeon</a>) and lament their "single life".<a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-146">[142]</a> Koreans also celebrate <a href="/wiki/Pepero_Day" title="Pepero Day">Pepero Day</a> on November 11, when young couples give each other pepero cookies. The date "11/11" is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie. The 14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure. From January to December, the sequence of these days is Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, <a href="/wiki/Black_Day_(South_Korea)" title="Black Day (South Korea)">Black Day</a>, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than Japanese women.<a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG/220px-TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG/330px-TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG/440px-TAIPEI_101_in_Valentine%27s_Day.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taipei_101" title="Taipei 101">Taipei 101</a> in Valentine's Day 2006</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Taiwan</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Qixi_Festival" title="Qixi Festival">Qixi Festival</a>, Valentine's Day and White Day are all celebrated. However, the situation is the reverse of Japan's. Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on <a href="/wiki/White_Day" title="White Day">White Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yoshimura-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia_and_Finland">Estonia and Finland</h4></div> In Finland, Valentine's Day is called ystävänpäivä ('Friend's Day'). As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia, Valentine's Day was originally called valentinipäev and later also sõbrapäev ('Friend's Day') as a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Finnish term.<a href="#cite_note-s6brap2ev-176">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> In France, a traditionally <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> country, Valentine's Day is known simply as "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Saint Valentin</a>", and is celebrated in much the same way as other Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> The relics of Saint Valentin de Terni, the patron of the St Valentine's Day, are in the Catholic church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Jean-l’Evangéliste, located in the southern France town of <a href="/wiki/Roquemaure,_Gard" title="Roquemaure, Gard">Roquemaure, Gard</a>. The celebrations of "Fête des Amoureux" takes place every two years on the Sunday closest to February 14. The village gets dressed in its 19th-century costume and put on the program with over 800 people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4></div> Saint Valentine's Day, or Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου in Greek tradition, was not associated with romantic love. In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another saint who protects people who are in love, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_of_Caesarea" title="Hyacinth of Caesarea">Hyacinth of Caesarea</a> (feast day July 3); but this was not widely known until the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> In contemporary Greece, Valentine's Day is generally celebrated as in the common western tradition.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG/220px-Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG/330px-Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG/440px-Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Many Christians make a <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church" title="Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church">Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church</a> in Dublin on Saint Valentine's Day to implore the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession</a> of Saint Valentine in their <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayers</a>, with the hope of finding true love<a href="#cite_note-IrishCentral2017-180">[176]</a></figcaption></figure> On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek true love make a <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> to the Shrine of St. Valentine in <a href="/wiki/Whitefriar_Street_Carmelite_Church" title="Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church">Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church</a> in Dublin, which is said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome; they <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a> at the shrine in hope of finding romance.<a href="#cite_note-IrishCentral2017-180">[176]</a> There lies a book in which foreigners and locals have written their prayer requests for love.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4></div> Saint Valentine's Day was introduced to Poland together with the cult of Saint Valentine via <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-182">[178]</a> However, it rose in popularity in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-182">[178]</a> The only (and the biggest) public celebration in Poland is held annually from 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno">Chełmno</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-182">[178]</a> under the name "Walentynki Chełmińskie" (Chełmno Valentine's). Because Chełmno's parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been holding the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> of Saint Valentine since the Middle Ages, local cult of the saint has been combined with the Anglo-Saxon tradition.<a href="#cite_note-:0-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4></div> In Portugal, the holiday is known as "Dia dos Namorados" (Lovers' Day / Day of the Enamoured). As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some regions, women give a lenço de namorados ("lovers' handkerchief"), which is usually embroidered with love motifs.<a href="#cite_note-Poelzl2009-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4></div> In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day. This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> and nationalist organizations like <a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a>, who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist, and imported Western <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of national culture, <a href="/wiki/Dragobete" title="Dragobete">Dragobete</a>, a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled after having been ignored during the Communist years as the traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Baba_Dochia" title="Baba Dochia">Baba Dochia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Its date used to vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, February 14 is known as Valentinsdag, and is celebrated in much the same manner as in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Skandiblog-187">[183]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> it is called Alla hjärtans dag ("All Hearts' Day") but is not widely celebrated. A 2016 survey revealed that fewer than 50% of men and women were planning to buy presents for their partners.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> The holiday has only been observed since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Skandiblog-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4></div> The holiday was first introduced in Spain through a 1948 advertisement campaign by the department store chain <a href="/wiki/Galer%C3%ADas_Preciados" title="Galerías Preciados">Galerías Preciados</a>,<a href="#cite_note-abc_es-189">[185]</a> and had become widespread by the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-abc_es-189">[185]</a> Known as "San Valentín", the holiday is celebrated the same way as in the rest of the West. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg/170px-Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg/255px-Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg/340px-Happy_Valentine%27s_Day_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1706688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Valentine's Day love notes on display in 2010 for making a charitable donation to the <a href="/wiki/British_Heart_Foundation" title="British Heart Foundation">British Heart Foundation</a></figcaption></figure> In the UK, just under half of the population spends money on their valentines. Around £1.3 billion is spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> In Wales, some people celebrate <a href="/wiki/Dydd_Santes_Dwynwen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dydd Santes Dwynwen">Dydd Santes Dwynwen</a> (Saint Dwynwen's Day) on January 25 instead of (or as well as) Valentine's Day. The day commemorates <a href="/wiki/Dwynwen" title="Dwynwen">St Dwynwen</a>, the Welsh patron saint of love.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The Welsh name for Saint Valentine is Sant Ffolant. In a 2016 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> for Valentine's Day, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s line, "My heart is, and always will be, yours", from her novel <a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility" title="Sense and Sensibility">Sense and Sensibility</a> as said by Edward Ferrars (<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>) to Elinor Dashwood (<a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>) in the acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility_(film)" title="Sense and Sensibility (film)">1995 film adaptation</a>, was voted the most romantic line from literature, film, and TV by thousands of women.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restrictions_on_Valentine's_Day_in_some_countries">Restrictions on Valentine's Day in some countries</h2></div> The celebration of Valentine's Day has been banned in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> due to beliefs the holiday conflicts with Islamic culture.<a href="#cite_note-spriha-116">[112]</a> Since 2009, certain practices pertaining to Valentine's Day (such as giving flowers, cards, or other gifts suggestive of Valentine's Day) are banned in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Law_Enforcement_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Law Enforcement Force">Law Enforcement Force</a> prosecutes distributors of goods with symbols associated with Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> In 2021, the Prosecutor's Office of <a href="/wiki/Qom,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Qom, Iran">Qom, Iran</a>, stated that it would prosecute those who disseminate and provide anti-cultural symbols like those of Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> Although Valentine's Day is not accepted or approved by any <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a> in Iran and has no official status, it is highly accepted among a large part of the population.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> One of the reasons for Valentine's Day acceptance since the 2000s by the general population is the change in relations between the sexes, and because sexual relationships are no longer strictly limited to be within marriage.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galentine%27s_Day_(observance)" title="Galentine's Day (observance)">Galentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palentine%27s_Day" title="Palentine's Day">Palentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Kiss_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="World Kiss Day">World Kiss Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_dos_Namorados" title="Dia dos Namorados">Dia dos Namorados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_valentine" title="Sailor's valentine">Sailor's valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine%27s_Day_Massacre" title="Saint Valentine's Day Massacre">Saint Valentine's Day Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_Awareness_Day" title="Singles Awareness Day">Singles Awareness Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_Blowjob_Day" title="Steak and Blowjob Day">Steak and Blowjob Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(2010_film)" title="Valentine's Day (2010 film)">Valentine's Day (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Day_(movement)" title="V-Day (movement)">V-Day</a>, the global movement to end violence against women and girls.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Memorial_March" title="Women's Memorial March">Women's Memorial March</a>, held on Valentine's Day in Vancouver, British Columbia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_and_Cunnilingus_Day" title="Cake and Cunnilingus Day">Cake and Cunnilingus Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> St. Valentine's February 14 feast day was removed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> from the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> in 1969 due to historical uncertainty about the saint (It was replaced with the feast day of Saints <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>). However, Saint Valentine's feast day remains celebrated on February 14 in some local liturgical calendars and by <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholics">traditionalist Catholics</a> who use the pre-<a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> General Roman Calendar. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a> also remembers him on February 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> For example, one source claims incorrectly that "Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals." Seipel, Arnie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/02/14/133693152/the-dark-origins-of-valentines-day">The Dark Origins Of Valentine's Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427232033/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/14/133693152/the-dark-origins-of-valentines-day">Archived</a> April 27, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nation Public Radio, February 13, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says "It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no hint of such an action." </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. This feast is celebrated 40 days after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this feast in February 14. But, in the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2. Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, Revised ed., Allied Publishers, 2005, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780550142108" title="Special:BookSources/9780550142108">9780550142108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day">"Valentine's Day: Definition, History, & Traditions"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214045422/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Valentine%27s+Day%3A+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FValentines-Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kithcart2013-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Kithcart2013_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKithcart2013" class="citation web cs1">Kithcart, David (September 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cbn.com/st-valentine-real-story">"St. Valentine, the Real Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071408/https://www1.cbn.com/st-valentine-real-story">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Valentine%2C+the+Real+Story&rft.pub=Christian+Broadcasting+Network&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Kithcart&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Fst-valentine-real-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy2022-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy2022_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2022" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Stephen (February 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/love-seekers-flock-to-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-for-blessings-12542134">"Love-seekers flock to St Valentine's resting place in Dublin for blessings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324140950/https://news.sky.com/story/love-seekers-flock-to-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-for-blessings-12542134">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Love-seekers+flock+to+St+Valentine%27s+resting+place+in+Dublin+for+blessings&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Flove-seekers-flock-to-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-for-blessings-12542134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ansgar, 1986, Chaucer and the Cult of Saint valentine, pp. 46–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper2013-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper2013_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2013" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, J.C. (October 23, 2013). Dictionary of Christianity. Routledge. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134265466" title="Special:BookSources/9781134265466"><bdi>9781134265466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Christianity&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.isbn=9781134265466&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChryssidesWilkins2014-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChryssidesWilkins2014_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChryssidesWilkins2014_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesWilkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D.; Wilkins, Margaret Z. (2014). Christians in the Twenty-First Century. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54557-6"><bdi>978-1-317-54557-6</bdi></a>. <q>The association between Valentine and lovers derives from a legend associated with Valentine of Rome. Emperor Claudius II wanted to recruit soldiers for the Roman army, and prohibited young men from marrying, in case homesickness for wives, homes and families should impair their military prowess. He also opposed the Christian faith, encouraging its persecution. Valentine, a physician priest, offered help to Christians whose lives were in peril and, although celibate himself, performed secret marriage rites for young men and women, defying the emperor's decree. He was discovered and imprisoned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54557-6&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Margaret+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball1993-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Ball1993_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall1992" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Ann (January 1, 1992). A Litany of Saints. <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunday_Visitor" title="Our Sunday Visitor">OSV</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879734602" title="Special:BookSources/9780879734602"><bdi>9780879734602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Litany+of+Saints&rft.pub=OSV&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9780879734602&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiley2001-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Guiley2001_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley2001" class="citation book cs1">Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438130262" title="Special:BookSources/9781438130262"><bdi>9781438130262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Saints&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781438130262&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuster1927-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Schuster1927_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster1927" class="citation book cs1">Schuster, Ildefonso (1927). The Sacramentary: (Liber Sacramentorum) : Historical & Liturgical Notes on the Roman Missal. Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd. p. 429. <q>VALENTINE, PRIEST AND MARTYR Station at the Cemetery of Valentine on the Via Flaminia. The festival of this martyr, who suffered during the persecution under the Emperor Claudius II, is to be found in the Gelasian Sacramentary. His sepulchral basilica on the Via Flaminia, built by Pope Julius I (341–52), and restored by Honorius I, was the first to greet the pilgrims as they approached the Eternal City, eagerly desirous of visiting the sepulchres of the ancient heroes of the Faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacramentary%3A+%28Liber+Sacramentorum%29+%3A+Historical+%26+Liturgical+Notes+on+the+Roman+Missal&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Burns%2C+Oates+%26+Washbourne+Ltd.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Ildefonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polcar1894-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polcar1894_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polcar1894_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolcar1894" class="citation web cs1">Polcar, P. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E06541">"Gelasian Sacramentary 2.8–12"</a>. The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity from its origins to circa AD 700, across the entire Christian world. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218203738/http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E06541">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022. <q>XVI Kal. Mart. in natali Valentini, Vitalis, et Feliculae. '14 February on the feast of Valentinus, Vitalis, and Felicula.' [*Valentinus, bishop of Terni (Interamna) and martyr of Rome, S00434; *Vitalis and Felicula, martyrs of Spoleto, *S01917] Three Prayers listed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cult+of+Saints+in+Late+Antiquity+from+its+origins+to+circa+AD+700%2C+across+the+entire+Christian+world&rft.atitle=Gelasian+Sacramentary+2.8%E2%80%9312&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Polcar&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsla.history.ox.ac.uk%2Frecord.php%3Frecid%3DE06541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigh_Eric_Schmidt_1993_pp._209–245-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_Eric_Schmidt_1993_pp._209–245_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_Eric_Schmidt_1993_pp._209–245_13-1">b</a> Leigh Eric Schmidt, "The Fashioning of a Modern Holiday: St. Valentine's Day, 1840–1870" Winterthur Portfolio 28.4 (Winter 1993), pp. 209–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/amulets/index.php/keys-amulet2/index.html">"St Valentine Key, Italy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt Rivers Museum</a>. University of Oxford. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719150116/http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/amulets/index.php/keys-amulet2/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitt+Rivers+Museum&rft.atitle=St+Valentine+Key%2C+Italy&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.prm.ox.ac.uk%2Famulets%2Findex.php%2Fkeys-amulet2%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglican-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anglican_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anglican_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx">"Holy Days"</a>. Church of England (Anglican Communion). 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629005446/http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012. <q>February 14 Valentine, Martyr at Rome, c.269</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Days&rft.pub=Church+of+England+%28Anglican+Communion%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-worship%2Fworship%2Ftexts%2Fthe-calendar%2Fholydays.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfatteicher2008-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfatteicher2008_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfatteicher2008_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfatteicher2008" class="citation book cs1">Pfatteicher, Philip H. (August 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W82FOCZ4hmwC&pg=PA86">New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints</a>. Fortress Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800621285" title="Special:BookSources/9780800621285"><bdi>9780800621285</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101181958/http://books.google.com/books?id=W82FOCZ4hmwC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Book+of+Festivals+and+Commemorations%3A+A+Proposed+Common+Calendar+of+Saints&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.isbn=9780800621285&rft.aulast=Pfatteicher&rft.aufirst=Philip+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW82FOCZ4hmwC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyrou2015" class="citation web cs1">Kyrou, Alexandros K. (February 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.goarch.org/blog/-/blogs/the-historical-and-orthodox-saint-valentine">"The Historical and Orthodox Saint Valentine"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814121950/https://blogs.goarch.org/blog/-/blogs/the-historical-and-orthodox-saint-valentine">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+and+Orthodox+Saint+Valentine&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.aulast=Kyrou&rft.aufirst=Alexandros+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.goarch.org%2Fblog%2F-%2Fblogs%2Fthe-historical-and-orthodox-saint-valentine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Henry Ansgar Kelly, in Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine (Leiden: Brill) 1986, accounts for these and further local Saints Valentine (Ch. 6 "The Genoese Saint Valentine and the observances of May") in arguing that Chaucer had an established tradition in mind, and (pp. 79 ff.) linking the Valentine in question to Valentine, first bishop of Genoa, the only Saint Valentine honoured with a feast in springtime, the season indicated by Chaucer. Valentine of Genoa was treated by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus of Verazze</a> in his Chronicle of Genoa (Kelly p. 85). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Oxford Dictionary of Saints, s.v. "Valentine": "The <a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum" title="Acta Sanctorum">Acts</a> of both are unreliable, and the Bollandists assert that these two Valentines were in fact one and the same." </li> <li id="cite_note-Matilda_Webb_2001-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Matilda_Webb_2001_20-0">^</a> Matilda Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome, 2001, Sussex Academic Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novareinna.com/festive/saintval.html">"Saint Valentine's Day: Legend of the Saint"</a>. novareinna.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205081733/http://www.novareinna.com/festive/saintval.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Valentine%27s+Day%3A+Legend+of+the+Saint&rft.pub=novareinna.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novareinna.com%2Ffestive%2Fsaintval.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeera2011" class="citation book cs1">Meera, Lester (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredtravels2750000lest">Sacred Travels</a>. Adams Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440525469" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440525469"><bdi>978-1440525469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Travels&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1440525469&rft.aulast=Meera&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredtravels2750000lest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_23-1">b</a> Alison Chapman. Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature. Routledge. pg. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-ansgar-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar_24-3">d</a> Ansgar, 1986, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_bqdZbKPztMC&dq=saint+valentine%27s+lupercalia+year&pg=PA60">58–63</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001215758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bqdZbKPztMC&pg=PA60&dq=saint%20valentine%27s%20lupercalia%20year&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uXI4T8CgLITX0QWB4OiSAg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwATgK">Archived</a> October 1, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine"</a>. newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220035/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+St.+Valentine&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15254a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Calendarium Romanum ex Decreto Sacrosancti Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani II Instauratum Auctoritate Pauli PP. VI Promulgatum (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, MCMLXIX), p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church" class="citation web cs1">Catholic Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20030317_ordinamento-messale_en.html">"General Instruction of the Roman MissalMISSAL"</a>. Vatican.va. Para 355: Catholic Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421184003/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20030317_ordinamento-messale_en.html%23II._MASSES_FOR_THE_DEAD">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=General+Instruction+of+the+Roman+MissalMISSAL&rft.au=Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccdds%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccdds_doc_20030317_ordinamento-messale_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravmir.com/st-valentines-day-legend-and-reality/">"St. Valentine"</a>. pravmir.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116185820/http://www.pravmir.com/st-valentines-day-legend-and-reality/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pravmir.com&rft.atitle=St.+Valentine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravmir.com%2Fst-valentines-day-legend-and-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525101359/http://www.stmarina.org/valentine.html">"Coptic Orthodox Church – From Where Valentine's Day Comes From"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmarina.org/valentine.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Church+%E2%80%93+From+Where+Valentine%27s+Day+Comes+From&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmarina.org%2Fvalentine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017022328/http://www.happy-valentines-day-2014.com/2014/01/valentines-day-history-myths.html">"Happy Valentine's Day History And Myths Behind It"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.happy-valentines-day-2014.com/2014/01/valentines-day-history-myths.html">the original</a> on October 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Valentine%27s+Day+History+And+Myths+Behind+It&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.happy-valentines-day-2014.com%2F2014%2F01%2Fvalentines-day-history-myths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JC_Cooper_2013-31"><a href="#cite_ref-JC_Cooper_2013_31-0">^</a> J.C. Cooper, Dictionary of Christianity, 2013, Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-oruch-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oruch_32-6">g</a> Oruch, Jack B., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847741">St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621050226/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2847741">Archived</a> June 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Speculum, 56 (1981): 534–65. Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colfa.utsa.edu/chaucer/ec23.html">Colfa.utsa.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416132301/http://colfa.utsa.edu/chaucer/ec23.html">Archived</a> April 16, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ansgar49-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar49_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar49_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar49_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar49_33-3">d</a> Ansgar, 1986, pp. 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer1894-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer1894_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1894" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blUXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA384">A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic</a>. <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co." title="J. B. Lippincott & Co.">J. B. Lippincott & Co.</a> p. 384. <q>St. Valentine, laying his hand upon her eyes, said in prayer, "O Thou who art the true Light, give light to this Thy servant." Instantly sight was restored to the blind child. Asterius and his wife, falling at the feet of Valentine, prayed that they might be admitted into the Christian fellowship; whereupon St. Valentine commanded them to break their idols, to fast for three days, to forgive their enemies, and to be baptized. Asterius and his wife did all the saint told them to do, and Valentine baptized them and all their household, to the number of forty-six in all. —Les Petits Bollandistes, vol. ii. pp. 510, 511.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Miracles%3A+Imitative%2C+Realistic%2C+and+Dogmatic&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Ebenezer+Cobham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblUXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden169.htm">Legenda Aurea, "Saint Valentine"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904010018/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden169.htm">Archived</a> September 4, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, catholic-forum.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-your_valentine-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-your_valentine_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-your_valentine_36-1">b</a> Ansgar, 1986, p. 59. It originated in the 1797 edition of Kemmish's Annual, according to Frank Staff, The Valentine and Its Origins (London, 1969), p. 122. Ansgar was unable to corroborate this. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruth_Lee_1952-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruth_Lee_1952_37-0">^</a> Ruth Webb Lee, A History of Valentines, 1952, Studio Publications in association with Crowell. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/st-valentine-beheaded">"St. Valentine beheaded – Feb 14, 278"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a>. February 14, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316200003/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/st-valentine-beheaded">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015. <q>When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Valentine was arrested and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. The sentence was carried out on February 14, on or about the year 270. Legend also has it that while in jail, St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Valentine+beheaded+%E2%80%93+Feb+14%2C+278&rft.pub=History&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fst-valentine-beheaded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> John Foxe. Voices of the Martyrs. Bridge Logos Foundation. pg. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100202/http://www.carmelites.ie/ireland/whitefriar%20st/valentine.htm">"Shrine of St Valentine, Whitefriar Street Church"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carmelites.ie/ireland/whitefriar%20st/valentine.htm">the original</a> on January 26, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrine+of+St+Valentine%2C+Whitefriar+Street+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carmelites.ie%2Fireland%2Fwhitefriar%2520st%2Fvalentine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Harkness_1961-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Harkness_1961_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Harkness_1961_41-1">b</a> David James Harkness, Legends and Lore: Southerns Indians Flowers Holidays, vol. XL, No. 2, April 1961, University of Tennessee Newsletter (bimonthly), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Max_Christensen_1997-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Max_Christensen_1997_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Max_Christensen_1997_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Max_Christensen_1997_42-2">c</a> Max L. Christensen, Heroes and Saints: More Stories of People Who Made a Difference, 1997, Westminster John Knox Press. Chapter "The First Valentine", p. 25 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/066425702X" title="Special:BookSources/066425702X">066425702X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monger2013-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Monger2013_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Monger2013" class="citation book cs1">George Monger (April 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avDXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA665">Marriage Customs of the World: An Encyclopedia of Dating Customs and Wedding Traditions, Expanded Second Edition [2 Volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 665–671. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-664-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-664-5"><bdi>978-1-59884-664-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914170136/https://books.google.com/books?id=avDXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA665">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+Customs+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Dating+Customs+and+Wedding+Traditions%2C+Expanded+Second+Edition+%26%2391%3B2+Volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=665-671&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-664-5&rft.au=George+Monger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavDXAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Staff_1969-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Staff_1969_44-0">^</a> Frank Staff, The Valentine & Its Origins, 1969, Frederick A. Praeger. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMNH_1958-45"><a href="#cite_ref-AMNH_1958_45-0">^</a> The Illustrated Library of the Natural Sciences, Volume 1, 1958, Simon and Schuster. p. 85 "The amethyst is the birthstone for February, and Saint Valentine is supposed to have worn an amethyst engraved with a figure of Cupid" </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesse2007-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Hesse2007_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner_W._Hesse2007" class="citation book cs1">Rayner W. Hesse (January 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA21">Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33507-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33507-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33507-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915012025/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2015. <q>It appears as the birthstone from February probably due to its association with Saint Valentine; therefore, amethyst has often been worn to attract love.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewelrymaking+Through+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33507-5&rft.au=Rayner+W.+Hesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIWEi5Hg93gC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.information-britain.co.uk/customdetail.php?id=45">"British Folk Customs, Jack Valentine, Norfolk"</a>. information-britain.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113208/http://www.information-britain.co.uk/customdetail.php?id=45">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=information-britain.co.uk&rft.atitle=British+Folk+Customs%2C+Jack+Valentine%2C+Norfolk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.information-britain.co.uk%2Fcustomdetail.php%3Fid%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628122719/http://www.visitnorwich.co.uk/valentines-romantic-norfolk.aspx">"Valentines Day Past and Present in the Norwich area and Norfolk"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitnorwich.co.uk/valentines-romantic-norfolk.aspx">the original</a> on June 28, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valentines+Day+Past+and+Present+in+the+Norwich+area+and+Norfolk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitnorwich.co.uk%2Fvalentines-romantic-norfolk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GG2008-02-15-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GG2008-02-15_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GG2008-02-15_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliner2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kliner, Pavla (February 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118054048/http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/gg_plus/index.php?action=clanek&id=17462">"Sv. Valentin, prvi spomladin"</a> [St Valentin, the First Spring Saint]. Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/gg_plus/index.php?action=clanek&id=17462">the original</a> on January 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gorenjski+glas&rft.atitle=Sv.+Valentin%2C+prvi+spomladin&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Kliner&rft.aufirst=Pavla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gorenjskiglas.si%2Fnovice%2Fgg_plus%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dclanek%26id%3D17462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnevnik.si/novice/prosti_cas/1042422995">"Vreme kot nalašč za izlete"</a> [Weather As on Purpose for Trips]. Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). February 9, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092540/http://dnevnik.si/novice/prosti_cas/1042422995">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dnevnik.si&rft.atitle=Vreme+kot+nala%C5%A1%C4%8D+za+izlete&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnevnik.si%2Fnovice%2Fprosti_cas%2F1042422995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Matthew_Kaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Matthew Kaylor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Wa7SIsAQgAC&q=saint+valentine%27s+day+lupercalia&pg=PA235">Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde</a> (electronic ed.). <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a> Press. p. footnote 2 in page 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-210-4126-9" title="Special:BookSources/80-210-4126-9"><bdi>80-210-4126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secreted+Desires%3A+The+Major+Uranians%3A+Hopkins%2C+Pater+and+Wilde&rft.pages=footnote+2+in+page+235&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Masaryk+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=80-210-4126-9&rft.au=Michael+Matthew+Kaylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Wa7SIsAQgAC%26q%3Dsaint%2Bvalentine%2527s%2Bday%2Blupercalia%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDForbes2015-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BDForbes2015_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDForbes2015_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2015" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Bruce David (October 27, 2015). America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520284722" title="Special:BookSources/9780520284722"><bdi>9780520284722</bdi></a>. <q>There is no indication in suppressing the Lupercalia, Gelasius put anything else in its place. Much later, in the 1500s, a Cardinal Baronius speculated that Gelasius converted the Lupercalia into the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin (or Candlemas), changing one purification ceremony into another, and many noted authors have repeated this claim. Recent scholarship has refuted Baronius's assertion...there is no evidence that Gelasius advocated a celebration of Valentine's Day as a replacement for the Lupercalia. ... The letter by Gelasius to Andromachus criticizing the Lupercalia contains no reference to Valentine, or Valentine's Day, or any replacement observance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Favorite+Holidays%3A+Candid+Histories&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft.isbn=9780520284722&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oruch_lupercalia-55"><a href="#cite_ref-oruch_lupercalia_55-0">^</a> Jack B. Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February" Speculum 56.3 (July 1981:534–565) </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-1">b</a> Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-ansgar2001-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar2001_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar2001_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeg_Sullivan2001" class="citation web cs1">Meg Sullivan (February 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403001553/http://spotlight.ucla.edu/faculty/henry-kelly_valentine/">"Henry Ansgar Kelly, Valentine's Day"</a>. UCLA Spotlight. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spotlight.ucla.edu/faculty/henry-kelly_valentine/">the original</a> on April 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Spotlight&rft.atitle=Henry+Ansgar+Kelly%2C+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.au=Meg+Sullivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspotlight.ucla.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fhenry-kelly_valentine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The Complete Works of Chaucer, ed. F.N. Robinson, Oxford University Press, London, p. 366, lines 309-315. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 389, lines 309-315. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Kelly, Henry Ansgar, Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine (Brill Academic Publishers, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07849-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07849-5">90-04-07849-5</a>. Chapter 6 The Genoese St. Valentine, p. 80–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205160538/http://www.iol.co.za/general/newsview.php?art_id=qw981696180625B241&click_id=1890&set_id=1">"Take heart, Valentine's every other week"</a>. Independent Online. February 9, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/general/newsview.php?art_id=qw981696180625B241&click_id=1890&set_id=1">the original</a> on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2012. <q>Kelly gives the saint's day of the Genoese Valentine as May 3 and also claims that Richard's engagement was announced on this day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Online&rft.atitle=Take+heart%2C+Valentine%27s+every+other+week&rft.date=2001-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fgeneral%2Fnewsview.php%3Fart_id%3Dqw981696180625B241%26click_id%3D1890%26set_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/chaucer/PF.html">"Chaucer: The Parliament of Fowls"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121120252/http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/chaucer/PF.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaucer%3A+The+Parliament+of+Fowls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.wsu.edu%2F~delahoyd%2Fchaucer%2FPF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988">, wsu.edu </li> <li id="cite_note-oruch_539-64"><a href="#cite_ref-oruch_539_64-0">^</a> Oruch 1981:539. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ansgar, 1986, Chapter 5, Grandson, Pardo and Gower, pp. 64–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-ansgar_court-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar_court_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ansgar_court_66-1">b</a> Ansgar, 1986, Chapter 8, The Hibermantino of the Mating Season, pp. 131–138 </li> <li id="cite_note-goodrich-67"><a href="#cite_ref-goodrich_67-0">^</a> Goodrich, Peter (1996) Law in the Courts of Love </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:A_Farewell_to_Love" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:A Farewell to Love">wikisource:Translation:A Farewell to Love</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">wikisource</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day">History Channel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022134903/http://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day">Archived</a> October 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, historychannel.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Davis, Norman. The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling. Oxford University Press, 1983 pp. 233–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Spenser, The Faery Queene iii, Canto 6, Stanza 6: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/fq/fq32.htm">on-line text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061514/http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/fq/fq32.htm">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gammer Gurton's Garland (London, 1784) in I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd ed., 1997), p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtAqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22I+drew+thee+to+my+Valentine%22&pg=PA14">Gammer Gurton's Garland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141821/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtAqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22I+drew+thee+to+my+Valentine%22&pg=PA14">Archived</a> March 24, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, original 1810 version. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala_djvu.txt">1810 version reprinted in 1866</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410212732/https://archive.org/stream/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala_djvu.txt">Archived</a> April 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> that uses more modern grammar like "should" instead of "shou'd". </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_Krug_Hotchkiss1910" class="citation web cs1">Vivian Krug Hotchkiss (February 14, 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/vals.html">"Emotionscards.com"</a>. Emotionscards.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807022738/http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/vals.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emotionscards.com&rft.pub=Emotionscards.com&rft.date=1910-02-14&rft.au=Vivian+Krug+Hotchkiss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emotionscards.com%2Fmuseum%2Fvals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmu.ac.uk/news/news-items/1218/">"Valentine cards reveal Britain's relationship history"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415135805/http://www.mmu.ac.uk/news/news-items/1218/">Archived</a> April 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manchester Metropolitan University, Retrieved February 8, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, David. Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44, 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Popular+Culture%3A+England+1750%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=44%2C+45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Charles Panati (1987). Extraordinary origins of everyday things. p.57. Perennial Library, 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialcollections.mmu.ac.uk/victoria.php">"MMU Special Collections – Victorian Ephemera"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109164103/http://www.specialcollections.mmu.ac.uk/victoria.php">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MMU+Special+Collections+%E2%80%93+Victorian+Ephemera&rft.pub=Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialcollections.mmu.ac.uk%2Fvictoria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Seddon1996" class="citation book cs1">Laura Seddon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5swmAAAACAAJ&q=Victorian+Valentines+seddon">Victorian Valentines: A Guide to the Laura Seddon Collection of Valentine Cards in Manchester Metropolitan University Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901276544" title="Special:BookSources/9780901276544"><bdi>9780901276544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103002756/http://books.google.com/books?id=5swmAAAACAAJ&dq=Victorian+Valentines+seddon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2OJ8UuGqEqLR7AbPt4CgBw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Valentines%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Laura+Seddon+Collection+of+Valentine+Cards+in+Manchester+Metropolitan+University+Library&rft.pub=Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780901276544&rft.au=Laura+Seddon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5swmAAAACAAJ%26q%3DVictorian%2BValentines%2Bseddon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-american-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-american_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-american_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204150611/http://www.greetingcard.org/userfiles/file/2010%20Valentines%20Day.pdf">"Americans Valentine's Day"</a> (PDF). U.S. Greeting Card Association. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greetingcard.org/userfiles/file/2010%20Valentines%20Day.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Americans+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.pub=U.S.+Greeting+Card+Association&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greetingcard.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2F2010%2520Valentines%2520Day.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-devereux-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devereux_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devereux_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEve_Devereux2006" class="citation book cs1">Eve Devereux (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCAC8mnwEIEC">Love & Romance Facts, Figures & Fun</a> (illustrated ed.). AAPPL Artists & Photographers Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904332-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-904332-33-1"><bdi>1-904332-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+%26+Romance+Facts%2C+Figures+%26+Fun&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=AAPPL+Artists+%26+Photographers+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904332-33-1&rft.au=Eve+Devereux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCAC8mnwEIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Hobbies, Volume 52, Issues 7–12 p.18. Lightner Pub. Co., 1947 </li> <li id="cite_note-TRE-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TRE_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivian_Krug_Hotchkiss,_Emotions_Greeting_Cards,_VH_Productions,_mailbag@emotionscards.com" class="citation web cs1">Vivian Krug Hotchkiss, Emotions Greeting Cards, VH Productions, mailbag@emotionscards.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/estherhowland.htm">"Esther Howland"</a>. Emotionscards.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235315/http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/estherhowland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esther+Howland&rft.pub=Emotionscards.com&rft.au=Vivian+Krug+Hotchkiss%2C+Emotions+Greeting+Cards%2C+VH+Productions%2C+mailbag%40emotionscards.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emotionscards.com%2Fmuseum%2Festherhowland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Dean, Dorothy (1990) On the Collectible Trail p.90. Discovery Publications, 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Quoted in Schmidt 1993:209. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Gaskell, Elizabeth Cranford and Selected Short Stories p. 258. Wordsworth Editions, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204235054/http://www.brc.org.uk/details04.asp?id=1091&kCat=&kData=1">"Valentine's Day spending set to top £1.9bn in United Kingdom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Retail_Consortium" title="British Retail Consortium">British Retail Consortium</a>. 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The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&q=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90">Guinness World Records 2017</a>. Guinness World Records. September 8, 2016. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910561348" title="Special:BookSources/9781910561348"><bdi>9781910561348</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141123/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&q=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2021. <q><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cadbury" title="Richard Cadbury">Richard Cadbury</a>, eldest son of John Cadbury who founded the now iconic brand, was the first chocolate-maker to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2017&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.isbn=9781910561348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxAyDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcadbury%2Bchocolate%2Bboxes%2B1868%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-91"><a href="#cite_ref-wp_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz2012" class="citation news cs1">Lenz, Kristin (February 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/on-valentines-day-do-we-still-need-hallmark/2012/02/08/gIQAsaKP4Q_story.html">"On Valentine's Day, do we still need Hallmark?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217220055/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/on-valentines-day-do-we-still-need-hallmark/2012/02/08/gIQAsaKP4Q_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=On+Valentine%27s+Day%2C+do+we+still+need+Hallmark%3F&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fon-valentines-day-do-we-still-need-hallmark%2F2012%2F02%2F08%2FgIQAsaKP4Q_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">New Patterns for Worship. Church of England. 2002. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715120603" title="Special:BookSources/0715120603"><bdi>0715120603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Patterns+for+Worship&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Church+of+England&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0715120603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Sharon (February 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windsorstar.com/news/for-valentines-day-married-couples-invited-to-renew-vows-at-trinity-lutheran-church-this-valentines-day">"Married couples invited to renew vows on Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Star" title="Windsor Star">Windsor Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228120118/https://windsorstar.com/news/for-valentines-day-married-couples-invited-to-renew-vows-at-trinity-lutheran-church-this-valentines-day">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Married+couples+invited+to+renew+vows+on+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.pub=Windsor+Star&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwindsorstar.com%2Fnews%2Ffor-valentines-day-married-couples-invited-to-renew-vows-at-trinity-lutheran-church-this-valentines-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeahan2016" class="citation news cs1">Teahan, Madeleine (February 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/12/bishops-release-novena-for-single-catholics-ahead-of-st-valentines-day/">"Bishops release novena for single Catholics ahead of St Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Herald">The Catholic Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213092804/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/12/bishops-release-novena-for-single-catholics-ahead-of-st-valentines-day/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2016. 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Retrieved February 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taliban+crack+down+against+Valentine%27s+Day+in+Kabul+-+La+Prensa+Latina+Media&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laprensalatina.com%2Ftaliban-crack-down-against-valentines-day-in-kabul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtvonline.com/others/33951/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE">"ভালোবাসা দিবস নিয়ে ইতিহাসে যত কথা"</a>. RTV Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829145130/https://www.rtvonline.com/others/33951/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2021. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226144711/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/14/these-countries-have-banned-valentines-day.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2021. 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Retrieved February 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jagonews24.com&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%27+%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagonews24.com%2Fnational%2Fnews%2F212941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomp2009" class="citation book cs1">Schomp, Virginia (2009). The ancient Chinese. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4216-5"><bdi>978-0-7614-4216-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Chinese&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-4216-5&rft.aulast=Schomp&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2007-03/13/content_1202804.htm">"White Day Triggers Consumption Enthusiasm"</a>. china.org.cn. China Internet Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206092055/http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2007-03/13/content_1202804.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=White+Day+Triggers+Consumption+Enthusiasm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Farchive%2F2007-03%2F13%2Fcontent_1202804.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rana-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rana_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rana_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rana_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rana_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rana_122-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana,_Vijay2002" class="citation web cs1">Rana, Vijay (February 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1820440.stm">"India's fascination with Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202102700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1820440.stm">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=India%27s+fascination+with+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2002-02-14&rft.au=Rana%2C+Vijay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1820440.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2014" class="citation news cs1">Basu, Tanya (November 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/the-politics-of-pda-in-india-kiss-protest/382877/">"The Politics of PDA in India"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073445/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/the-politics-of-pda-in-india-kiss-protest/382877/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+PDA+in+India&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F11%2Fthe-politics-of-pda-in-india-kiss-protest%2F382877%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-derne-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derne_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derne_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derne_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Derné2008" class="citation book cs1">Steve Derné (2008). "7. Globalizing gender culture. Transnational cultural flows and the intensification of male dominance in India". In Kathy E. Ferguson; Monique Mironesco (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60o6NLFlbhoC">Gender and globalization in Asia and the Pacific: method, practice, theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 127–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3241-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-3241-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913214911/https://books.google.com/books?id=60o6NLFlbhoC">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Globalizing+gender+culture.+Transnational+cultural+flows+and+the+intensification+of+male+dominance+in+India&rft.btitle=Gender+and+globalization+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+method%2C+practice%2C+theory&rft.pages=127-129&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3241-4&rft.au=Steve+Dern%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60o6NLFlbhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/2018/feb/13/why-most-indians-do-not-find-valentines-day-special-1772745.html">"Why most Indians do not find Valentine's Day special"</a>. The New Indian Express. February 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926115649/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/2018/feb/13/why-most-indians-do-not-find-valentines-day-special-1772745.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Why+most+Indians+do+not+find+Valentine%27s+Day+special&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Flifestyle%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fwhy-most-indians-do-not-find-valentines-day-special-1772745.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubscribe" class="citation web cs1">Subscribe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindujagruti.org/hindu-issues/western-influence/valentine-day">"Beware of Valentine's Day – A cultural conversion of Hindus !"</a>. Hindu Janajagruti Samiti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214023304/https://www.hindujagruti.org/hindu-issues/western-influence/valentine-day">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindu+Janajagruti+Samiti&rft.atitle=Beware+of+Valentine%27s+Day+%E2%80%93+A+cultural+conversion+of+Hindus+%21&rft.au=Subscribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindujagruti.org%2Fhindu-issues%2Fwestern-influence%2Fvalentine-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/islamic-body-urges-youths-not-to-celebrate-v-day-in-country-s-interest/story-QtvrtgXKPXboa5SmqGn5xI.html">"Islamic body urges youths not to celebrate V-Day in country's interest"</a>. Hindustan Times. February 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214519/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/islamic-body-urges-youths-not-to-celebrate-v-day-in-country-s-interest/story-QtvrtgXKPXboa5SmqGn5xI.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Islamic+body+urges+youths+not+to+celebrate+V-Day+in+country%27s+interest&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Flucknow%2Fislamic-body-urges-youths-not-to-celebrate-v-day-in-country-s-interest%2Fstory-QtvrtgXKPXboa5SmqGn5xI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monger-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monger_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monger_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Monger2004" class="citation book cs1">George Monger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C">Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-987-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-987-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021194854/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+customs+of+the+world%3A+from+henna+to+honeymoons&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-987-4&rft.au=George+Monger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8JlWxBYs40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandbrook-129"><a href="#cite_ref-sandbrook_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Mathew_Varughese2003" class="citation book cs1">Anil Mathew Varughese (2003). "Globalization versus cultural authenticity? Valentine's Day and Hindu values". In Richard Sandbrook (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSZD-bpo3S8C">Civilizing globalization: a survival guide</a>. SUNY series in radical social and political theory (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5667-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5667-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915000124/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSZD-bpo3S8C">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Globalization+versus+cultural+authenticity%3F+Valentine%27s+Day+and+Hindu+values&rft.btitle=Civilizing+globalization%3A+a+survival+guide&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+radical+social+and+political+theory&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5667-5&rft.au=Anil+Mathew+Varughese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSZD-bpo3S8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcanger-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcanger_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcanger_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2749667.stm">"Hindu and Muslim anger at Valentine's"</a>. BBC. February 11, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2749667.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Muslim+anger+at+Valentine%27s&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F2749667.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Satya (1996). "The cultural costs of a globalized economy for India". Dialectical Anthropology. 21 (3–4): 299–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00245771">10.1007/BF00245771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4092">0304-4092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144173442">144173442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+cultural+costs+of+a+globalized+economy+for+India&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=299-316&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144173442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0304-4092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00245771&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Satya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankekar1999" class="citation book cs1">Mankekar, Purnima (1999). 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February 14, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-14/bhubaneswar/31058660_1_couples-malls-bajrang-dal">the original</a> on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Valentine%27s+Day%3A+Fear+stalks+couples+on+day+of+love&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2012-02-14%2Fbhubaneswar%2F31058660_1_couples-malls-bajrang-dal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514104326/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/bhubaneswar/31062703_1_bajrang-dal-couples-dal-workers">"Bajrang Dal threat keeps couples at bay on V-Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. February 15, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/bhubaneswar/31062703_1_bajrang-dal-couples-dal-workers">the original</a> on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bajrang+Dal+threat+keeps+couples+at+bay+on+V-Day&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2012-02-15%2Fbhubaneswar%2F31062703_1_bajrang-dal-couples-dal-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau2023" class="citation news cs1">Bureau, The Hindu (February 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/celebrate-cow-hug-day-on-february-14-animal-welfare-board-of-india/article66485661.ece">"Animal Welfare Board wants to mark February 14 as Cow Hug Day"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210232243/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/celebrate-cow-hug-day-on-february-14-animal-welfare-board-of-india/article66485661.ece">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Animal+Welfare+Board+wants+to+mark+February+14+as+Cow+Hug+Day&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=The+Hindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcelebrate-cow-hug-day-on-february-14-animal-welfare-board-of-india%2Farticle66485661.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogul2023" class="citation web cs1">Mogul, Rhea (February 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/11/india/india-valentines-day-cow-hug-intl-hnk/index.html">"India tried to rebrand Valentine's Day as 'Cow Hug Day.' Here's how it backfired"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212145623/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/11/india/india-valentines-day-cow-hug-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=India+tried+to+rebrand+Valentine%27s+Day+as+%27Cow+Hug+Day.%27+Here%27s+how+it+backfired&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.aulast=Mogul&rft.aufirst=Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F02%2F11%2Findia%2Findia-valentines-day-cow-hug-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imna.ir/news/409141/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF">"Who brought Valentine to Iran?"</a>. Imna News (in Persian). February 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809113123/https://www.imna.ir/news/409141/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%DA%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imna+News&rft.atitle=Who+brought+Valentine+to+Iran%3F&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imna.ir%2Fnews%2F409141%2F%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25DA%2586%25D9%2587-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A2%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranfocus.com/en/iran-general/22507-iran-shops-banned-from-selling-valentine-gifts/">"Iran shops banned from selling Valentine gifts"</a>. Iran Focus. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. January 2, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916155956/https://www.iranfocus.com/en/iran-general/22507-iran-shops-banned-from-selling-valentine-gifts/">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Focus&rft.atitle=Iran+shops+banned+from+selling+Valentine+gifts&rft.date=2011-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranfocus.com%2Fen%2Firan-general%2F22507-iran-shops-banned-from-selling-valentine-gifts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/iranians-celebrate-valentines-day-despite-its-being-banned/">"Iranians celebrate Valentine's Day, despite its being banned"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. February 14, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916194702/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/iranians-celebrate-valentines-day-despite-its-being-banned/">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Iranians+celebrate+Valentine%27s+Day%2C+despite+its+being+banned&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fnation-world%2Firanians-celebrate-valentines-day-despite-its-being-banned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86">"راه درست برخورد با ولنتاین"</a> (in Persian). fararunews. February 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170742/https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.date=2017-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffararu.com%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F262279%2F%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinyamin_Kagedan2012" class="citation news cs1">Binyamin Kagedan (February 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=279840">"Evolution of Tu Be'av into Jewish Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310234015/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=279840">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Tu+Be%27av+into+Jewish+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.au=Binyamin+Kagedan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewishWorld%2FJewishFeatures%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D279840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-japantimes-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-japantimes_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordenker2006" class="citation news cs1">Gordenker, Alice (March 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/03/21/news/white-day/">"White Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106054215/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/03/21/news/white-day/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=White+Day&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft.aulast=Gordenker&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2006%2F03%2F21%2Fnews%2Fwhite-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rupp-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rupp_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Rupp2003" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Rupp (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHkyUp-EH2MC&q=japan+valentine%27s+day&pg=PA145">Gift-giving in Japan: cash, connections, cosmologies</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 149–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4704-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4704-0"><bdi>0-8047-4704-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141209/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHkyUp-EH2MC&q=japan+valentine%27s+day&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved November 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gift-giving+in+Japan%3A+cash%2C+connections%2C+cosmologies&rft.pages=149-151&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8047-4704-0&rft.au=Katherine+Rupp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHkyUp-EH2MC%26q%3Djapan%2Bvalentine%2527s%2Bday%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jasgp-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jasgp_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasgp_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasgp_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasgp_145-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Yeager2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chris Yeager (February 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083844/http://jasgp.org/content/view/636/179/">"Valentine's Day in Japan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_America_Society_of_Greater_Philadelphia" title="Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia">Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia</a> (JASGP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jasgp.org/content/view/636/179/">the original</a> on July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Valentine%27s+Day+in+Japan&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.au=Chris+Yeager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjasgp.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F636%2F179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-yoshimura-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yoshimura_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoshimura_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoshimura_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoshimura_146-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisa_Yoshimura2006" class="citation journal cs1">Risa Yoshimura (February 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427124136/http://pacer.utm.edu/2926.htm">"No matter where you're from, Valentine's Day still means the same"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pacer" title="The Pacer">The Pacer</a>. 78 (18). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacer.utm.edu/2926.htm">the original</a> on April 27, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pacer&rft.atitle=No+matter+where+you%27re+from%2C+Valentine%27s+Day+still+means+the+same&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft.au=Risa+Yoshimura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacer.utm.edu%2F2926.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuko_Ogasawara1998" class="citation book cs1">Yuko Ogasawara (1998). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Office_Ladies_and_Salaried_Men:_Power,_Gender,_and_Work_in_Japanese_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies">Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies</a> (illustrated ed.). Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_yjfAZo4jIC&q=japan+chocolate+saint+valentin&pg=PA98">98</a>–113, 142–154, 156, 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21044-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21044-1"><bdi>0-520-21044-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Office+Ladies+and+Salaried+Men%3A+Power%2C+Gender%2C+and+Work+in+Japanese+Companies&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=98-113%2C+142-154%2C+156%2C+163&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-520-21044-1&rft.au=Yuko+Ogasawara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Huza2007" class="citation web cs1">Ron Huza (February 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084251/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=2ae6a44a-2f29-45a3-a257-2a13b3d3149d">"Lost in translation: The cultural divide over Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">The Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=2ae6a44a-2f29-45a3-a257-2a13b3d3149d">the original</a> on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Lost+in+translation%3A+The+cultural+divide+over+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft.au=Ron+Huza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fmontrealgazette%2Fnews%2Feditorial%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2ae6a44a-2f29-45a3-a257-2a13b3d3149d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429094726/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_634485.html">"Malaysian Muslims warned against Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. February 13, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_634485.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Malaysian+Muslims+warned+against+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2FBreakingNews%2FSEAsia%2FStory%2FSTIStory_634485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12443104">"Malaysia Warns Muslims of Valentine's Day Trap"</a>. BBC News. February 13, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104223300/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12443104">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Malaysia+Warns+Muslims+of+Valentine%27s+Day+Trap&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-12443104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219111614/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/malaysia-arrests-100-muslim-couples-for-celebrating-lovers-day/422743">"Malaysia Arrests 100 Muslim Couples for Celebrating Lovers' Day"</a>. 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Retrieved August 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Malaysia+Arrests+100+Muslim+Couples+for+Celebrating+Lovers%27+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fhome%2Fmalaysia-arrests-100-muslim-couples-for-celebrating-lovers-day%2F422743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.org.my/mns/allPDF/TAZKIRAH%2029%20090106%20Valentine%20Day.pdf">"[Tazkirah] Kemungkaran 'Valentine Day'"</a> (PDF). Sabah State Mosque Da'wah (in Malay). 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Retrieved February 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sabah+State+Mosque+Da%27wah&rft.atitle=%5BTazkirah%5D+Kemungkaran+%27Valentine+Day%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.org.my%2Fmns%2FallPDF%2FTAZKIRAH%252029%2520090106%2520Valentine%2520Day.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210041124/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1474">"Too much power surrendered to Imams and Muftis"</a>. Daily Express. January 18, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1474">the original</a> on February 10, 2017. 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Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Hundreds+wed+each+year+on+Valentine%27s+Day+in+Philippines&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guampdn.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbayanihan%2F2017%2F02%2F18%2Fhundreds-wed-each-year-valentines-day-philippines%2F97540694%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_2002-165"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_2002_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1818642.stm">"Cooling the ardour of Valentine's Day"</a>. BBC News. February 3, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1818642.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cooling+the+ardour+of+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2002-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1818642.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_saudi-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_saudi_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_saudi_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7239005.stm">"Saudis clamp down on valentines"</a>. BBC News. February 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112212609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7239005.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudis+clamp+down+on+valentines&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7239005.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times_2010-167"><a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_2010_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz,_Meris2010" class="citation news cs1">Lutz, Meris (February 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-13-la-fg-saudi-valentine13-2010feb13-story.html">"Saudi officials put the squeeze on Valentine's Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LA_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Times">LA Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306125412/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/13/world/la-fg-saudi-valentine13-2010feb13">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+officials+put+the+squeeze+on+Valentine%27s+Day&rft.date=2010-02-13&rft.au=Lutz%2C+Meris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2010-feb-13-la-fg-saudi-valentine13-2010feb13-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2012" class="citation news cs1">BBC (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-15/saudi-heart-breakers/3830624">"Religious police swoop on Valentine's Day lovers"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130214153122">the original</a> on September 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Gazette&rft.atitle=Police%2C+Hai%27a+deny+special+Valentine%27s+Day+crackdowns&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.au=Fatima+Muhammad&rft.au=Mariam+Nihal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Findex.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dhome.regcon%26contentid%3D20130214153122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Raialyoum.com, February 13, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7994.htm#_edn2">"Saudis Sentenced To Prison, Flogging For Celebrating Valentine's Day."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104223259/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7994.htm#_edn2">Archived</a> January 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MEMRI.org. May 20, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207104420/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1246766/saudi-arabia">"Un-forbidden love: Saudis enjoy second 'religious police-free' Valentine's Day"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/1246766/saudi-arabia">the original</a> on February 7, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un-forbidden+love%3A+Saudis+enjoy+second+%27religious+police-free%27+Valentine%27s+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1246766%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab.news/5t39k">"Valentine is not 'haram', says ex-Saudi religious police boss"</a>. Arab News. February 15, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324140945/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1247011/saudi-arabia">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Valentine+is+not+%27haram%27%2C+says+ex-Saudi+religious+police+boss&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2F5t39k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2018" class="citation web cs1">AFP (February 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1389589">"Saudi cleric endorses Valentine's Day as 'positive event'"</a>. Dawn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115003959/https://www.dawn.com/news/1389589">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+cleric+endorses+Valentine%27s+Day+as+%27positive+event%27&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1389589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217041952/http://www.centredaily.com/479/story/1118881.html">"Korea rivals U.S. in romantic holidays"</a>. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea+rivals+U.S.+in+romantic+holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centredaily.com%2F479%2Fstory%2F1118881.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), Centre Daily Times, February 14, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-s6brap2ev-176"><a href="#cite_ref-s6brap2ev_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/Berta/tahtpaev-valentinipaev.php">"BERTA – Eesti rahvakalendri tähtpäevade andmebaas"</a>. folklore.ee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219074035/http://www.folklore.ee/Berta/tahtpaev-valentinipaev.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=folklore.ee&rft.atitle=BERTA+%E2%80%93+Eesti+rahvakalendri+t%C3%A4htp%C3%A4evade+andmebaas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2FBerta%2Ftahtpaev-valentinipaev.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travelfranceonline.com/valentines-day-saint-valentin-tradition/">"Traditions in france for valentine's day celebration"</a>. Culture x Tourism. January 23, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020308/https://travelfranceonline.com/valentines-day-saint-valentin-tradition/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+x+Tourism&rft.atitle=Traditions+in+france+for+valentine%27s+day+celebration&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravelfranceonline.com%2Fvalentines-day-saint-valentin-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cretegazette.com/2009-02/agios-yakinthos.php">"Agios Yakinthos"</a>. Crete Gazette. February 1, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073555/https://www.cretegazette.com/2009-02/agios-yakinthos.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crete+Gazette&rft.atitle=Agios+Yakinthos&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cretegazette.com%2F2009-02%2Fagios-yakinthos.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grreporter.info/en/young_greeks_celebrate_valentines_day_home/6100">"Young Greeks celebrate Valentine's Day at home"</a>. GR Reporter. February 14, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073614/http://www.grreporter.info/en/young_greeks_celebrate_valentines_day_home/6100">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GR+Reporter&rft.atitle=Young+Greeks+celebrate+Valentine%27s+Day+at+home&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grreporter.info%2Fen%2Fyoung_greeks_celebrate_valentines_day_home%2F6100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrishCentral2017-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IrishCentral2017_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IrishCentral2017_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/travel/love-seekers-show-up-at-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-116076619-237369251">"Love-seekers show up at St. Valentine's resting place in Dublin"</a>. IrishCentral. February 10, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214183306/http://www.irishcentral.com/travel/love-seekers-show-up-at-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-116076619-237369251">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Love-seekers+show+up+at+St.+Valentine%27s+resting+place+in+Dublin&rft.pub=IrishCentral&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Ftravel%2Flove-seekers-show-up-at-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-116076619-237369251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecker2010" class="citation news cs1">Hecker, Jurgen (February 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7212675/Irish-priests-keep-a-candle-for-Saint-Valentine.html">"Irish priests keep a candle for Saint Valentine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207011336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7212675/Irish-priests-keep-a-candle-for-Saint-Valentine.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018. <q>A book in the church is filled with countless wishes addressed to the patron saint of lovers, while a steady stream of locals and visitors alike pray here for help in their amorous quests. "God has someone in mind for me, and I obviously haven't met him yet. So I just hope that Saint Valentine will assist me, that I will find him," said one female visitor. Another added: "We just prayed to find the right one, and I believe I will be led to him when the time is right."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Irish+priests+keep+a+candle+for+Saint+Valentine&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Hecker&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2Fexpatnews%2F7212675%2FIrish-priests-keep-a-candle-for-Saint-Valentine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_182-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chelmno.pl/pl/category/miasto-zakochanych/patron-zakochanych/">"Patron zakochanych – Chełmno – miasto zakochanych"</a> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214234240/https://chelmno.pl/pl/category/miasto-zakochanych/patron-zakochanych/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patron+zakochanych+%E2%80%93+Che%C5%82mno+%E2%80%93+miasto+zakochanych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchelmno.pl%2Fpl%2Fcategory%2Fmiasto-zakochanych%2Fpatron-zakochanych%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poelzl2009-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Poelzl2009_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoelzl2009" class="citation book cs1">Poelzl, Volker (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRqJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">CultureShock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette</a>. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814435628" title="Special:BookSources/9789814435628"><bdi>9789814435628</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+Portugal%3A+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789814435628&rft.aulast=Poelzl&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRqJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627093822/http://www.cultura.ro/Documents.aspx?ID=190">"Valentine's Day versus Dragobete"</a>. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valentine%27s+Day+versus+Dragobete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultura.ro%2FDocuments.aspx%3FID%3D190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), cultura.ro (in Romanian) </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolandia.eu/dragobete-celebrating-love-romanian-style/">"Dragobete 's Day – Celebrating love in the Romanian style"</a>. Romania Tours. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021851/http://www.rolandia.eu/dragobete-celebrating-love-romanian-style/">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romania+Tours&rft.atitle=Dragobete+%27s+Day+%E2%80%93+Celebrating+love+in+the+Romanian+style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rolandia.eu%2Fdragobete-celebrating-love-romanian-style%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuza" class="citation news cs1">Cuza, Elena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elenacuza.ro/site/finlanda/dragobeteeng.htm">"dragobeteeng"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217043014/http://www.elenacuza.ro/site/finlanda/dragobeteeng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=dragobeteeng&rft.aulast=Cuza&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elenacuza.ro%2Fsite%2Ffinlanda%2Fdragobeteeng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skandiblog-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skandiblog_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skandiblog_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipa2017" class="citation web cs1">Ripa, Ellen (February 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skandihome.com/skandiblog/inspiration/valentines-day-the-scandinavian-way/">"Valentine's Day the Scandinavian way"</a>. Skandiblog. Skandihome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073458/http://skandihome.com/skandiblog/inspiration/valentines-day-the-scandinavian-way/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skandiblog&rft.atitle=Valentine%27s+Day+the+Scandinavian+way&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Ripa&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskandihome.com%2Fskandiblog%2Finspiration%2Fvalentines-day-the-scandinavian-way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/650924/survey-on-valentine-s-day-celebration-traditions-in-sweden-by-gender/">"Sweden: Valentine's Day celebration traditions by gender 2016"</a>. Statista. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202710/https://www.statista.com/statistics/650924/survey-on-valentine-s-day-celebration-traditions-in-sweden-by-gender/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Sweden%3A+Valentine%27s+Day+celebration+traditions+by+gender+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F650924%2Fsurvey-on-valentine-s-day-celebration-traditions-in-sweden-by-gender%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc_es-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc_es_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_es_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214101116/https://www.abc.es/historia/20140214/abci-valentin-llego-espana-201401281300.html">"Y San Valentín llegó a España de mano de Galerías Preciados"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a> (in Spanish). February 13, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/historia/20140214/abci-valentin-llego-espana-201401281300.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Y+San+Valent%C3%ADn+lleg%C3%B3+a+Espa%C3%B1a+de+mano+de+Galer%C3%ADas+Preciados&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fhistoria%2F20140214%2Fabci-valentin-llego-espana-201401281300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/last-valentines-day-i-was-in-a-relationship-this-year-im-single-and-i-know-ill-enjoy-it-a-hell-of-a-a6867026.html">"Last Valentine's Day I was in a relationship. This year I'm single – and I know I'll enjoy it"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604182945/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/last-valentines-day-i-was-in-a-relationship-this-year-im-single-and-i-know-ill-enjoy-it-a-hell-of-a-a6867026.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Last+Valentine%27s+Day+I+was+in+a+relationship.+This+year+I%27m+single+%E2%80%93+and+I+know+I%27ll+enjoy+it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Flast-valentines-day-i-was-in-a-relationship-this-year-im-single-and-i-know-ill-enjoy-it-a-hell-of-a-a6867026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/st-dwynwen-day-welsh-valentine-8505890">"7 things you probably didn't know about St Dwynwen's Day"</a>. Wales Online. January 25, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195259/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/st-dwynwen-day-welsh-valentine-8505890">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=7+things+you+probably+didn%27t+know+about+St+Dwynwen%27s+Day&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fst-dwynwen-day-welsh-valentine-8505890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/valentines-day-2016-jane-austen-tops-poll-to-find-most-romantic-line-from-literature-film-and-tv-a6863091.html">"Valentine's Day 2016: Jane Austen tops poll to find most romantic line from literature, film and TV"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604192543/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/valentines-day-2016-jane-austen-tops-poll-to-find-most-romantic-line-from-literature-film-and-tv-a6863091.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Valentine%27s+Day+2016%3A+Jane+Austen+tops+poll+to+find+most+romantic+line+from+literature%2C+film+and+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fvalentines-day-2016-jane-austen-tops-poll-to-find-most-romantic-line-from-literature-film-and-tv-a6863091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2011/01/110103_l21_valentine_banned.shtml">"چاپ تزئینات ولنتاین در ایران ممنوع شد"</a> (in Persian). BBC news. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228071714/http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2011/01/110103_l21_valentine_banned.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE+%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%B4%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpersian%2Firan%2F2011%2F01%2F110103_l21_valentine_banned.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86">"راه درست برخورد با ولنتاین"</a> (in Persian). fararunews. February 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170742/https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2020. 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Yong Journalists Club. Yong Journalists Club. February 13, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415191053/https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7663939/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%85-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. 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Sammarco (January 24, 2022). Valentine's Day Traditions in Boston. America Through Time. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1635001075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1635001075"><bdi>978-1635001075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valentine%27s+Day+Traditions+in+Boston&rft.pub=America+Through+Time&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1635001075&rft.au=Anthony+M.+Sammarco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentine%27s+Day" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valentine's Day</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Day">Tafsut</a> (28)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Victory Day</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Water_Day" title="World Water Day">World Water Day</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blood_Donor_Day" title="World Blood Donor Day">Maghrebi Blood Donation Day</a> (30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring vacation</a> (2 last weeks)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Knowledge Day</a> (16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_day" title="Election day">Election Day</a> (Thursday)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Day" title="World Press Freedom Day">World Press Freedom Day</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> (last Sunday)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June–July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a> (varies)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a> (21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Algeria)" title="Independence Day (Algeria)">Independence Day</a> (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a> (21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> (31)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Revolution Day</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Winter vacation</a> (2 last weeks)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Hijri New Year's Day</a> (Muharram 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> (Muharram 10) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura_in_Algeria" title="Ashura in Algeria">Ashura in Algeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a> (Rabi' al-Awwal 12) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid_in_Algeria" title="Mawlid in Algeria">Mawlid in Algeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (Ramadan 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (Ramadan 27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (Shawwal 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Day of Arafah</a> (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month. See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Template:Public holidays in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">Año Nuevo</a></li> <li>Día de la Constitución</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Natalicio de Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Día del Trabajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Día de Independencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Day_(Mexico)" title="Revolution Day (Mexico)">Día de la Revolución</a></li> <li>Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Navidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Día del Ejército</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_in_Mexico" title="Flag Day in Mexico">Día de la Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Heroica Defensa de Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Navy" title="Mexican Navy">Día de la Marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Grito de Dolores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">Día de los Niños Héroes</a></li> <li>Consumación de la Independencia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Descubrimiento de América</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Día de los Santos Reyes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Día de San Valentín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Día del Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Día de las Madres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Teachers%27_Days" title="List of Teachers' Days">Día del Maestro</a></li> <li>Día del estudiante</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Día del Padre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Día de Todos los Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Día de los Fieles Difuntos</a></li> <li>Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nochebuena" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochebuena">Nochebuena</a></li> <li>Dia de los Santos Inocentes</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valentine's Day</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March <a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April <a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June <a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September <a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October <a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1163788/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4367342-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116621">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123199197">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123199197">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000156604&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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