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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Advocation of separate Muslim electorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocation_of_separate_Muslim_electorates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morley–Minto_Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morley–Minto_Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morley–Minto Reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morley–Minto_Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reaction and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AF" title="ভাৰতীয় পৰিষদ আইন, ১৯০৯ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতীয় পৰিষদ আইন, ১৯০৯" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indian Councils Act 1909" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="भारतीय परिषद अधिनियम १९०९ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय परिषद अधिनियम १९०९" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AF%E0%B3%A6%E0%B3%AF" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ ಅಧಿನಿಯಮ ೧೯೦೯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ ಅಧಿನಿಯಮ ೧೯೦೯" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF" title="मॉर्ले मिंटो सुधारणा १९०९ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉर्ले मिंटो सुधारणा १९०९" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_1909" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਕੌਂਸਲ ਐਕਟ 1909 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਕੌਂਸਲ ਐਕਟ 1909" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_1909%D8%A1" title="منٹو مارلے اصلاحات 1909ء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منٹو مارلے اصلاحات 1909ء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%88_%D8%B3%DA%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مارلي منٽو سڌارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مارلي منٽو سڌارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indian Councils Act 1909" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D,_1909" title="இந்திய அரசுச் சட்டம், 1909 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய அரசுச் சட்டம், 1909" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_1909" title="ఇండియన్ కౌన్సిల్ యాక్ట్ 1909 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇండియన్ కౌన్సిల్ యాక్ట్ 1909" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_1909%D8%A1" title="منٹو مارلے اصلاحات 1909ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منٹو مارلے اصلاحات 1909ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%8E%B1-%E6%98%8E%E6%89%98%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="莫莱-明托改革 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫莱-明托改革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3567939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Indian Councils Act 1909</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to amend the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and 1892, and the Government of India Act, 1833.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/9_Edw._7" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Edw. 7">9 Edw. 7</a>. c. 4<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlbert1911243_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlbert1911243-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 1909</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Indian Councils Act 1909</b> (<a href="/wiki/9_Edw._7" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Edw. 7">9 Edw. 7</a>. c. 4), commonly known as the <b>Morley–Minto</b> or <b>Minto–Morley Reforms</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Named after <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a>, the act introduced elections to legislative councils and admitted Indians to councils of the Secretary of State for India, the viceroy, and to the executive councils of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> states. Muslims were granted separate electorates according to the demands of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">AIML</a>-<a href="/wiki/India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LordMelgund1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LordMelgund1885.jpg/220px-LordMelgund1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LordMelgund1885.jpg/330px-LordMelgund1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/LordMelgund1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a> met with the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Deputation" title="Simla Deputation">Simla Deputation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, gathering a small group of colonial India's educated elite.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of their main grievances was the difficulty Indians faced when trying to enter the civil service and administrative roles. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> had promised racial equality in the selection of civil servants for the government of India in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, but in practice Indians remained largely outside spheres of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examinations for the services were exclusively held in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and were open only to male applicants between the ages of 17 and 22 (this was later changed to a range of 17 to 19 in 1878).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British administrators' reluctance to accept Indians into the civil service only further closed administrative positions to Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of growing Indian demands, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1892" title="Indian Councils Act 1892">Indian Councils Act 1892</a> introduced several reforms to the legislative councils in British India; it expanded the number of members in the central and provincial councils, and permitted universities and other bodies in India to recommend and elect representatives. However, the government continued to approve many bills despite strong Indian opposition; additionally, it did not give members control over the budget, as they were only allowed to debate it, not vote on it. Unhappy with such minor concessions, many Indian National Congress members blamed the lack of progress on the Congress's moderate strategy and agitated for a more assertive strategy against the British.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Liberal Party's victory in the 1906 general election, liberal philosopher John Morley became the Secretary of State for India; Morley strove to implement the equality of opportunity promised in 1892,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also wished to 'rally the moderates' against a rising wave of radical nationalists and political terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004279–280_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004279–280-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May and June 1906, Morley and the moderate Congress leader Gokhale discussed the Congress's demands for reforming the Secretary of State's Council, the executive councils of the viceroy and governors, and the legislative councils.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1906, during a speech on the Indian Budget in the House of Commons, Morley announced that he would consider proposals on reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spurred leaders of the Muslim League to send the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Deputation" title="Simla Deputation">Simla Deputation</a> to advocate for Muslim interests.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocation_of_separate_Muslim_electorates">Advocation of separate Muslim electorates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advocation of separate Muslim electorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 1906 Minto received the deputation from the newly founded Muslim League, which comprised numerous Muslims from all Indian provinces except for the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">Northwest Frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim League was founded to prevent the rise of an emergence of a Hindu dominated political system,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made a number of demands to Minto. They argued that the special interests of Muslims must be maintained, and pushed for the separate election of Muslims to the provincial councils and requiring the election of a sufficient number of Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council to avoid reducing Muslims to an insignificant minority<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minto encouraged the foundation of the League as a rival organization to the Indian National Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promised to the deputation that they would give consideration to Muslim demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the Muslim League, British administrators also sought to prevent the rise of an Indian majority in the legislature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and persuaded Minto of the danger of Muslim discontent to British rule and that the League's demands were representative of most Indian Muslims' wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morley expressed a desire for reconciliation between territorial representation and Muslim demands, but with the support of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hope_Risley" title="Herbert Hope Risley">Herbert Risley</a>, the Home Secretary, separate Muslim electorates were successfully implemented in the final plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sympathy to the Muslim League led to the false suspicion that the 1906 deputation had been invited by the viceroy, rather than simply received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morley–Minto_Reforms"><span id="Morley.E2.80.93Minto_Reforms"></span>Morley–Minto Reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morley–Minto Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act itself conferred some political reforms. Both central and provincial legislative councils increased in size and expanded their memberships. Local bodies would elect an electoral college, which in turn would elect the members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect members of the central legislature. Under the Act, Muslim members were to be elected by only Muslim voters, dividing the electorate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Previously, provincial councils had a majority of their members appointed by civil service officials, referred to as an "Official Majority"; this system was lifted with the act's passage. However, an official majority was retained on the Central Legislative Council.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The elected Indians were allowed to table resolutions, debate budgetary matters, and ask supplementary questions, which they were previously prevented from doing so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, they were not permitted to discuss foreign policy or relations with the princely states were.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The British executive also retained an absolute veto over all legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_and_legacy">Reaction and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reaction and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the passage of the Act, Morley appointed two Indian members to his council <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also persuaded the viceroy Lord Minto to appoint the first Indian member to the viceroy's Executive Council, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra P. Sinha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Act did increase Indian participation in the legislative councils, the Act did nothing to address the Indian National Congress's demands for colonial self-government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims was viewed by the Congress as an imperial attempt at control through an elective policy of divide-and-rule.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> substantially changed Indian expectations for representation, with India providing substantial support for the British war effort in men, material, and money. India's sacrifice led to stronger demands, which would result in Indian Secretary <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a> announcing further constitutional reforms towards responsible government in 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually leading to the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Government of India Act (disambiguation)">Government of India Act (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1861" title="Indian Councils Act 1861">Indian Councils Act 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1892" title="Indian Councils Act 1892">Indian Councils Act 1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlbert1911243-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlbert1911243_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIlbert1911">Ilbert 1911</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inc.in/">"Indian National Congress"</a>. <i>Indian National Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+National+Congress&rft.atitle=Indian+National+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finc.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Government-of-India-Act-of-1858">"India - Government of India Act of 1858 | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=India+-+Government+of+India+Act+of+1858+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIndia%2FGovernment-of-India-Act-of-1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004278–279_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-of-1909">"Indian Councils Act of 1909"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 4 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Councils+Act+of+1909&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIndian-Councils-Act-of-1909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004279–280-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004279–280_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardy1973" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Peter (25 May 1973). <i>The Muslims of British India</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521097833" title="Special:BookSources/9780521097833"><bdi>9780521097833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+British+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973-05-25&rft.isbn=9780521097833&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Simla_Deputation">"Simla Deputation - Banglapedia"</a>. <i>en.banglapedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.banglapedia.org&rft.atitle=Simla+Deputation+-+Banglapedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FSimla_Deputation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2004280–281_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004">Kulke & Rothermund 2004</a>, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gilbert-John-Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound-4th-earl-of-Minto">"Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th earl of Minto | British official | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gilbert+John+Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound%2C+4th+earl+of+Minto+%7C+British+official+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGilbert-John-Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound-4th-earl-of-Minto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Morley-Minto_Reforms">"Morley-Minto Reforms - Banglapedia"</a>. <i>en.banglapedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.banglapedia.org&rft.atitle=Morley-Minto+Reforms+-+Banglapedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%2FMorley-Minto_Reforms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardy1972" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Thomas Hardy (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Muslims of British India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09783-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09783-3"><bdi>978-0-521-09783-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+British+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09783-3&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDw4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIlbert1911" class="citation journal cs1">Ilbert, Courtenay (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/752520">"The Indian Councils Act, 1909"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-5973">1479-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/752520">752520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Comparative+Legislation&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Councils+Act%2C+1909&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F752520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1479-5973&rft.aulast=Ilbert&rft.aufirst=Courtenay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F752520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermanne; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092618/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf"><i>A History of India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). Routledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermanne&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahandfulofleaves.org%2Fdocuments%2FA%2520History%2520of%2520India_Kulke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf"><i>A Concise History of Modern India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnaorg.com%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2Fconcise-history-india%2Fconcise-history-india.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobb2002" class="citation book cs1">Robb, Peter (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete"><i>A History of India</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Palgrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindia00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1974" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Francis (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/separatismamongi0000robi"><i>Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces' Muslims, 1860–1923</i></a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separatism+Among+Indian+Muslims%3A+The+Politics+of+the+United+Provinces%27+Muslims%2C+1860%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseparatismamongi0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein1998" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Burton (1998). <i>A History of India</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: Blackwell publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17899-6"><bdi>978-0-631-17899-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell+publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17899-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ"><i>The Partition of India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-13aHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Councils+Act+1909" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#gon1909">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/indian_councils_act__1909_1st%20January%201909">CADIndia Original Text of the Indian Councils Act with brief summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027060032/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/indian_councils_act__1909_1st%20January%201909">Archived</a> 27 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&oldid=1278676631">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Councils_Act_1909&oldid=1278676631</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_concerning_India" title="Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India">Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom_Acts_of_Parliament_1909" title="Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1909">United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1909</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_August_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from August 2014">EngvarB from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2014">Use dmy dates from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 March 2025, at 23:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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