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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idaho_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idaho_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Idaho Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idaho_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Statehood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statehood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Miners'_uprisings" 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href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/History of Idaho">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Idaho%22">"History of Idaho"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Idaho%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Idaho%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Idaho%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Idaho%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Idaho%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Idaho</b> is an examination of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social activity</a> within the state of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> area near the west coast of the United States and Canada. Other associated areas include southern Alaska, all of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_inhabitants">Indigenous inhabitants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indigenous inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans may have been present in Idaho for 16,600 years. Recent findings in Cooper's Ferry along the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_River_(Idaho)" title="Salmon River (Idaho)">Salmon River</a> in western Idaho near the town of <a href="/wiki/Cottonwood,_Idaho" title="Cottonwood, Idaho">Cottonwood</a> have unearthed stone tools and animal bone fragments in what may be the oldest evidence of humans in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier excavations in 1959 at Wilson Butte Cave near <a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls, Idaho">Twin Falls</a> revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes predominant in the area in historic times included the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce tribe">Nez Perce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeur d'Alene Tribe">Coeur d'Alene</a> in the north; and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shoshone" title="Northern Shoshone">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Shoshone" title="Western Shoshone">Western Shoshone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bannock_people" title="Bannock people">Bannock peoples</a> in the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_exploration">European exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Cataldo Mission</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg/250px-CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg/375px-CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg/500px-CataldoMission_viewfromNorthWest_HABS1958_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4766" data-file-height="3299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">HABS, view from northwest, in 1957</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cataldo,_Idaho" title="Cataldo, Idaho">Cataldo, Idaho</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1848</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ravalli" title="Antonio Ravalli">Antonio Ravalli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Greek Revival, Colonial</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000312">66000312</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966<sup id="cite_ref-nris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">July 4, 1961<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Idaho was one of the last areas in the lower 48 states of the US to be explored by people of European descent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis and Clark">Lewis and Clark</a> expedition entered present-day Idaho on August 12, 1805, at <a href="/wiki/Lemhi_Pass" title="Lemhi Pass">Lemhi Pass</a>. It is believed that the first "European descent" expedition to enter southern Idaho was by a group led in 1811 and 1812 by <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Price_Hunt" title="Wilson Price Hunt">Wilson Price Hunt</a>, which navigated the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a> while attempting to blaze an all-water trail westward from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria, Oregon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At that time, approximately 8,000 Native Americans lived in the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fur_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trading">Fur trading</a> led to the first significant incursion of Europeans in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Henry_(fur_trader)" title="Andrew Henry (fur trader)">Andrew Henry</a> of the Missouri Fur Company first entered the Snake River plateau in 1810. He built Fort Henry on <a href="/wiki/Henrys_Fork_(Snake_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrys Fork (Snake River)">Henry's Fork</a> on the upper Snake River, near modern <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony,_Idaho" title="St. Anthony, Idaho">St. Anthony, Idaho</a>. However, this first American fur post west of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> was abandoned the following spring. </p><p>The British-owned <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> next entered Idaho and controlled the trade in the Snake River area by the 1820s. The <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>'s interior department of the Columbia was created in June 1816, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackenzie_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Mackenzie (explorer)">Donald Mackenzie</a> was assigned as its head. Mackenzie had previously been employed by Hudson's Bay and had been a partner in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fur_Company" title="Pacific Fur Company">Pacific Fur Company</a>, financed principally by <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>. During these early years, he traveled west with a Pacific Fur Company's party and was involved in the initial exploration of the Salmon River and Clearwater River. The company proceeded down the lower Snake River and Columbia River by canoe, and were the first of the Overland Astorians to reach Fort Astoria, on January 18, 1812. </p><p>Under Mackenzie, the North West Company was a dominant force in the fur trade in the Snake River country. Out of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort George</a> in Astoria, Mackenzie led fur brigades up the Snake River in 1816-1817 and up the lower Snake in 1817-1818. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nez_Perce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Nez Perce">Fort Nez Perce</a>, established in July, 1818, became the staging point for Mackenzies' Snake brigades. The expedition of 1818-1819 explored the Blue Mountains, and traveled down the Snake River to the Bear River and approached the headwaters of the Snake. Mackenzie sought to establish a navigable route up the Snake River from Fort Nez Perce to the Boise area in 1819. While he did succeed in traveling by boat from the Columbia River through the Grand Canyon of the Snake past <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon" title="Hells Canyon">Hells Canyon</a>, he concluded that water transport was generally impractical. Mackenzie held the first <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">rendezvous</a> in the region on the Boise River in 1819. </p><p>Despite their best efforts, early American fur companies in this region had difficulty maintaining the long-distance supply lines from the Missouri River system into the Intermountain West. However, Americans <a href="/wiki/William_H._Ashley" title="William H. Ashley">William H. Ashley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a> expanded the Saint Louis fur trade into Idaho in 1824. The 1832 trapper's rendezvous at <a href="/wiki/Pierre%27s_Hole" title="Pierre's Hole">Pierre's Hole</a>, held at the foot of the Three Tetons in modern <a href="/wiki/Teton_County,_Idaho" title="Teton County, Idaho">Teton County</a>, was followed by an intense battle between the <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre" title="Gros Ventre">Gros Ventre</a> and a large party of American trappers aided by their <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce tribe">Nez Perce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation">Flathead</a> allies. </p><p>The prospect of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> work among the Native Americans also attracted early settlers to the region. In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Kullyspell_House" title="Kullyspell House">Kullyspell House</a>, the first white-owned establishment and first trading post in Idaho, was constructed. In 1836, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Spalding" title="Henry H. Spalding">Henry H. Spalding</a> established a Protestant mission near <a href="/wiki/Lapwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapwai">Lapwai</a>, where he printed the Northwest's first book, established Idaho's first school, developed its first <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation system</a>, and grew the state's first <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narcissa_Whitman" title="Narcissa Whitman">Narcissa Whitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hart_Spalding" title="Eliza Hart Spalding">Eliza Hart Spalding</a> were the first non-native women to enter present-day Idaho. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataldo Mission">Cataldo Mission</a>, the oldest standing building in Idaho, was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Cataldo,_Idaho" title="Cataldo, Idaho">Cataldo</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeur d'Alene (tribe)">Coeur d'Alene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic missionaries">Catholic missionaries</a>. In 1842, Father <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet" title="Pierre-Jean De Smet">Pierre-Jean De Smet</a>, with Fr. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Point" title="Nicholas Point">Nicholas Point</a> and Br. Charles Duet, selected a mission location along the <a href="/wiki/St._Joe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joe River">St. Joe River</a>. The mission was moved a short distance away in 1846, as the original location was subject to flooding. In 1850, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ravalli" title="Antonio Ravalli">Antonio Ravalli</a> designed a new mission building and Indians affiliated with the church effort built the mission, without nails, using the <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub method</a>. In time, the Cataldo mission became an important stop for traders, settlers, and miners. It served as a place for rest from the trail, offered needed supplies, and was a working port for boats heading up the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_River" title="Coeur d'Alene River">Coeur d'Alene River</a>. </p><p>During this time, the region which became Idaho was part of an unorganized territory known as <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, claimed by both the United States and Great Britain. The United States gained undisputed jurisdiction over the region in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> of 1846, although the area was under the <i>de facto</i> jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a> from 1843 to 1849. The original boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> in 1848 included all three of the present-day Pacific Northwest states and extended eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a>. In 1853, areas north of the <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46th Parallel</a> became <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, splitting what is now Idaho in two. The future state was reunited in 1859 after <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> became a state and the boundaries of Washington Territory were redrawn. </p><p>While thousands passed through Idaho on the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> or during the <a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a> of 1849, few people settled there. In 1860, the first of several <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> in Idaho began at <a href="/wiki/Pierce,_Idaho" title="Pierce, Idaho">Pierce</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Clearwater County, Idaho">Clearwater County</a>. By 1862, settlements in both the north and south had formed around the mining boom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_by_non-indigenous_peoples">Settlement by non-indigenous peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Settlement by non-indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_pioneer_history" title="Oregon pioneer history">Oregon pioneer history</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_wars_and_conflicts_of_Idaho" title="Template:Campaignbox Indian wars and conflicts of Idaho"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indian_wars_and_conflicts_of_Idaho" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indian wars and conflicts of Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_wars_and_conflicts_of_Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indian wars and conflicts of Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_wars_and_conflicts_of_Idaho" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian wars</a> and conflicts of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_War" title="Coeur d'Alene War">Coeur d'Alene War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_War" title="Snake War">Snake War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_War" title="Bannock War">Bannock War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepeater_Indian_War" title="Sheepeater Indian War">Sheepeater Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Corridor">Mormon Corridor</a></div> <p>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints missionaries founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lemhi" title="Fort Lemhi">Fort Lemhi</a> in 1855, but the settlement did not last. The first organized town in Idaho was <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Idaho" title="Franklin, Idaho">Franklin</a>, settled in April 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Mormon pioneers</a> who believed they were in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>; although a later survey determined they had crossed the border.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mormon pioneers reached areas near the current-day <a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and established most of the historic and modern communities in Southeastern Idaho. These settlements include <a href="/wiki/Ammon,_Idaho" title="Ammon, Idaho">Ammon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot,_Idaho" title="Blackfoot, Idaho">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chubbuck,_Idaho" title="Chubbuck, Idaho">Chubbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firth,_Idaho" title="Firth, Idaho">Firth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Falls,_Idaho" title="Idaho Falls, Idaho">Idaho Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iona,_Idaho" title="Iona, Idaho">Iona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho" title="Pocatello, Idaho">Pocatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rexburg,_Idaho" title="Rexburg, Idaho">Rexburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigby,_Idaho" title="Rigby, Idaho">Rigby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelley,_Idaho" title="Shelley, Idaho">Shelley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ucon,_Idaho" title="Ucon, Idaho">Ucon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English immigrants</a> settled in what is now the state of Idaho in the late 19th and early 20th century, many before statehood. The English found they had more property rights and paid less taxes than they did back in England. They were considered some of the most desirable immigrants at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many came from humble beginnings and would rise to prominence in Idaho. <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Gooding" title="Frank R. Gooding">Frank R. Gooding</a> was raised in a rural working-class background in England, but was eventually elected as the seventh governor of the state. Today people of English descent make up one fifth of the entire state of Idaho and form a plurality in the southern portion of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many German farmers also settled in what is now Idaho. German settlers were primarily Lutheran across all of the midwest and west, including Idaho, however there were small numbers of Catholics amongst them as well. In parts of Northern Idaho, German remained the dominant language until World War I, when German-Americans were pressured to convert entirely to English. Today, Idahoans of German ancestry make up nearly one fifth of all Idahoans and make up the second largest ethnic group after Idahoans of English descent with people of German ancestry being 18.1% of the state and people of English ancestry being 20.1% of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faust_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conzen_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conzen-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish">Irish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Irish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish Catholics worked in railroad centers such as Boise. Today, 10% of Idahoans self-identify as having Irish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African">African</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/York_(explorer)" title="York (explorer)">York</a>, a slave owned by William Clark but considered a full member of <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a> during expedition to the Pacific, was the first recorded African American in Idaho. There is a significant African American population made up of those who came west after the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">abolition of slavery</a>. Many settled near <a href="/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho" title="Pocatello, Idaho">Pocatello</a> and were <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranchers</a>, entertainers, and farmers. Although free, many blacks suffered <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">discrimination</a> in the early-to-mid-late 20th century. The black population of the state continues to grow as many come to the state because of educational opportunities, to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">military</a>, and for other employment opportunities. There is a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibhm.org/">Black History Museum</a> in Boise, Idaho, with an exhibit known as the "Invisible Idahoan", which chronicles the first African-Americans in the state. Blacks are the fourth largest ethnic group in Idaho according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 census</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Idaho" title="Mountain Home, Idaho">Mountain Home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Idaho" title="Garden City, Idaho">Garden City</a> have significant African-American populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque">Basque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque people</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> in Spain and southern France were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a> in Europe. They came to Idaho, offering hard work and perseverance in exchange for opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest Basque communities in the US is in Boise,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a Basque museum <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and festival held annually in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese in the mid-19th century came to America through <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> to work on the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroad</a> and open businesses. By 1870, there were over 4000 Chinese and they comprised almost 30% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suffered discrimination due to the <a href="/wiki/Sinophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Anti-Chinese League</a> in the 19th century which sought to limit the rights and opportunities of Chinese emigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Asians are third in population demographically after Whites and Hispanics at less than 2%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idaho_Territory">Idaho Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Idaho Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_act#List_of_organic_acts" title="Organic act">Organic act § List of organic acts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Idaho_(1863%E2%80%931866).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seal_of_Idaho_%281863%E2%80%931866%29.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Idaho_%281863%E2%80%931866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seal_of_Idaho_%281863%E2%80%931866%29.jpg/225px-Seal_of_Idaho_%281863%E2%80%931866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seal_of_Idaho_%281863%E2%80%931866%29.jpg/300px-Seal_of_Idaho_%281863%E2%80%931866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Idaho Territory 1863-1866</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Idaho_(1866%E2%80%931890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_Idaho_%281866%E2%80%931890%29.jpg/150px-Seal_of_Idaho_%281866%E2%80%931890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_Idaho_%281866%E2%80%931890%29.jpg/225px-Seal_of_Idaho_%281866%E2%80%931890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_Idaho_%281866%E2%80%931890%29.jpg/300px-Seal_of_Idaho_%281866%E2%80%931890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Seal of Idaho Territory 1866-1890</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 4, 1863, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> signed an act creating <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from portions of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston</a>. The original Idaho Territory included most of the areas that later became the states of Idaho, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and had a population of under 17,000. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state in 1868 and was admitted as a state in 1890. </p><p>After Idaho became a territory, legislation was held in Lewiston, the capital of Idaho Territory at the time. There were many territories acts put into place, and then taken away during these early sessions, one act being the move of the capital city from Lewiston to <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise City.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boise was becoming a growing area after gold was found,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so on December 24, 1864, Boise City was made the final destination of the capital for the Territory of Idaho.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, moving the capital to Boise City created a lot of issues between the territory. This was especially true between the north and south areas in the territory, due to how far south Boise City was.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems with communicating between the north and south contributed to some land in Idaho Territory being transferred to other territories and areas at the time. Idaho’s early boundary changes helped create the current boundaries of Washington, Wyoming, and Montana States as currently exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>In a bid for statehood, Governor <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Stevenson" title="Edward A. Stevenson">Edward A. Stevenson</a> called for a <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Constitutional_Convention" title="Idaho Constitutional Convention">constitutional convention</a> in 1889. The convention approved a constitution on August 6, 1889, and voters approved the constitution on November 5, 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statehood">Statehood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <p>When President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> signed the law admitting Idaho as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> on July 3, 1890, the population was 88,548. <a href="/wiki/George_Laird_Shoup" class="mw-redirect" title="George Laird Shoup">George L. Shoup</a> became the state's first governor, but resigned after only a few weeks in office to take a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Willis_Sweet" title="Willis Sweet">Willis Sweet</a>, a Republican, was the first congressman, 1890 to 1895, representing the state at-large. He vigorously demanded "Free Silver" or the unrestricted coinage of silver into legal tender, in order to pour money into the large silver mining industry in the Mountain West, but he was defeated by supporters of the gold standard. In 1896 he, like many Republicans from silver mining districts, supported the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a> instead of the regular Republican nominee William McKinley.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miners'_uprisings"><span id="Miners.27_uprisings"></span>Miners' uprisings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Miners' uprisings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During its first years of statehood, Idaho was plagued by labor unrest in the mining district of <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a>. In 1892, miners called a strike which <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho_labor_strike_of_1892" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892">developed into a shooting war between union miners and company guards</a>. Each side accused the other of starting the fight. The first shots were exchanged at the Frisco mine in Frisco, in the <a href="/wiki/Burke-Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke-Canyon">Burke-Canyon</a> north and east of <a href="/wiki/Wallace,_Idaho" title="Wallace, Idaho">Wallace</a>. The Frisco mine was blown up, and company guards were taken prisoner. The violence soon spilled over into the nearby community of Gem, where union miners attempted to locate a <a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkerton</a> spy who had infiltrated their union and was passing information to the mine operators. But agent <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Siringo" title="Charlie Siringo">Charlie Siringo</a> escaped by cutting a hole in the floor of his room. Strikers forced the Gem mine to close, then traveled west to the Bunker Hill mining complex near <a href="/wiki/Wardner,_Idaho" title="Wardner, Idaho">Wardner</a>, and closed down that facility as well. Several had been killed in the Burke-Canyon fighting. The <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho National Guard">Idaho National Guard</a> and federal troops were dispatched to the area, and union miners and sympathizers were thrown into <a href="/wiki/Bullpen" title="Bullpen">bullpens</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho_labor_confrontation_of_1899" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899">Hostilities would again erupt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Mining_Company" title="Bunker Hill Mining Company">Bunker Hill facility</a> in 1899, when seventeen union miners were fired for having joined the union. Other union miners were likewise ordered to draw their pay and leave. Angry members of the union converged on the area and blew up the Bunker Hill Mill, killing two company men. </p><p>In both disputes, the union's complaints included pay, hours of work, the right of miners to belong to the union, and the mine owners' use of <a href="/wiki/Labor_spies" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor spies">informants and undercover agents</a>. The violence committed by union miners was answered with a brutal response in 1892 and in 1899. </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Western_Federation_of_Miners" title="Western Federation of Miners">Western Federation of Miners</a> (WFM) union, the battles in the mining district became closely tied to a <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars" title="Colorado Labor Wars">major miners' strike in Colorado</a>. The struggle culminated in the December 1905 assassination of former Governor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Steunenberg" title="Frank Steunenberg">Frank Steunenberg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Horsley" title="Albert Horsley">Harry Orchard</a> (also known as Albert Horsley), a member of the WFM. Orchard was allegedly incensed by Steunenberg's efforts as governor to put down the 1899 miner uprising after being elected on a pro-labor platform. </p><p>Pinkerton detective <a href="/wiki/James_McParland" title="James McParland">James McParland</a> conducted the investigation into the assassination. In 1907, WFM Secretary Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">"Big Bill" Haywood</a> and two other WFM leaders were tried on a charge of conspiracy to murder Steunenberg, with Orchard testifying against them as part of a deal made with McParland. The nationally publicized trial featured Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Edgar_Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William Edgar Borah">William E. Borah</a> as prosecuting attorney and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a> representing the defendants. The defense team <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars#Harry_Orchard_and_the_Independence_Depot_explosion" title="Colorado Labor Wars">presented evidence</a> that Orchard had been a Pinkerton agent and had acted as a paid informant for the <a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Mine_Owners%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association">Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association</a>. Darrow argued that Orchard's real motive in the assassination had been revenge for a declaration of martial law by Steunenberg, which prompted Orchard to gamble away a share in the <a href="/wiki/Hercules_silver_mine" title="Hercules silver mine">Hercules silver mine</a> that would otherwise have made him wealthy. </p><p>Two of the WFM leaders were acquitted in two separate trials, and the third was released. Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life in an Idaho prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_in_Idaho">Mining in Idaho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mining in Idaho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mining in Idaho<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major commercial venture, bringing a great deal of attention to the state. From 1860-1866 <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> produced 19% of all <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in the United States, or 2.5 million ounces. </p><p>Most of Idaho's mining production, 1860–1969, has come from <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> equating to $2.88 billion out of $3.42 billion, according to the best estimates. Of the metallic <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> areas of Idaho, the <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a> region has produced the most by far, and accounts for about 80% of the total Idaho yield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mining_regions">Mining regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mining regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several others—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boise_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boise Basin (page does not exist)">Boise Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_River_Valley" title="Wood River Valley">Wood River Valley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stibnite,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stibnite, Idaho (page does not exist)">Stibnite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackbird,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackbird, Idaho (page does not exist)">Blackbirg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Owyhee_County,_Idaho" title="Owyhee County, Idaho">Owyhee</a>—range considerably above the other big producers. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Idaho" title="Atlanta, Idaho">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bear_Valley,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bear Valley, Idaho (page does not exist)">Bear Valley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bay_Horse,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bay Horse, Idaho (page does not exist)">Bay Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Idaho" title="Florence, Idaho">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilmore,_Idaho" title="Gilmore, Idaho">Gilmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Idaho" title="Mackay, Idaho">Mackay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patterson,_Idaho" title="Patterson, Idaho">Patterson</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yankee_Fork,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yankee Fork, Idaho (page does not exist)">Yankee Fork</a> all ran on the order of ten to twenty million dollars, and <a href="/wiki/Elk_City,_Idaho" title="Elk City, Idaho">Elk City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Idaho" title="Leesburg, Idaho">Leesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierce,_Idaho" title="Pierce, Idaho">Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Bar,_Idaho" title="Rocky Bar, Idaho">Rocky Bar</a>, and Warren's make up the rest of the major Idaho mining areas that stand out in the sixty or so regions of production worthy of mention. </p><p>A number of small operations do not appear in this list of Idaho <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> mining areas: a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> was recovered from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goose_Creek_(Idaho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goose Creek (Idaho) (page does not exist)">Goose Creek</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmon_Meadows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmon Meadows (page does not exist)">Salmon Meadows</a>; a mine near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleveland, Idaho (page does not exist)">Cleveland</a> was prospected in 1922 and produced a little <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> in 1926; a few tons of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall,_Idaho" title="Fort Hall, Idaho">Fort Hall</a>, and a few more tons of copper came from a mine near <a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Idaho" title="Montpelier, Idaho">Montpelier</a>. Similarly, a few tons of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> came from a property near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bear_Lake,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bear Lake, Idaho (page does not exist)">Bear Lake</a>, and lead-<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> is known on <a href="/wiki/Cassia_Creek" title="Cassia Creek">Cassia Creek</a> near <a href="/wiki/Elba,_Idaho" title="Elba, Idaho">Elba</a>. Some gold <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and lead-silver workings are on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Creek_(Idaho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruby Creek (Idaho) (page does not exist)">Ruby Creek</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Elk_River,_Idaho" title="Elk River, Idaho">Elk River</a>, and there is a slightly developed copper operation on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deer_Creek_(Idaho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deer Creek (Idaho) (page does not exist)">Deer Creek</a> near <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Idaho" title="Winchester, Idaho">Winchester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> is known on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roaring_River_(Idaho)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roaring River (Idaho) (page does not exist)">Roaring River</a> and on the east fork of the Salmon. Some scattered mining enterprises have been undertaken around Soldier Mountain and on <a href="/wiki/Chief_Eagle_Eye_Creek_(Payette_River_tributary)" title="Chief Eagle Eye Creek (Payette River tributary)">Chief Eagle Eye Creek</a> north of Montour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progressive_policies">Progressive policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Progressive policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idaho proved to be one of the more receptive states to the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> agenda of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The state embraced progressive policies such as <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> (1896) and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> (1916) before they became federal law. Idahoans were also strongly supportive of <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">Free Silver</a>. The pro-<a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallism</a> <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a> parties of the late 1890s were particularly successful in the state. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> was also a major part of the Progressive movement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, the Idaho legislature passed an Act legalizing the <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a> of some persons institutionalized in the state. The act was vetoed by governor <a href="/wiki/D.W._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Davis">D.W. Davis</a>, who doubted its scientific merits and believed it likely violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal Protection clause">Equal Protection clause</a> of the US Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, the Idaho legislature passed a revised eugenics act, now tailored to avoid Davis's earlier objections. The new law created a state board of eugenics, charged with: </p> <dl><dd>the sterilization of all feebleminded, insane, epileptics, habitual criminals, moral degenerates and sexual perverts who are a menace to society, and providing the means for ascertaining who are such persons.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Eugenics board was eventually folded into the state's health commission; between 1932 and 1964, a total of 30 women and eight men in Idaho were sterilized under this law.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sterilization law was formally repealed in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project,_Idaho_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project%2C_Idaho_1918.jpg/220px-All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project%2C_Idaho_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project%2C_Idaho_1918.jpg/330px-All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project%2C_Idaho_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project%2C_Idaho_1918.jpg/440px-All_female_survey_crew_-_Minidoka_Project%2C_Idaho_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>All female survey crew - Minidoka Project, Idaho 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>After statehood, Idaho's economy began a gradual shift away from mining toward agriculture, particularly in the south. Older mining communities such as Silver City and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Bar,_Idaho" title="Rocky Bar, Idaho">Rocky Bar</a> gave way to agricultural communities incorporated after statehood, such as <a href="/wiki/Nampa,_Idaho" title="Nampa, Idaho">Nampa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls, Idaho">Twin Falls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Milner_Dam" title="Milner Dam">Milner Dam</a> on the Snake River, completed in 1905, allowed for the formation of many agricultural communities in the <a href="/wiki/Magic_Valley" title="Magic Valley">Magic Valley</a> region which had previously been nearly unpopulated. </p><p>Meanwhile, some of the mining towns were able to reinvent themselves as resort communities, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Idaho" title="Blaine County, Idaho">Blaine County</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Valley,_Idaho" title="Sun Valley, Idaho">Sun Valley</a> ski resort opened in 1936. Others, such as Silver City and Rocky Bar, became <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost towns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the north, mining continued to be an important industry for several more decades. The closure of the Bunker Hill Mine complex in <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_County,_Idaho" title="Shoshone County, Idaho">Shoshone County</a> in the early 1980s sent the region's economy into a tailspin. Since that time, a substantial increase in <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> in north Idaho has helped the region to recover. <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a>, a lake-side resort town, is a destination for visitors in the area. </p><p>Beginning in the 1980s, there was a rise in North Idaho of a few <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremist">extremist</a> and "survivalist" political groups, most notably one holding <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">Neo-Nazi</a> views, the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a>. These groups were most heavily concentrated in the Panhandle region of the state, particularly in the vicinity of Coeur d'Alene. </p><p>In 1992 a stand-off occurred between <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marshals" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marshals">U.S. Marshals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/F.B.I." class="mw-redirect" title="F.B.I.">F.B.I.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatist">white separatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Randy_Weaver" title="Randy Weaver">Randy Weaver</a> and his family at their compound at <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a>, located near the small, northern Idaho town of Naples. The ensuing fire-fight and deaths of a U.S. Marshal, and Weaver's son and wife gained national attention, and raised a considerable amount of controversy regarding the nature of acceptable force by the federal government in such situations. </p><p>In 2001, the Aryan Nations compound, which had been located in <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Lake,_Idaho" title="Hayden Lake, Idaho">Hayden Lake, Idaho</a>, was confiscated as a result of a court case, and the organization moved out of state. About the same time Boise installed an impressive stone Human Rights Memorial featuring a bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a> and quotations from her and many other writers extolling human freedom and equality. </p><p>The demographics of the state have changed. Due to this growth in different groups, especially in Boise, the economic expansion surged wrong-economic growth followed the high standard of living and resulted in the "growth of different groups".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The population of Idaho in the 21st Century has been described as sharply divided along geographic and cultural lines due to the center of the state being dominated by sparsely-populated national forests, mountain ranges and recreation sites: "unless you're willing to navigate a treacherous mountain pass, you can't even drive from the north to the south without leaving the state." The northern population gravitates towards <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, the heavily Mormon south-east population towards <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, with an isolated Boise "[being] the closest thing to a <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> that you'll find in America."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 13, 2020, officials from the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare announced the first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the state of Idaho. A woman over the age of 50 from the southwestern part of the state was confirmed to have the coronavirus infection. She contracted the infection while attending a conference in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Conference coordinators notified attendees that three individuals previously tested positive for the coronavirus. The Idahoan did not require hospitalization and was recovering from mild symptoms from her home. At the time of the announcement, there were 1,629 total cases and 41 deaths in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-idaho-firstcase_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idaho-firstcase-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days beforehand, on March 8, a man of age 54 had died of an unknown respiratory illness which his doctor had believed to be <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. The disease was later suspected to be – but never confirmed as – COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 14, state officials announced the second confirmed case within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-idaho-firstcase_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idaho-firstcase-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phd5.idaho.gov/#">South Central Public Health District</a>, announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in <a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Idaho" title="Blaine County, Idaho">Blaine County</a> had contracted the infection.<sup id="cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idhw-3cases-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home. Later on in the day, three additional confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in the state by three of the seven health districts in the state, which brought the confirmed total cases of coronavirus to five in Idaho.<sup id="cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idhw-3cases-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials from Central District Health announced their second confirmed case, which was a male from <a href="/wiki/Ada_County,_Idaho" title="Ada County, Idaho">Ada County</a> in his 50s. He was not hospitalized and was recovering at home. South Central Public Health reported their second confirmed case in a female that is over the age of 70 who was hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idhw-3cases-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Idaho Public Health reported a confirmed positive case in a woman under the age of 60 in <a href="/wiki/Teton_County,_Idaho" title="Teton County, Idaho">Teton County</a>. She had contracted the coronavirus from contact with a confirmed case in a neighboring state; she was not hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idhw-3cases-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Central Public Health District announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in <a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Idaho" title="Blaine County, Idaho">Blaine County</a> had contracted the infection. Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home.<sup id="cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idhw-3cases-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 17, two more confirmed cases of the infection were reported, bringing the total to seven. The first case on this date was by officials from Central District Health reported that a female under the age of 50 in Ada County was recovering at home and was not hospitalized. The second confirmed case was a female over the age of 50 as reported by South Central Public Health officials.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 18, two additional confirmed cases were announced by South Central Public Health District officials. One is a male from Blaine County in his 40s and the other a male in his 80s from <a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_County,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls County, Idaho">Twin Falls County</a>. These cases were the first known <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">community spread</a> transmission of the coronavirus in South Central Idaho.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Idaho">Historical outline of Idaho</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Idaho_history" title="Bibliography of Idaho history">Bibliography of Idaho history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Western_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Western United States">History of the Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Idaho" title="List of people from Idaho">List of people from Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Idaho" title="Territorial evolution of Idaho">Territorial evolution of Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Idaho_history" title="Timeline of Idaho history">Timeline of Idaho history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Boise,_Idaho" title="Timeline of Boise, Idaho">Timeline of Boise, Idaho</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=15%2C000-year-old+Idaho+archaeology+site+now+among+America%27s+oldest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-au%2Fnews%2Ftechandscience%2F15000-year-old-idaho-archaeology-site-now-among-americas-oldest%2Far-AAGzOvA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822011454/http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/fo/shoshone/wilson_butte_cave.html">"Wilson Butte Cave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/fo/shoshone/wilson_butte_cave.html">the original</a> on 2011-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilson+Butte+Cave&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blm.gov%2Fid%2Fst%2Fen%2Ffo%2Fshoshone%2Fwilson_butte_cave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110085821/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=202&ResourceType=Building">"Cataldo Mission"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=202&ResourceType=Building">the original</a> on 2008-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Cataldo+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D202%26ResourceType%3DBuilding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idahohistory.net/Reference+Series/0444.pdf">"idahohistory.net"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Idahohistory.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idahohistory.net&rft.atitle=idahohistory.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idahohistory.net%2FReference%2BSeries%2F0444.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrettEldon_T._Bennett2004" class="citation web cs1">Berrett, Kelton; Eldon T. Bennett (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722000345/http://franklinidaho.org/History2.htm">"Early History of Franklin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Idaho" title="Franklin, Idaho">Franklin, Idaho</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franklinidaho.org/History2.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+Franklin&rft.pub=Franklin%2C+Idaho&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Berrett&rft.aufirst=Kelton&rft.au=Eldon+T.+Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffranklinidaho.org%2FHistory2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rocky Mountain Region by Rick Newby, page 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57">Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America</a> By Dominic J. Pulera.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', <i>Demography</i>, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', <i>Social Science Research</i>, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, U.S. Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200210213530/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-context=ip&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535;&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-tree_id=305&-_skip=25&-redoLog=false&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=04000US01&-geo_id=04000US02&-geo_id=04000US04&-geo_id=04000US05&-geo_id=04000US06&-geo_id=04000US08&-geo_id=04000US09&-geo_id=04000US10&-geo_id=04000US11&-geo_id=04000US12&-geo_id=04000US13&-geo_id=04000US15&-geo_id=04000US16&-geo_id=04000US17&-geo_id=04000US18&-geo_id=04000US19&-geo_id=04000US20&-geo_id=04000US21&-geo_id=04000US22&-geo_id=04000US23&-geo_id=04000US24&-geo_id=04000US25&-geo_id=04000US26&-geo_id=04000US27&-geo_id=04000US28&-geo_id=04000US29&-geo_id=04000US30&-geo_id=04000US31&-geo_id=04000US32&-geo_id=04000US33&-geo_id=04000US34&-geo_id=04000US35&-geo_id=04000US36&-geo_id=04000US37&-geo_id=04000US38&-geo_id=04000US39&-geo_id=04000US40&-geo_id=04000US41&-geo_id=04000US42&-geo_id=04000US44&-geo_id=04000US45&-geo_id=04000US46&-geo_id=04000US47&-geo_id=04000US48&-geo_id=04000US49&-geo_id=04000US50&-geo_id=04000US51&-geo_id=04000US53&-geo_id=04000US54&-geo_id=04000US55&-geo_id=04000US56&-geo_id=04000US72&-geo_id=31000US33100&-geo_id=31000US45300&-geo_id=33000US148&-geo_id=33000US176&-geo_id=33000US206&-geo_id=33000US288&-geo_id=33000US348&-geo_id=33000US408&-geo_id=33000US422&-geo_id=33000US428&-geo_id=33000US488&-geo_id=33000US548&-search_results=01000US&-parsed=true&-format=&-_lang=en">"American FactFinder - Results"</a>. <i>Factfinder.census.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-context=ip&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535;&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-tree_id=305&-_skip=25&-redoLog=false&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=04000US01&-geo_id=04000US02&-geo_id=04000US04&-geo_id=04000US05&-geo_id=04000US06&-geo_id=04000US08&-geo_id=04000US09&-geo_id=04000US10&-geo_id=04000US11&-geo_id=04000US12&-geo_id=04000US13&-geo_id=04000US15&-geo_id=04000US16&-geo_id=04000US17&-geo_id=04000US18&-geo_id=04000US19&-geo_id=04000US20&-geo_id=04000US21&-geo_id=04000US22&-geo_id=04000US23&-geo_id=04000US24&-geo_id=04000US25&-geo_id=04000US26&-geo_id=04000US27&-geo_id=04000US28&-geo_id=04000US29&-geo_id=04000US30&-geo_id=04000US31&-geo_id=04000US32&-geo_id=04000US33&-geo_id=04000US34&-geo_id=04000US35&-geo_id=04000US36&-geo_id=04000US37&-geo_id=04000US38&-geo_id=04000US39&-geo_id=04000US40&-geo_id=04000US41&-geo_id=04000US42&-geo_id=04000US44&-geo_id=04000US45&-geo_id=04000US46&-geo_id=04000US47&-geo_id=04000US48&-geo_id=04000US49&-geo_id=04000US50&-geo_id=04000US51&-geo_id=04000US53&-geo_id=04000US54&-geo_id=04000US55&-geo_id=04000US56&-geo_id=04000US72&-geo_id=31000US33100&-geo_id=31000US45300&-geo_id=33000US148&-geo_id=33000US176&-geo_id=33000US206&-geo_id=33000US288&-geo_id=33000US348&-geo_id=33000US408&-geo_id=33000US422&-geo_id=33000US428&-geo_id=33000US488&-geo_id=33000US548&-search_results=01000US&-parsed=true&-format=&-_lang=en">the original</a> on 10 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Factfinder.census.gov&rft.atitle=American+FactFinder+-+Results&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=U.S.+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FIPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-context%3Dip%26-reg%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%3A535%3B%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%26-ds_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_%26-TABLE_NAMEX%3D%26-ci_type%3DA%26-tree_id%3D305%26-_skip%3D25%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-charIterations%3D047%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-geo_id%3D04000US01%26-geo_id%3D04000US02%26-geo_id%3D04000US04%26-geo_id%3D04000US05%26-geo_id%3D04000US06%26-geo_id%3D04000US08%26-geo_id%3D04000US09%26-geo_id%3D04000US10%26-geo_id%3D04000US11%26-geo_id%3D04000US12%26-geo_id%3D04000US13%26-geo_id%3D04000US15%26-geo_id%3D04000US16%26-geo_id%3D04000US17%26-geo_id%3D04000US18%26-geo_id%3D04000US19%26-geo_id%3D04000US20%26-geo_id%3D04000US21%26-geo_id%3D04000US22%26-geo_id%3D04000US23%26-geo_id%3D04000US24%26-geo_id%3D04000US25%26-geo_id%3D04000US26%26-geo_id%3D04000US27%26-geo_id%3D04000US28%26-geo_id%3D04000US29%26-geo_id%3D04000US30%26-geo_id%3D04000US31%26-geo_id%3D04000US32%26-geo_id%3D04000US33%26-geo_id%3D04000US34%26-geo_id%3D04000US35%26-geo_id%3D04000US36%26-geo_id%3D04000US37%26-geo_id%3D04000US38%26-geo_id%3D04000US39%26-geo_id%3D04000US40%26-geo_id%3D04000US41%26-geo_id%3D04000US42%26-geo_id%3D04000US44%26-geo_id%3D04000US45%26-geo_id%3D04000US46%26-geo_id%3D04000US47%26-geo_id%3D04000US48%26-geo_id%3D04000US49%26-geo_id%3D04000US50%26-geo_id%3D04000US51%26-geo_id%3D04000US53%26-geo_id%3D04000US54%26-geo_id%3D04000US55%26-geo_id%3D04000US56%26-geo_id%3D04000US72%26-geo_id%3D31000US33100%26-geo_id%3D31000US45300%26-geo_id%3D33000US148%26-geo_id%3D33000US176%26-geo_id%3D33000US206%26-geo_id%3D33000US288%26-geo_id%3D33000US348%26-geo_id%3D33000US408%26-geo_id%3D33000US422%26-geo_id%3D33000US428%26-geo_id%3D33000US488%26-geo_id%3D33000US548%26-search_results%3D01000US%26-parsed%3Dtrue%26-format%3D%26-_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faust-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faust_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust1909" class="citation cs2">Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909), <i>The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence</i>, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Element+in+the+United+States+with+Special+Reference+to+Its+Political%2C+Moral%2C+Social%2C+and+Educational+Influence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Albert+Bernhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conzen-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conzen_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConzen1980" class="citation cs2">Conzen, Kathleen (1980), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther">"Germans"</a></span>, in Stephan Thernstrom (ed.), <i>Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</i>, Belknap Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674375122" title="Special:BookSources/0674375122"><bdi>0674375122</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=Harvard+Encyclopedia+of+American+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0674375122&rft.aulast=Conzen&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvardencyclope00ther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sisson, ed. <i>The American Midwest</i> (2007), p. 208; Gross (1996); Johnson (1951).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudy Knauss Paradis, et al. <i>German Milwaukee</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ba/ba.htm">Historical Overview: Basque Americans in the Columbia River Basin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212044850/http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ba/ba.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711150609/http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r48-2286/es/contenidos/noticia/boletin_eusk/en_369/adjuntos/71s_20040617_i.pdf">"Basque Minister for Culture visits Mexico and the U.S.A."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Basque News: informative newsletter about the Basque Autonomous Community</i>. Euskko Jaurlaritzako Lehendakaritza. 2005-07-25. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r48-2286/es/contenidos/noticia/boletin_eusk/en_369/adjuntos/71s_20040617_i.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basque+News%3A+informative+newsletter+about+the+Basque+Autonomous+Community&rft.atitle=Basque+Minister+for+Culture+visits+Mexico+and+the+U.S.A.&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net%2Fr48-2286%2Fes%2Fcontenidos%2Fnoticia%2Fboletin_eusk%2Fen_369%2Fadjuntos%2F71s_20040617_i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basquemuseum.com/museum.asp">Basque Museum and Cultural Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608035616/http://www.basquemuseum.com/museum.asp">Archived</a> 2007-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMADEO" class="citation web cs1">MADEO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/feb/25">"Feb. 25, 1886 | White Idaho Residents Organize Anti-Chinese Convention"</a>. <i>calendar.eji.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calendar.eji.org&rft.atitle=Feb.+25%2C+1886+%7C+White+Idaho+Residents+Organize+Anti-Chinese+Convention&rft.au=MADEO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalendar.eji.org%2Fracial-injustice%2Ffeb%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu1997" class="citation book cs1">Zhu, Liping (1997). <i>Chinaman's chance : the Chinese on the Rocky Mountain mining frontier</i>. <a href="/wiki/Niwot,_Colorado" title="Niwot, Colorado">Niwot, Colorado</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87081-467-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87081-467-2"><bdi>0-87081-467-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36977193">36977193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinaman%27s+chance+%3A+the+Chinese+on+the+Rocky+Mountain+mining+frontier&rft.place=Niwot%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36977193&rft.isbn=0-87081-467-2&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Liping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-808">808</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosnan1918" class="citation book cs1">Brosnan, Cornelius James (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historystateida00brosgoog"><i>History of the State of Idaho</i></a>. C. Scribner's sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historystateida00brosgoog/page/n161">1</a>. <q>idaho history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+State+of+Idaho&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Brosnan&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorystateida00brosgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1B1OAQAAIAAJ&q=history+of+idaho"><i>History of Idaho Territory, Showing Its Resources and Advantages: With Illustrations Descriptive of Its Scenery, Residences, Farms, Mines, Mills, and Hotels, Business Houses, Schools, Churches, & from Original Drawings</i></a>. Ye Galleon Press. 1884. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877701194" title="Special:BookSources/9780877701194"><bdi>9780877701194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Idaho+Territory%2C+Showing+Its+Resources+and+Advantages%3A+With+Illustrations+Descriptive+of+Its+Scenery%2C+Residences%2C+Farms%2C+Mines%2C+Mills%2C+and+Hotels%2C+Business+Houses%2C+Schools%2C+Churches%2C+%26+from+Original+Drawings&rft.pub=Ye+Galleon+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=9780877701194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1B1OAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bidaho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell1913" class="citation book cs1">McConnell, William John (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00mcco"><i>Early History of Idaho</i></a>. Caxton Printers. <q>history of idaho.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+Idaho&rft.pub=Caxton+Printers&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofi00mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1912" class="citation book cs1">Hart, I. W., ed. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8aAAAAYAAJ"><i>Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Idaho 1889</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+and+Debates+of+the+Constitutional+Convention+of+Idaho+1889&rft.pages=III&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQP8aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1912" class="citation book cs1">Hart, I. W., ed. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yv8aAAAAYAAJ"><i>Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Idaho 1889</i></a>. Vol. 2. p. 2037.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+and+Debates+of+the+Constitutional+Convention+of+Idaho+1889&rft.pages=2037&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyv8aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-idaho-statesman/127007078/">"Official Vote: Adopting the Constitution"</a>. <i>The Idaho Statesman</i>. December 4, 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Idaho+Statesman&rft.atitle=Official+Vote%3A+Adopting+the+Constitution&rft.date=1889-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-idaho-statesman%2F127007078%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudius O. Johnson, "The Story of Silver Politics in Idaho, 1892-1902." <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i> (1942): 283-296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41441198">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Pamphlet 68, by W. W. Staley of the University of Idaho. For the United States Statistical Abstract.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Leonard" title="Thomas C. Leonard">Thomas C. Leonard</a> (2016). Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era. Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17586-7">978-0-691-17586-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyster,_L.2014" class="citation web cs1">Lyster, L. (March 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/53234a4a132156674b000250">"Idaho sterilization law vetoed by Governor D.R. [sic] Davis"</a>. <i>Eugenicsarchive.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(March 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/database/documents/53233cfd132156674b00023e">"Idaho legislature passes "An act to create a state board of eugenics"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Eugenicsarchive.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eugenicsarchive.ca&rft.atitle=Idaho+legislature+passes+%22An+act+to+create+a+state+board+of+eugenics%22&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.au=Kersten%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feugenicsarchive.ca%2Fdatabase%2Fdocuments%2F53233cfd132156674b00023e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul,_Julius1965" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Julius (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/ID/ID.html">"Three Generations of Imbeciles Are Enough': State Eugenic Sterilization Laws in American Thought and Practice"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, cited by Kaelber, L. (2011). Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Generations+of+Imbeciles+Are+Enough%27%3A+State+Eugenic+Sterilization+Laws+in+American+Thought+and+Practice.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Walter+Reed+Army+Institute+of+Research%2C+cited+by+Kaelber%2C+L.+%282011%29.+Eugenics%3A+Compulsory+Sterilization+in+50+American+States&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Paul%2C+Julius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~lkaelber%2Feugenics%2FID%2FID.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Idaho Session Laws 1972, page 27, ch. 21, enacted Feb. 19, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Trinklein (2010)Lost States: True Stories of Texlahoma, Transylvania, and Other States That Never Made It. Quirk Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59474-410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59474-410-5">978-1-59474-410-5</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idaho-firstcase-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idaho-firstcase_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idaho-firstcase_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbing-Orr" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Forbing-Orr, Niki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/news/update-contact-phd-first-case-novel-coronavirus-reported-south-central-idaho-second-state">"First case of novel coronavirus in Idaho has been confirmed"</a> (Press release). Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524162811/https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/AboutUs/Newsroom/tabid/130/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2088/UPDATE-CONTACT-FOR-PHD-First-case-of-novel-coronavirus-reported-in-south-central-Idaho-the-second-in-the-state.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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His Family Lived In Fear Of The Coronavirus For 2 Weeks After He Died"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boise_State_Public_Radio" title="Boise State Public Radio">Boise State Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511154531/https://www.boisestatepublicradio.org/health/2020-04-06/he-was-never-tested-his-family-lived-in-fear-of-the-coronavirus-for-2-weeks-after-he-died">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=He+Was+Never+Tested.+His+Family+Lived+In+Fear+Of+The+Coronavirus+For+2+Weeks+After+He+Died&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boisestatepublicradio.org%2Fhealth%2F2020-04-06%2Fhe-was-never-tested-his-family-lived-in-fear-of-the-coronavirus-for-2-weeks-after-he-died&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idhw-3cases-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-idhw-3cases_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbing-Orr2020" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Forbing-Orr, Niki (March 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/news/idaho-reports-three-additional-cases-covid-19-state-total-5">"Idaho reports three additional cases of COVID-19 in the state, for a total of 5"</a> (Press release). Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324122001/https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/AboutUs/Newsroom/tabid/130/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2089/Idaho-reports-three-additional-cases-of-COVID19-in-the-state-for-a-total-of-5.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idaho+reports+three+additional+cases+of+COVID-19+in+the+state%2C+for+a+total+of+5&rft.pub=Idaho+Department+of+Health+and+Welfare&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft.aulast=Forbing-Orr&rft.aufirst=Niki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthandwelfare.idaho.gov%2Fnews%2Fidaho-reports-three-additional-cases-covid-19-state-total-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/AboutUs/Newsroom/tabid/130/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2090/Idaho-reports-two-more-cases-of-COVID19-for-a-total-of-seven-in-the-state.aspx">"Idaho reports two more cases of COVID-19 for a total of seven in the state"</a>. <i>Idaho Department of Health and Welfare</i> (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404072705/https://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/AboutUs/Newsroom/tabid/130/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/2090/Idaho-reports-two-more-cases-of-COVID19-for-a-total-of-seven-in-the-state.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idaho+reports+two+more+cases+of+COVID-19+for+a+total+of+seven+in+the+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthandwelfare.idaho.gov%2FAboutUs%2FNewsroom%2Ftabid%2F130%2FarticleType%2FArticleView%2FarticleId%2F2090%2FIdaho-reports-two-more-cases-of-COVID19-for-a-total-of-seven-in-the-state.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phd5.idaho.gov/Documents/Press-Releases/2020/3-18-2020_Coronavirus_fifthcaseSCPHD.pdf">"Two more cases of novel coronavirus reported in south-central Idaho, including the first case in Twin Falls County"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>South Central Public Health District</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419233456/https://www.phd5.idaho.gov/Documents/Press-Releases/2020/3-18-2020_Coronavirus_fifthcaseSCPHD.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Central+Public+Health+District&rft.atitle=Two+more+cases+of+novel+coronavirus+reported+in+south-central+Idaho%2C+including+the+first+case+in+Twin+Falls+County&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phd5.idaho.gov%2FDocuments%2FPress-Releases%2F2020%2F3-18-2020_Coronavirus_fifthcaseSCPHD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroftFrances_Fuller_Victor1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert Howe</a>; Frances Fuller Victor (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washidahomont00bancrich"><i>History of Washington, Idaho and Montana : 1845-1889</i></a>. San Francisco: History Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9291580">9291580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Washington%2C+Idaho+and+Montana+%3A+1845-1889&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=History+Co&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9291580&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Howe&rft.au=Frances+Fuller+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashidahomont00bancrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealMerle_W._Wells1953" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Merrill D.; Merle W. Wells (1953). <i>History of Idaho</i>. New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6565869">6565869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Idaho&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lewis+Historical+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6565869&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft.au=Merle+W.+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bieter, John Patrick. "The Basques in Idaho." <i>BOGA: Basque Studies Consortium Journal</i> 6.1 (2018): 3-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=boga">online</a>.</li> <li>Bitton, Davis. "The Making of a Community: Blackfoot, Idaho, 1878-1910." <i>Idaho Yesterdays</i> 19#1 (1975): 2-15.</li> <li>Brosnan, Cornelius J. <i>History of the state of Idaho</i> (1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historystateida01brosgoog">online</a></li> <li>Coates, Lawrence G., et al. "The Mormon Settlement of Southeastern Idaho, 1845-1900." <i>Journal of Mormon History</i> 20.2 (1994): 45-62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23286599">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherFederal_Writers'_Project1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vardis_Fisher" title="Vardis Fisher">Fisher, Vardis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1938). <i>Idaho Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_Idaho" title="Caldwell, Idaho">Caldwell, Idaho</a>: Caxton Printers, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962624">962624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idaho+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Caldwell%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=Caxton+Printers%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962624&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Vardis&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hailey, John. <i>The history of Idaho</i> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDhAAAAAYAAJ&dq=idaho+history&pg=PA3">online</a></li> <li>Hawley, James Henry. <i>History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains: vol 3</i> (1920), hundreds of short biographies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyidahogem01hawlgoog/page/n10/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Jensen, Dwight William. <i>Discovering Idaho, a history</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveringidaho00jens">online</a></li> <li>Larson, T. A. "Woman's Rights in Idaho." <i>Idaho Yesterdays</i> 16.1 (1972): 218+.</li> <li>Lovin, Hugh T. "Dreamers, schemers, and doers of Idaho irrigation." <i>Agricultural history</i> 76.2 (2002): 232-243. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3745001">online</a></li> <li>Lovin, Hugh T. <i>Complexity in a Ditch: Bringing Water to the Idaho Desert</i> (2017).</li> <li>Orthel, Bryan D. "Geography, heritage, and things: Analyzing an agricultural landscape in southern Idaho." <i>Geographical Review</i> 112.4 (2022): 569-590.</li> <li>Schwantes, Carlos A. <i>In mountain shadows: A history of Idaho</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inmountainshadow0000schw">online</a></li> <li>Schwantes, Carlos A. <i>The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1996).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimsHope_A._Benedict1992" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Robert C.; Hope A. Benedict (1992). <i>Idaho's Governors</i>. Boise, Idaho: College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs, Boise State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932129-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-932129-13-7"><bdi>0-932129-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idaho%27s+Governors&rft.place=Boise%2C+Idaho&rft.pub=College+of+Social+Sciences+and+Public+Affairs%2C+Boise+State+University&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-932129-13-7&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Hope+A.+Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Idaho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sowards, Adam M. ed. <i>Idaho's Place: A New History of the Gem State</i> (2014), essays</li> <li>Stapilus, Randy. <i>Idaho Myths and Legends: The True Stories Behind History's Mysteries</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EX3IDwAAQBAJ&dq=HISTORY+IDAHO&pg=PR3">online</a></li> <li>Stoll, William Tecumseh. <i>Silver Strike: The true story of silver mining in the Coeur d'Alenes</i> (University of Idaho Press, 1991).</li> <li>Wunder, John R. "The Courts and the Chinese in Frontier Idaho," <i>Idaho Yesterdays</i> 25#1 (1981), 23-32.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Idaho&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idahohistory.net">Idaho History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.claytonidaho.org/about-clayton-idaho">Clayton History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Idaho" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Idaho" title="Template:Idaho"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Idaho" title="Template talk:Idaho"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Idaho" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Idaho"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Idaho" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Idaho" title="Outline of Idaho">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Idaho-related_articles" title="Index of Idaho-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho#Geography" title="Idaho">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho#Law_and_government" title="Idaho">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Idaho" title="United States congressional delegations from Idaho">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Idaho" title="List of governors of Idaho">Governors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Idaho_history" title="Bibliography of Idaho history">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Idaho" title="Category:Images of Idaho">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Idaho" title="List of people from Idaho">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Idaho_state_symbols" title="List of Idaho state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Idaho" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Idaho">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Idaho" title="Abortion in Idaho">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Idaho" title="Climate change in Idaho">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime in Idaho">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Idaho" title="Culture of Idaho">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho#Demographics" title="Idaho">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho#Economy" title="Idaho">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho#Education" title="Idaho">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Idaho" title="Gun laws in Idaho">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Idaho">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho#Politics" title="Idaho">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Idaho" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boise_metropolitan_area" title="Boise metropolitan area">Boise metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_Valley" title="Cache Valley">Cache Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Idaho" title="Central Idaho">Central Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia River Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Idaho" title="Eastern Idaho">Eastern Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northwest" title="Inland Northwest">Inland Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Valley" title="Magic Valley">Magic Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Idaho" title="North Central Idaho">North Central Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho Panhandle">Idaho Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Idaho" title="Southern Idaho">Southern Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Idaho" title="Southwestern Idaho">Southwestern Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Valley" title="Treasure Valley">Treasure Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Range" title="Wasatch Range">Wasatch Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_River_Valley" title="Wood River Valley">Wood River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Idaho" title="List of cities in Idaho">Larger<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nampa,_Idaho" title="Nampa, Idaho">Nampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Idaho" title="Meridian, Idaho">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Falls,_Idaho" title="Idaho Falls, Idaho">Idaho Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho" title="Pocatello, Idaho">Pocatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_Idaho" title="Caldwell, Idaho">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls, Idaho">Twin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Idaho" title="Lewiston, Idaho">Lewiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Falls,_Idaho" title="Post Falls, Idaho">Post Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexburg,_Idaho" title="Rexburg, Idaho"> Rexburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Idaho" title="Moscow, Idaho"> Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle,_Idaho" title="Eagle, Idaho"> Eagle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Idaho" title="List of cities in Idaho">Smaller<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuna,_Idaho" title="Kuna, Idaho">Kuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon,_Idaho" title="Ammon, Idaho">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubbuck,_Idaho" title="Chubbuck, Idaho">Chubbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Idaho" title="Mountain Home, Idaho">Mountain Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden,_Idaho" title="Hayden, Idaho">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot,_Idaho" title="Blackfoot, Idaho">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Idaho" title="Garden City, Idaho">Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome,_Idaho" title="Jerome, Idaho">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burley,_Idaho" title="Burley, Idaho">Burley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Idaho" title="List of counties in Idaho">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_County,_Idaho" title="Ada County, Idaho">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Idaho" title="Adams County, Idaho">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_County,_Idaho" title="Bannock County, Idaho">Bannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_County,_Idaho" title="Bear Lake County, Idaho">Bear Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benewah_County,_Idaho" title="Benewah County, Idaho">Benewah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingham_County,_Idaho" title="Bingham County, Idaho">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Idaho" title="Blaine County, Idaho">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise_County,_Idaho" title="Boise County, Idaho">Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonner_County,_Idaho" title="Bonner County, Idaho">Bonner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_County,_Idaho" title="Bonneville County, Idaho">Bonneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_County,_Idaho" title="Boundary County, Idaho">Boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_Idaho" title="Butte County, Idaho">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camas_County,_Idaho" title="Camas County, Idaho">Camas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_County,_Idaho" title="Canyon County, Idaho">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribou_County,_Idaho" title="Caribou County, Idaho">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_County,_Idaho" title="Cassia County, Idaho">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Idaho" title="Clark County, Idaho">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Idaho" title="Clearwater County, Idaho">Clearwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Idaho" title="Custer County, Idaho">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Idaho" title="Elmore County, Idaho">Elmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Idaho" title="Franklin County, Idaho">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Idaho" title="Fremont County, Idaho">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem_County,_Idaho" title="Gem County, Idaho">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooding_County,_Idaho" title="Gooding County, Idaho">Gooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_County,_Idaho" title="Idaho County, Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Idaho" title="Jefferson County, Idaho">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_County,_Idaho" title="Jerome County, Idaho">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenai_County,_Idaho" title="Kootenai County, Idaho">Kootenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latah_County,_Idaho" title="Latah County, Idaho">Latah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemhi_County,_Idaho" title="Lemhi County, Idaho">Lemhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Idaho" title="Lewis County, Idaho">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Idaho" title="Lincoln County, Idaho">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Idaho" title="Madison County, Idaho">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minidoka_County,_Idaho" title="Minidoka County, Idaho">Minidoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho" title="Nez Perce County, Idaho">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_Idaho" title="Oneida County, Idaho">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_County,_Idaho" title="Owyhee County, Idaho">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payette_County,_Idaho" title="Payette County, Idaho">Payette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_County,_Idaho" title="Power County, Idaho">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_County,_Idaho" title="Shoshone County, Idaho">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teton_County,_Idaho" title="Teton County, Idaho">Teton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_County,_Idaho" title="Twin Falls County, Idaho">Twin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_County,_Idaho" title="Valley County, Idaho">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Idaho" title="Washington County, Idaho">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/32px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/48px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/64px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Idaho" title="Portal:Idaho">Idaho portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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