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</button> <ul id="toc-Common_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_opposed_to_"euthenics"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_opposed_to_"euthenics""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>As opposed to "euthenics"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_opposed_to_"euthenics"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical eugenics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_eugenics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical eugenics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient and medieval origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Academic origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Early opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns_over_human_devolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_over_human_devolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Concerns over human devolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_over_human_devolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dysgenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dysgenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Dysgenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dysgenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_sterilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_sterilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compulsory sterilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_sterilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eugenic_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenic_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Eugenic feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenic_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>North American eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eugenics_in_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics_in_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Eugenics in Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics_in_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazism_and_the_decline_of_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism_and_the_decline_of_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Nazism and the decline of eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism_and_the_decline_of_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>In Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contested_scientific_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contested_scientific_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contested scientific status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contested_scientific_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contested scientific status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contested_scientific_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_scientific_validity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_scientific_validity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Arguments for scientific validity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_scientific_validity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objections_to_scientific_validity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objections_to_scientific_validity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Objections to scientific validity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objections_to_scientific_validity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contested_ethical_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contested_ethical_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contested ethical status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contested_ethical_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contested ethical status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contested_ethical_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_ethical_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_ethical_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Contemporary ethical opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_ethical_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_ethical_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_ethical_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Contemporary ethical advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_ethical_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugenics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenetika" title="Eugenetika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eugenetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="تحسين النسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحسين النسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iu-seng-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Iu-seng-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iu-seng-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евгеника – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евгеника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Евгеникэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Евгеникэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen%C3%A8sia" title="Eugenèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eugenèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евгеника – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Евгеника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewgeneg" title="Ewgeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewgeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenik" title="Eugenik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eugenik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenik" title="Eugenik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eugenik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeenika" title="Eugeenika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eugeenika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ευγονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευγονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenesia" title="Eugenesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eugenesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADgeniko" title="Eŭgeniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭgeniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenesia" title="Eugenesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eugenesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اصلاح نژاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصلاح نژاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nisme" title="Eugénisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eugénisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoiginic" title="Eoiginic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eoiginic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxenesia" title="Euxenesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Euxenesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%83%9D%ED%95%99" title="우생학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우생학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Եվգենիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվգենիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniko" title="Eugeniko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eugeniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfb%C3%B3tastefna" title="Arfbótastefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arfbótastefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenetica" title="Eugenetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eugenetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="איגניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenetika" title="Eugenetika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eugenetika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ევგენიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევგენიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евгеника – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Евгеника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эвгеника – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эвгеника" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenica" title="Eugenica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eugenica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eig%C4%93nika" title="Eigēnika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eigēnika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евгеника – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евгеника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eujinika" title="Eujinika – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Eujinika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenetica" title="Eugenetica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eugenetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="優生学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="優生学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenikk" title="Eugenikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eugenikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenisme" title="Eugenisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eugenisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgenika" title="Yevgenika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevgenika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="د انساني نژاد اصلاح – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انساني نژاد اصلاح" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia" title="Eugenia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eugenia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenism" title="Eugenism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eugenism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Евгеника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евгеника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugjenika" title="Eugjenika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eugjenika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eugenics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgenika" title="Evgenika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evgenika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Еугеника – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еугеника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenika" title="Eugenika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eugenika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeniikka" title="Eugeniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eugeniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashygien" title="Rashygien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rashygien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สุพันธุศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุพันธุศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96jenik" title="Öjenik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öjenik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Євгеніка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євгеніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_%C6%B0u_sinh" title="Thuyết ưu sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết ưu sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="优生学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="优生学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學 – Cantonese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg/330px-Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg/500px-Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg/960px-Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2993" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>A 1930s exhibit by the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics Society">Eugenics Society</a>. Some of the signs read "Healthy and Unhealthy Families", "<a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a> as the Basis of Efficiency" and "Marry Wisely".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eugenics</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">JEN</span>-iks</i></a>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BD%90%CC%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:εὐ̃">εύ̃</a><i> (eû)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">good, well</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <i> </i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:-γενής">-γενής</a><i> (genḗs)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">born, come into being, growing/grown</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> quality of a <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galton_1904_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galton_1904-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> by inhibiting the fertility of people and groups they considered inferior, or promoting that of those considered superior.<sup id="cite_ref-Spektorowski_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spektorowski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#United_Kingdom" title="History of eugenics">British eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada#History_of_eugenics_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Canadian eugenics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Evang" title="Karl Evang">Karl Evang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Alfred Mjøen (page does not exist)">Jon Alfred Mjøen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en" class="extiw" title="no:Jon Alfred Mjøen">no</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Without significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">With significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/20px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/40px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The contemporary <a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">history of eugenics</a> began in the late 19th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then spread to many countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most European countries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Germany</a>). In this period, people from across the political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve the quality of their populations' genetic stock. </p><p>Historically, the idea of <i>eugenics</i> has been used to argue for a broad array of practices ranging from <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">prenatal care</a> for mothers deemed genetically desirable to the forced sterilization and murder of those deemed unfit.<sup id="cite_ref-Spektorowski_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spektorowski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population geneticists</a>, the term has included the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> without altering <a href="/wiki/Allele_frequency" title="Allele frequency">allele frequencies</a>; for example, British-Indian scientist <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> wrote in 1940 that "the motor bus, by breaking up inbred village communities, was a powerful eugenic agent."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debate as to what exactly counts as eugenics continues today.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early eugenicists were mostly concerned with factors of measured <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(trait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (trait)">intelligence</a> that often correlated strongly with social class. </p><p>Although it originated as a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive social movement</a> in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contemporary usage in the 21st century, the term is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>. New, <a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">liberal eugenics</a> seeks to dissociate itself from old, authoritarian eugenics by rejecting coercive state programs and relying on parental choice.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_distinctions">Common distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg/250px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg/500px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> wrote the early paper: "Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics", making yet further distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Eugenic programs included both <i>positive</i> measures, such as encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, and <i>negative</i> measures, such as marriage prohibitions and <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a> of people deemed unfit for reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Spektorowski_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spektorowski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 104–155">: 104–155 </span></sup> </p><p>In other words, positive eugenics is aimed at encouraging reproduction among the genetically advantaged, for example, the eminently intelligent, the healthy, and the successful. Possible approaches include financial and political stimuli, targeted demographic analyses, <i>in vitro</i> fertilization, egg transplants, and cloning.<sup id="cite_ref-glad2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glad2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative eugenics aimed to eliminate, through sterilization or segregation, those deemed physically, mentally, or morally "undesirable". This includes abortions, sterilization, and other methods of family planning.<sup id="cite_ref-glad2008_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glad2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both positive and negative eugenics can be coercive; in Nazi Germany, for example, abortion was illegal for women deemed by the state to be fit.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_opposed_to_"euthenics""><span id="As_opposed_to_.22euthenics.22"></span>As opposed to "euthenics"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As opposed to "euthenics""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nature-nurture_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature-nurture debate">Nature-nurture debate</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellen_Swallow_Richards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ellen Swallow Richards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ellen_Swallow_Richards.jpg/150px-Ellen_Swallow_Richards.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Ellen_Swallow_Richards.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Clifford_Lathrop_first_chief_US_Childrens_Bureau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Julia Clifford Lathrop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Julia_Clifford_Lathrop_first_chief_US_Childrens_Bureau.jpg/250px-Julia_Clifford_Lathrop_first_chief_US_Childrens_Bureau.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Julia_Clifford_Lathrop_first_chief_US_Childrens_Bureau.jpg/330px-Julia_Clifford_Lathrop_first_chief_US_Childrens_Bureau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a> (left), the first female student and instructor at MIT, was one of the first to use the term, while <a href="/wiki/Julia_Clifford_Lathrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Clifford Lathrop">Julia Clifford Lathrop</a> (right) continued to promote it in the form of an interdisciplinary academic program later to be mostly absorbed into the field of <i><a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">home economics</a></i>.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the study of improvement of human functioning and <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> by improvement of <a href="/wiki/Living_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Living condition">living conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Euthenics_free_dictionary_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euthenics_free_dictionary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Improvement" is conducted by altering external factors such as <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and the controllable <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environments</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, education regarding <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">home economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">housing</a>, as well as the prevention and removal of <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagious disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>. </p><p>In a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article of May 23, 1926, Rose Field notes of the description, "the simplest [is] efficient living".<sup id="cite_ref-Euthenics_NYTimesRoseFeld_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euthenics_NYTimesRoseFeld-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also described as "a right to environment",<sup id="cite_ref-Euthenics_NYTimesKrissesOpEd_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euthenics_NYTimesKrissesOpEd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly as dual to a "right of birth" that correspondingly falls under the purview of eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-Euthenics_NYTimesEditorial_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euthenics_NYTimesEditorial-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Euthenics is not normally interpreted to have anything to do with changing the composition of the human gene pool by definition, although everything that affects society has some effect on who reproduces and who does not.<sup id="cite_ref-Euthenics_definitionsnet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euthenics_definitionsnet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><div class="excerpt"> <p>The influential historian of education <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Flexner" title="Abraham Flexner">Abraham Flexner</a> questions its scientific value in stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he “science” is artificially pieced together of bits of mental hygiene, child guidance, nutrition, speech development and correction, family problems, wealth consumption, food preparation, household technology, and horticulture. A nursery school and a school for little children are also included. The institute is actually justified in an official publication by the profound question of a girl student who is reported as asking, “What is the connection of Shakespeare with having a baby?” The Vassar Institute of Euthenics bridges this gap!<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Benedict_Davenport" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Benedict Davenport">Charles Benedict Davenport</a> noted in his article "Euthenics and Eugenics," reprinted in <i>Popular Science Monthly</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus the two schools of euthenics and eugenics stand opposed, each viewing the other unkindly. Against eugenics it is urged that it is a fatalistic doctrine and deprives life of the stimulus toward effort. Against euthenics the other side urges that it demands an endless amount of money to patch up conditions in the vain effort to get greater efficiency. Which of the two doctrines is true?</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p> The thoughtful mind must concede that, as is so often the case where doctrines are opposed, each view is partial, incomplete and really false. The truth does not exactly lie between the doctrines; it comprehends them both.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p> [...] [I]n the generations to come, the teachings and practice of euthenics [...] [may] yield greater result because of the previous practice of the principles of eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-Euthenics_CharlesBenedictDavenport_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euthenics_CharlesBenedictDavenport-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> Along similar lines argued psychologist and early <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_intelligence#Scholars_and_researchers" title="Outline of human intelligence">intelligence researcher</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Thorndike" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Thorndike">Edward L. Thorndike</a> some two years later for an understanding that better integrates eugenic study:<blockquote><p>The more rational the race becomes, the better roads, ships, tools, machines, foods, medicines and the like it will produce to aid itself, though it will need them less. The more sagacious and just and humane the original nature that is bred into man, the better schools, laws, churches, traditions and customs it will fortify itself by. There is no so certain and economical a way to improve man's environment as to improve his nature.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_eugenics">Historical eugenics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_origins">Ancient and medieval origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#Ancient_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics § Ancient eugenics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_eugenics&action=edit#Ancient_eugenics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans,_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg/250px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg/500px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Giuseppe_Diotti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Giuseppe Diotti's <i>The selection of the infant Spartans</i> (1840)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch#Spartan_lives_and_sayings" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> every proper citizen's child was inspected by the council of elders, the <a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a>, which determined whether or not the child was fit to live.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the child was deemed incapable of living a Spartan life, the child was usually killed in a chasm near the <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a> mountain known as the <i>Apothetae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further trials intended to discern a child's fitness included bathing them in <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and exposing them to the elements to fend for themselves, with the intention of ensuring that only those considered strongest survived and procreated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of sources by contemporary Greeks mentioning Spartan eugenics and the lack of archeological evidence has brought ideas about Spartan eugenics into question. While <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> was practiced by Greeks, no contemporary sources support Plutarch's claims of mass infanticide motivated by eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 the suggestion that infants were dumped near Mount Taygete was called into question due to a lack of physical evidence. Anthropologist Theodoros Pitsios' research found only bodies from adolescence up to the age of approximately 35.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">Plato's political philosophy</a> included the belief that human reproduction should be cautiously monitored and controlled by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated that <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> should be applied to both humans and animals. Plato recognized that this form of government control would not be readily accepted, and proposed the truth be concealed from the public via a fixed lottery. Mates, in Plato's <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)#Book_V–VI:_The_Ship_of_State" title="Republic (Plato)"><i>Republic</i></a>, would be chosen by a "marriage number" in which the quality of the individual would be quantitatively analyzed, and persons of high numbers would be allowed to procreate with other persons of high numbers. This would then lead to predictable results and the improvement of the human race. Plato acknowledged the failure of the "marriage number" since "gold soul" persons could still produce "bronze soul" children.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato's ideas may have been one of the earliest attempts to mathematically analyze <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetic inheritance</a>, prefiguring some of what would much later become known as <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian genetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 64 BCE – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24 CE) stated that the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> would take ten <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virgin</a> women and ten young men who were considered to be the best representation of their <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mate</a> them. Any selected male committing a dishonorable act would be separated from his partner.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> discussed selective infanticide, saying "We put down mad dogs; we kill the wild, untamed ox; we use the knife on sick sheep to stop their infecting the flock; we destroy abnormal offspring at birth; children, too, if they are born weak or deformed, we drown. Yet this is not the work of anger, but of reason – to separate the sound from the worthless."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_origins">Academic origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">Eugenics Record Office</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg/153px-Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg/230px-Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg/307px-Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1822–1911) was a British polymath who coined the term "eugenics".</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>eugenics</i> and its modern field of study were first formulated by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> in 1883,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stirpiculture_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirpiculture-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directly drawing on the recent work delineating <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> by his half-cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowler_309_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowler_309-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_etc._49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_etc.-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published his observations and conclusions chiefly in his influential book <i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a></i>. Galton himself defined it as "the study of all agencies under human control which can improve or impair the racial quality of future generations".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first to systematically apply Darwinism theory to human relations, Galton believed that various desirable human qualities were also <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a> ones, although Darwin strongly disagreed with this elaboration of his theory.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eugenics became an academic discipline at many colleges and universities and received funding from various sources.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations were formed to win public support for and to sway opinion towards responsible eugenic values in parenthood, including the British <a href="/wiki/Galton_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Galton Institute">Eugenics Education Society</a> of 1907 and the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Biodemography_and_Social_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Biodemography and Social Biology">American Eugenics Society</a> of 1921. Both sought support from leading clergymen and modified their message to meet religious ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2014_pp._281–302_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014_pp._281–302-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, the Anglican clergymen <a href="/wiki/William_Inge_(priest,_born_1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Inge (priest, born 1860)">William Inge</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Peile" title="James Peile">James Peile</a> both wrote for the Eugenics Education Society. Inge was an invited speaker at the 1921 <a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a>, which was also endorsed by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Hayes" title="Patrick Joseph Hayes">Patrick Joseph Hayes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2014_pp._281–302_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014_pp._281–302-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="International Eugenics Conferences">International Eugenics Conferences</a> presented a global venue for eugenicists, with meetings in 1912 in London, and in 1921 and 1932 in New York City. <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenic policies in the United States</a> were first implemented by state-level legislators in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugenic policies also took root in France, Germany, and Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 1920s and 1930s, the eugenic policy of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">sterilizing</a> certain mental patients was implemented in other countries including Belgium,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Sweden</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Frederick Osborn</a>'s 1937 journal article "Development of a Eugenic Philosophy" framed eugenics as a <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a>—a philosophy with implications for <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn1937_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn1937-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That definition is not universally accepted. Osborn advocated for higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> among people with desired traits ("positive eugenics") or reduced rates of sexual reproduction or <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilization</a> of people with less-desired or undesired traits ("negative eugenics"). </p><p>In addition to being practiced in a number of countries, eugenics was internationally organized through the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">International Federation of Eugenics Organizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003240_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003240-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its scientific aspects were carried on through research bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003286_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003286-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cold Spring Harbor Carnegie Institution for <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental Evolution">Experimental Evolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200340_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200340-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">Eugenics Record Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200345_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200345-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, the movement advocated measures such as sterilization laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003Chapter_6:_The_United_States_of_Sterilization_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003Chapter_6:_The_United_States_of_Sterilization-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its moral dimension, eugenics rejected the doctrine that all human beings are born equal and redefined moral worth purely in terms of genetic fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003237_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003237-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its racist elements included pursuit of a pure "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>" genetic pool and the eventual elimination of "unfit" races.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003Chapter_5:_Legitimizing_Raceology_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003Chapter_5:_Legitimizing_Raceology-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003Chapter_9:_Mongrelization_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003Chapter_9:_Mongrelization-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many leading British politicians subscribed to the theories of eugenics. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> supported the British Eugenics Society and was an honorary vice president for the organization. Churchill believed that eugenics could solve "race deterioration" and reduce crime and poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a social movement, eugenics reached its greatest popularity in the early decades of the 20th century, when it was practiced around the world and promoted by governments, institutions, and influential individuals. Many countries enacted<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various eugenics policies, including: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_screening" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic screening">genetic screenings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, promoting differential birth rates, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_law#Marriage_restrictions" title="Marriage law">marriage restrictions</a>, segregation (both <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and sequestering the mentally ill), <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced pregnancies">forced pregnancies</a>, ultimately culminating in <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. By 2014, gene selection (rather than "people selection") was made possible through advances in <a href="/wiki/Genome_editing" title="Genome editing">genome editing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to what is sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">new eugenics</a></i>, also known as "neo-eugenics", "consumer eugenics", or "liberal eugenics"; which focuses on individual freedom and allegedly pulls away from racism, sexism or a focus on intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_opposition">Early opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early critics of the philosophy of eugenics included the American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the English writer <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, and Scottish tuberculosis pioneer and author <a href="/wiki/Halliday_Sutherland" title="Halliday Sutherland">Halliday Sutherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward's 1913 article "Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics", Chesterton's 1917 book <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eugenics_and_other_Evils" class="extiw" title="s:Eugenics and other Evils"><i>Eugenics and Other Evils</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Chesterton22_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chesterton22-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>' 1916 article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eugenics" class="extiw" title="s:Eugenics">Eugenics</a>" (published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scientific_Monthly" title="The Scientific Monthly">The Scientific Monthly</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were all harshly critical of the rapidly growing movement. </p><p>Several biologists were also antagonistic to the eugenics movement, including <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Hogben" title="Lancelot Hogben">Lancelot Hogben</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other biologists who were themselves eugenicists, such as <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">R. A. Fisher</a>, however, also expressed skepticism in the belief that sterilization of "defectives" (i.e. a purely negative eugenics) would lead to the disappearance of undesirable genetic traits.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among institutions, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was an opponent of state-enforced sterilizations, but accepted isolating people with hereditary diseases so as not to let them reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts by the Eugenics Education Society to persuade the British government to legalize voluntary sterilization were opposed by Catholics and by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Biodemography_and_Social_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Biodemography and Social Biology">American Eugenics Society</a> initially gained some Catholic supporters, but Catholic support declined following the 1930 papal encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2014_pp._281–302_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014_pp._281–302-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> explicitly condemned sterilization laws: "Public magistrates have no direct power over the bodies of their subjects; therefore, where no crime has taken place and there is no cause present for grave punishment, they can never directly harm, or tamper with the integrity of the body, either for the reasons of eugenics or for any other reason."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, more generally, "[m]uch of the opposition to eugenics during that era, at least in Europe, came from the right."<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> The eugenicists' political successes in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> were not at all matched in such countries as <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, even though measures had been proposed there, largely because of the Catholic church's moderating influence.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_over_human_devolution">Concerns over human devolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concerns over human devolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 200%; font-weight: normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">Fin de siècle</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec,_At_the_Moulin_Rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec%2C_At_the_Moulin_Rouge.jpg/250px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec%2C_At_the_Moulin_Rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec%2C_At_the_Moulin_Rouge.jpg/500px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec%2C_At_the_Moulin_Rouge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1218" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content 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P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">Degeneration theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literary modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Might_Is_Right" title="Might Is Right">Might Is Right</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1896)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fin_de_siecle_sidebar" title="Template:Fin de siecle sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fin_de_siecle_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fin de siecle sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fin_de_siecle_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fin de siecle sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dysgenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dysgenics&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a> refers to any decrease in the prevalence of traits deemed to be either socially desirable or generally adaptive to their environment due to <a href="/wiki/Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">selective pressure</a> disfavouring their reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915 the term was used by <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a> to describe the supposed deleterious effects of modern warfare on group-level genetic fitness because of its tendency to kill physically healthy men while preserving the disabled at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Dysgenics_Jordan_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dysgenics_Jordan-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dysgenics_:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dysgenics_:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar concerns had been raised by early eugenicists and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinists</a> during the 19th century, and continued to play a role in scientific and public policy debates throughout the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent concerns about supposed dysgenic effects in human populations were advanced by the controversial psychologist and self-described "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racist</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Richard Lynn</a>, notably in his 1996 book <i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations</a></i>, which argued that changes in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">selection pressures</a> and decreased <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> have resulted in an increased propagation of deleterious traits and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dysgenics_:2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dysgenics_:2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dysgenics_Dysgenics_1996_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dysgenics_Dysgenics_1996-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Despite these concerns, genetic studies have shown no evidence for dysgenic effects in human populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Dysgenics_:2_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dysgenics_:2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviewing Lynn's book, the scholar John R. Wilmoth notes: "Overall, the most puzzling aspect of Lynn's alarmist position is that the deterioration of average intelligence predicted by the eugenicists has not occurred."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compulsory sterilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a>, also known as forced or coerced sterilization, refers to any government-mandated program to <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">involuntarily</a> <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">sterilize</a> a specific group of people. Sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, and is usually done by surgical or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical</a> means. </p><p>Purported justifications for compulsory sterilization have included <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">population control</a>, eugenics, limiting the spread of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">ethnic genocide</a>. </p><p>Forced sterilization can also occur as a form of <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination.</a> While not always mandated by law (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>), there are cases where forced sterilization has occurred in practice (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>). This distinction highlights the difference between official policies and actual implementation, where <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coerced</a> sterilization take place even without explicit legal authorization. </p> Several countries implemented sterilization programs in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although such programs have been made illegal in much of the world, instances of forced or coerced sterilizations still persist.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eugenic_feminism">Eugenic feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eugenic feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenic_feminism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory,_1904_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a> in her laboratory, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Eugenic feminism was a current of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage movement">women's suffrage movement</a> which overlapped with eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenic_feminism_eu-arch_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenic_feminism_eu-arch-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally coined by the Lebanese-British physician and vocal eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Saleeby" title="Caleb Saleeby">Caleb Saleeby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenic_feminism_Saleeby_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenic_feminism_Saleeby-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eugenic_feminism_wsuffrage_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenic_feminism_wsuffrage-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term has since been applied to summarize views held by prominent feminists of Great Britain and the United States. Some early suffragettes in Canada, especially a group known as <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a>, also pushed for various eugenic policies. </p> Eugenic feminists argued that if women were provided with more rights and equality, the <a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">deteriorating characteristics</a> of a given race could be averted.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_eugenics">North American eugenics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North American eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_H._Goddard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henry_H._Goddard.jpg/250px-Henry_H._Goddard.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henry_H._Goddard.jpg/296px-Henry_H._Goddard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madison_Grant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Madison_Grant.jpg/250px-Madison_Grant.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Madison_Grant.jpg/330px-Madison_Grant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lothrop_Stoddard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Lothrop_Stoddard.JPG/130px-Lothrop_Stoddard.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Lothrop_Stoddard.JPG/195px-Lothrop_Stoddard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/14/Lothrop_Stoddard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_London_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jack_London_young.jpg/154px-Jack_London_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jack_London_young.jpg/231px-Jack_London_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jack_London_young.jpg/308px-Jack_London_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1933" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">American eugenicists generally pursued more public-facing work and accordingly became widely known for their racism <i>in particular.</i> Along these lines, they were often harshly criticized by their British counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenics_in_the_United_States&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> While its American practice was ostensibly about improving genetic quality, it has been argued that eugenics was more about preserving the position of the dominant groups in the population. Scholarly research has determined that people who found themselves targets of the eugenics movement were those who were seen as unfit for society—the poor, the disabled, the mentally ill, and specific communities of color—and a disproportionate number of those who fell victim to eugenicists' sterilization initiatives were women who were identified as African American, Asian American, or Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Newman-2018_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Newman-2018-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the United States' eugenics movement is now generally associated with racist and <a href="/wiki/Nativism_in_United_States_politics" title="Nativism in United States politics">nativist</a> elements, as the movement was to some extent a reaction to demographic and population changes, as well as concerns over the economy and social well-being, rather than scientific genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eugenics_in_Mexico">Eugenics in Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eugenics in Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Eugenics in Mexico</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenics_in_Mexico&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, the eugenics movement gained prominence in Mexico. Seeking to change the genetic make-up of the country's population, proponents of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">eugenics in Mexico</a> focused primarily on rebuilding the population, creating healthy citizens, and ameliorating the effects of perceived social ills such as alcoholism, prostitution, and venereal diseases. Mexican eugenics, at its height in the 1930s, influenced the state's health, education, and welfare policies.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Mexican elites adopted eugenic thinking and raised it under the banner of “the Great Mexican family” (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">la gran familia mexicana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><div class="excerpt"> Unlike in other countries, the eugenics movements in Latin America were largely founded on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism#Neo-Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">neo-Lamarckian</a> eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Lamarckian eugenics stated that the outside effects experienced by an organism throughout its lifetime changed its genetics permanently, allowing the organism to pass acquired traits onto its offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Neo-Lamarckian genetic framework, activities such as prostitution and alcoholism could result in the degeneration of future generations, amplifying fears about the effects of certain social ills. However, the supposed genetic malleability also offered hope to certain Latin American eugenicists, as social reform would have the ability to transform the population more permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazism_and_the_decline_of_eugenics">Nazism and the decline of eugenics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nazism and the decline of eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life">Life unworthy of life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg/250px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg/330px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg/500px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Hartheim" title="Schloss Hartheim">Schloss Hartheim</a>, a former center for Nazi Germany's <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The scientific reputation of eugenics started to decline in the 1930s, a time when <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdin" title="Ernst Rüdin">Ernst Rüdin</a> used eugenics as a justification for the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policies of Nazi Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had praised and incorporated eugenic ideas in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span> in 1925 and emulated eugenic legislation for the sterilization of "defectives" that had been pioneered in the United States once he took power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003274–295_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003274–295-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common early 20th century eugenics methods involved identifying and classifying individuals and their families, including <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial groups</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Nazi Germany">Jews in Nazi Germany</a>), the poor, mentally ill, blind, deaf, developmentally disabled, <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Promiscuous women">promiscuous women</a>, homosexuals as "degenerate" or "unfit", and therefore led to segregation, institutionalization, sterilization, and even <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi policy of identifying German citizens deemed mentally or physically unfit and then systematically killing them with poison gas, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> campaign, is understood by historians to have paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"All practices aimed at eugenics, any use of the human body or any of its parts for financial gain, and <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">human cloning</a> shall be prohibited." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Constitution">Hungarian Constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many eugenics laws were abandoned, having become associated with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, who had called for "the sterilization of failures" in 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-jt_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jt-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated in his 1940 book <i>The Rights of Man: Or What Are We Fighting For?</i> that among the human rights, which he believed should be available to all people, was "a prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>, sterilization, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and any bodily punishment".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, the practice of "imposing measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group" fell within the definition of the new international crime of genocide, set out in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> also proclaims "the prohibition of eugenic practices, in particular those aiming at selection of persons".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Singapore">In Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Population_control_in_Singapore#Demographic_transition_and_the_Graduate_Mothers_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Population control in Singapore">Population control in Singapore § Demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father">founding father</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, actively promoted eugenics as late as 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Singapore began providing financial incentives to highly educated women to encourage them to have more children. For this purpose was introduced the "Graduate Mother Scheme" that incentivized graduate women to get married as much as the rest of their populace.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incentives were extremely unpopular and regarded as eugenic, and were seen as discriminatory towards Singapore's non-Chinese ethnic population. In 1985, the incentives were partly abandoned as ineffective, while the government matchmaking agency, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Network" title="Social Development Network">Social Development Network</a>, remains active.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC1989_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC1989-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pushingforbabies_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pushingforbabies-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_eugenics">Modern eugenics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></div><p>Developments in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genomic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">reproductive technologies</a> at the beginning of the 21st century have raised numerous questions regarding the ethical status of eugenics, sparking <a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#Modern_eugenics,_genetic_engineering,_and_ethical_re-evaluation" title="History of eugenics">renewed interest</a> in the topic. </p><p>Liberal eugenics, also called new eugenics, aims to make genetic interventions morally acceptable by rejecting coercive state programs and relying on parental choice.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioethicist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar" title="Nicholas Agar">Nicholas Agar</a>, who coined the term, argues for example that the state should intervene only to forbid interventions that excessively limit a child’s ability to shape their own future.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike "authoritarian" or "old" eugenics, liberal eugenics draws on modern scientific knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a> to enable informed choices aimed at improving well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu" title="Julian Savulescu">Julien Savulescu</a> further argues that some eugenic practices, like <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal diagnosis">prenatal screening</a> for <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, are already widely practiced, without being labeled "eugenics", as they are seen as enhancing freedom rather than restricting it.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics, such as <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> sociologist <a href="/wiki/Troy_Duster" title="Troy Duster">Troy Duster</a>, have argued that modern genetics is a "back door to eugenics".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was shared by then-White House Assistant Director for Forensic Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Tania_Simoncelli" title="Tania Simoncelli">Tania Simoncelli</a>, who stated in a 2003 publication by the Population and Development Program at <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_College" title="Hampshire College">Hampshire College</a> that advances in <a href="/wiki/Pre-implantation_genetic_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis">pre-implantation genetic diagnosis</a> (PGD) are moving society to a "new era of eugenics", and that, unlike the Nazi eugenics, modern eugenics is consumer driven and market based, "where children are increasingly regarded as made-to-order consumer products".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/International_Bioethics_Committee" title="International Bioethics Committee">International Bioethics Committee</a> also noted that while <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">human genetic engineering</a> should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">20th century eugenics movements</a>, it nonetheless challenges the idea of human equality and opens up new forms of discrimination and stigmatization for those who do not want or cannot afford the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2025, geneticist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Visscher" title="Peter Visscher">Peter Visscher</a> published a paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>,</i> arguing genome editing of human embryos and germ cells may become feasible in the 21st century, and raising ethical considerations in the context of previous eugenics movements.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A response argued that human embryo genetic editing is "unsafe and unproven".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nature</i> also published an editorial, stating: "The fear that polygenic gene editing could be used for eugenics looms large among them, and is, in part, why no country currently allows genome editing in a human embryo, even for single variants".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contested_scientific_status">Contested scientific status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contested scientific status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg/250px-Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg/330px-Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg/500px-Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>In the decades after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the term "eugenics" had taken on a negative connotation and as a result, the use of it became increasingly unpopular within the scientific community. Many organizations and journals that had their origins in the eugenics movement began to distance themselves from the philosophy which spawned them, as when <i>Eugenics Quarterly</i> was renamed <i>Social Biology</i> in 1969.</figcaption></figure> <p>One general concern that many bring to the table, is that the reduced <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> some argue to be a likely feature of long-term, species-wide eugenics plans,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could eventually result in <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased spread of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (January 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and decreased resilience to changes in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Withrock_et_al_2015_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withrock_et_al_2015-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (January 2025)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments_for_scientific_validity">Arguments for scientific validity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arguments for scientific validity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_novo_domestication" title="De novo domestication">De novo domestication</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">List of domesticated animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_plants" title="List of domesticated plants">List of domesticated plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-domestication" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></div> <p>In his original lecture "Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics", <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a> claimed that everything concerning eugenics fell into the field of medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Aleš Hrdlička</a> said in 1918 that "[t]he growing science of eugenics will essentially become applied anthropology."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> was a lifelong proponent of eugenics and described it as a branch of sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2006 newspaper article, Richard Dawkins said that discussion regarding eugenics was inhibited by the shadow of Nazi misuse, to the extent that some scientists would not admit that breeding humans for certain abilities is at all possible. He believes that it is not physically different from breeding domestic animals for traits such as speed or herding skill. Dawkins felt that enough time had elapsed to at least ask just what the ethical differences were between breeding for ability versus training athletes or forcing children to take music lessons, though he could think of persuasive reasons to draw the distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objections_to_scientific_validity">Objections to scientific validity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Objections to scientific validity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amanda Caleb, Professor of Medical Humanities at <a href="/wiki/Geisinger_Commonwealth_School_of_Medicine" title="Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine">Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine</a>, says "Eugenic laws and policies are now understood as part of a specious devotion to a pseudoscience that actively dehumanizes to support political agendas and not true science or medicine."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major challenge to conventional eugenics based on genetic inheritance was made in 1915 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>. He demonstrated the event of <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">genetic mutation</a> occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit fly (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>)</a> with white eyes from a family with red eyes,<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 336–337">: 336–337 </span></sup> demonstrating that major genetic changes occurred outside of inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 336–337">: 336–337 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, Morgan criticized the view that certain traits, such as <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_IQ" title="Heritability of IQ">intelligence</a> and criminality, were hereditary because these traits were <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">Pleiotropy</a> occurs when one <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> influences multiple, seemingly unrelated <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">phenotypic traits</a>, an example being <a href="/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">phenylketonuria</a>, which is a human disease that affects multiple systems but is caused by one gene defect.<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrzej Pękalski, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wroclaw</a>, argues that eugenics can cause harmful loss of genetic diversity if a eugenics program selects a pleiotropic gene that could possibly be associated with a positive trait. Pękalski uses the example of a coercive government eugenics program that prohibits people with <a href="/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia">myopia</a> from breeding but has the unintended consequence of also selecting against high intelligence since the two go together.<sup id="cite_ref-pekalski_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pekalski-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the science of genetics has increasingly provided means by which certain characteristics and conditions can be identified and understood, given the complexity of human genetics, culture, and psychology, at this point there is no agreed objective means of determining which traits might be ultimately desirable or undesirable. Some conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">sickle-cell disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> respectively confer immunity to malaria and resistance to <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> when a single copy of the recessive allele is contained within the genotype of the individual, so eliminating these genes is undesirable in places where such diseases are common.<sup id="cite_ref-Withrock_et_al_2015_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withrock_et_al_2015-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a>, journalist, historian, and author of <i>War Against the Weak</i>, argues that eugenics is often deemed a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> because what is defined as a genetic improvement of a desired trait is a cultural choice rather than a matter that can be determined through objective scientific inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of eugenics is often considered to be tainted with <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> and pseudoscience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenics_congress_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eugenics_congress_logo.png/250px-Eugenics_congress_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eugenics_congress_logo.png/330px-Eugenics_congress_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eugenics_congress_logo.png/500px-Eugenics_congress_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Logo from the <a href="/wiki/Second_International_Eugenics_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Second International Eugenics Conference">Second International Eugenics Conference</a>, 1921. The bottom text reads: "Like A Tree, Eugenics Draws Its Materials From Many Sources And Organizes Them Into An Harmonious Entity" (such sources, i.e. roots, purportedly including e.g. <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental testing">mental testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contested_ethical_status">Contested ethical status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contested ethical status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_ethical_opposition">Contemporary ethical opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contemporary ethical opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Larry_Arnhart" title="Larry Arnhart">Larry Arnhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis#Religious_objections" title="Preimplantation genetic diagnosis">Preimplantation genetic diagnosis § Religious objections</a></div> <p>In a book directly addressed at socialist eugenicist <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Social_and_scientific_views" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J.B.S. Haldane</a> and his once-influential <i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Bertrand_Russell#Eugenics" title="Political views of Bertrand Russell">Betrand Russell</a> had one serious objection of his own: eugenic policies might simply end up being used to reproduce existing power relations "rather than to make men happy."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">Bill McKibben</a> argued against <a href="/wiki/Germinal_choice_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal choice technology">germinal choice technology</a> and other advanced biotechnological strategies for human enhancement. He writes that it would be morally wrong for humans to tamper with fundamental aspects of themselves (or their children) in an attempt to overcome universal human limitations, such as vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">maximum life span</a> and biological constraints on physical and cognitive ability. Attempts to "improve" themselves through such manipulation would remove limitations that provide a necessary context for the experience of meaningful human choice. He claims that human lives would no longer seem <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaningful</a> in a world where such limitations could be overcome with technology. Even the goal of using germinal choice technology for clearly therapeutic purposes should be relinquished, he argues, since it would inevitably produce temptations to tamper with such things as cognitive capacities. He argues that it is possible for societies to benefit from renouncing particular technologies, using <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa Japan</a> and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-McKibben_2003_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKibben_2003-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_ethical_advocacy">Contemporary ethical advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contemporary ethical advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk#Reprogenetics_dispute" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Peter Sloterdijk § Reprogenetics dispute</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethicist</a> Stephen Wilkinsonhas said that some aspects of modern genetics can be classified as eugenics, but that this classification does not inherently make modern genetics immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Nathaniel C. Comfort</a> has claimed that the change from state-led reproductive-genetic decision-making to individual choice has moderated the worst abuses of eugenics by transferring the decision-making process from the state to patients and their families.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their book published in 2000, <i>From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice</i>, bioethicists <a href="/wiki/Allen_Buchanan" title="Allen Buchanan">Allen Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Brock">Dan Brock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Daniels" title="Norman Daniels">Norman Daniels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wikler" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Wikler">Daniel Wikler</a> argued that liberal societies have an obligation to encourage as wide an adoption of eugenic enhancement technologies as possible (so long as such policies do not infringe on individuals' <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> or exert undue pressures on prospective parents to use these technologies) in order to maximize <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and minimize the inequalities that may result from both natural genetic endowments and unequal access to genetic enhancements.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science_fiction">In science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Speculative_evolution" title="Speculative evolution">Speculative evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution in fiction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_Atreides_family_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/House_Atreides_family_tree.png/120px-House_Atreides_family_tree.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/House_Atreides_family_tree.png/250px-House_Atreides_family_tree.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Incomplete <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">pedigree chart</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_Atreides" class="mw-redirect" title="House Atreides">House Atreides</a> from which one half of the <i>Kwisatz Haderach</i> had been strategically bred</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CLA_building_complex.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CLA_building_complex.JPG/250px-CLA_building_complex.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CLA_building_complex.JPG/330px-CLA_building_complex.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CLA_building_complex.JPG/500px-CLA_building_complex.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>In the movie, "<i>Gattaca</i>" also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Futuristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuristic">futuristic</a> building complex that hosts the astronauts for an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a> program.</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i> by the English author <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> (1931), is a <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">dystopian</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">social science fiction</a> novel which is set in a futuristic <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World State</a>, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a>. </p><p>Various works by the author <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> mention the <a href="/wiki/Howard_families" title="Howard families">Howard Foundation</a>, a group which attempts to improve human longevity through <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s other works, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(franchise)" title="Dune (franchise)">Dune</a></i> series, starting with <a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">the eponymous 1965 novel</a>, describes selective breeding by a powerful sisterhood, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bene_Gesserit" title="Bene Gesserit">Bene Gesserit</a></i>, to produce a supernormal male being, the <i>Kwisatz Haderach</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> franchise features a race of genetically engineered humans which is known as "Augments", the most notable of them is <a href="/wiki/Khan_Noonien_Singh" title="Khan Noonien Singh">Khan Noonien Singh</a>. These "supermen" were the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics Wars">Eugenics Wars</a>, a dark period in Earth's fictional history, before they were deposed and exiled. They appear in many of the franchise's story arcs, most frequently, they appear as villains.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Gattaca" title="Gattaca">Gattaca</a></i> (1997) provides a fictional example of a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> society that uses eugenics to decide what people are capable of and their place in the world. The title alludes to the letters <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">T</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">C</a>, the four <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobases</a> of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and depicts the possible consequences of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">genetic discrimination</a> in the present societal framework. Relegated to the role of a cleaner owing to his genetically projected death at age 32 due to a heart condition (being told: "The only way you'll see the inside of a spaceship is if you were cleaning it"), the protagonist observes enhanced astronauts as they are demonstrating their superhuman athleticism. Although it was not a box office success, it was critically acclaimed and influenced the debate over <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">human genetic engineering</a> in the public consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Jabr_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jabr-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popemcroberts_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popemcroberts-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silver_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As to its accuracy, its production company, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a>, consulted with a <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> researcher and prominent critic of eugenics known to have stated that "[w]e should not step over the line that delineates treatment from enhancement",<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_French_Anderson" title="William French Anderson">W. French Anderson</a>, to ensure that the portrayal of science was realistic. Disputing their success in this mission, Philim Yam of <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> called the film "science bashing" and <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>'s</i> Kevin Davies called it a "surprisingly pedestrian affair", while <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Silver" title="Lee M. Silver">Lee Silver</a> described its extreme <a href="/wiki/Genetic_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic determinism">determinism</a> as "a <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">straw man</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby20002_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby20002-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 2018 book <i><a href="/wiki/Blueprint_(Plomin_book)" title="Blueprint (Plomin book)">Blueprint</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geneticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral geneticist">behavioral geneticist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plomin" title="Robert Plomin">Robert Plomin</a> writes that while <i>Gattaca</i> warned of the dangers of genetic information being used by a totalitarian state, genetic testing could also favor better <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a> in democratic societies which already administer a variety of <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> to select people for education and employment. He suggests that <a href="/wiki/Polygenic_scores" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic scores">polygenic scores</a> might supplement testing in a manner that is essentially free of biases.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Yeshorim" title="Dor Yeshorim">Dor Yeshorim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditarianism" title="Hereditarianism">Hereditarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_IQ" title="Heritability of IQ">Heritability of IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">New eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_traits_in_humans" title="Mendelian traits in humans">Mendelian traits in humans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mendelian_genetics_in_humans" title="Simple Mendelian genetics in humans">Simple Mendelian genetics in humans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_enhancement" title="Moral enhancement">Moral enhancement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_life" title="Wrongful life">Wrongful life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_France" title="Eugenics in France">Eugenics in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGalton2002" class="citation book cs1">Galton, Francis (2002) [1883]. Tredoux, Gavan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galton.org/books/human-faculty/text/galton-1883-human-faculty-v4.pdf"><i>Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 17, 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span> – via Online Galton Archives. <q>what is termed in Greek, <i>eugenes</i> namely, good in stock, hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. This, and the allied words, <i>eugeneia</i>, etc., are equally applicable to men, brutes, and plants. We greatly want a brief word to express the science of improving stock, which is by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which, especially in the case of man, takes cognisance of all influences that tend in however remote a degree to give to the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have had. The word <i>eugenics</i> would sufficiently express the idea; it is at least a neater word and a more generalized one than <i>viriculture</i> which I once ventured to use.... The investigation of human eugenics – that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are produced – is at present extremely hampered by the want of full family histories, both medical and general, extending over three or four generations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiries+into+Human+Faculty+and+Its+Development&rft.pages=17%2C+30&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Galton&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgalton.org%2Fbooks%2Fhuman-faculty%2Ftext%2Fgalton-1883-human-faculty-v4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003370_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2003">Black 2003</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">English, Daylanne K. (28 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0029.xml">"Eugenics – African American Studies"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624141112/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0029.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019. <q>Racially targeted sterilization practices between the 1960s and the present have been perhaps the most common topic among scholars arguing for, and challenging, the ongoing power of eugenics in the United States. Indeed, unlike in the modern period, contemporary expressions of eugenics have met with widespread, thoroughgoing resistance</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eugenics+%E2%80%93+African+American+Studies&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Daylanne+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780190280024%2Fobo-9780190280024-0029.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galton_1904-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galton_1904_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalton1904" class="citation journal cs1">Galton, Francis (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm">"Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>X</b> (1): 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1904Natur..70...82.">1904Natur..70...82.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F070082a0">10.1038/070082a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301165243/http://galton.org/essays/1900-1911/galton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Eugenics%3A+Its+Definition%2C+Scope%2C+and+Aims&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82&rft.date=1904&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F070082a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1904Natur..70...82.&rft.aulast=Galton&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalton.org%2Fessays%2F1900-1911%2Fgalton-1904-am-journ-soc-eugenics-scope-aims.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spektorowski-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spektorowski_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spektorowski_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spektorowski_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpektorowskiIreni-Saban2013" class="citation book cs1">Spektorowski, Alberto; Ireni-Saban, Liza (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkdAAAAQBAJ&q=Historically,+the+term+has+referred+to+everything+from+prenatal+care+for+mothers+to+forced+sterilization+and+euthanasia&pg=PA24"><i>Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203740231" title="Special:BookSources/9780203740231"><bdi>9780203740231</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019203011/https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkdAAAAQBAJ&q=Historically,+the+term+has+referred+to+everything+from+prenatal+care+for+mothers+to+forced+sterilization+and+euthanasia&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>As an applied science, thus, the practice of eugenics referred to everything from prenatal care for mothers to forced sterilization and euthanasia. Galton divided the practice of eugenics into two types—positive and negative—both aimed at improving the human race through selective breeding.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Eugenics%3A+Productionism%2C+Population%2C+and+National+Welfare&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780203740231&rft.aulast=Spektorowski&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Ireni-Saban%2C+Liza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdkdAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DHistorically%2C%2Bthe%2Bterm%2Bhas%2Breferred%2Bto%2Beverything%2Bfrom%2Bprenatal%2Bcare%2Bfor%2Bmothers%2Bto%2Bforced%2Bsterilization%2Band%2Beuthanasia%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansenKing2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Randall; King, Desmond (1 January 2001). "Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests and Policy Variance Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and U.S". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2001.0003">10.1353/wp.2001.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054146">25054146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18193564">18193564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19634871">19634871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Eugenic+Ideas%2C+Political+Interests+and+Policy+Variance+Immigration+and+Sterilization+Policy+in+Britain+and+U.S&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18193564&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19634871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25054146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.2001.0003&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft.au=King%2C+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2002" class="citation journal cs1">McGregor, Russell (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314610208596220">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Breed out the colour' or the importance of being white"</a>. <i>Australian Historical Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (120): <span class="nowrap">286–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10314610208596220">10.1080/10314610208596220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143863018">143863018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225154624/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10314610208596220">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Breed+out+the+colour%27+or+the+importance+of+being+white&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10314610208596220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143863018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F10314610208596220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaldane1940" class="citation journal cs1">Haldane, J. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/works/1940s/lysenko.htm">"Lysenko and Genetics"</a>. <i>Science and Society</i>. <b>4</b> (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623073151/http://www.marxists.org/archive/haldane/works/1940s/lysenko.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Society&rft.atitle=Lysenko+and+Genetics&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Haldane&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fhaldane%2Fworks%2F1940s%2Flysenko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A discussion of the shifting meanings of the term can be found in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul1995" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Diane (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/controllinghuman00paul"><i>Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present</i></a>. Humanities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573923439" title="Special:BookSources/9781573923439"><bdi>9781573923439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Human+Heredity%3A+1865+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Humanities+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781573923439&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontrollinghuman00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul,_Diane_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Paul, Diane B.">Paul, Diane B.</a> (1984). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tankona.free.fr/dianepaul84.pdf">Eugenics and the Left</a>". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 45 (4):567. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709374">10.2307/2709374</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg, Jonah</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Fascism:_The_Secret_History_of_the_American_Left,_from_Mussolini_to_the_Politics_of_Meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning">Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning</a></i>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385511841" title="Special:BookSources/9780385511841"><bdi>9780385511841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Fascism%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+American+Left%2C+from+Mussolini+to+the+Politics+of+Meaning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780385511841&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leonard,_Thomas_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard, Thomas C.">Leonard, Thomas C.</a> (2016). <i><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_Reformers:_Race,_Eugenics,_and_American_Economics_in_the_Progressive_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era">Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era</a></i> Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16959-0">978-0-691-16959-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucassen, Leo (2010). "A Brave New World: The Left, Social Engineering, and Eugenics in Twentieth-Century Europe." <i>International Review of Social History</i>, 55(2), 265–296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44583170">http://www.jstor.org/stable/44583170</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/eugenics/">"Eugenics"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Eugenics&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Feugenics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ward,_Lester_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward, Lester Frank">Ward, Lester Frank</a> (1913). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2763324.pdf">Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics</a>" (PDF). <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, 18(6), 737–754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, Stephen A. (2010). "On the distinction between positive and negative eugenics". In Matti Häyry (ed.), <i>Arguments and analysis in bioethics.</i> Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 115–128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789042028036_011">10.1163/9789042028036_011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan_2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_2000_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuchananBrockDanielsWikler2000" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Allen; Brock, Dan W.; Daniels, Norman; Wikler, Daniel (2000). <i>From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521669771" title="Special:BookSources/9780521669771"><bdi>9780521669771</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41211380">41211380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Chance+to+Choice%3A+Genetics+and+Justice&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41211380&rft.isbn=9780521669771&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Brock%2C+Dan+W.&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Norman&rft.au=Wikler%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glad2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glad2008_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glad2008_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlad2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad, John</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futurehumanevolu00glad"><i>Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Hermitage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557791542" title="Special:BookSources/9781557791542"><bdi>9781557791542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Human+Evolution%3A+Eugenics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Hermitage+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781557791542&rft.aulast=Glad&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffuturehumanevolu00glad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPine1997" class="citation book cs1">Pine, Lisa (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazifamilypolicy0000pine"><i>Nazi Family Policy, 1933–1945</i></a></span>. Berg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazifamilypolicy0000pine/page/19">19</a> ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859739075" title="Special:BookSources/9781859739075"><bdi>9781859739075</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Family+Policy%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=19+ff&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781859739075&rft.aulast=Pine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazifamilypolicy0000pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euthenics_free_dictionary-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Euthenics_free_dictionary_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/euthenics">"Euthenics"</a>. <i>thefreedictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(23 May 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F06E0DA1139E633A25750C2A9639C946795D6CF">"VASSAR GIRLS TO STUDY HOME-MAKING AS CAREER; New Course in Euthenics, the Science of Human Betterment, Will Adjust Women to the Needs of Today and Act As a Check on Spread of Divorce"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(24 October 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0612FE3D591B7A93C6AB178BD95F428285F9">"Eugenics and euthenics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eugenics+and+euthenics.&rft.date=1926-10-24&rft.aulast=Krisses&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0612FE3D591B7A93C6AB178BD95F428285F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euthenics_NYTimesEditorial-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Euthenics_NYTimesEditorial_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/16/archives/bright-children-who-fail.html">"Bright Children Who Fail"</a></span>. Amusements. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 16 October 1926. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095">1553-8095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522">1645522</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bright+Children+Who+Fail&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1926-10-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1645522&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.eissn=1553-8095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1926%2F10%2F16%2Farchives%2Fbright-children-who-fail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euthenics_definitionsnet-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Euthenics_definitionsnet_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.definitions.net/definition/Euthenics">"Definitions for Euthenics"</a>. <i>definitions.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: <span class="nowrap">16–</span>20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Euthenics+and+Eugenics&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Charles+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpopularsciencemo78newyuoft%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thorndike,_Edward_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Thorndike, Edward L.">Thorndike, Edward L.</a> (August 1913). "<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_83/August_1913/Eugenics:_With_Special_Reference_to_Intellect_and_Character">Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and Character</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ws-export.wmcloud.org/?format=pdf&lang=en&page=Popular_Science_Monthly%2FVolume_83%2FAugust_1913%2FEugenics%3A_With_Special_Reference_to_Intellect_and_Character">PDF</a>). <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> 83:125-138, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes2019" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Bill (26 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R6yDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Historical Sociology of Disability: Human Validity and Invalidity from Antiquity to Early Modernity</i></a>. Routledge Advances in Disability Studies. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429615207" title="Special:BookSources/9780429615207"><bdi>9780429615207</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Spartan Council of Elders or Gerousia decided whether a new-born child brought before them would live or die. Impairment, deformity, even puny appearance was enough to condemn a child to death.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Sociology+of+Disability%3A+Human+Validity+and+Invalidity+from+Antiquity+to+Early+Modernity&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Disability+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.isbn=9780429615207&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R6yDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Making Patriots</i> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Berns" title="Walter Berns">Walter Berns</a>, 2001, page 12, "and whose infants, if they chanced to be puny or ill-formed, were exposed in a chasm (the Apothetae) and left to die;"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/lycurgus*.html"><i>Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Noble+Greeks+and+Romans&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fplutarch%2Flives%2Flycurgus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen G. Roper, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/ancienteugenicsa00ropeuoft/ancienteugenicsa00ropeuoft.pdf">Ancient Eugenics</a></i> (Oxford: Cliveden Press, 1913)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSneed2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sneed (2021). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Study+finds+no+evidence+of+discarded+Spartan+babies&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2007-12-11%2Fstudy-finds-no-evidence-of-discarded-spartan-babies%2F983848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ancient Sparta – Research Program of Keadas Cavern" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002192630/http://www.anthropologie.ch/d/publikationen/archiv/2010/documents/03PITSIOSreprint.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20131002192630/http://www.anthropologie.ch/d/publikationen/archiv/2010/documents/03PITSIOSreprint.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Galton,_David_J." class="mw-redirect" title="Galton, David J.">Galton, David J.</a> (1998). "Greek theories on eugenics." <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>, 24(4), 263–267. doi:10.1136/jme.24.4.263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Republic, 457c10-d3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brumbaugh" title="Robert Brumbaugh">Brumbaugh, Robert S.</a> (1954). "Plato's Genetic Theory", <i>Journal of Heredity</i>, 45(4):191–196, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="//archive.org/details/Strabo08Geography17AndIndex/Strabo_02_Geography_3-5/page/n471/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:Strabo08Geography17AndIndex/Strabo 02 Geography 3-5/page/n471/mode/2up">Geographica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, Book 5, page 467. "And they say that among the Samnitae there is a law which is indeed honourable and conducive to noble qualities; for they are not permitted to give their daughters in marriage to whom they wish, but every year ten virgins and ten young men, the noblest of each sex, are selected, and, of these, the first choice of the virgins is given to the first choice of the young men, and the second to the second, and so on to the end; but if the young man who wins the meed of honour changes and turns out bad, they disgrace him and take away from him the woman given him."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeneca1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca, Lucius Annaeus</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJmk6NzgawMC"><i>Seneca: Moral and Political Essays</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-4818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-4818-8"><bdi>978-0-5213-4818-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seneca%3A+Moral+and+Political+Essays&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-4818-8&rft.aulast=Seneca&rft.aufirst=Lucius+Annaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJmk6NzgawMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalton1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton, Francis</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquiriesintohu00galtgoog"><i>Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquiriesintohu00galtgoog/page/n217">199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiries+into+Human+Faculty+and+its+Development&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Galton&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finquiriesintohu00galtgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_D.Berry2009" class="citation book cs1">James D., Watson; Berry, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/DNA-The-Secret-Life-ebook/dp/B001PSEQAG"><i>DNA: The Secret of Life</i></a>. Knopf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315093939/https://www.amazon.com/DNA-The-Secret-Life-ebook/dp/B001PSEQAG">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DNA%3A+The+Secret+of+Life&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=James+D.&rft.aufirst=Watson&rft.au=Berry%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDNA-The-Secret-Life-ebook%2Fdp%2FB001PSEQAG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalton1874" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton, Francis</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uE-bpGo2N4C&pg=PA227">"On men of science, their nature and their nurture"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">227–</span>236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115814/https://books.google.com/books?id=_uE-bpGo2N4C&pg=PA227">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Institution+of+Great+Britain&rft.atitle=On+men+of+science%2C+their+nature+and+their+nurture&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Galton&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uE-bpGo2N4C%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardPalmer_CapeSimons1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward, Lester Frank</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emily_Palmer_Cape" title="Emily Palmer Cape">Palmer Cape, Emily</a>; Simons, Sarah Emma (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDEZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA382">"Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics"</a>. <i>Glimpses of the Cosmos</i>. G.P. Putnam. pp. 382 ff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528073057/http://books.google.com/books?id=KDEZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA382">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eugenics%2C+Euthenics+and+Eudemics&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+the+Cosmos&rft.pages=382+ff&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lester+Frank&rft.au=Palmer+Cape%2C+Emily&rft.au=Simons%2C+Sarah+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDEZAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galton.org/letters/darwin/correspondence.htm">"Correspondence between Francis Galton and Charles Darwin"</a>. Galton.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120718/http://galton.org/letters/darwin/correspondence.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondence+between+Francis+Galton+and+Charles+Darwin&rft.pub=Galton.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalton.org%2Fletters%2Fdarwin%2Fcorrespondence.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124215918/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-17">"The Correspondence of Charles Darwin"</a>. <i>Darwin Correspondence Project</i>. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-17">the original</a> on 24 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=The+Correspondence+of+Charles+Darwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcorrespondence-volume-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowler_309-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowler_309_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowler2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler" title="Peter J. Bowler">Bowler, Peter J</a> (2003), <i>Evolution: The History of an Idea</i> (3rd ed.), University of California Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">308–</span>310</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blom_2008-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlom2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Blom" title="Philipp Blom">Blom, Philipp</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearschan0000blom/page/335"><i>The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900–1914</i></a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearschan0000blom/page/335">335–336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780771016301" title="Special:BookSources/9780771016301"><bdi>9780771016301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertigo+Years%3A+Change+and+Culture+in+the+West%2C+1900%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780771016301&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertigoyearschan0000blom%2Fpage%2F335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a href="#CITEREFBlack2003">Black 2003</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Randall (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.credoreference.com/entry/abcmigrate/eugenics">"Eugenics"</a>. In Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (eds.). <i>Eugenics: Immigration and Asylum from 1990 to Present</i>. ABC-CLIO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eugenics&rft.btitle=Eugenics%3A+Immigration+and+Asylum+from+1990+to+Present&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.credoreference.com%2Fentry%2Fabcmigrate%2Feugenics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Garland E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299061">"Was Nazi eugenics created in the US?"</a>. <i>EMBO Reports</i>. <b>5</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">451–</span>452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400158">10.1038/sj.embor.7400158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299061">1299061</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=Was+Nazi+eugenics+created+in+the+US%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1299061%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7400158&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Garland+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1299061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker_2014_pp._281–302-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_pp._281–302_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_pp._281–302_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_2014_pp._281–302_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, G. J. 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(June 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborn1937-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osborn1937_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1937" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn, Frederick</a> (June 1937). 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New York: HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780965213677/page/290">290</a>–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060894085" title="Special:BookSources/9780060894085"><bdi>9780060894085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genome%3A+The+Autobiography+of+a+Species+in+23+Chapters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780060894085&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780965213677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReisHornblowerRobbTzertzinis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reis, Alex; Hornblower, Breton; Robb, Brett; Tzertzinis, George (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology">"CRISPR/Cas9 and Targeted Genome Editing: A New Era in Molecular Biology"</a>. <i>NEB Expressions</i> (I). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623030918/https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NEB+Expressions&rft.atitle=CRISPR%2FCas9+and+Targeted+Genome+Editing%3A+A+New+Era+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.issue=I&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Reis&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Hornblower%2C+Breton&rft.au=Robb%2C+Brett&rft.au=Tzertzinis%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neb.com%2Ftools-and-resources%2Ffeature-articles%2Fcrispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoering2014" class="citation cs2">Goering, Sara (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/eugenics/">"Eugenics"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2014 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107184738/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/eugenics/">archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eugenics&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2014&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2014%2Fentries%2Feugenics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrante2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferrante, Joan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA259"><i>Sociology: A Global Perspective</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 259 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780840032041" title="Special:BookSources/9780840032041"><bdi>9780840032041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801114104/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA259">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=259+ff&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780840032041&rft.aulast=Ferrante&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwnIIXI6y38C%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Consumption: Its Cause and Cure" – an address by Dr Halliday Sutherland on 4 September 1917, published by the Red Triangle Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chesterton22-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chesterton22_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChesterton1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton, G. K.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/25308"><i>Eugenics and Other Evils</i></a>. Cassell and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugenics+and+Other+Evils&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Chesterton&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F25308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurda2010" class="citation book cs1">Turda, Marius (2010). "Race, Science and Eugenics in the Twentieth Century". In Bashford, Alison; Levine, Philippa (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199888290" title="Special:BookSources/9780199888290"><bdi>9780199888290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Science+and+Eugenics+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Eugenics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199888290&rft.aulast=Turda&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lancelot Hogben, who developed his critique of eugenics and distaste for racism in the period...he spent as Professor of Zoology at the University of Cape Town". Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine, <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics</i>. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199706530" title="Special:BookSources/0199706530">0199706530</a> (p. 200)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Whatever their disagreement on the numbers, Haldane, Fisher, and most geneticists could support Jennings's warning: To encourage the expectation that the sterilization of defectives will solve the problem of hereditary defects, close up the asylums for feebleminded and insane, do away with prisons, is only to subject society to deception". Daniel J. Kevles (1985). <i>In the Name of Eugenics</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520057635" title="Special:BookSources/0520057635">0520057635</a> (p. 166).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCongar1953" class="citation book cs1">Congar, Yves M.-J. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000028/002893eo.pdf"><i>The Catholic Church and the Race Question</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704070018/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000028/002893eo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>4. The State is not entitled to deprive an individual of his procreative power simply for material (eugenic) purposes. But it is entitled to isolate individuals who are sick and whose progeny would inevitably be seriously tainted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Race+Question&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Congar&rft.aufirst=Yves+M.-J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0000%2F000028%2F002893eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBashfordLevine2010" class="citation book cs1">Bashford, Alison; Levine, Philippa (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Eugenics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195373141" title="Special:BookSources/9780195373141"><bdi>9780195373141</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801110400/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Eugenics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195373141&rft.aulast=Bashford&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Levine%2C+Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMl4vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XI" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en.html">"Casti connubii"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410192842/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casti+connubii&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roll-Hansen,_Nils" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll-Hansen, Nils">Roll-Hansen, Nils</a> (1988). "The Progress of Eugenics: Growth of Knowledge and Change in Ideology." <i>History of Science</i>, xxvi, 295-331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRédei2008" class="citation book cs1">Rédei, George P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9e9pqQCqrEC"><i>Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics, and Informatics, Volume 1</i></a>. Springer. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6755-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-6755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genetics%2C+Genomics%2C+Proteomics%2C+and+Informatics%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6755-6&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9dei&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9e9pqQCqrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dysgenics_Jordan-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dysgenics_Jordan_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan2003" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David Starr (2003). <i>War and the Breed: The Relation of War to the Downfall of Nations</i> (Reprint ed.). Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0900-9"><bdi>978-1-4102-0900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Breed%3A+The+Relation+of+War+to+the+Downfall+of+Nations&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-0900-9&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+Starr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dysgenics_:1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dysgenics_:1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2001" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Elof Axel (2001). <i>The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea</i>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">189–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879695873" title="Special:BookSources/9780879695873"><bdi>9780879695873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfit%3A+A+History+of+a+Bad+Idea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780879695873&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Elof+Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2001" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Elof Axel (2001). <i>The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea</i>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879695873" title="Special:BookSources/9780879695873"><bdi>9780879695873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfit%3A+A+History+of+a+Bad+Idea&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780879695873&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Elof+Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMin2020" class="citation news cs1">Min, Alex (18 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardpolitics.com/racist-pseudo-harvard/">"Racist Pseudoscience Has No Place At Harvard"</a>. <i>Harvard Political Review</i>. <q>Lynn is a self-described 'scientific racist'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Political+Review&rft.atitle=Racist+Pseudoscience+Has+No+Place+At+Harvard&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardpolitics.com%2Fracist-pseudo-harvard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSehgal2020" class="citation news cs1">Sehgal, Parul (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/12/books/review-human-diversity-charles-murray.html">"Charles Murray Returns, Nodding to Caution but Still Courting Controversy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <q>Richard Lynn, for example, a self-described 'scientific racist,' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+Murray+Returns%2C+Nodding+to+Caution+but+Still+Courting+Controversy&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Sehgal&rft.aufirst=Parul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fbooks%2Freview-human-diversity-charles-murray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Gavin (2 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/02/the-unwelcome-revival-of-race-science">"The unwelcome revival of 'race science'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <q>...Richard Lynn, who has described himself as a 'scientific racist'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+unwelcome+revival+of+%27race+science%27&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fmar%2F02%2Fthe-unwelcome-revival-of-race-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Dysgenics_:2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dysgenics_:2_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dysgenics_:2_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischbachNiggeschmidt2022" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Karl-Friedrich; Niggeschmidt, Martin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-35321-6_9">"Do the Dumb Get Dumber and the Smart Get Smarter?"</a>. <i>Heritability of Intelligence</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-35321-6_9">10.1007/978-3-658-35321-6_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-35321-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-35321-6"><bdi>978-3-658-35321-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244640696">244640696</a>. <q>Since the nineteenth century, a 'race deterioration' has been repeatedly predicted as a result of the excessive multiplication of less gifted people. Nevertheless, the educational and qualification level of people in the industrialized countries has risen strongly. The fact that the 'test intelligence' has also significantly increased, is difficult to explain for supporters of the dysgenic thesis: they suspect that the 'phenotypic intelligence' has increased for environmental reasons, while the 'genotypic quality' secretly decreases. There is neither evidence nor proof for this theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Do+the+Dumb+Get+Dumber+and+the+Smart+Get+Smarter%3F&rft.btitle=Heritability+of+Intelligence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244640696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-658-35321-6_9&rft.isbn=978-3-658-35321-6&rft.aulast=Fischbach&rft.aufirst=Karl-Friedrich&rft.au=Niggeschmidt%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-658-35321-6_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span> Citations in original omitted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dysgenics_Dysgenics_1996-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dysgenics_Dysgenics_1996_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn, Richard</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/Dysgenics-Richard-Lynn/Dysgenics-Richard-Lynn.pdf"><i>Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275949174" title="Special:BookSources/9780275949174"><bdi>9780275949174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dysgenics%3A+Genetic+Deterioration+in+Modern+Populations&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780275949174&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdn790007.ca.archive.org%2F0%2Fitems%2FDysgenics-Richard-Lynn%2FDysgenics-Richard-Lynn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConleyLaidleyBelskyFletcher2016" class="citation journal cs1">Conley, Dalton; Laidley, Thomas; Belsky, Daniel W.; Fletcher, Jason M.; Boardman, Jason D.; Domingue, Benjamin W. (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914190">"Assortative mating and differential fertility by phenotype and genotype across the 20th century"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>113</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">6647–</span>6652. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.6647C">2016PNAS..113.6647C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1523592113">10.1073/pnas.1523592113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914190">4914190</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27247411">27247411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Assortative+mating+and+differential+fertility+by+phenotype+and+genotype+across+the+20th+century&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6647-%3C%2Fspan%3E6652&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914190%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27247411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1523592113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.6647C&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Dalton&rft.au=Laidley%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Belsky%2C+Daniel+W.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Jason+M.&rft.au=Boardman%2C+Jason+D.&rft.au=Domingue%2C+Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBratsbergRogeberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bratsberg, Bernt; Rogeberg, Ole (26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042097">"Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>115</b> (26): <span class="nowrap">6674–</span>6678. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.6674B">2018PNAS..115.6674B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1718793115">10.1073/pnas.1718793115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6042097">6042097</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29891660">29891660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Flynn+effect+and+its+reversal+are+both+environmentally+caused&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6674-%3C%2Fspan%3E6678&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6042097%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29891660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1718793115&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.6674B&rft.aulast=Bratsberg&rft.aufirst=Bernt&rft.au=Rogeberg%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6042097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeisser1998" class="citation book cs1">Neisser, Ulric (1998). <i>The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures</i>. American Psychological Association. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiii–</span>xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557985033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557985033"><bdi>978-1557985033</bdi></a>. <q>There is no convincing evidence that any dysgenic trend exists. . . . It turns out, counterintuitively, that differential birth rates (for groups scoring high and low on a trait) do <i>not</i> necessarily produce changes in the population mean.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Curve%3A+Long-Term+Gains+in+IQ+and+Related+Measures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiv&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1557985033&rft.aulast=Neisser&rft.aufirst=Ulric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilmoth1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wilmoth, John R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137584">"Review of Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">664–</span>666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2137584">10.2307/2137584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7921">0098-7921</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137584">2137584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Dysgenics%3A+Genetic+Deterioration+in+Modern+Populations&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E664-%3C%2Fspan%3E666&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0098-7921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2137584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2137584&rft.aulast=Wilmoth&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2137584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster University, Forced Sterilization. Retrieved on 30 August 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html">"Women and Global Human Rights"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907114059/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/forcedsterilization.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+Global+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.webster.edu%2F~woolflm%2Fforcedsterilization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenic_feminism_eu-arch-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugenic_feminism_eu-arch_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosario2013" class="citation web cs1">Rosario, Esther (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909135657/http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/52336b0a5c2ec50000000049">"Feminism"</a>. <i>The Eugenics Archives</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/52336b0a5c2ec50000000049">the original</a> on 9 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Eugenics+Archives&rft.atitle=Feminism&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.aulast=Rosario&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feugenicsarchive.ca%2Fdiscover%2Ftree%2F52336b0a5c2ec50000000049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenic_feminism_Saleeby-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugenic_feminism_Saleeby_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaleeby1911" class="citation book cs1">Saleeby, Caleb Williams (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womanwomanhoods00sale">"First Principles"</a>. <i>Woman and Womanhood A Search for Principles</i>. New York: J. J. Little & Ives Co. MITCHELL KENNERLEY. p. 7. <q>The mark of the following pages is that they assume the principle of what we may call Eugenic Feminism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Principles&rft.btitle=Woman+and+Womanhood+A+Search+for+Principles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=J.+J.+Little+%26+Ives+Co.+MITCHELL+KENNERLEY&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Saleeby&rft.aufirst=Caleb+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomanwomanhoods00sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenic_feminism_wsuffrage-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugenic_feminism_wsuffrage_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaleeby" class="citation web cs1">Saleeby, Caleb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womensuffrage.org/?p=22106">"Woman suffrage, eugenics, and eugenic feminism in Canada « Women Suffrage and Beyond"</a>. <i>womensuffrage.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428163310/http://womensuffrage.org/?p=22106">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=womensuffrage.org&rft.atitle=Woman+suffrage%2C+eugenics%2C+and+eugenic+feminism+in+Canada+%C2%AB+Women+Suffrage+and+Beyond&rft.aulast=Saleeby&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomensuffrage.org%2F%3Fp%3D22106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbons" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibbons, Sheila Rae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/encyclopedia/535eeeaf7095aa0000000264">"Women's suffrage"</a>. <i>The Eugenics Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Dr. Caleb Saleeby, an obstetrician and active member of the British Eugenics Education Society, opposed his contemporaries – such as Sir Francis Galton – who took strong anti-feminist stances in their eugenic philosophies. Perceiving the feminist movement as potentially "ruinous to the race" if it continued to ignore the eugenics movement, he coined the term "eugenic feminism" in his 1911 text Woman and Womanhood: A Search for Principles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+suffrage&rft.btitle=The+Eugenics+Archives&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Rae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feugenicsarchive.ca%2Fdiscover%2Fencyclopedia%2F535eeeaf7095aa0000000264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heron, D. (9 November 1913). "English expert attacks American eugenic work", <i>New York Times</i>, part V, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Newman-2018-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Newman-2018_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Carla (Spring 2018). "Bartering from the Bench: A Tennessee Judge Prevents Reproduction of Social Undesirables; Historic Analysis of Involuntary Sterilization of African American Women". <i>Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives</i>. <b>10</b> – via Gale OneFile: LegalTrac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+Law+%26+Modern+Critical+Race+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Bartering+from+the+Bench%3A+A+Tennessee+Judge+Prevents+Reproduction+of+Social+Undesirables%3B+Historic+Analysis+of+Involuntary+Sterilization+of+African+American+Women&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Carla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eugenics_in_the_United_States_Kluchin-2009a_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKluchin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kluchin, Rebecca (2009). <i>Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980</i>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 10, 73, 91, 94, <span class="nowrap">98–</span>100, 102, <span class="nowrap">182–</span>183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fit+to+Be+Tied%3A+Sterilization+and+Reproductive+Rights+in+America%2C+1950%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=10%2C+73%2C+91%2C+94%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E100%2C+102%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kluchin&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2016" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2016). <i>The Gene</i>. Scribner. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gene&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Siddhartha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManrique2016" class="citation journal cs1">Manrique, Linnete (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1218316">"Dreaming of a cosmic race: José Vasconcelos and the politics of race in Mexico, 1920s–1930s"</a>. <i>Cogent Arts & Humanities</i>. <b>3</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1218316">10.1080/23311983.2016.1218316</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Arts+%26+Humanities&rft.atitle=Dreaming+of+a+cosmic+race%3A+Jos%C3%A9+Vasconcelos+and+the+politics+of+race+in+Mexico%2C+1920s%E2%80%931930s&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1218316&rft.aulast=Manrique&rft.aufirst=Linnete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311983.2016.1218316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSánchez‐Rivera2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez‐Rivera, R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/johs.12308">"The Making of "La Gran Familia Mexicana": Eugenics, Gender, and Sexuality in Mexico"</a>. <i>Journal of Historical Sociology</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjohs.12308">10.1111/johs.12308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-1909">0952-1909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+%E2%80%9CLa+Gran+Familia+Mexicana%E2%80%9D%3A+Eugenics%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality+in+Mexico&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjohs.12308&rft.issn=0952-1909&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez%E2%80%90Rivera&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fjohs.12308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eugenics_in_Mexico_:3_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStepan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Stepan" title="Nancy Stepan">Stepan, Nancy Leys</a> (1991). <i>The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+of+Eugenics%3A+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Nation+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Stepan&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Leys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStepan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Stepan" title="Nancy Stepan">Stepan, Nancy Leys</a> (1991). <i>The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+of+Eugenics%3A+Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Nation+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Stepan&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Leys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003274–295-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003274–295_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2003">Black 2003</a>, pp. 274–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2003">Black 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). <i>Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192804365" title="Special:BookSources/9780192804365"><bdi>9780192804365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780192804365&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2000" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2000). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415150361" title="Special:BookSources/0415150361"><bdi>0415150361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychiatry%2C+German+Society%2C+and+the+Nazi+%22Euthanasia%22+Programme&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+Origins%2C+Implementation%2C+Aftermath&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0415150361&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2010). <i>Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441761460" title="Special:BookSources/9781441761460"><bdi>9781441761460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441761460&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution of Hungary</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2011.pdf">Section 3, <i>Freedom and Responsibility</i>, Article III (3).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black, Edwin</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568582580"><i>War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race</i></a>. Four Walls Eight Windows. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568582580" title="Special:BookSources/9781568582580"><bdi>9781568582580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Against+the+Weak%3A+Eugenics+and+America%27s+Campaign+to+Create+a+Master+Race&rft.pub=Four+Walls+Eight+Windows&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781568582580&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781568582580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jt-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jt_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2010" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jacky (2010). <i>Animal Breeding, Welfare and Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844075898" title="Special:BookSources/9781844075898"><bdi>9781844075898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Breeding%2C+Welfare+and+Society&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781844075898&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jacky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClapham2007" class="citation book cs1">Clapham, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrights00andr/page/29"><i>Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrights00andr/page/29">29–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199205523" title="Special:BookSources/9780199205523"><bdi>9780199205523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199205523&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanrights00andr%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as any of the following acts committed with <a href="/wiki/Genocide#Crime" title="Genocide">the intent to destroy, in whole or in part</a>, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such as: <ul><li>Killing members of the group;</li> <li>Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;</li> <li>Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;</li> <li>Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;</li> <li>Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.</li></ul> See the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union">"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union"</a>. Article 3, Section 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026133612/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+Fundamental+Rights+of+the+European+Union&rft.pages=Article+3%2C+Section+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCharter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan2016" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Ying-kit (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232753/http://www.blynkt.com/issue-1/eugenics-in-postcolonial-singapore">"Eugenics in Postcolonial Singapore"</a>. <i>Blynkt.com</i>. Berlin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blynkt.com/issue-1/eugenics-in-postcolonial-singapore">the original</a> on 8 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blynkt.com&rft.atitle=Eugenics+in+Postcolonial+Singapore&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Ying-kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blynkt.com%2Fissue-1%2Feugenics-in-postcolonial-singapore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Diane K. Mauzy; Robert Stephen Milne, <i>Singapore politics under the People's Action Party</i> (Routledge, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC1989-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC1989_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html">"Singapore: Population Control Policies"</a>. <i>Library of Congress Country Studies (1989)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411115633/http://www.photius.com/countries/singapore/society/singapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+%281989%29&rft.atitle=Singapore%3A+Population+Control+Policies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photius.com%2Fcountries%2Fsingapore%2Fsociety%2Fsingapore_society_population_control_p~11008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Jacobson, Mark (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220125820/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/01/singapore/jacobson-text/5">"The Singapore Solution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/01/singapore/jacobson-text">the original</a> on 20 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Singapore+Solution&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2010%2F01%2Fsingapore%2Fjacobson-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pushingforbabies-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pushingforbabies_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2006" class="citation news cs1">Webb, Sara (26 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052445/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw06/060426re.htm">"Pushing for babies: S'pore fights fertility decline"</a>. <i>Singapore Window</i>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singapore-window.org/sw06/060426re.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Window&rft.atitle=Pushing+for+babies%3A+S%27pore+fights+fertility+decline&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singapore-window.org%2Fsw06%2F060426re.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgar1998" class="citation journal cs1">Agar, Nicholas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40441188">"Liberal Eugenics"</a>. <i>Public Affairs Quarterly</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-0373">0887-0373</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40441188">40441188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11657329">11657329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Affairs+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Liberal+Eugenics&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0887-0373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40441188%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11657329&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40441188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauskeller2005" class="citation web cs1">Hauskeller, Michael (2 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/liberal-eugenics-in-defence-of-human-enhancement/">"Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement"</a>. <i>Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Liberal+Eugenics%3A+In+Defence+of+Human+Enhancement&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.aulast=Hauskeller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Freviews%2Fliberal-eugenics-in-defence-of-human-enhancement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/oct/10/genetics.research">"The ideas interview: Julian Savulescu"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 9 October 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ideas+interview%3A+Julian+Savulescu&rft.date=2005-10-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2005%2Foct%2F10%2Fgenetics.research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2003" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Charles J. (1 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.GIM.0000093978.77435.17">"Is modern genetics the new eugenics?"</a>. <i>Genetics in Medicine</i>. <b>5</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.GIM.0000093978.77435.17">10.1097/01.GIM.0000093978.77435.17</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14614400">14614400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Is+modern+genetics+the+new+eugenics%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.GIM.0000093978.77435.17&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14614400&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.GIM.0000093978.77435.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimoncelli2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tania_Simoncelli" title="Tania Simoncelli">Simoncelli, Tania</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034037/http://genetics.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/200303_difftakes_simoncelli.pdf">"Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis and Selection: From disease prevention to customized conception"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Different Takes</i>. <b>24</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.live.radicaldesigns.org/downloads/200303_difftakes_simoncelli.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Different+Takes&rft.atitle=Pre-implantation+Genetic+Diagnosis+and+Selection%3A+From+disease+prevention+to+customized+conception&rft.volume=24&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Simoncelli&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetics.live.radicaldesigns.org%2Fdownloads%2F200303_difftakes_simoncelli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002332/233258E.pdf">"Report of the IBC on Updating Its Reflection on the Human Genome and Human Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Bioethics Committee. 2 October 2015. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008133850/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002332/233258E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The goal of enhancing individuals and the human species by engineering the genes related to some characteristics and traits is not to be confused with the barbarous projects of eugenics that planned the simple elimination of human beings considered as 'imperfect' on an ideological basis. However, it impinges upon the principle of respect for human dignity in several ways. It weakens the idea that the differences among human beings, regardless of the measure of their endowment, are exactly what the recognition of their equality presupposes and therefore protects. It introduces the risk of new forms of discrimination and stigmatization for those who cannot afford such enhancement or simply do not want to resort to it. 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Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805070965" title="Special:BookSources/9780805070965"><bdi>9780805070965</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237794777">237794777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enough%3A+Staying+Human+in+an+Engineered+Age&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237794777&rft.isbn=9780805070965&rft.aulast=McKibben&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonGarrard2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Stephen; Garrard, Eve (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/65644/1/Eugenics_and_the_ethics_of_selective_reproduction_Low_Res_1.pdf"><i>Eugenics and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Keele University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957616004" title="Special:BookSources/9780957616004"><bdi>9780957616004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106183611/http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/65644/1/Eugenics_and_the_ethics_of_selective_reproduction_Low_Res_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugenics+and+the+Ethics+of+Selective+Reproduction&rft.pub=Keele+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780957616004&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Garrard%2C+Eve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lancs.ac.uk%2F65644%2F1%2FEugenics_and_the_ethics_of_selective_reproduction_Low_Res_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComfort2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Comfort, Nathaniel</a> (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Eugenic-Impulse/135612/">"The Eugenics Impulse"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921085344/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Eugenic-Impulse/135612/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Eugenics+Impulse&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.aulast=Comfort&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Eugenic-Impulse%2F135612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComfort2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Comfort, Nathaniel</a> (25 September 2012). <i>The Science of Human Perfection: How Genes Became the Heart of American Medicine</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300169911" title="Special:BookSources/9780300169911"><bdi>9780300169911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Human+Perfection%3A+How+Genes+Became+the+Heart+of+American+Medicine&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft.isbn=9780300169911&rft.aulast=Comfort&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoboldt2017" class="citation web cs1">Koboldt, Daniel (29 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/16677-genetics-science-fiction-future">"The Science of Sci-Fi: How Science Fiction Predicted the Future of Genetics"</a>. <i>Outer Places</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233445/https://www.outerplaces.com/science/item/16677-genetics-science-fiction-future">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outer+Places&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Sci-Fi%3A+How+Science+Fiction+Predicted+the+Future+of+Genetics&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Koboldt&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outerplaces.com%2Fscience%2Fitem%2F16677-genetics-science-fiction-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2023" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Richard (27 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/star-trek-strange-new-worlds-augments-illyrians-and-the-eugenics-wars">"Star Trek: Strange New Worlds: Augments, Illyrians and the Eugenics Wars"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Star+Trek%3A+Strange+New+Worlds%3A+Augments%2C+Illyrians+and+the+Eugenics+Wars&rft.date=2023-06-27&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fstar-trek-strange-new-worlds-augments-illyrians-and-the-eugenics-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darnovsky_Crossroads-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darnovsky_Crossroads_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarnovsky2001" class="citation web cs1">Darnovsky, Marcy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=2809">"Health and human rights leaders call for an international ban on species-altering procedures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122090944/http://geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=2809">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+and+human+rights+leaders+call+for+an+international+ban+on+species-altering+procedures&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Darnovsky&rft.aufirst=Marcy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneticsandsociety.org%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D2809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annas_2002-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Annas_2002_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnasAndrewsIsasi2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Annas" title="George Annas">Annas, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lori_Andrews" title="Lori Andrews">Andrews, Lori</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Isasi" title="Rosario Isasi">Isasi, Rosario</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2233&context=faculty_scholarship">"Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations"</a>. <i>American Journal of Law & Medicine</i>. <b>28</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS009885880001162X">10.1017/S009885880001162X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12197461">12197461</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233430956">233430956</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316111620/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2233&context=faculty_scholarship">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Law+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Protecting+the+endangered+human%3A+Toward+an+international+treaty+prohibiting+cloning+and+inheritable+alterations&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233430956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12197461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS009885880001162X&rft.aulast=Annas&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Lori&rft.au=Isasi%2C+Rosario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.bu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2233%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jabr-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jabr_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJabr2013" class="citation news cs1">Jabr, Ferris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Gattaca-a-Not-So-Perfect-Specimen-Hawke-only-2799938.php">"Are We Too Close to Making Gattaca a Reality?"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172904/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Gattaca-a-Not-So-Perfect-Specimen-Hawke-only-2799938.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Are+We+Too+Close+to+Making+Gattaca+a+Reality%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Jabr&rft.aufirst=Ferris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fmovies%2Farticle%2FGattaca-a-Not-So-Perfect-Specimen-Hawke-only-2799938.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popemcroberts-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popemcroberts_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopeMcRoberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Marcia; McRoberts, Richard (2003). <i>Cambridge Wizard Student Guide Gattaca</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521536154" title="Special:BookSources/0521536154"><bdi>0521536154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Wizard+Student+Guide+Gattaca&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0521536154&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.au=McRoberts%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirby-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirby_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Kirby" title="David A. 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French</a> (1990). "Genetics and Human Malleability." <i>The Hastings Center Report,</i> 20(1), 21–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3562969">10.2307/3562969</a> p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2008" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer, Carl (10 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/science/11gene.html?pagewanted=all">"Now: The Rest of the Genome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Now%3A+The+Rest+of+the+Genome&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Fscience%2F11gene.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby20002-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby20002_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, David A. (July 2000). "The New Eugenics in Cinema: Genetic Determinism and Gene Therapy in "GATTACA"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240876">4240876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=The+New+Eugenics+in+Cinema%3A+Genetic+Determinism+and+Gene+Therapy+in+%22GATTACA%22&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4240876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlomin2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Plomin" title="Robert Plomin">Plomin, Robert</a> (13 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrt2DwAAQBAJ&q=blueprint%20robert%20plomin%20%22gattaca%22&pg=PA180"><i>Blueprint: How DNA Makes Us Who We Are</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262039161" title="Special:BookSources/9780262039161"><bdi>9780262039161</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515022228/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrt2DwAAQBAJ&q=blueprint+robert+plomin+%22gattaca%22&pg=PA180">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blueprint%3A+How+DNA+Makes+Us+Who+We+Are&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.isbn=9780262039161&rft.aulast=Plomin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrt2DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dblueprint%2520robert%2520plomin%2520%2522gattaca%2522%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stirpiculture-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stirpiculture_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He concretely intended it to replace the word "<a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">stirpiculture</a>", which he had used previously but which had come to be mocked due to its perceived sexual overtones.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisman_etc.-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weisman_etc._49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the origins of the concept also had to do with certain interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a> and the theories of <a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">August Weismann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blom_2008_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blom_2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 335–336">: 335–336 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He had identified eugenicists as a major obstacle to the eradication and cure of tuberculosis in his 1917 address "Consumption: Its Cause and Cure",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite Morgan's public rejection of eugenics, much of his genetic research was adopted by proponents of eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similarly, the author <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> has described potential "eugenics wars" as the worst-case outcome of eugenics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his view, this scenario would mean the return of coercive state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">genetic discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations#Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> of persons with genetic defects, the <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">killing of the institutionalized</a> and, specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_interpretations_of_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interpretations of race">races</a> which are considered inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2003_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2003-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><p>Law professors <a href="/wiki/George_Annas" title="George Annas">George Annas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lori_Andrews" title="Lori Andrews">Lori Andrews</a> have similarly argued that the use of these technologies could lead to such human-<a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">posthuman</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Darnovsky_Crossroads_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnovsky_Crossroads-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Annas_2002_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annas_2002-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Silver-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silver_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has been cited by many <a href="/wiki/Bioethicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethicist">bioethicists</a> and laypeople in support of their hesitancy about, or opposition to, eugenics and the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic determinism">genetic determinist</a> ideology that may frame it.<sup id="cite_ref-kirby_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><p>Accordingly, <a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Silver" title="Lee M. Silver">Lee M. Silver</a> stated that "<i>Gattaca</i> is a film that all geneticists should see if for no other reason than to understand the perception of our trade held by so many of the public-at-large".<sup id="cite_ref-silver_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar, Nicholas</a> (2004). <i>Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement</i>. Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Eugenics%3A+In+Defense+of+Human+Enhancement&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgar2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar, Nicholas</a> (2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/why-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics/00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87">"Why we Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics"</a></span>. <i>Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963180118000336">10.1017/S0963180118000336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30570459">30570459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58195676">58195676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Quarterly+of+Healthcare+Ethics&rft.atitle=Why+we+Should+Defend+Gene+Editing+as+Eugenics&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58195676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30570459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0963180118000336&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics%2Farticle%2Fwhy-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics%2F00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Buchanan" title="Allen Buchanan">Buchanan, Allen</a> (2017). <i>Better than Human: The Promise and Perils of Deliberate Biomedical Enhancement</i>. "Philosophy in Action" series. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190664046" title="Special:BookSources/9780190664046"><bdi>9780190664046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+than+Human%3A+The+Promise+and+Perils+of+Deliberate+Biomedical+Enhancement&rft.series=%22Philosophy+in+Action%22+series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190664046&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavaliere2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cavaliere, Giulia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336759">"Looking into the Shadow: Eugenics arguments in debates about reproductive technologies"</a>. <i>Monash Bioethics Review</i>. <b>36</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40592-018-0086-x">10.1007/s40592-018-0086-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6336759">6336759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30535862">30535862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monash+Bioethics+Review&rft.atitle=Looking+into+the+Shadow%3A+Eugenics+arguments+in+debates+about+reproductive+technologies&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6336759%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30535862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40592-018-0086-x&rft.aulast=Cavaliere&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6336759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul,_Diane_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Paul, Diane B.">Paul, Diane B.</a>; Spencer, Hamish G. (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dianebpaul.com/uploads/2/3/2/9/23295024/did_eugenics_rest.pdf">Did Eugenics Rest on an Elementary Mistake?</a>" (PDF). In: <i>The Politics of Heredity: Essays on Eugenics, Biomedicine, and the Nature-Nurture Debate</i>, SUNY Press (pp. 102–118)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Galton" title="David J. Galton">Galton, David J.</a> (2002). <i>Eugenics: The Future of Human Life in the 21st Century</i>. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780349113777" title="Special:BookSources/9780349113777"><bdi>9780349113777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eugenics%3A+The+Future+of+Human+Life+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780349113777&rft.aulast=Galton&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEugenics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gantsho, Luvuyo (2022). "The principle of procreative beneficence and its implications for genetic engineering." <i>Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics</i> 43 (5):307-328. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11017-022-09585-0">10.1007/s11017-022-09585-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(bioethicist)" title="John Harris (bioethicist)">Harris, John</a> (2009). "Enhancements are a Moral Obligation." In J. Savulescu & N. Bostrom (Eds.), <i>Human Enhancement</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 131–154</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamm,_Frances" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamm, Frances">Kamm, Frances</a> (2010). "What Is And Is Not Wrong With Enhancement?" 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Selection For Intelligence: A cost-benefit analysis of the marginal cost of IVF-based embryo selection for intelligence and other traits with 2016-2017 state-of-the-art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/timelines/eugenics">Eugenics: Its Origin and Development (1883–Present)</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (30 November 2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism">Eugenics and Scientific Racism Fact Sheet</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Genome_Research_Institute" title="National Human Genome Research Institute">National Human Genome Research Institute</a> (3 November 2021)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breed" title="Template:Breed"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breed" title="Template talk:Breed"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breed" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breed"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breeds_and_cultivars216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed#Lists_of_animal_breeds" title="Breed">Lists of breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cultivars" title="Lists of cultivars">Lists of cultivars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">Backcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">Crossbreed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_breeding" title="Preservation breeding">Preservation breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">Purebred</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">Animal breeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds" title="List of cat breeds">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds" title="List of cattle breeds">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_breeds" title="List of chicken breeds">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dog_breeds" title="List of dog breeds">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_duck_breeds" title="List of duck breeds">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_breeds" title="List of goat breeds">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goose_breeds" title="List of goose breeds">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guinea_pig_breeds" title="List of guinea pig breeds">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">Pigeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbit_breeds" title="List of rabbit breeds">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sheep_breeds" title="List of sheep breeds">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_turkey_breeds" title="List of turkey breeds">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">Water buffalo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Backyard breeder">Backyard breeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed_standard" title="Breed standard">Breed standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">Breeding pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">Breeding program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_crossbreed" class="mw-redirect" title="Designer crossbreed">Designer crossbreed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars" title="List of apple cultivars">Apple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_apple_cultivars" title="List of Japanese apple cultivars">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basil_cultivars" title="List of basil cultivars">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Callistemon_cultivars" title="List of Callistemon cultivars"><i>Callistemon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canna_cultivars" title="List of Canna cultivars"><i>Canna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strain" title="Cannabis strain"><i>Cannabis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars"><i>Capsicum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cherimoya_cultivars" title="List of cherimoya cultivars">Cherimoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_hybrids_and_cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of citrus hybrids and cultivars">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hybrid">hybrids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cucumber_varieties" title="List of cucumber varieties">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gazania_cultivars" title="List of Gazania cultivars"><i>Gazania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grevillea_cultivars" title="List of Grevillea cultivars"><i>Grevillea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mango_cultivars" title="List of mango cultivars">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions" title="List of Narcissus horticultural divisions"><i>Narcissus</i> (daffodils)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nemesia_cultivars" title="List of Nemesia cultivars"><i>Nemesia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepenthes_cultivars" title="List of Nepenthes cultivars"><i>Nepenthes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_olive_cultivars" title="List of olive cultivars">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pear_cultivars" title="List of pear cultivars">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Rose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strawberry_cultivars" title="List of strawberry cultivars">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_potato_cultivars" title="List of sweet potato cultivars">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweetcorn_varieties" title="List of sweetcorn varieties">Sweetcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tomato_cultivars" title="List of tomato cultivars">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus_flytrap_cultivars" title="List of Venus flytrap cultivars">Venus flytrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection methods<br />and genetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">Marker-assisted selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_selection" title="Balancing selection">balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">directional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_selection" title="Disruptive selection">disruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_sweep" title="Selective sweep">selective sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizing_selection" title="Stabilizing selection">stabilizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_methods_in_plant_breeding_based_on_mode_of_reproduction" title="Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction">Selection methods in plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">Genotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Codominance">Codominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">Heterosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreeding_depression" title="Outbreeding depression">Outbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">Inbreeding depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessive_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive trait">Recessive trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">Sex linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F1_hybrid" title="F1 hybrid">F1 hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registry</a></li> <li>Breeder <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeder" title="Breeder">profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeder_(animal)" title="Breeder (animal)">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">Germline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">Heirloom plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">Landrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_breed" title="Rare breed">Rare breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">Tree breeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Darwin69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Darwin" title="Template:Charles Darwin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Darwin" title="Template talk:Charles Darwin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Darwin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Darwin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Darwin69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wedgwood_family" title="Darwin–Wedgwood family">Darwin–Wedgwood family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin%27s_education" title="Charles Darwin's education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">Voyage on HMS <i>Beagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inception_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Inception of Darwin's theory">Inception of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Development of Darwin's theory">Development of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Publication of Darwin's theory">Publication of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="Reactions to On the Origin of Species">Reactions to <i>On the Origin of Species</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Orchids_to_Variation" title="Darwin from Orchids to Variation"><i>Orchids</i> to <i>Variation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Descent_of_Man_to_Emotions" title="Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions"><i>Descent of Man</i> to <i>Emotions</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Insectivorous_Plants_to_Worms" title="Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms"><i>Insectivorous Plants</i> to <i>Worms</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Religious views of Charles Darwin">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Health of Charles Darwin">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_and_women" title="Darwin and women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Portraits of Charles Darwin">Portraits of Darwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caricatures_of_Charles_Darwin_and_his_evolutionary_theory_in_19th-century_England" title="Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England">caricatures</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography" title="Charles Darwin bibliography">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Letters_to_Henslow" title="Extracts from Letters to Henslow">Extracts from Letters to Henslow</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i> (1838–1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands" title="Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands">Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands</a></i> (1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America" title="Geological Observations on South America">Geological Observations on South America</a></i> (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties</a>" (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids">Fertilisation of Orchids</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication</a></i> (1868) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Selection_(manuscript)" title="Natural Selection (manuscript)">Natural Selection</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous Plants (book)">Insectivorous Plants</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Movements_and_Habits_of_Climbing_Plants" title="On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants">On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self_Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom" title="The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom">The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species" title="The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species">The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants" title="The Power of Movement in Plants">The Power of Movement in Plants</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_Through_the_Action_of_Worms" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">Correspondence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin">The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin</a></i>, 1887</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="More Letters of Charles Darwin">More Letters of Charles Darwin</a></i>, 1903</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxa_described_by_Charles_Darwin" title="List of taxa described by Charles Darwin">List of described taxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation#Influence_and_effects" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"><i>Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">Pangenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Darwin Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Commemoration of Charles Darwin">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_Darwin" title="List of things named after Charles Darwin">things named for Darwin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Darwinism" title="Neural Darwinism">Neural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Darwinism" title="Quantum Darwinism">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Eclipse of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Medal" title="Darwin Medal">Darwin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley_family" title="Huxley family">Huxley family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genetic_engineering301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetic_engineering" title="Template talk:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genetic_engineering301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically <br />modified<br /> organisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Maize/corn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MON_810" title="MON 810">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_863" title="MON 863">MON 863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_corn_recall#StarLink_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink corn recall">StarLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">Potato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_rice" title="Genetically modified rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Soybean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundup_ready_soybean" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup ready soybean">Roundup ready soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistive_Gold" title="Vistive Gold">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato" title="Genetically modified tomato">Tomato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Genetic_modification" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_wheat" title="Genetically modified wheat">Wheat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HB4_Wheat" title="HB4 Wheat">HB4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_brinjal" title="Genetically modified brinjal">Brinjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_canola" title="Genetically modified canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya#Genetically_engineered_cultivars" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rose" title="Blue rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartStax" title="SmartStax">SmartStax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco#Genetic_modification" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMH-11_Mustard" title="DMH-11 Mustard">Mustard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mammal" title="Genetically modified mammal">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">Knockout mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncomouse" title="Oncomouse">Oncomouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolly_mouse" title="Woolly mouse">Woolly mouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviropig" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviropig">Enviropig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman the Bull">Herman the Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_rat" title="Knockout rat">Knockout rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppy" title="Ruppy">Ruppy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_insect" title="Genetically modified insect">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism#Frogs" title="Genetically modified organism">Frogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacteria" title="Genetically modified bacteria">Bacteria</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_virus" title="Genetically modified virus">viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Inserting DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_gun" title="Gene gun">Biolistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroporation" title="Electroporation">Electroporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic transduction">Genetic transduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipofection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipofection">Lipofection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microinjection" title="Microinjection">Microinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenesis">Transgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenesis" title="Cisgenesis">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming</a></li> <li>Companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASF_Plant_Science" title="BASF Plant Science">BASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer#Bayer_CropScience" title="Bayer">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_AgroSciences" title="Dow AgroSciences">Dow AgroSciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont Pioneer">DuPont Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">humans</a> and<br /> diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">Gene knockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">Gene knockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">Gene targeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br /> articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">Transgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transfection" title="Reverse transfection">Reverse transfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in North America">North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obsolete_definitions_of_race279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template talk:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obsolete_definitions_of_race279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Obsolete definitions of race</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoid">Capoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Arabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenoid_race" title="Armenoid race">Armenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantid_race" title="Atlantid race">Atlantid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_race" title="Caspian race">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_race" title="Dinaric race">Dinaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopid_race" title="Ethiopid race">Ethiopid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indid_race" title="Indid race">Indid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irano-Afghan_race" title="Irano-Afghan race">Iranid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semites" class="mw-redirect" title="Semites">Semites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongoloid" title="Proto-Mongoloid">Proto-Mongoloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinodonty_and_Sundadonty" title="Sinodonty and Sundadonty">Sinodonty and Sundadonty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India" title="Historical definitions of races in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Racial stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorism">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Baur" title="Erwin Baur">Erwin Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beddoe" title="John Beddoe">John Beddoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennett_Bean" title="Robert Bennett Bean">Robert Bennett Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Biasutti" title="Renato Biasutti">Renato Biasutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mossie_Brues" title="Alice Mossie Brues">Alice Mossie Brues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Bryn" title="Halfdan Bryn">Halfdan Bryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" title="Charles Caldwell (physician)">Charles Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Mary_Cole" title="Sonia Mary Cole">Sonia Mary Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton S. Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Czekanowski" title="Jan Czekanowski">Jan Czekanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" title="Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt">Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Eugen Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Marion_Garn" title="Stanley Marion Garn">Stanley Marion Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grattan_(naturalist)" title="John Grattan (naturalist)">John Grattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ira_Kephart" title="Calvin Ira Kephart">Calvin Ira Kephart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Fritz Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Bertil Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_McCausland" title="Dominick McCausland">Dominick McCausland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peschel" title="Oscar Peschel">Oscar Peschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" title="Charles Pickering (naturalist)">Charles Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" title="Ludwig Hermann Plate">Ludwig Hermann Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Reche" title="Otto Reche">Otto Reche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius" title="Gustaf Retzius">Gustaf Retzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henric_Sanielevici" title="Henric Sanielevici">Henric Sanielevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilse_Schwidetzky" title="Ilse Schwidetzky">Ilse Schwidetzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Steggerda" title="Morris Steggerda">Morris Steggerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Topinard" title="Paul Topinard">Paul Topinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Evrie" title="John H. Van Evrie">John H. Van Evrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Woltmann" title="Ludwig Woltmann">Ludwig Woltmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)"><i>An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People<wbr /> in Different Climates</i> (1744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners"><i>The Outline of History of Mankind</i> (1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"><i>Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question</i> (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races"><i>An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</i> (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley_book)" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley book)"><i>The Races of Europe</i> (Ripley, 1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century"><i>The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Life_of_the_Aryan_Peoples" title="Race Life of the Aryan Peoples"><i>Race Life of the Aryan Peoples</i> (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics"><i>Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</i> (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castes_in_India:_Their_Mechanism,_Genesis_and_Development" title="Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development"><i>Castes in India</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race"><i>The Passing of the Great Race</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Tide_of_Color_Against_White_World-Supremacy" title="The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy"><i>The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy</i> (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century"><i>The Myth of the Twentieth Century</i> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_Caste" title="Annihilation of Caste"><i>Annihilation of Caste</i> (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus"><i>An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</i> (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question"><i>The Race Question</i> (1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropometry" title="History of anthropometry">History of anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">Monogenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">Polygenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_biology" title="Template:History of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_biology" title="Template talk:History of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields,<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" title="Timeline of immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">Model organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Zoology (through 1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">Zoology (since 1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories,<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis" title="One gene–one enzyme hypothesis">One gene–one enzyme hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" title="Sequence hypothesis">Sequence hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History of the creation-evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_science" title="Humboldtian science">Humboldtian science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_biology" title="Category:History of biology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_biology122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Template talk:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_biology122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Springbok_pronk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/120px-Springbok_pronk.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/250px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to Darwinian evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">Tree of life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_biology" title="Category:Philosophers of biology">Philosophers of biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beatty_(philosopher)" title="John Beatty (philosopher)">John Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Darden" title="Lindley Darden">Lindley Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Fehr" title="Carla Fehr">Carla Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Grene" title="Marjorie Grene">Marjorie Grene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Godfrey-Smith" title="Peter Godfrey-Smith">Peter Godfrey-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Griesemer" title="James R. Griesemer">James R. Griesemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Griffiths" title="Paul E. Griffiths">Paul E. Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hull_(philosopher)" title="David Hull (philosopher)">David Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kitcher" title="Philip Kitcher">Philip Kitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Lewens" title="Tim Lewens">Tim Lewens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Longino" title="Helen Longino">Helen Longino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Maienschein" title="Jane Maienschein">Jane Maienschein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Millstein" title="Roberta Millstein">Roberta Millstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mitchell" title="Sandra Mitchell">Sandra Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Oyama" title="Susan Oyama">Susan Oyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alex Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahotra_Sarkar" title="Sahotra Sarkar">Sahotra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Sober" title="Elliott Sober">Elliott Sober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sterelny" title="Kim Sterelny">Kim Sterelny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._Tauber" title="Alfred I. Tauber">Alfred I. Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Verschuuren" title="Gerard Verschuuren">Gerard Verschuuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Wimsatt" title="William C. Wimsatt">William C. Wimsatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ghiselin" title="Michael Ghiselin">Michael Ghiselin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Noble" title="Denis Noble">Denis Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Roughgarden" title="Joan Roughgarden">Joan Roughgarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Sattler" title="Rolf Sattler">Rolf Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory">LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_water_fluoridation" title="Opposition to water fluoridation">Opposition to water fluoridation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health650" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rospotrebnadzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rospotrebnadzor">Rospotrebnadzor</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of public health in the United Kingdom">History of public health in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">History of public health in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_Australia" title="History of public health in Australia">History of public health in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">Hypodescent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">Hyperdescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_capitalism" title="Racial capitalism">Racial capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015656-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85045538">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946804q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946804q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574503">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="eugenika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120030&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX524599">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557929205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017429">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639442">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnovsky2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrante2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalton1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalton1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalton1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalton2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGlad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoering2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaldane1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansenKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauskeller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJabr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_D.Berry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevles1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes,_John_Maynard1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingLively2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoboldt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLively2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaranto1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKibben2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaren1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPine1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlomin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopeMcRoberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Pius_XI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisHornblowerRobbTzertzinis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenkranz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalgirli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavulescuKahane2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimoncelli2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpektorowskiIreni-Saban2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurda2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeitAnomalyAgarSinger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisscherGyngellYengoSavulescu2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardPalmer_CapeSimons1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonGarrard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithrock2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorrall2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdos_SantosHallewell2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Breed\"] = 1,\n [\"Charles Darwin\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 9,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Eugenics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 9,\n [\"Fin de siecle sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Genetic engineering\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical definitions of race\"] = 1,\n [\"History of biology\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Philosophy of biology\"] = 1,\n [\"Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pseudoscience\"] = 1,\n [\"Public health\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 5,\n [\"Racism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource portal\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","220","12.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.4"],["[others]","240","13.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f6c89f4bf-shgnt","timestamp":"20250401143853","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Eugenics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eugenics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170480","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170480","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-24T03:40:38Z","dateModified":"2025-03-31T18:07:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7b\/Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image_from_Wellcome_Library.jpg","headline":"a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population"}</script> </body> </html>