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id="toc-Pre-steam_modern_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-steam_modern_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-steam modern systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-steam_modern_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wooden_rails_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_rails_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Wooden rails introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_rails_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_rails_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_rails_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Metal rails introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_rails_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_power_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_power_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Steam power introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_power_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Electric power introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diesel_power_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel_power_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Diesel power introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel_power_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-speed_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-speed_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>High-speed rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-speed_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trains</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trains subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haulage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haulage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Haulage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haulage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Motive power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Passenger trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freight_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freight_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Freight trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freight_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right-of-way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-of-way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Right-of-way</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-of-way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauge_incompatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauge_incompatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gauge incompatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauge_incompatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train_inspection_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_inspection_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Train inspection systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_inspection_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Electrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social,_economic,_and_energy_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social,_economic,_and_energy_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social, economic, and energy aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social,_economic,_and_energy_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social, economic, and energy aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social,_economic,_and_energy_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Social and economic impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nation-building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nation-building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Nation-building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nation-building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_of_corporate_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_of_corporate_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Model of corporate management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_of_corporate_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shipping_freight_and_passengers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_freight_and_passengers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.1</span> <span>Shipping freight and passengers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_freight_and_passengers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.2</span> <span>Financial system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.3</span> <span>Modern management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_paths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_paths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.4</span> <span>Career paths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_paths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Military role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Positive impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>Negative impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_rail_as_economic_development_indicator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_rail_as_economic_development_indicator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Modern rail as economic development indicator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_rail_as_economic_development_indicator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Subsidies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail transport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نقل بالسكك الحديدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل بالسكك الحديدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99miryolu_n%C9%99qliyyat%C4%B1" title="Dəmiryolu nəqliyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmiryolu nəqliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="রেল পরিবহন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেল পরিবহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih-l%C5%8D%CD%98_%C5%ABn-su" title="Thih-lō͘ ūn-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih-lō͘ ūn-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8E%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тимер юл транспорты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер юл транспорты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Чыгуначны транспарт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чыгуначны транспарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="रेल परिवहन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेल परिवहन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Железопътен транспорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Железопътен транспорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_ferroviari" title="Transport ferroviari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transport ferroviari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_doprava" title="Železniční doprava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železniční doprava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahn_(Verkehr)" title="Bahn (Verkehr) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bahn (Verkehr)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudteetransport" title="Raudteetransport – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raudteetransport" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_ferroviario" title="Transporte ferroviario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transporte ferroviario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela_transporto" title="Rela transporto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rela transporto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenbide-garraio" title="Trenbide-garraio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trenbide-garraio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ترابری ریلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترابری ریلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_ferroviaire" title="Transport ferroviaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transport ferroviaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarril" title="Ferrocarril – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferrocarril" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="रेल्वे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रेल्वे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B4%EC%86%A1" title="철도운송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철도운송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirgin_%C6%99asa" title="Jirgin ƙasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jirgin ƙasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%AB" title="Երկաթուղի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթուղի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dki_promet" title="Željeznički promet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željeznički promet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fervoyala_transportado" title="Fervoyala transportado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fervoyala transportado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_rel" title="Transportasi rel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transportasi rel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestarsamg%C3%B6ngur" title="Lestarsamgöngur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lestarsamgöngur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporto_ferroviario" title="Trasporto ferroviario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasporto ferroviario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תחבורה מסילתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחבורה מסילתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ರೈಲುಸಾರಿಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೈಲುಸಾರಿಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რკინიგზის ტრანსპორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინიგზის ტრანსპორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Темір жол көлігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темір жол көлігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAyahesin%C3%AE_ya_veguhastin%C3%AA" title="Rêyahesinî ya veguhastinê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêyahesinî ya veguhastinê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Темир жол транспорту – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темир жол транспорту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzce%C4%BCa_transports" title="Dzelzceļa transports – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzceļa transports" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="റെയിൽ‌ ഗതാഗതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയിൽ‌ ഗതാഗതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="रेल्वे वाहतूक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेल्वे वाहतूक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რკინაშარაშ ტრანსპორტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რკინაშარაშ ტრანსპორტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="سكه حديد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكه حديد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengangkutan_rel" title="Pengangkutan rel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengangkutan rel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Төмөр зам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмөр зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treinvervoer" title="Treinvervoer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Treinvervoer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="रेल यातायात – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेल यातायात" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81" title="रेल लँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेल लँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81" title="鉄道輸送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄道輸送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%BF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кÿртньыгорно транспорт – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кÿртньыгорно транспорт" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir_yo%CA%BBl_transporti" title="Temir yoʻl transporti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir yoʻl transporti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F" title="ਰੇਲ ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਪੋਰਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਲ ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਪੋਰਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ریل آوا جائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریل آوا جائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_kolejowy" title="Transport kolejowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transport kolejowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_ferrovi%C3%A1rio" title="Transporte ferroviário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transporte ferroviário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_feroviar" title="Transport feroviar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transport feroviar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Железнодорожный транспорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железнодорожный транспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Тимир суол транспорта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир суол транспорта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporti_hekurudhor" title="Transporti hekurudhor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transporti hekurudhor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasportu_firruviariu" title="Trasportu firruviariu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Trasportu firruviariu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rail transport" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ريلوي آمدورفت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريلوي آمدورفت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C5%A1ki_prevoz" title="Železniški prevoz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železniški prevoz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dki_saobra%C4%87aj" title="Željeznički saobraćaj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Željeznički saobraćaj" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautatieliikenne" title="Rautatieliikenne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rautatieliikenne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4gstransport" title="Järnvägstransport – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järnvägstransport" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyaheng_daambakal" title="Biyaheng daambakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyaheng daambakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இருப்புப்பாதைப் போக்குவரத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருப்புப்பாதைப் போக்குவரத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8E%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тимер юл транспорты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тимер юл транспорты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="การขนส่งระบบราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การขนส่งระบบราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೈಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರೈಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiryolu_ula%C5%9F%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Demiryolu ulaşımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demiryolu ulaşımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Демир-орук – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Демир-орук" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Залізничний транспорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізничний транспорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84" title="ریل نقل و حمل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریل نقل و حمل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_s%E1%BA%AFt" title="Vận tải đường sắt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vận tải đường sắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93" title="铁路运输 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁路运输" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="鐵路運輸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵路運輸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Mode of transport</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Railway" and "Railroad" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Railway_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Railway (disambiguation)">Railway (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railroad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Railroad (disambiguation)">Railroad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg/220px-Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg/330px-Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg/440px-Alaska_Railroad_oil_train_at_Nenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>A train in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> transporting <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> in March 2006</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rail transport</b> (also known as <b>train transport</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_transport" title="Means of transport">means of transport</a> using wheeled vehicles running in <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">tracks</a>, which usually consist of two parallel <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">rails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rail transport is one of the two primary means of <a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">land transport</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a>. It is used for about 8% of passenger and freight transport globally,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanks to its <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport" title="Energy efficiency in transport">energy efficiency</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potentially <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high speed</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Train_topics" title="Template:Train topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Train_topics" title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rolling stock</a> on rails generally encounters lower <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">frictional resistance</a> than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a>. Power is usually provided by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>. While railway transport is <a href="/wiki/Capital_intensity" title="Capital intensity">capital-intensive</a> and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precursors of railways driven by human or animal power have existed since antiquity, but modern rail transport began with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> at the beginning of the 19th century. The first passenger railway, the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>, opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway">1830 opening of the first intercity connection</a> in England, was a key component of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. The adoption of rail transport lowered <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city. </p><p>In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">railway electrification</a> began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel locomotives</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railway system</a> was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail#Asia" title="High-speed rail">East Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">the eastern United States</a>. Following some decline due to competition from cars and airplanes, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to <a href="/wiki/Road_congestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Road congestion">road congestion</a> and rising fuel prices, as well as governments <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">investing in rail</a> as a means of reducing <a href="/wiki/CO2_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emissions">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History of rail transport</a></div> <p>Smooth, durable <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">road surfaces</a> have been made for <a href="/wiki/Wheeled_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeled vehicle">wheeled vehicles</a> since prehistoric times. In some cases, they were narrow and in pairs to support only the wheels. That is, they were <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">wagonways</a> or tracks. Some had grooves or flanges or other mechanical means to keep the wheels on track. </p><p>For example, evidence indicates that a 6 to 8.5 km long <i><a href="/wiki/Diolkos" title="Diolkos">Diolkos</a></i> paved trackway transported boats across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> from around 600 BC. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis,_M._J._T._(2001),_11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_M._J._T._(2001),_11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paved trackways were also later built in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-steam_modern_systems">Pre-steam modern systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-steam modern systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">Wagonway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)" title="Tramway (industrial)">Tramway (industrial)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">Plateway</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wooden_rails_introduced">Wooden rails introduced</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wooden rails introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg/220px-Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg/330px-Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg/440px-Berlin_Technikmuseum_Holzbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century mine-cart, an early example of un-powered rail transport, used man power to operate.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1515, <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Lang">Cardinal Matthäus Lang</a> wrote a description of the <a href="/wiki/Reisszug" title="Reisszug">Reisszug</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a> railway at the <a href="/wiki/Hohensalzburg_Fortress" title="Hohensalzburg Fortress">Hohensalzburg Fortress</a> in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a <a href="/wiki/Treadwheel" title="Treadwheel">treadwheel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fm1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fm1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line is still operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wagonways (or <a href="/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)" title="Tramway (industrial)">tramways</a>) using wooden rails, hauled by horses, started appearing in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and from mines and soon became popular in Europe. Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons <i>Hunde</i> ("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many references to their use in central Europe in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a transport system was later used by German miners at <a href="/wiki/Caldbeck" title="Caldbeck">Caldbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, England, perhaps from the 1560s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wagonway was built at <a href="/wiki/Prescot" title="Prescot">Prescot</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about one-half mile (800 m) away.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A funicular railway was also made at <a href="/wiki/Broseley" title="Broseley">Broseley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> some time before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wollaton_Wagonway" title="Wollaton Wagonway">Wollaton Wagonway</a>, completed in 1604 by <a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Beaumont" title="Huntingdon Beaumont">Huntingdon Beaumont</a>, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. It ran from <a href="/wiki/Strelley,_Nottingham" title="Strelley, Nottingham">Strelley</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wollaton" title="Wollaton">Wollaton</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Railway" title="Middleton Railway">Middleton Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in the Americas was built in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metal_rails_introduced">Metal rails introduced</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metal rails introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg/220px-Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg/330px-Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg/440px-Little_Eaton_Tramway_Replica_Wagon_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon, 1795; the tracks are plateways.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png/220px-Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png/330px-Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png/440px-Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway_cast-iron_fishbelly_rail.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>A cast iron fishbelly edge rail manufactured by Outram at the Butterley Company for the <a href="/wiki/Cromford_and_High_Peak_Railway" title="Cromford and High Peak Railway">Cromford and High Peak Railway</a> in 1831; these are smooth edge rails for wheels with flanges.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1760s, the <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> Company began to fix plates of <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> to the upper surface of the wooden rails. This allowed a variation of <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">gauge</a> to be used. At first only <a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">balloon loops</a> could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use that allowed for switching.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A system was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates, which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">plateways</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Curr" title="John Curr">John Curr</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Outram" title="Benjamin Outram">Benjamin Outram</a> for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his <a href="/wiki/Butterley_Company" title="Butterley Company">Butterley ironworks</a>. In 1803, <a href="/wiki/William_Jessop" title="William Jessop">William Jessop</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Iron_Railway" title="Surrey Iron Railway">Surrey Iron Railway</a>, a double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Jessop" title="William Jessop">William Jessop</a> had earlier used a form of all-iron <a href="/wiki/Edge_rail_(edgeways)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge rail (edgeways)">edge rail</a> and flanged wheels successfully for an extension to the <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest_Canal" title="Charnwood Forest Canal">Charnwood Forest Canal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nanpantan" title="Nanpantan">Nanpantan</a>, Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge rails. Jessop became a partner in the Butterley Company in 1790. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lock_Rail_Road" title="Lake Lock Rail Road">Lake Lock Rail Road</a> in 1796. Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers. </p><p>These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side until well into the early 19th century. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became the standard for railways. </p><p>Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Birkinshaw" title="John Birkinshaw">John Birkinshaw</a> in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron, usually simply referred to as "iron", was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But iron was expensive to produce until <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cort" title="Henry Cort">Henry Cort</a> patented the <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">puddling process</a> in 1784. In 1783 Cort also patented the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">rolling process</a>, which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails. The next important development in iron production was <a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">hot blast</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/James_Beaumont_Neilson" title="James Beaumont Neilson">James Beaumont Neilson</a> (patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke (fuel)</a> or charcoal needed to produce pig iron.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wrought iron was a soft material that contained slag or <i>dross</i>. The softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years. Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to the replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all-iron rails. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a>, enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to the era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1891_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1891-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grubler1990_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grubler1990-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel, which caused the steel to become brittle with age. The <a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">open hearth furnace</a> began to replace the Bessemer process near the end of the 19th century, improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs. Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails, becoming standard for all railways. </p><p>The first passenger <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swansea_and_Mumbles_Railway" title="Swansea and Mumbles Railway">Swansea and Mumbles Railway</a>, was opened between <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbles" title="Mumbles">Mumbles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses remained the preferable mode for tram transport even after the arrival of steam engines until the end of the 19th century, because they were cleaner compared to steam-driven trams which caused smoke in city streets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_power_introduced">Steam power introduced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Steam power introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">Steam locomotive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrevithicksEngine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TrevithicksEngine.jpg/220px-TrevithicksEngine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TrevithicksEngine.jpg/330px-TrevithicksEngine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TrevithicksEngine.jpg/440px-TrevithicksEngine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>A replica of Trevithick's steam engine at the <a href="/wiki/National_Waterfront_Museum" title="National Waterfront Museum">National Waterfront Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1784, <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, patented a design for a <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a>. Watt had improved the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a>, hitherto used to pump water out of mines, and developed a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a> in 1769 capable of powering a wheel. This was a large <a href="/wiki/Stationary_engine" title="Stationary engine">stationary engine</a>, powering cotton mills and a variety of machinery; the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low-pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder, which required a separate <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Air_pump" title="Air pump">air pump</a>. Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston, raising the possibility of a smaller engine that might be used to power a vehicle. Following his patent, Watt's employee <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a> produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first full-scale working railway <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>, a British engineer born in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. This used high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a> to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the <a href="/wiki/Penydarren" title="Penydarren">Penydarren</a> ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a>, London, the <i><a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_Who_Can" title="Catch Me Who Can">Catch Me Who Can</a></i>, but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercially successful steam locomotive was <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Murray" title="Matthew Murray">Matthew Murray</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">rack</a> locomotive <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salamanca" class="mw-redirect" title="The Salamanca">Salamanca</a></i> built for the <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Railway" title="Middleton Railway">Middleton Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive was light enough to not break the <a href="/wiki/Edge_rail_(edgeways)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge rail (edgeways)">edge-rails</a> track and solved the problem of <a href="/wiki/Rail_adhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail adhesion">adhesion</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Cog-wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cog-wheel">cog-wheel</a> using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">rack railway</a>. </p><p>This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive <i><a href="/wiki/Puffing_Billy_(locomotive)" title="Puffing Billy (locomotive)">Puffing Billy</a></i> built by <a href="/wiki/Blackett_of_Wylam" title="Blackett of Wylam">Christopher Blackett</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hedley" title="William Hedley">William Hedley</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Wylam" title="Wylam">Wylam</a> Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by <a href="/wiki/Rail_adhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail adhesion">adhesion</a> only. This was accomplished by the distribution of weight between a number of wheels. <i>Puffing Billy</i> is now on display in the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a> in London, and is the oldest locomotive in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1814, <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the <a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">colliery</a> where he worked to allow him to build a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam-powered</a> machine. Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive <i><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCcher_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blücher (locomotive)">Blücher</a></i>, also a successful <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flanged</a>-wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive <i><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_No_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotion No 1">Locomotion</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> in the northeast of England, which became the first public steam railway in the world in 1825, although it used both horse power and steam power on different runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive <i><a href="/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket" title="Stephenson's Rocket">Rocket</a></i>, which entered in and won the <a href="/wiki/Rainhill_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhill Trials">Rainhill Trials</a>. This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, and much of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–30">: 24–30 </span></sup> The first public railway which used only steam locomotives, all the time, was <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>, built in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power_introduced">Electric power introduced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electric power introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg/220px-First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg/330px-First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg/440px-First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Lichterfelde tram, 1882</figcaption></figure><p>The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Robert Davidson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> in Scotland, and it was powered by <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cells</a> (batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery-electric locomotive. Davidson later built a larger locomotive named <i>Galvani</i>, exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Scottish Society of Arts">Royal Scottish Society of Arts</a> Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two <a href="/wiki/Direct-drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-drive">direct-drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Reluctance_motor" title="Reluctance motor">reluctance motors</a>, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutators</a>. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_and_Glasgow_Railway" title="Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway">Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway</a> in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the nineteenth century most european countries had military uses for railways.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> demonstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. The world's first electric tram line, <a href="/wiki/Gross-Lichterfelde_Tramway" title="Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway">Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway</a>, opened in <a href="/wiki/Lichterfelde_(Berlin)" title="Lichterfelde (Berlin)">Lichterfelde</a> near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 volts DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wire</a> and the line was extended to <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Lichterfelde_West_station" title="Berlin-Lichterfelde West station">Berlin-Lichterfelde West station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Volk%27s_Electric_Railway" title="Volk's Electric Railway">Volk's Electric Railway</a> opened in 1883 in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling_and_Hinterbr%C3%BChl_Tram" title="Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram">Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram</a> opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first tram line in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolleys</a> were pioneered in 1888 on the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Union_Passenger_Railway" title="Richmond Union Passenger Railway">Richmond Union Passenger Railway</a>, using equipment designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile section of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Belt_Line" title="Baltimore Belt Line">Baltimore Belt Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> (B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of multiple-unit train control in 1897. By the early 1900s most street railways were electrified. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch showing about a dozen people standing on an underground railway platform with a train standing at the platform. Several more people are visible inside the train, which has the words "Baker St" visible on its side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png/220px-Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png/330px-Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png/440px-Baker_Street_Waterloo_Railway_platform_March_1906.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Passengers waiting to board a tube train on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> in the early 1900s (sketch by unknown artist)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth rail">fourth rail</a> system in 1890 on the <a href="/wiki/City_and_South_London_Railway" title="City and South London Railway">City and South London Railway</a>, now part of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_line" title="Northern line">Northern line</a>. This was the first major railway to use <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain" title="Railway electrification in Great Britain">electric traction</a>. The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Stockwell" title="Stockwell">Stockwell</a> in south London.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first practical <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> electric locomotive was designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Lancelot_Brown" title="Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown">Charles Brown</a>, then working for <a href="/wiki/Maschinenfabrik_Oerlikon" title="Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon">Oerlikon</a>, Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">three-phase AC</a>, between a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro-electric plant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lauffen_am_Neckar" title="Lauffen am Neckar">Lauffen am Neckar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> West, a distance of 280 km (170 mi). Using experience he had gained while working for <a href="/wiki/Heilmann_locomotive" title="Heilmann locomotive">Jean Heilmann</a> on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that <a href="/wiki/AC_motor#Three-phase_AC_synchronous_motors" title="AC motor">three-phase motors</a> had a higher <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> than <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> motors and, because of the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>, were simpler to manufacture and maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a>: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003129_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003129-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kand%C3%B3" title="Kálmán Kandó">Kálmán Kandó</a> developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains" title="Évian-les-Bains">Évian-les-Bains</a> (France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lugano" title="Trams in Lugano">Lugano Tramway</a>. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a>, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Walter Boveri</a>) in 1899 on the 40 km <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#Burgdorf-Thun_Bahn" title="List of railway electrification systems">Burgdorf–Thun line</a>, Switzerland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg/220px-Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg/330px-Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg/440px-Ganz_engine_Valtellina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>, Italy, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than a short section. The 106 km <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003120–121_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003120–121-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patent_Office_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_Office-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003137_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003137-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kandó invented and developed the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_phase_converter" title="Rotary phase converter">rotary phase converter</a>, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high-voltage national networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_Office_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_Office-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from SNCF of France after World War II. The company conducted trials at AC 50 Hz, and established it as a standard. Following SNCF's successful trials, 50 Hz, now also called industrial frequency was adopted as standard for main-lines across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2003273-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel_power_introduced">Diesel power introduced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diesel power introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">Diesel locomotive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dieselisation#Rail_transport" title="Dieselisation">Dieselisation § Rail transport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limousin2010RVT01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Limousin2010RVT01.jpg/220px-Limousin2010RVT01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Limousin2010RVT01.jpg/330px-Limousin2010RVT01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Limousin2010RVT01.jpg/440px-Limousin2010RVT01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> & <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> co-production: world's first functional diesel–electric railcar 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Earliest recorded examples of an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> for railway use included a prototype designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Dent_Priestman" title="William Dent Priestman">William Dent Priestman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Thomson">Sir William Thomson</a> examined it in 1888 and described it as a "Priestman oil engine mounted upon a truck which is worked on a temporary line of rails to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, a 20 hp (15 kW) two axle machine built by <a href="/wiki/Priestman_Brothers" title="Priestman Brothers">Priestman Brothers</a> was used on the <a href="/wiki/Hull_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull Docks">Hull Docks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Klose" title="Adolf Klose">Adolf Klose</a> and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Gebr%C3%BCder_Sulzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebrüder Sulzer">Gebrüder Sulzer</a> founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. Sulzer had been manufacturing diesel engines since 1898. The Prussian State Railways ordered a diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the <a href="/wiki/Winterthur%E2%80%93Romanshorn_railway" title="Winterthur–Romanshorn railway">Winterthur–Romanshorn railway</a> in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locomotive weight was 95 tonnes and the power was 883 kW with a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through the mid-1920s. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> operated three experimental units of different designs since late 1925, though only one of them (the <a href="/wiki/Russian_locomotive_class_E_el-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian locomotive class E el-2">E el-2</a>) proved technically viable.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant breakthrough occurred in 1914, when <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lemp" title="Hermann Lemp">Hermann Lemp</a>, a <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric locomotive">diesel–electric locomotive</a> control systems. In 1914, world's first functional diesel–electric railcars were produced for the <i>Königlich-Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_State_Railways" title="Royal Saxon State Railways">Royal Saxon State Railways</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Waggonfabrik_Rastatt" title="Waggonfabrik Rastatt">Waggonfabrik Rastatt</a> with electric equipment from <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a> and diesel engines from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulzer_(manufacturer)" title="Sulzer (manufacturer)">Sulzer AG</a>. They were classified as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saxon_DET_1-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saxon DET 1-2 (page does not exist)">DET 1 and DET 2</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4chsischer_DET_1%E2%80%932" class="extiw" title="de:Sächsischer DET 1–2">de.wiki</a>). The first regular used diesel–electric locomotives were <a href="/wiki/Switcher_locomotive" title="Switcher locomotive">switcher (shunter) locomotives</a>. General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in the 1930s (the famous "<a href="/wiki/44-tonner" class="mw-redirect" title="44-tonner">44-tonner</a>" switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929. </p><p>In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National Railways">Canadian National Railways</a> became the first North American railway to use diesels in mainline service with two units, 9000 and 9001, from Westinghouse.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-speed_rail">High-speed rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: High-speed rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></div> <p>Although steam and diesel services reaching speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) were started before the 1960s in Europe, they were not very successful. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg/220px-Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg/330px-Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg/440px-Shinkansen_type_0_Hikari_19890506a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>0-Series <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, introduced in 1964, triggered the intercity train travel boom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first electrified <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">Tōkaidō Shinkansen</a> was introduced in 1964 between <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> in Japan. Since then <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> transport, functioning at speeds up to and above 300 km/h (190 mph), has been built in Japan, Spain, <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">France</a>, Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a> (Republic of China), the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">South Korea</a>, Scandinavia, Belgium and the Netherlands. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short-haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="If this is correct, it's a strong argument in favor of building more high-speed rail lines. It would help to have quantitative estimates of the magnitude of this effect including as a function of distance with credible sources for those estimates. For example, could similar effects be obtained from high-speed rail between San Francisco and Los Angeles, where the distances are 60 percent more than between London, Paris and Brussels? (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>High-speed trains normally operate on <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> tracks of <a href="/wiki/Continuously_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuously welded rail">continuously welded rail</a> on <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">right-of-way</a> that incorporates a large <a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">turning radius</a> in its design. While high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage railways">Heritage railways</a></div> <p>Since 1980, rail transport has changed dramatically, but a number of <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">heritage railways</a> continue to operate as part of <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">living history</a> to preserve and maintain old railway lines for services of tourist trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trains">Trains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></div> <p>A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along the track. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load, although non-revenue cars exist for the railway's own use, such as for <a href="/wiki/Maintenance-of-way" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance-of-way">maintenance-of-way</a> purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Railroad_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad engineer">engine driver</a> (engineer in North America) controls the locomotive or other power cars, although <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people movers</a> and some rapid transits are under automatic control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haulage">Haulage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Haulage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, trains are pulled using a locomotive. This involves one or more powered vehicles being located at the front of the train, providing sufficient <a href="/wiki/Tractive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractive force">tractive force</a> to haul the weight of the full train. This arrangement remains dominant for freight trains and is often used for passenger trains. A <a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_train" title="Push–pull train">push–pull train</a> has the end passenger car equipped with a driver's cab so that the engine driver can remotely control the locomotive. This allows one of the locomotive-hauled train's drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the front of the train each time the train changes direction. A <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railroad car</a> is a vehicle used for the haulage of either passengers or freight. </p><p>A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. These are used for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul passenger trains. A <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcar</a> is a single, self-powered car, and may be electrically propelled or powered by a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>. Multiple units have a driver's cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to build <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> and other engines small enough to fit under the coach. There are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motive_power">Motive power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Motive power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg/220px-Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg/330px-Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg/440px-Trains_in_Napoli_Centrale-Garibaldi_18_55_44_221000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An Italian <a href="/wiki/InterCity" title="InterCity">InterCity</a> electric train at <a href="/wiki/Napoli_Centrale_railway_station" title="Napoli Centrale railway station">Napoli Centrale railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">Steam locomotives</a> are locomotives with a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> that provides adhesion. <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> is burned in a <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)" title="Firebox (steam engine)">firebox</a>, boiling water in the <a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler">boiler</a> to create pressurized steam. The steam travels through the <a href="/wiki/Smokebox" title="Smokebox">smokebox</a> before leaving via the chimney or smoke stack. In the process, it powers a <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> that transmits power directly through a <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a> (US: main rod) and a <a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">crankpin</a> (US: wristpin) on the <a href="/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">driving wheel</a> (US main driver) or to a <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crank</a> on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons, although many are preserved in working order by <a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">heritage railways</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotives</a> draw power from a stationary source via an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>. Some also or instead use a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. In locomotives that are powered by high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> in the locomotive converts the high-voltage low-current power to low-voltage high current used in the <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">traction motors</a> that power the wheels. Modern locomotives may use <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor#Three-phase_AC_induction_motors" title="Electric motor">three-phase AC induction motors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> motors. Under certain conditions, electric locomotives are the most powerful traction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are also the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, they require high capital investments both for the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a> and the supporting infrastructure, as well as the generating station that is needed to produce electricity. Accordingly, electric traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">Diesel locomotives</a> use a diesel engine as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_mover_(locomotive)" title="Prime mover (locomotive)">prime mover</a>. The energy transmission may be either <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel–electric</a>, diesel-mechanical or diesel–hydraulic but diesel–electric is dominant. <a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive" title="Electro-diesel locomotive">Electro-diesel locomotives</a> are built to run as diesel–electric on unelectrified sections and as electric locomotives on electrified sections. </p><p>Alternative methods of motive power include <a href="/wiki/Maglev_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev (transport)">magnetic levitation</a>, horse-drawn, <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">cable</a>, gravity, <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_trains">Passenger trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Passenger trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_(37116926035).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_%2837116926035%29.jpg/220px-Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_%2837116926035%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_%2837116926035%29.jpg/330px-Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_%2837116926035%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_%2837116926035%29.jpg/440px-Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_%2837116926035%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Interior view of a high-speed bullet train, manufactured in China</figcaption></figure> <p>A passenger train stops at stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (transportation)">guard/train manager/conductor</a>. Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains provide long-distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services, operating with a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right-of-way requirements, and service frequency. Service frequencies are often expressed as a number of trains per hour (tph).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passenger trains can usually be into two types of operation, intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours).<sup id="cite_ref-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Intercity trains</a> are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a <a href="/wiki/Dining_car" title="Dining car">dining car</a>. Some lines also provide over-night services with <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">sleeping cars</a>. Some long-haul trains have been given a <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_named_passenger_trains" title="Lists of named passenger trains">specific name</a>. <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional trains</a> are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds. <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter trains</a> serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a> service. <a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail links</a> provide quick access from city centres to <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tampere_-_trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tampere_-_trail.jpg/220px-Tampere_-_trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tampere_-_trail.jpg/330px-Tampere_-_trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tampere_-_trail.jpg/440px-Tampere_-_trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3930" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/VR_Class_Sm3" title="VR Class Sm3">VR Class Sm3</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></i> high-speed train at the <a href="/wiki/Tampere_Central_Station" title="Tampere Central Station">Central Railway Station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> are special inter-city trains that operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways, the limit being regarded at 200 to 350 kilometres per hour (120 to 220 mph). High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia. <a href="/wiki/Maglev_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maglev (transport)">Magnetic levitation</a> trains such as the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a> use under-riding magnets which attract themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway and this line has achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances. Due to their heightened speeds, route alignments for high-speed rail tend to have broader curves than conventional railways, but may have steeper grades that are more easily climbed by trains with large kinetic energy. </p><p>High <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> translates to higher horsepower-to-ton ratios (e.g. 20 horsepower per short ton or 16 kilowatts per tonne); this allows trains to accelerate and maintain higher speeds and negotiate steep grades as momentum builds up and recovered in downgrades (reducing <a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">cut and fill</a> and tunnelling requirements). Since lateral forces act on curves, curvatures are designed with the highest possible radius. All these features are dramatically different from freight operations, thus justifying exclusive high-speed rail lines if it is economically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a> services are intercity rail services that have top speeds higher than conventional intercity trains but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure to support trains that can operate safely at higher speeds. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> is an intracity system built in large cities and has the highest capacity of any passenger transport system. It is usually grade-separated and commonly built underground or elevated. At street level, smaller <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> can be used. <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rails</a> are upgraded trams that have step-free access, their own right-of-way and sometimes sections underground. <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a> systems are elevated, medium-capacity systems. A <a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">people mover</a> is a driverless, grade-separated train that serves only a few stations, as a shuttle. Due to the lack of uniformity of rapid transit systems, route alignment varies, with diverse rights-of-way (private land, side of road, street median) and <a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">geometric characteristics</a> (sharp or broad curves, steep or gentle grades). For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago 'L'">Chicago 'L'</a> trains are designed with extremely short cars to negotiate the sharp curves in the <a href="/wiki/The_Loop_(CTA)" title="The Loop (CTA)">Loop</a>. New Jersey's <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Trans-Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority Trans-Hudson">PATH</a> has similar-sized cars to accommodate curves in the trans-Hudson tunnels. San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/BART" class="mw-redirect" title="BART">BART</a> operates large cars on its routes.<sup id="cite_ref-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freight_trains">Freight trains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Freight trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">Rail freight transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freight_train" title="Freight train">Freight train</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagons_550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wagons_550.jpg/220px-Wagons_550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wagons_550.jpg/330px-Wagons_550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wagons_550.jpg/440px-Wagons_550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Bulk cargo of minerals on a train</figcaption></figure><p>Freight trains carry <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> using <a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">freight cars</a> specialized for the type of goods. Freight trains are very efficient, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their use can be reduced by lack of flexibility, if there is need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the points of pick-up and delivery. Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to its efficiency and to reduce road traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Container trains</a> have become widely used in many places for general freight, particularly in North America, where <a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">double stacking</a> reduces costs. Containers can easily be transshipped between other modes, such as ships and trucks, and at <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">breaks of gauge</a>. Containers have succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">boxcar</a> (wagon-load), where the cargo had to be loaded and unloaded into the train manually. The intermodal <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a> of cargo has revolutionized the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> industry, reducing shipping costs significantly. In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Goods_van#Sliding_wall_wagons" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods van">sliding wall wagon</a> has largely superseded the <a href="/wiki/Goods_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods van">ordinary covered wagons</a>. Other types of cars include <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_car" title="Refrigerator car">refrigerator cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_(rail)" title="Stock car (rail)">stock cars</a> for livestock and <a href="/wiki/Autorack" title="Autorack">autoracks</a> for road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a <a href="/wiki/Roadrailer" title="Roadrailer">roadrailer</a> will allow <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer" title="Semi-trailer">trailers</a> to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transition between road and rail. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bulk_material_handling" title="Bulk material handling">Bulk handling</a> represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low or even zero transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs allow trains to handle <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk</a> much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in <a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">open-topped cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">hopper cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">tank cars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_railway_network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/World_railway_network.svg/350px-World_railway_network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/World_railway_network.svg/525px-World_railway_network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/World_railway_network.svg/700px-World_railway_network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4294" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>Map of world railway network as of 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right-of-way">Right-of-way</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Right-of-way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (property access)">Right-of-way (property access)</a></div> <p>Railway tracks are laid upon land owned or leased by the railway company. Owing to the desirability of maintaining modest grades, in hilly or mountainous terrain rails will often be laid in circuitous routes . Route length and grade requirements can be reduced by the use of alternating <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting (transportation)">cuttings</a>, bridges and tunnels – all of which can greatly increase the capital expenditures required to develop a right-of-way, while significantly reducing operating costs and allowing higher speeds on longer radius curves. In densely urbanised areas, railways are sometimes laid in tunnels to minimise the effects on existing properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track">Track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">Track</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:385px;max-width:385px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg/177px-P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg/266px-P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg/354px-P%C3%B6%C3%B6rangud_Tartu_raudteejaamas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CTA_loop_junction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CTA_loop_junction.jpg/200px-CTA_loop_junction.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CTA_loop_junction.jpg/300px-CTA_loop_junction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CTA_loop_junction.jpg/400px-CTA_loop_junction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left/right/center">Left: Railway turnouts; Right: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority" title="Chicago Transit Authority">Chicago Transit Authority</a> control box guides elevated <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago 'L'">Chicago 'L'</a> north and southbound <a href="/wiki/Purple_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Purple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Brown</a> lines <a href="/wiki/Diamond_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond crossing">intersecting</a> with east and westbound <a href="/wiki/Pink_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Pink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Green</a> lines and the looping <a href="/wiki/Orange_Line_(Chicago_Transit_Authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Line (Chicago Transit Authority)">Orange line</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Wells_Street_(Chicago)" title="Wells Street (Chicago)">Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Street_(Chicago)" title="Lake Street (Chicago)">Lake street</a> <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersection</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Loop_(CTA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop (CTA)">loop</a> at an <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">elevated</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">right of way</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to members called <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">sleepers</a> (ties) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">rail gauge</a>. Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. </p><p>Rail gauges are usually categorized as <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> (used on approximately 70% of the world's existing railway lines), <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the rail gauge, the tracks will be laid to conform with a <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> which defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures. </p><p>The track guides the conical, flanged wheels, keeping the cars on the track without active steering and therefore allowing trains to be much longer than road vehicles. The rails and ties are usually placed on a foundation made of compressed earth on top of which is placed a bed of <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballast</a> to distribute the load from the ties and to prevent the track from <a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">buckling</a> as the ground settles over time under the weight of the vehicles passing above. </p><p>The ballast also serves as a means of drainage. Some more modern track in special areas is attached directly without ballast. Track may be prefabricated or assembled in place. By <a href="/wiki/Thermite_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermite welding">welding</a> rails together to form lengths of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous welded rail">continuous welded rail</a>, additional wear and tear on rolling stock caused by the small surface gap at the joints between rails can be counteracted; this also makes for a quieter ride. </p><p>On curves, the outer rail may be at a higher level than the inner rail. This is called superelevation or <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">cant</a>. This reduces the forces tending to displace the track and makes for a more comfortable ride for standing livestock and standing or seated passengers. A given amount of superelevation is most effective over a limited range of speeds. </p><p>Points and switches – also known as <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">turnouts</a> – are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track. Laid similar to normal track, a point typically consists of a <a href="/wiki/Switch_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch frog">frog</a> (common crossing), check rails and two switch rails. The switch rails may be moved left or right, under the control of the signalling system, to determine which path the train will follow. </p><p>Spikes in wooden ties can loosen over time, but split and rotten ties may be individually replaced with new wooden ties or concrete substitutes. Concrete ties can also develop cracks or splits, and can also be replaced individually. Should the rails settle due to soil subsidence, they can be lifted by specialized machinery and additional ballast tamped under the ties to level the rails. </p><p>Periodically, ballast must be removed and replaced with clean ballast to ensure adequate drainage. Culverts and other passages for water must be kept clear lest water is impounded by the trackbed, causing landslips. Where trackbeds are placed along rivers, additional protection is usually placed to prevent streambank erosion during times of high water. Bridges require inspection and maintenance, since they are subject to large surges of stress in a short period of time when a heavy train crosses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauge_incompatibility">Gauge incompatibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gauge incompatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></div> <p>The use of different <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauges</a> in different regions of the world, and sometimes within the same country, can impede the movement of passengers and freight. Often elaborate transfer mechanisms are installed where two lines of different gauge meet to facilitate movement across the <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a>. Countries with multiple gauges in use, such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Unigauge" title="Project Unigauge">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge_in_Australia" title="Rail gauge in Australia">Australia</a>, have invested heavily to unify their rail networks. China is developing a modernized <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a> to move goods by rail to Western Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_inspection_systems">Train inspection systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Train inspection systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Train_inspection_system" title="Train inspection system">Train inspection system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HBD_DD1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HBD_DD1.jpg/220px-HBD_DD1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HBD_DD1.jpg/330px-HBD_DD1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HBD_DD1.jpg/440px-HBD_DD1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Defect_detector#Sensors" title="Defect detector">dragging equipment unit</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hot_box" title="Hot box">hot bearing detector</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The inspection of railway equipment is essential for the safe movement of trains. Many types of <a href="/wiki/Defect_detector" title="Defect detector">defect detectors</a> are in use on the world's railroads. These devices use technologies that vary from a simplistic paddle and switch to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and laser scanning, and even <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing" title="Ultrasonic testing">ultrasonic audio analysis</a>. Their use has avoided many rail accidents over the 70 years they have been used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signalling">Signalling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg/220px-LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg/330px-LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg/440px-LeicesterAndSwannington02A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bardon_Hill" title="Bardon Hill">Bardon Hill</a> box in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (seen here in 2009) is a <a href="/wiki/Midland_Railway" title="Midland Railway">Midland Railway</a> box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Railway signalling</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Railway signalling</a> is a system used to control railway traffic safely to prevent trains from colliding. Being guided by fixed <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">rails</a> which generate low friction, trains are uniquely susceptible to collision since they frequently operate at speeds that do not enable them to stop quickly or within the driver's sighting distance; road vehicles, which encounter a higher level of friction between their rubber tyres and the road surface, have much shorter braking distances. Most forms of train control involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for each section of a rail network to the train crew. Not all methods require the use of signals, and some systems are specific to <a href="/wiki/Single_track_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single track (rail)">single track</a> railways. </p><p>The signalling process is traditionally carried out in a <a href="/wiki/Signal_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal box">signal box</a>, a small building that houses the <a href="/wiki/Lever_frame" title="Lever frame">lever frame</a> required for the signalman to operate switches and signal equipment. These are placed at various intervals along the route of a railway, controlling specified sections of track. More recent technological developments have made such operational doctrine superfluous, with the centralization of signalling operations to regional control rooms. This has been facilitated by the increased use of computers, allowing vast sections of track to be monitored from a single location. The common method of <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling#Blocks" title="Railway signalling">block signalling</a> divides the track into zones guarded by combinations of block signals, operating rules, and automatic-control devices so that only one train may be in a block at any time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrification">Electrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></div> <p>The electrification system provides electrical energy to the trains, so they can operate without a prime mover on board. This allows lower operating costs, but requires large capital investments along the lines. Mainline and tram systems normally have overhead wires, which hang from poles along the line. Grade-separated rapid transit sometimes use a ground <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a>. </p><p>Power may be fed as <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct</a> (DC) or <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC). The most common DC voltages are 600 and 750 V for tram and rapid transit systems, and 1,500 and 3,000 V for mainlines. The two dominant AC systems are <a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="15 kV AC railway electrification">15 kV</a> and <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stations">Stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rang_gueter_bahnhof_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rang_gueter_bahnhof_small.jpg/250px-Rang_gueter_bahnhof_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Rang_gueter_bahnhof_small.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Goods station in <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure><p>A <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway station</a> serves as an area where passengers can board and alight from trains. A <a href="/wiki/Goods_station" title="Goods station">goods station</a> is a yard which is exclusively used for loading and unloading cargo. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing tickets and food. Smaller stations typically only consist of a <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">platform</a>. Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Platforms are used to allow easy access to the trains, and are connected to each other via <a href="/wiki/Underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpass">underpasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">footbridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossings</a>. Some large stations are built as <a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cul-de-sac">culs-de-sac</a>, with trains only operating out from one direction. Smaller stations normally serve local residential areas, and may have connection to feeder bus services. Large stations, in particular <a href="/wiki/Central_station" title="Central station">central stations</a>, serve as the main <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">public transport hub</a> for the city, and have transfer available between rail services, and to rapid transit, tram or bus services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing trend to split up railway companies, with companies owning the rolling stock separated from those owning the infrastructure. This is particularly true in Europe, where this arrangement is required by the European Union. This has allowed open access by any train operator to any portion of the European railway network. In the UK, the railway track is state owned, with a public controlled body (<a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>) running, maintaining and developing the track, while Train Operating Companies have run the trains since <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatization in the 1990s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., virtually all rail networks and infrastructure outside the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast corridor">Northeast corridor</a> are privately owned by freight lines. Passenger lines, primarily <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, operate as tenants on the freight lines. Consequently, operations must be closely synchronized and coordinated between freight and passenger railroads, with passenger trains often being dispatched by the host freight railroad. Due to this shared system, both are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> (FRA) and may follow the <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Engineering_and_Maintenance-of-Way_Association" title="American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association">AREMA</a> recommended practices for track work and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Railroads" title="Association of American Railroads">AAR</a> standards for vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main source of income for railway companies is from <a href="/wiki/Train_ticket" title="Train ticket">ticket</a> revenue (for passenger transport) and shipment fees for cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discounts and monthly passes are sometimes available for frequent travellers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Season_ticket" title="Season ticket">season ticket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_pass" title="Rail pass">rail pass</a>). Freight revenue may be sold per container slot or for a whole train. Sometimes, the shipper owns the cars and only rents the haulage. For passenger transport, <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisement</a> income can be significant. </p><p>Governments may choose to give subsidies to rail operation, since rail transport has fewer <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a> than other dominant modes of transport. If the railway company is state-owned, the state may simply provide direct subsidies in exchange for increased production. If operations have been privatised, several options are available. Some countries have a system where the infrastructure is owned by a government agency or company – with open access to the tracks for any company that meets safety requirements. In such cases, the state may choose to provide the tracks free of charge, or for a fee that does not cover all costs. This is seen as analogous to the government providing free access to roads. For passenger operations, a direct subsidy may be paid to a public-owned operator, or <a href="/wiki/Public_service_obligation" title="Public service obligation">public service obligation</a> tender may be held, and a time-limited contract awarded to the lowest bidder. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Europe#Subsidies" title="Rail transport in Europe">Total EU rail subsidies</a> amounted to €73 billion in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Rail Canada">Via Rail Canada</a> and US passenger rail service <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> are private railroad companies chartered by their respective national governments. As private passenger services declined because of competition from cars and airlines, they became <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> of Amtrak either with a cash entrance fee or relinquishing their locomotives and rolling stock. The government subsidises Amtrak by supplying start-up <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and making up for losses at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EuDaly,_K,_et_al._2009._Complete_Book_of_North_American_Railroading_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuDaly,_K,_et_al._2009._Complete_Book_of_North_American_Railroading-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png/330px-Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png/495px-Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png/660px-Road-way_vs._railway_safety.png 2x" data-file-width="3337" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Railway_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Railway Agency">European Railway Agency</a>, the fatality risk for passengers and occupants on European railways is 28 times lower when compared with car usage (based on data by EU-27 member nations, 2008–2010).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some trains travel faster than road vehicles. They are heavy and unable to deviate from the track, and have longer stopping distances. Possible accidents include <a href="/wiki/Derailment" title="Derailment">derailment</a> (jumping the track) and collisions with another train or a road vehicle, or with pedestrians at level crossings, which account for the majority of all rail accidents and casualties. To minimize the risk, the most important safety measures are strict operating rules, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">railway signalling</a>, and gates or <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separation</a> at crossings. <a href="/wiki/Train_whistle" title="Train whistle">Train whistles</a>, bells, or <a href="/wiki/Train_horn" title="Train horn">horns</a> warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains. Another method used to increase safety is the addition of <a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">platform screen doors</a> to separate the platform from train tracks. These prevent unauthorised incursion on to the train tracks which can result in accidents that cause serious harm or death, as well as providing other benefits such as preventing litter build up on the tracks which can pose a fire risk. </p><p>On many high-speed inter-city networks, such as Japan's <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, the trains run on dedicated railway lines without any level crossings. This is an important element in the safety of the system as it effectively eliminates the potential for collision with automobiles, other vehicles, or pedestrians, and greatly reduces the probability of collision with other trains. Another benefit is that services on the inter-city network remain punctual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in any <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> asset, railways must keep up with periodic inspection and maintenance to minimise the effect of infrastructure failures that can disrupt freight revenue operations and passenger services. Because passengers are considered the most <i>crucial cargo</i> and usually operate at higher speeds, steeper grades, and higher capacity/frequency, their lines are especially important. Inspection practices include <a href="/wiki/Track_geometry_car" title="Track geometry car">track geometry cars</a> or walking inspection. Curve maintenance especially for transit services includes gauging, fastener tightening, and rail replacement. </p><p>Rail corrugation is a common issue with transit systems due to the high number of light-axle, wheel passages which result in grinding of the wheel/rail interface. Since maintenance may overlap with operations, maintenance windows (nighttime hours, <a href="/wiki/Off-peak_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-peak hours">off-peak hours</a>, altering train schedules or routes) must be closely followed. In addition, passenger safety during maintenance work (inter-track fencing, proper storage of materials, track work notices, hazards of equipment near states) must be regarded at all times. At times, maintenance access problems can emerge due to tunnels, elevated structures, and congested cityscapes. Here, specialised equipment or smaller versions of conventional maintenance gear are used.<sup id="cite_ref-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">highways</a> or <a href="/wiki/Road_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Road network">road networks</a> where capacity is disaggregated into unlinked trips over individual route segments, railway capacity is fundamentally considered a network system. As a result, many components are causes and effects of system disruptions. Maintenance must acknowledge the vast array of a route's performance (type of train service, origination/destination, seasonal impacts), a line's capacity (length, terrain, number of tracks, types of train control), trains throughput (max speeds, acceleration/ deceleration rates), and service features with shared passenger-freight tracks (sidings, terminal capacities, switching routes, and design type).<sup id="cite_ref-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AREMA._2003._Practical_Guide_to_Railway_Engineering-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social,_economic,_and_energy_aspects"><span id="Social.2C_economic.2C_and_energy_aspects"></span>Social, economic, and energy aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Social, economic, and energy aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transport by rail is an <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport" title="Energy efficiency in transport">energy-efficient</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Capital_intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital intensive">capital-intensive</a><sup id="cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means of mechanized land transport. The tracks provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train can roll with a relatively low level of friction. </p><p>A typical modern wagon can hold up to 113 tonnes (125 short tons) of freight on two four-wheel <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a>. The track distributes the weight of the train evenly, allowing significantly greater loads per <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> and wheel than in road transport, leading to greater energy efficiency. Trains have a smaller frontal area in relation to the load they are carrying, which reduces <a href="/wiki/Air_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air resistance">air resistance</a> and thus energy usage. </p><p>In addition, the presence of track guiding the wheels allows for very long trains to be pulled by one or a few engines and driven by a single operator, even around curves, which allows for <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> in both manpower and energy use; by contrast, in road transport, more than two <a href="/wiki/Articulated_vehicle" title="Articulated vehicle">articulations</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Fishtailing" title="Fishtailing">fishtailing</a> and makes the vehicle unsafe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation#Trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency in transportation">Energy efficiency in transportation § Trains</a></div> <p>Considering only the energy spent to move the means of transport, and using the example of the urban area of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, electric trains seem to be on average 20 times more efficient than automobiles for transportation of passengers, if we consider energy spent per passenger-distance with similar occupation ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering an automobile with a consumption of around 6 L/100 km (47 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>; 39 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>) of fuel, the average car in Europe has an occupancy of around 1.2 passengers per automobile (occupation ratio around 24%) and that <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">one litre of fuel</a> amounts to about 8.8 kWh (32 MJ), equating to an average of 441 Wh (1,590 kJ) per passenger-km. This compares to a modern train with an average occupancy of 20% and a consumption of about 8.5 kW⋅h/km (31 MJ/km; 13.7 kW⋅h/mi), equating to 21.5 Wh (77 kJ) per passenger-km, 20 times less than the automobile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg/220px-VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg/330px-VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg/440px-VR_Sr1_3015_Kuopio_Drawbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/VR_Class_Sr1" title="VR Class Sr1">Sr1</a>-pulled lumber train crossing the drawbridge along the <a href="/wiki/Savonia_railway" title="Savonia railway">Savonia railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to these benefits, rail transport is a major form of passenger and freight transport in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is ubiquitous in Europe, with an integrated network covering virtually the whole continent. In India, China, South Korea and Japan, many millions use trains as regular transport. In North America, freight rail transport is widespread and heavily used, but intercity passenger rail transport is relatively scarce outside the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>, due to increased preference of other modes, particularly automobiles and airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-EuDaly,_K,_et_al._2009._Complete_Book_of_North_American_Railroading_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuDaly,_K,_et_al._2009._Complete_Book_of_North_American_Railroading-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-APTA_stats_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APTA_stats-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, implementing new and improved ways such as making it easily accessible within neighborhoods can aid in reducing commuters from using private vehicles and airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Africa, northern Africa and Argentina have extensive rail networks, but some railways elsewhere in Africa and South America are isolated lines. Australia has a generally sparse network befitting its population density but has some areas with significant networks, especially in the southeast. In addition to the previously existing east–west transcontinental line in Australia, a line from north to south has been constructed. The highest railway in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Qingzang_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingzang railway">line to Lhasa</a>, in Tibet,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly running over permafrost territory. Western Europe has the highest railway density in the world and many individual trains there operate through several countries despite technical and organizational differences in each national network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic_impact">Social and economic impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Social and economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernization">Modernization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, railways have been considered central to modernity and ideas of progress.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of modernization in the 19th century involved a transition from a spatially oriented world to a time-oriented world. Timekeeping became of heightened importance, resulting in clock towers for railway stations, clocks in public places, and pocket watches for railway workers and travellers. Trains followed exact schedules and never left early, whereas in the premodern era, passenger ships left whenever the captain had enough passengers. In the premodern era, local time was set at noon, when the sun was at its highest; this changed with the introduction of standard <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>. Printed timetables were a convenience for travellers, but more elaborate timetables, called <a href="/wiki/Train_order_operation" title="Train order operation">train orders</a>, were essential for train crews, the maintenance workers, the station personnel, and for the repair and maintenance crews. The structure of railway timetables were later adapted for different uses, such as schedules for buses, ferries, and airplanes, for radio and television programmes, for school schedules, and for factory time clocks.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a> in the early 19th century also was crucial for the development and operation of railroad networks. If bad weather disrupted the system, telegraphers relayed immediate corrections and updates throughout the system. Additionally, most railroads were single-track, with <a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">sidings</a> and signals to allow lower priority trains to be sidetracked and have scheduled meets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nation-building">Nation-building</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nation-building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have linked railroads to successful nation-building efforts by states.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Model_of_corporate_management">Model of corporate management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Model of corporate management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>, a railroad network needed: </p> <dl><dd>the energies of a generation, for it required all the new machinery to be created –  capital, banks, mines, furnaces, shops, power-houses, technical knowledge, mechanical population, together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits, ideas, and institutions to fit the new scale and suit the new conditions. The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways, and no one knew it better than the generation itself.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The impact can be examined through five aspects: shipping, finance, management, careers, and popular reaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shipping_freight_and_passengers">Shipping freight and passengers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Shipping freight and passengers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railroads form an efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market; their development thus was beneficial to many aspects of a nation's economy, including manufacturing, retail and wholesale, agriculture, and finance. By the 1940s, the United States had an integrated national market comparable in size to that of Europe, but free of internal barriers or tariffs, and supported by a common language, financial system, and legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Financial_system">Financial system</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Financial system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Financing of railroads provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private (non-governmental) <a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">financial system</a>. Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories: in 1860, the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $1.8 billion; in 1897, it reached $10.6 billion (compared to a total national debt of $1.2 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funding came from financiers in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> and from Europe, especially Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 10 percent of the funding came from the government, particularly in the form of land grants that were realized upon completion of a certain amount of trackage.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds, and by 1860, New York was the dominant financial market. The British invested heavily in railroads around the world, but nowhere more than in the United States; the total bond value reached about $3 billion by 1914. However, in 1914–1917, the British liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Modern_management">Modern management</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Modern management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than those common in other industries at the time. Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads. The leading American innovators were the <a href="/wiki/Western_Railroad_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Railroad of Massachusetts">Western Railroad of Massachusetts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> in the 1840s, the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">Erie Railroad</a> in the 1850s, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Career_paths">Career paths</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Career paths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of railroads led to the emergence of private-sector careers for both blue-collar workers and white-collar workers. Railroading became a lifetime career for young men; women were almost never hired. A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop labourer, be promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24, brakemen at 25, freight conductor at 27, and passenger conductor at age 57. White-collar career paths likewise were delineated: educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters, acquiring additional knowledge, experience, and <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> at each level. Being very hard to replace, they were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care. </p><p>Hiring, firing, and wage rates were set not by foremen, but by central administrators, to minimize favouritism and personality conflicts. Everything was done by the book, whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance, and exactly what their rank and pay would be. By the 1880s, career railroaders began retiring, and pension systems were invented for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_Licht_1983_pp_262-63_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_Licht_1983_pp_262-63-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railways contribute to social vibrancy and economic competitiveness by transporting multitudes of customers and workers to <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner suburbs">inner suburbs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> has recognized rail as "the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Public_transit_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit system">public transit system</a>" and as such developed their franchised bus system and road infrastructure in comprehensive alignment with their rail services.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> recognize rail transit lines as the framework and bus lines as the main body to their metropolitan transportation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> was built to meet the growing traffic demand in the "heart of Japan's industry and economy" situated on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> line.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_role">Military role</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Military role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A,_Mobilmachung,_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-022-19A%2C_Mobilmachung%2C_Truppentransport_mit_der_Bahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers in a railway <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">car</a> on the way to the front in August 1914. The message on the car reads <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Von München über Metz nach Paris</i></span> ("From Munich via Metz to Paris").</figcaption></figure> <p>Rail transport can be important for military activity. During the 1860s, railways provided a means for rapid movement of troops and supplies during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 20th century, rail was a key element of war plans for rapid military <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a>, allowing for the quick and efficient transport of large numbers of reservists to their mustering-points, and infantry soldiers to the front lines.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So-called <a href="/wiki/Strategic_railway" title="Strategic railway">strategic railways</a> were or are constructed for a primarily military purpose. The Western Front in France during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> required many trainloads of munitions a day.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, owing to their strategic value, rail yards and bridges in Germany and occupied France were major targets of Allied air raids during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rail transport and infrastructure continues to play an important role in present-day conflicts like the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Rail_war_in_Belarus_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Belarus (2022–present)">sabotage of railways in Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_war_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Rail war in Russia (2022–present)">in Russia</a> also influenced the course of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_impacts">Positive impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Positive impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railways channel growth towards dense city <a href="/wiki/Agglomerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglomerations">agglomerations</a> and along their arteries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> expansion, indicative of the U.S. transportation policy post-World War II, which instead encourages development of <a href="/wiki/Suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbs">suburbs</a> at the periphery of metropolitan areas, contributing to increased <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle miles traveled">vehicle miles travelled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>, development of <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield</a> spaces, and depletion of <a href="/wiki/Natural_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reserve">natural reserves</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rail_transport#Dubious" title="Talk:Rail transport">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These arrangements revalue city spaces, local <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lewandIJEIT_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewandIJEIT-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">housing</a> values, and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_use_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed use development">mixed use development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_impacts">Negative impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Negative impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has also been some opposition to the development of railway networks. For instance, the arrival of railways and <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam locomotives">steam locomotives</a> to Austria during the 1840s angered locals because of the noise, smell, and pollution caused by the trains and the damage to homes and the surrounding land caused by the engine's soot and fiery embers; and since most travel did not occur over long distances, few people utilized the new line.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 study found that the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Metro">Beijing Metro</a> caused a reduction in "most of the air pollutants concentrations (PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, and CO) but had little effect on ozone pollution."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_rail_as_economic_development_indicator">Modern rail as economic development indicator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Modern rail as economic development indicator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European <a href="/wiki/Development_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Development economist">development economists</a> have argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Rail_Transportation_Infrastructure_Index" title="Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index">Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index</a> (known as BRTI Index).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidies">Subsidies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Subsidies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></div><p>In 2010, annual rail spending in China was ¥840 billion (US$173 billion in 2023), from 2014 to 2017 China had an annual target of ¥800 billion (US$164 billion in 2023) and planned to spend ¥3.5 trillion (US$30 trillion in 2023) over 2016–2020.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> are subsidized by around ₹260 billion (US$5 billion in 2023), of which around 60% goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png/330px-European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png/495px-European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png/660px-European_rail_subsidies_in_euros_per_passenger-km.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>European rail subsidies in euros per passenger-km for 2008<sup id="cite_ref-SWD2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWD2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>According to the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for intensity of use, quality of service and safety performance, the top tier European national rail systems consists of Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Austria, Sweden, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-RPI_2017_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPI_2017-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performance levels reveal a positive correlation between public cost and a given railway system's performance, and also reveal differences in the value that countries receive in return for their public cost. Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland capture relatively high value for their money, while Luxembourg, Belgium, Latvia, Slovakia, Portugal, Romania, and Bulgaria underperform relative to the average ratio of performance to cost among European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-RPI_2017_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPI_2017-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Subsidy in billions of Euros </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>2014<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>13.2 </td> <td>2013<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>2009<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>2012<sup id="cite_ref-swisscosts_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swisscosts-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-SWD2013_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWD2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2014<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2009<sup id="cite_ref-SWD2013_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWD2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-SWD2013_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWD2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>2009<sup id="cite_ref-comparison_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comparison-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-2009railstudyreport_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009railstudyreport-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td>0.91 </td> <td>2008<sup id="cite_ref-2009railstudyreport_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009railstudyreport-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a> received 94.9 billion roubles (around US$1.4 billion) from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For rail subsidies in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Amtrak#Public_funding" title="Amtrak">Amtrak public funding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States#1970–present" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Modern US rail history</a></div> <p>In 2015, funding from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> was around US$1.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-fy15budget_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fy15budget-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2018, appropriated funding had increased to approximately US$1.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Ground-effect train">Ground-effect train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_by_country" title="History of tram and light rail transit systems by country">History of tram and light rail transit systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">List of countries by rail transport network size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_usage" title="List of countries by rail usage">List of countries by rail usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railroad-related_periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railroad-related periodicals">List of railroad-related periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">List of railway companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_industry_occupations" title="List of railway industry occupations">List of railway industry occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega project">Mega project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_railway" title="Mine railway">Mine railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_rail_transport" title="Outline of rail transport">Outline of rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">Rail transport by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_systems_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway systems engineering">Railway systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine_locomotive" title="Steam turbine locomotive">Steam turbine locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Bradbury2002" class="citation report cs1">Norman Bradbury (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093930/http://www.railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw94/rw094p06.pdf">Face the facts on transport safety</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Railwatch</i> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwatch.org.uk/backtrack/rw94/rw094p06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Face+the+facts+on+transport+safety&rft.date=2002-11&rft.au=Norman+Bradbury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwatch.org.uk%2Fbacktrack%2Frw94%2Frw094p06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span>], railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">air transport</a> is safe only on a per-mile basis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s DC system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy200339–41_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy200339–41-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/railroad">"History, Invention, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001133227/https://www.britannica.com/technology/railroad">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=History%2C+Invention%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Frailroad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2019" class="citation book cs1">IEA (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-rail"><i>The Future of Rail</i></a>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117130626/https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-rail">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Rail&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2019&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fthe-future-of-rail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis,_M._J._T._(2001),_11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis,_M._J._T._(2001),_11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. J. T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721083013/http://www.sciencenews.gr/docs/diolkos.pdf">"Railways in the Greek and Roman world"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.). <i>Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.gr/docs/diolkos.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Railways+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+world&rft.btitle=Early+Railways.+A+Selection+of+Papers+from+the+First+International+Early+Railways+Conference&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.gr%2Fdocs%2Fdiolkos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1961" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, P. M. (December 1961). "The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria". <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">134–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3855873">10.2307/3855873</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3855873">3855873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+%CE%94%CE%99%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%9A%CE%9F%CE%A3+of+Alexandria&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1961-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3855873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3855873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fm1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fm1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funimag.com/funimag10/RESZUG01.HTM">"Der Reiszug: Part 1 –  Presentation"</a>. Funimag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020015136/https://www.funimag.com/funimag10/RESZUG01.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Reiszug%3A+Part+1+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Presentation&rft.pub=Funimag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.funimag.com%2Ffunimag10%2FRESZUG01.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriechbaum2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kriechbaum, Reinhard (15 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628225245/http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916">"Die große Reise auf den Berg"</a>. <i>der Tagespost</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.die-tagespost.de/Archiv/titel_anzeige.asp?ID=8916">the original</a> on 28 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=der+Tagespost&rft.atitle=Die+gro%C3%9Fe+Reise+auf+den+Berg&rft.date=2004-05-15&rft.aulast=Kriechbaum&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-tagespost.de%2FArchiv%2Ftitel_anzeige.asp%3FID%3D8916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a></i> (1913), p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1943" class="citation magazine cs1">Lee, Charles E. (1943). "The Evolution of Railways". <i>Railway Gazette</i> (2nd ed.). London. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1591369">1591369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Railways&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1591369&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Early wooden railways</i>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren Allison, Samuel Murphy and Richard Smith, <i>An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck</i> in G. Boyes (ed.), <i>Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008</i> (Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 52–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mark (2012). <i>Lancashire Railways –  The History of Steam</i>. Newbury: Countryside Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84674-298-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84674-298-9"><bdi>978-1-84674-298-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire+Railways+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+The+History+of+Steam&rft.place=Newbury&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Countryside+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84674-298-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter King, <i>The First Shropshire Railways</i> in G. Boyes (ed.), <i>Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008</i> (Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 70–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nottinghamhiddenhistoryteam.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/huntingdon-beaumonts-wollaton-to-strelley-waggonway/">"Huntingdon Beaumont's Wollaton to Strelley Waggonway"</a>. Nottingham Hidden History. 30 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221127031058/https://nottinghamhiddenhistoryteam.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/huntingdon-beaumonts-wollaton-to-strelley-waggonway/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huntingdon+Beaumont%27s+Wollaton+to+Strelley+Waggonway&rft.pub=Nottingham+Hidden+History&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnottinghamhiddenhistoryteam.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F07%2F30%2Fhuntingdon-beaumonts-wollaton-to-strelley-waggonway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1914" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Peter (1914). <i>Landmarks of the Niagara Frontier</i>. The Author. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-78347-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-78347-0"><bdi>978-0-665-78347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+of+the+Niagara+Frontier&rft.pub=The+Author&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-665-78347-0&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan,_A.1997" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, A. (1997). <i>Railwaymen, Politics and Money</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5746-0"><bdi>978-0-7195-5746-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railwaymen%2C+Politics+and+Money&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5746-0&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512032233/http://www.stephensonloco.fsbusiness.co.uk/surreyiron.htm">"Surrey Iron Railway 200th – 26th July 2003"</a>. <i>Early Railways</i>. Stephenson Locomotive Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephensonloco.fsbusiness.co.uk/surreyiron.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Railways&rft.atitle=Surrey+Iron+Railway+200th+%E2%80%93+26th+July+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephensonloco.fsbusiness.co.uk%2Fsurreyiron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1">Landes, David. S. (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09418-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09418-4"><bdi>978-0-521-09418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09418-4&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandes1969">Landes 1969</a>, pp. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells1891-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wells1891_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1891" class="citation book cs1">Wells, David A. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog"><i>Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-72474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-72474-8"><bdi>978-0-543-72474-8</bdi></a>. <q>RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Economic+Changes+and+Their+Effect+on+Production+and+Distribution+of+Wealth+and+Well-Being+of+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=978-0-543-72474-8&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecenteconomicc01wellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grubler1990-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grubler1990_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrübler1990" class="citation book cs1">Grübler, Arnulf (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301221205/http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/XB-90-704.pdf"><i>The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/XB-90-704.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Infrastructures%3A+Dynamics+of+Evolution+and+Technological+Change+in+Transport&rft.place=Heidelberg+and+New+York&rft.pub=Physica-Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCbler&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiasa.ac.at%2FAdmin%2FPUB%2FDocuments%2FXB-90-704.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogel1964" class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Robert W. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadsamerica00foge"><i>Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History</i></a>. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1148-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1148-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-1148-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroads+and+American+Economic+Growth%3A+Essays+in+Econometric+History&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1148-7&rft.aulast=Fogel&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailroadsamerica00foge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1982" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideblackboxte00rose/page/60"><i>Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics</i></a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideblackboxte00rose/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27367-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27367-1"><bdi>978-0-521-27367-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Black+Box%3A+Technology+and+Economics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27367-1&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideblackboxte00rose%2Fpage%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/sites/swansea/pages/mumbles_trainanniv.shtml">"Early Days of Mumbles Railway"</a>. BBC. 15 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327234527/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/sites/swansea/pages/mumbles_trainanniv.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Days+of+Mumbles+Railway&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fsouthwest%2Fsites%2Fswansea%2Fpages%2Fmumbles_trainanniv.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1910" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, W. J. (1910). <i>Our Home Railways, volume one</i>. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Home+Railways%2C+volume+one&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+and+Co&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415125004/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/trevithic_loco">"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive"</a>. <i>National Museum Wales</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/trevithic_loco/">the original</a> on 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+Wales&rft.atitle=Richard+Trevithick%27s+steam+locomotive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2Frhagor%2Farticle%2Ftrevithic_loco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3509961.stm">"Steam train anniversary begins"</a>. BBC. 21 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603021117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/3509961.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>. <q>A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local iron master's tram rails</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Steam+train+anniversary+begins&rft.date=2004-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F3509961.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton_Ellis1968" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton Ellis (1968). <i>The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkrail.co.uk/European-rail-study-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 May 2013. <q>2008 data is not provided for Italy, so 2007 data is used instead</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANNEX+to+Proposal+for+a+Regulation+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+amending+Regulation+%28EC%29+No+1370%2F2007+concerning+the+opening+of+the+market+for+domestic+passenger+transport+services+by+rail&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=6%2C+44%2C+45&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkrail.co.uk%2FEuropean-rail-study-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPI_2017-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RPI_2017_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RPI_2017_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx">"the 2017 European Railway Performance Index"</a>. Boston Consulting Group. 18 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531104458/https://www.bcg.com/en-ch/publications/2017/transportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+2017+European+Railway+Performance+Index&rft.pub=Boston+Consulting+Group&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.com%2Fen-ch%2Fpublications%2F2017%2Ftransportation-travel-tourism-2017-european-railway-performance-index.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310165357/https://www.deutschebahn.com/file/de/2192370/2RLvPOzueXgX19CucGFn4Wofp5E/2267530/data/finanz_eisenbahn_dtl.pdf">"German Railway Financing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschebahn.com/file/de/2192370/2RLvPOzueXgX19CucGFn4Wofp5E/2267530/data/finanz_eisenbahn_dtl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Railway+Financing&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschebahn.com%2Ffile%2Fde%2F2192370%2F2RLvPOzueXgX19CucGFn4Wofp5E%2F2267530%2Fdata%2Ffinanz_eisenbahn_dtl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITF-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITF_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030418/http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/RoundTables/2014-Railway-Efficiency/Bonnafous-Crozet.pdf">"Efficiency indicators of Railways in France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/RoundTables/2014-Railway-Efficiency/Bonnafous-Crozet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Efficiency+indicators+of+Railways+in+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationaltransportforum.org%2Fjtrc%2FRoundTables%2F2014-Railway-Efficiency%2FBonnafous-Crozet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023204/http://www.oxera.com/Oxera/media/Oxera/downloads/Agenda/The-age-of-the-train.pdf?ext=.pdf">"The age of the train"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxera.com/Oxera/media/Oxera/downloads/Agenda/The-age-of-the-train.pdf?ext=.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+age+of+the+train&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxera.com%2FOxera%2Fmedia%2FOxera%2Fdownloads%2FAgenda%2FThe-age-of-the-train.pdf%3Fext%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swisscosts-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swisscosts_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026115934/http://www.voev.ch/de/Service/Downloadsindex.php?section=downloads&download=2208">"Facts and arguments in favour of Swiss public transport"</a>. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voev.ch/de/Service/Downloadsindex.php?section=downloads&download=2208">the original</a> on 26 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>. <q>6.3 billion Swiss francs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+arguments+in+favour+of+Swiss+public+transport&rft.pages=24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voev.ch%2Fde%2FService%2FDownloadsindex.php%3Fsection%3Ddownloads%26download%3D2208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurespanish-railways-battle-profit-loss-with-more-investment-4664870/">"Spanish railways battle profit loss with more investment"</a>. 17 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124042426/https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurespanish-railways-battle-profit-loss-with-more-investment-4664870/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+railways+battle+profit+loss+with+more+investment&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturespanish-railways-battle-profit-loss-with-more-investment-4664870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/21039/gb-rail-industry-financial-information-2014-15.pdf">"GB rail industry financial information 2014–15"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 9 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309193519/http://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/21039/gb-rail-industry-financial-information-2014-15.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>£3.5 billion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GB+rail+industry+financial+information+2014%E2%80%9315&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forr.gov.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0015%2F21039%2Fgb-rail-industry-financial-information-2014-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133634/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2014/12/15/bijlage-2-beheerplan-prorail-2015/bijlage-2-beheerplan-prorail-2015.pdf">"ProRail report 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2014/12/15/bijlage-2-beheerplan-prorail-2015/bijlage-2-beheerplan-prorail-2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProRail+report+2015&rft.pages=30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fbinaries%2Frijksoverheid%2Fdocumenten%2Frapporten%2F2014%2F12%2F15%2Fbijlage-2-beheerplan-prorail-2015%2Fbijlage-2-beheerplan-prorail-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comparison-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comparison_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094154/http://www.crninet.com/2011/b7a.pdf">"The evolution of public funding to the rail sector in 5 European countries –  a comparison"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crninet.com/2011/b7a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+public+funding+to+the+rail+sector+in+5+European+countries+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+a+comparison&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crninet.com%2F2011%2Fb7a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009railstudyreport-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2009railstudyreport_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009railstudyreport_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503015110/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/European-rail-study-report.pdf">"European rail study report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 44, 45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkrail.co.uk/European-rail-study-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 May 2013. <q>Includes both "Railway subsidies" and "Public Service Obligations".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+rail+study+report&rft.pages=44%2C+45&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkrail.co.uk%2FEuropean-rail-study-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar2016.rzd.ru/en/financial-results/government-support">"Government support for Russian Railways"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221332/https://ar2016.rzd.ru/en/financial-results/government-support">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+support+for+Russian+Railways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Far2016.rzd.ru%2Fen%2Ffinancial-results%2Fgovernment-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fy15budget-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fy15budget_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/133/704/FY15-Budget-Business-Plan-FY16-Budget-Justification-FY-15-19-Five-Year-Financial-Plan.pdf">"FY15 Budget, Business Plan 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204232001/https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/133/704/FY15-Budget-Business-Plan-FY16-Budget-Justification-FY-15-19-Five-Year-Financial-Plan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FY15+Budget%2C+Business+Plan+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fccurl%2F133%2F704%2FFY15-Budget-Business-Plan-FY16-Budget-Justification-FY-15-19-Five-Year-Financial-Plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/financial/Amtrak-Management-Discussion-Analysis-Audited-Financial-Statements-FY18.pdf">"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Consolidated Financial Statements With Report of Independent Auditors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Amtrak. 28 January 2019. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103074256/https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/financial/Amtrak-Management-Discussion-Analysis-Audited-Financial-Statements-FY18.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Management%27s+Discussion+and+Analysis+of+Financial+Condition+and+Results+of+Operations+and+Consolidated+Financial+Statements+With+Report+of+Independent+Auditors&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Amtrak&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fprojects%2Fdotcom%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fcorporate%2Ffinancial%2FAmtrak-Management-Discussion-Analysis-Audited-Financial-Statements-FY18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2003" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Michael C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpFEm3aqz_MC&q=close+links+between+ganz&pg=PA137"><i>Electric Railways 1880–1990</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology_(professional_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology (professional society)">IET</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-805-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-805-5"><bdi>978-0-85296-805-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Railways+1880%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=IET&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-805-5&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpFEm3aqz_MC%26q%3Dclose%2Blinks%2Bbetween%2Bganz%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burton, Anthony. <i>Railway Empire: How the British Gave Railways to the World</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Railway-Empire-British-Railways-World/dp/1473843693/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Chant, Christopher. <i>The world's railways: the history and development of rail transport</i> (Chartwell Books, 2001).</li> <li>Faith, Nicholas. <i>The World the Railways Made</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Railways-Christian-Wolmars-Railway-Library/dp/1781858365/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Freeman, Michael. "The Railway as Cultural Metaphor: 'What Kind of Railway History?' Revisited." <i>Journal of Transport History</i> 20.2 (1999): 160–167.</li> <li>Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita. <i>Imperial Technology and 'Native'Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850–1920</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2018).</li> <li>Nock, O. S. <i>Railways then and now: a world history</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railwaysthennoww0000nock_g7q1">online</a></li> <li>Nock, O. S. <i>World atlas of railways</i> (1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatlasofrail0000nock">online</a></li> <li>Nock, O. S. <i>150 years of main line railways</i> (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/150yearsofmainli0000nock">online</a></li> <li>Pirie, Gordon. "Tracking railway histories." <i>Journal of Transport History</i> 35.2 (2014): 242–248.</li> <li>Sawai, Minoru, ed. <i>The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective</i> (#Sringer, 2017)</li> <li>Trains Magazine. <i>The Historical Guide to North American Railroads</i> (3rd ed. 2014)</li> <li>Wolmar, Christian. <i>Blood, iron, and gold: How the railroads transformed the world</i> (Public Affairs, 2011).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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buses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Trackless Tram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" 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title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br /> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Railway_track_layouts199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_track_layouts" title="Template:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Railway_track_layouts" title="Template talk:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Railway_track_layouts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Railway track layouts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Railway_track_layouts199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Railway</a> track layouts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_railway" title="Single-track railway">Single track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-track_railway" title="Double-track railway">Double track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple-track_railway" title="Quadruple-track railway">Quadruple track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch#Crossover" title="Railroad switch">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Rail sidings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">Refuge siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_junction" title="Flying junction">Flying junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_junction" title="Level junction">Level junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_junction" title="Double junction">Double junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_and_trailing" title="Facing and trailing">Facing and trailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_union" title="Grand union">Grand union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_roundabout" title="Tram roundabout">Grand circle / roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch / turnout / points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingnose_crossing" title="Swingnose crossing">Swingnose crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Railway platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_platform" title="Bay platform">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_platform" title="Island platform">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_platform" title="Side platform">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_platform" title="Split platform">Split</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">Terminal station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_solution" title="Spanish solution">Spanish solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange" title="Cross-platform interchange">Cross-platform interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill_station" title="Infill station">Infill station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing_(railway)" title="Hillclimbing (railway)">Hillclimbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_curve" title="Horseshoe curve">Horseshoe curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zig_zag_(railway)" title="Zig zag (railway)">Zig Zag / Switchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_(railway)" title="Spiral (railway)">Spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_gradient" title="Ruling gradient">Ruling gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum curve radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_deficiency" title="Cant deficiency">Cant deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rail_infrastructure212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rail_tracks" title="Template talk:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rail_infrastructure212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rail <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Transport_infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Tracks</a><small> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">(history)</a> </small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">Ballast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breather_switch" title="Breather switch">Breather switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_and_scotch" title="Clip and scotch">Clip and scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_nail" title="Date nail">Date nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_fastening_system" title="Rail fastening system">Fastening system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">Fishplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_track" title="Ladder track">Ladder track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">Tie/Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">Transition curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trackwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_track" title="Gauntlet track">Gauntlet track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_bar" title="Guide bar">Guide bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">Rail track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_turntable" title="Railway turntable">Railway turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">Transfer table (traverser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Siding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">refuge siding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_crane" title="Water crane">Water crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_trough" title="Water trough">Water trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Signalling</a><br />and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-trespass_panels" title="Anti-trespass panels">Anti-trespass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_post" title="Block post">Block post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_stop" title="Buffer stop">Buffer stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_points" title="Catch points">Catch points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_detector" title="Defect detector">Defect detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derail" title="Derail">Derailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard rail (railroad)">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">Interlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">Railway signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_control" title="Signalling control">Signalling control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">Structure gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_signal_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad signal bridge">Signal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(bridges)" title="Tell-tale (bridges)">Tell-tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_stop" title="Train stop">Train stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_horn" title="Wayside horn">Wayside horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaling_tower" title="Coaling tower">Coaling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">Motive power depot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Railway_workshop" title="Railway workshop">Railway workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">Roundhouse</a></li> <li>Shed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_shed" title="Train shed">for trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_shed" title="Goods shed">for goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Station_building" title="Station building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_clock" title="Station clock">clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stop" title="Water stop">Water stop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway" title="Private railway">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway_station" title="Private railway station">station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_railway_stations" title="List of private railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3565868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3565868#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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ferroviaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934482q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="železniční doprava"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127919&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000064633&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560722005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641497">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=14763">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&oldid=1275253392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport&oldid=1275253392</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rail_transport" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-zwrkg","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.629","walltime":"1.940","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15181,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":288809,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13053,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":396574,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1581.632 1 -total"," 31.89% 504.438 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.04% 158.777 2 Template:Efn"," 8.73% 138.002 35 Template:Cite_web"," 8.37% 132.421 29 Template:Cite_book"," 7.02% 111.038 9 Template:Fix"," 6.75% 106.682 1 Template:Train_topics"," 5.60% 88.552 1 Template:Lang"," 5.41% 85.511 5 Template:Sfnp"," 5.33% 84.272 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.941","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20346291,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Association_of_Railroads\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_L._Simon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaum-SnowKahn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCermeñoEnfloLindvall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurella1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayMcNeil1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirzli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogel1964\"] = 1,\n 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