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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cited literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الفطريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفطريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micoloch%C3%ADa" title="Micolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Micolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Micologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micolox%C3%ADa" title="Micoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Micoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologiya" title="Mikologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ছত্রাকবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Chin-khún-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologija" title="Mikologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mikologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foueoniezh" title="Foueoniezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Foueoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Micologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Микологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Микологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologie" title="Mykologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mykologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micolugia" title="Micolugia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Micolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoleg" title="Mycoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mycoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologie" title="Mykologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mykologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCkoloogia" title="Mükoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mükoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μυκητολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυκητολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micolog%C3%ADa" title="Micología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Micología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoscienco" title="Fungoscienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologia" title="Mikologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قارچ‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mycologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykology" title="Mykology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mykology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADceola%C3%ADocht" title="Míceolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Míceolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliughane-oaylleeaght" title="Fliughane-oaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fliughane-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micolox%C3%ADa" title="Micoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Micoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%ED%95%99" title="균학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mycology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սնկաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սնկաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कवक-विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कवक-विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologija" title="Mikologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mikologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologio" title="Mikologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mikologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Sveppafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Micologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיקולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mikologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikolojia" title="Mikolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mikolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycologia" title="Mycologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mycologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikolo%C4%A3ija" title="Mikoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mikoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologie" title="Mykologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mykologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologija" title="Mikologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikol%C3%B3gia" title="Mikológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Микологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="മൈക്കോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈക്കോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mycologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="真菌学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真菌学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologi" title="Mykologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mykologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologi" title="Mykologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mykologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Micologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologiya" title="Mikologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mikologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="مائکالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائکالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologia" title="Mykologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mykologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Micologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micologie" title="Micologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Micologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mycology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologjia" title="Mikologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දිලීර විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mycology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مائڪولوجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مائڪولوجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykol%C3%B3gia" title="Mykológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mykológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologija" title="Mikologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کەڕووناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەڕووناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikologija" title="Mikologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienitiede" title="Sienitiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykologi" title="Mykologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mykologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikolohiya" title="Mikolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பூஞ்சையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="మైకాలజీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మైకాలజీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микология – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Микология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoloji" title="Mikoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mikoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мікологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8F%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم فُطریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم فُطریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mico%C5%82ozia" title="Micołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Micołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nấm học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micolodjeye" title="Micolodjeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Micolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikolohiya" title="Mikolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="真菌学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌学" 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style="border:2px solid #90db90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DNA_simple.svg/45px-DNA_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DNA_simple.svg/68px-DNA_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DNA_simple.svg/90px-DNA_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="270" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><b>Science of life</b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ddddff;display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #e7f4e7;"> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-Biology" title="Template:TopicTOC-Biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-Biology" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-Biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-Biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-Biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mycology</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> concerned with the study of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, including their <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> properties, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">use by humans</a>. Fungi can be a source of <a href="/wiki/Tinder" title="Tinder">tinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Entheogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Entheogens">entheogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungal_infection" title="Fungal infection">infection</a>. Mycology branches into the field of <a href="/wiki/Phytopathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathology">phytopathology</a>, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a <b>mycologist</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although mycology was historically considered a branch of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, the 1969 discovery<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker_organisms_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker_organisms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of fungi's close <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> relationship to animals resulted in the study's reclassification as an independent field.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese_1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pioneer mycologists included <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Elias Magnus Fries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon" title="Christiaan Hendrik Persoon">Christiaan Hendrik Persoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anton_de_Bary" title="Heinrich Anton de Bary">Heinrich Anton de Bary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eaton_Morse" title="Elizabeth Eaton Morse">Elizabeth Eaton Morse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_David_de_Schweinitz" title="Lewis David de Schweinitz">Lewis David de Schweinitz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit" title="The Tale of Peter Rabbit">The Tale of Peter Rabbit</a></i>, also made significant contributions to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pier_Andrea_Saccardo" title="Pier Andrea Saccardo">Pier Andrea Saccardo</a> developed a system for classifying the <a href="/wiki/Deuteromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteromycota">imperfect fungi</a> by spore color and form, which became the primary system used before classification by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic fingerprinting">DNA analysis</a>. He is most famous for his <i>Sylloge Fungorum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a comprehensive list of all of the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">names</a> that had been used for <a href="/wiki/Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrooms">mushrooms</a>. Sylloge is still the only work of this kind that was both comprehensive for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">botanical kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> and reasonably modern.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many fungi produce <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brian1951_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brian1951-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolism" title="Secondary metabolism">secondary metabolites</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> and their toxins associated with fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in humans were extensively studied by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Z._Joffe" title="Abraham Z. Joffe">Abraham Z. Joffe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JoffeYagen1978_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoffeYagen1978-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fungi are fundamental for life on earth in their roles as <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbionts</a>, e.g. in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> symbionts, and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. Many fungi are able to break down complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomolecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomolecules">biomolecules</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, the more durable component of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic" title="Xenobiotic">xenobiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>. By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>. </p><p>Fungi and other organisms traditionally recognized as fungi, such as <a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">oomycetes</a> and myxomycetes (<a href="/wiki/Slime_molds" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime molds">slime molds</a>), often are economically and socially important, as some <a href="/wiki/Fungal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal disease">cause diseases</a> of animals (including humans) and of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Lucca_2007_pp._3–13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Lucca_2007_pp._3–13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from pathogenic fungi, many fungal species are very important in controlling the plant diseases caused by different pathogens. For example, species of the filamentous fungal genus <i><a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a></i> are considered one of the most important biological control agents as an alternative to chemical-based products for effective crop diseases management.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Field meetings to find interesting species of fungi are known as 'forays', after the first such meeting organized by the <a href="/wiki/Woolhope_Naturalists%27_Field_Club" title="Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club">Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club</a> in 1868 and entitled "A foray among the funguses [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some fungi can cause disease in humans and other animals; the study of <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic fungi">pathogenic fungi</a> that infect animals is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic fungi">medical mycology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SanBlasCalderone_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanBlasCalderone-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is believed that humans started <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">collecting mushrooms</a> as food in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times. Mushrooms were first written about in the works of <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> (480–406 BC). The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Theophrastos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophrastos">Theophrastos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eresos" title="Eresos">Eresos</a> (371–288 BC) was perhaps the first to try to systematically classify plants; mushrooms were considered to be plants missing certain organs. It was later <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 AD), who wrote about <a href="/wiki/Truffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Truffles">truffles</a> in his encyclopedia <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>mycology</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:μύκης">μύκης</a> (<i>mukēs</i>), meaning "fungus" and the suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογία">-λογία</a></span></span> (<i>-logia</i>), meaning "study".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Fungi and truffles are neither herbs, nor roots, nor flowers, nor seeds, but merely the superfluous moisture or earth, of trees, or rotten wood, and of other rotting things. This is plain from the fact that all fungi and truffles, especially those that are used for eating, grow most commonly in thundery and wet weather.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jerome Bock (<a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Tragus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymus Tragus">Hieronymus Tragus</a>), 1552<sup id="cite_ref-Buller_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> saw little advancement in the body of knowledge about fungi. However, the invention of the printing press allowed authors to dispel superstitions and misconceptions about the fungi that had been perpetuated by the classical authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth197613_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth197613-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg/220px-British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg/330px-British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg/440px-British_Mycological_Society_1913_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Group photograph taken at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Mycological_Society" title="British Mycological Society">British Mycological Society</a> in 1913 </figcaption></figure> <p>The start of the modern age of mycology begins with <a href="/wiki/Pier_Antonio_Micheli" title="Pier Antonio Micheli">Pier Antonio Micheli</a>'s 1737 publication of <i>Nova plantarum genera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19764_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19764-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, this seminal work laid the foundations for the systematic <a href="/wiki/Classification_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification (biology)">classification</a> of grasses, mosses and fungi. He originated the still current genus names <i><a href="/wiki/Polyporus" title="Polyporus">Polyporus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tuber_(fungus)" title="Tuber (fungus)"><i>Tuber</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both dated 1729 (though the descriptions were later amended as invalid by modern rules). </p><p>The founding <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">nomenclaturist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> included fungi in his <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial naming system</a> in 1753, where each type of organism has a two-word name consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> (whereas up to then organisms were often designated with Latin phrases containing many words).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He originated the scientific names of numerous well-known mushroom <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Boletus" title="Boletus">Boletus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are still in use today. During this period, fungi were still considered to belong to the plant kingdom, so they were categorized in his <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>. Linnaeus' fungal taxa were not nearly as comprehensive as his plant taxa, however, grouping together all gilled mushrooms with a stem in genus <i>Agaricus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of gilled species exist, which were later divided into dozens of diverse genera; in its modern usage, <i>Agaricus</i> only refers to mushrooms closely related to the common shop mushroom, <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus" title="Agaricus bisporus">Agaricus bisporus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Linnaeus gave the name <i>Agaricus deliciosus</i> to the saffron milk-cap, but its current name is <i><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Lactarius deliciosus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the field mushroom <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Agaricus campestris</a></i> has kept the same name ever since Linnaeus's publication.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word "<a href="/wiki/Agaric" title="Agaric">agaric</a>" is still used for any gilled mushroom, which corresponds to Linnaeus's use of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>mycology</i> and the complementary term <i>mycologist</i> are traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Miles_Joseph_Berkeley" title="Miles Joseph Berkeley">M.J. Berkeley</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19762_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19762-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>mycologist</i> appeared in writings by English botanist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kaye_Greville" title="Robert Kaye Greville">Robert Kaye Greville</a> as early as 1823 in reference to <a href="/wiki/Lewis_David_de_Schweinitz" title="Lewis David de Schweinitz">Schweinitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mycology_and_drug_discovery">Mycology and drug discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mycology and drug discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal fungi">Medicinal fungi</a></div> <p>For centuries, certain mushrooms have been documented as a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">folk medicine</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the use of mushrooms in folk medicine is centered largely on the Asian continent, people in other parts of the world like the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> have been documented using mushrooms for medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mushrooms produce large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet (UV) light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">Penicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griseofulvin" title="Griseofulvin">griseofulvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> are examples of drugs that have been isolated from <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">molds</a> or other fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/38px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/51px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Glossary of mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_biochemical_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal biochemical test">Fungal biochemical test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycologists" title="List of mycologists">List of mycologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycology_journals" title="List of mycology journals">List of mycology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic fungi">Pathogenic fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker_organisms-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker_organisms_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker_RH1969" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker RH (10 January 1969). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=New+concepts+of+kingdoms+of+organisms%3A+evolutionary+relations+are+better+represented+by+new+classifications+than+by+the+traditional+two+kingdoms&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3863&rft.pages=150-160&rft.date=1969-01-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5762760&rft.au=Whittaker+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese_1990-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1990_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoeseKandlerWheelis1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese CR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Kandler O</a>, Wheelis ML (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 4576–4579. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-4579&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=CR&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31337723">31337723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mBio&rft.atitle=On+the+Emergence+of+Candida+auris%3A+Climate+Change%2C+Azoles%2C+Swamps%2C+and+Birds&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1786-1787&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6711238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31337723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid2509.ac2509&rft.aulast=Casadevall&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kontoyiannis%2C+DP&rft.au=Robert%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6711238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccardoTraversoTrotter1882" 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(July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bolman, Brad (September 2023). 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"Fate of Trichoderma harzianum in the olive rhizosphere: time course of the root colonization process and interaction with the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae". <i>BioControl</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 269–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016BioCo..61..269R">2016BioCo..61..269R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10526-015-9706-z">10.1007/s10526-015-9706-z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioControl&rft.atitle=Fate+of+Trichoderma+harzianum+in+the+olive+rhizosphere%3A+time+course+of+the+root+colonization+process+and+interaction+with+the+fungal+pathogen+Verticillium+dahliae&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-282&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10526-015-9706-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016BioCo..61..269R&rft.aulast=Ruano-Rosa&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Prieto%2C+Pilar&rft.au=Rinc%C3%B3n%2C+Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Victoria&rft.au=Valderrama%2C+Raquel&rft.au=Barroso%2C+Juan+Bautista&rft.au=Mercado-Blanco%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1868" class="citation journal cs1">Anon (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44662#page/254/mode/1up">"A foray among the funguses"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club</i>. <b>1868</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Woolhope+Naturalists%27+Field+Club&rft.atitle=A+foray+among+the+funguses&rft.volume=1868&rft.pages=184-192&rft.date=1868&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F44662%23page%2F254%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanBlasCalderone-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SanBlasCalderone_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan-BlasCalderone2008" class="citation book cs1">San-Blas, Gioconda; Calderone, Richard A. (2008). <i>Pathogenic Fungi: Insights in Molecular Biology</i>. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913652-13-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913652-13-5"><bdi>978-1-913652-13-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathogenic+Fungi%3A+Insights+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-913652-13-5&rft.aulast=San-Blas&rft.aufirst=Gioconda&rft.au=Calderone%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation web cs1">Pliny the Elder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=19:chapter=11&highlight=truffle,tuber">"Book 19, Chapter 11"</a> [Natural History]. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404051655/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=19:chapter=11&highlight=truffle,tuber">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Book+19%2C+Chapter+11.&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D19%3Achapter%3D11%26highlight%3Dtruffle%2Ctuber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1861" class="citation book cs1">Henry A (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0idbAAAAcAAJ&q=muk%C4%93s&pg=PA113"><i>A Glossary of Scientific Terms for general use</i></a>. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Scientific+Terms+for+general+use&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0idbAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dmuk%25C4%2593s%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buller-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buller_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De stirpium maxime earum quae in Germania nostra nascuntur, usitatis nomenclaturis</i>. Strasbourg. In <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1976">Ainsworth 1976</a>, p. 13 quoting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuller1915" class="citation journal cs1">Buller AH (1915). "Micheli and the discovery of reproduction in fungi". <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada</i>. 3. <b>9</b>: 1–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Micheli+and+the+discovery+of+reproduction+in+fungi.&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Buller&rft.aufirst=AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth197613-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth197613_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1976">Ainsworth 1976</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19764-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19764_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1976">Ainsworth 1976</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=39251">"the Polyporus P. Micheli page"</a>. <i>www.indexfungorum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004174339/https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=39251">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indexfungorum.org&rft.atitle=the+Polyporus+P.+Micheli+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexfungorum.org%2FNames%2FNamesRecord.asp%3FRecordID%3D39251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=39296">"the Tuber P. Micheli page"</a>. <i>www.indexfungorum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715063649/http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=39296">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indexfungorum.org&rft.atitle=the+Tuber+P.+Micheli+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexfungorum.org%2FNames%2FNamesRecord.asp%3FRecordID%3D39296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibby2017" class="citation book cs1">Kibby, Geoffrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F1jnswEACAAJ"><i>Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain & Europe</i></a>. Geoffrey Kibby. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9572094-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9572094-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9572094-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms+and+Toadstools+of+Britain+%26+Europe&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Kibby&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9572094-2-8&rft.aulast=Kibby&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF1jnswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=17175">"the Boletus L. page"</a>. <i>www.indexfungorum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111140305/http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=17175">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indexfungorum.org&rft.atitle=the+Boletus+L.+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexfungorum.org%2FNames%2FNamesRecord.asp%3FRecordID%3D17175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=17030">"the Agaricus L. page"</a>. <i>www.indexfungorum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indexfungorum.org&rft.atitle=the+Agaricus+L.+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexfungorum.org%2FNames%2FNamesRecord.asp%3FRecordID%3D17030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php">"Home"</a>. <i>fmhibd.library.cmu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712163756/http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fmhibd.library.cmu.edu&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmhibd.library.cmu.edu%2FHIBD-DB%2FSpecies%2Fhome.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnéLinnéSalvius1753" class="citation book cs1">Linné, Carl von; Linné, Carl von; Salvius, Lars (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669"><i>Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas...</i></a> Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506044412/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caroli+Linnaei+...+Species+plantarum+%3Aexhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas...&rft.place=Holmiae&rft.pages=1171&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft.au=Linn%C3%A9%2C+Carl+von&rft.au=Salvius%2C+Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLæssøePetersen2019" class="citation book cs1">Læssøe, Thomas; Petersen, Jens Henrik (2019). <i>Fungi of Temperate Europe</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 8, 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18037-3"><bdi>978-0-691-18037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungi+of+Temperate+Europe&rft.pages=8%2C+500&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18037-3&rft.aulast=L%C3%A6ss%C3%B8e&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Jens+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=196882">"the Agaricus deliciosus L. page"</a>. <i>www.speciesfungorum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201221302/https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=196882">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.speciesfungorum.org&rft.atitle=the+Agaricus+deliciosus+L.+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speciesfungorum.org%2FNames%2FNamesRecord.asp%3FRecordID%3D196882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=356498">"the Agaricus campestris L. page"</a>. <i>www.speciesfungorum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116125922/https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=356498">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.speciesfungorum.org&rft.atitle=the+Agaricus+campestris+L.+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speciesfungorum.org%2FNames%2FNamesRecord.asp%3FRecordID%3D356498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19762-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth19762_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1976">Ainsworth 1976</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreville1823" class="citation journal cs1">Greville, Robert Kaye (April 1823). "Observations on a New Genus of Plants, belonging to the Natural Order Gastromyci". <i>The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (16): 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Philosophical+Journal&rft.atitle=Observations+on+a+New+Genus+of+Plants%2C+belonging+to+the+Natural+Order+Gastromyci&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1823-04&rft.aulast=Greville&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/305933"><i>Medicinal Mushrooms: Their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments</i></a>. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729195103/https://www.academia.edu/305933/Medicinal_Mushrooms_Their_therapeutic_properties_and_current_medical_usage_with_special_emphasis_on_cancer_treatments">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Mushrooms%3A+Their+therapeutic+properties+and+current+medical+usage+with+special+emphasis+on+cancer+treatments&rft.pages=5&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F305933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShashkinaShashkinSergeev2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shashkina, M. Ya.; Shashkin, P. N.; Sergeev, A. V. (October 2006). "Chemical and medicobiological properties of chaga (review)". <i>Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal</i>. <b>40</b> (10): 560–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11094-006-0194-4">10.1007/s11094-006-0194-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical+Chemistry+Journal&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+medicobiological+properties+of+chaga+%28review%29&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=560-568&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11094-006-0194-4&rft.aulast=Shashkina&rft.aufirst=M.+Ya.&rft.au=Shashkin%2C+P.+N.&rft.au=Sergeev%2C+A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardwellBornmanJamesBlack2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cardwell G, Bornman JF, James AP, Black LJ (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213178">"A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D"</a>. <i>Nutrients</i>. <b>10</b> (10): 1498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu10101498">10.3390/nu10101498</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213178">6213178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322118">30322118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Mushrooms+as+a+Potential+Source+of+Dietary+Vitamin+D&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1498&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6213178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30322118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu10101498&rft.aulast=Cardwell&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Bornman%2C+JF&rft.au=James%2C+AP&rft.au=Black%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6213178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, K.D., Baldrian, P., Chen, Y. et al (2024). "Current trends, limitations and future research in the fungi?." Fungal Diversity. 125: 1–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-023-00532-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-023-00532-5</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_literature">Cited literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cited literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1976" class="citation book cs1">Ainsworth, G. C. (1976). <i>Introduction to the History of Mycology</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21013-3"><bdi>978-0-521-21013-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Mycology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21013-3&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Mycology</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mycology">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mycology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mycology">Mycology</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Professional organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Mycological_Society" title="British Mycological Society">BMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/">British Mycological Society</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycological_Society_of_America" title="Mycological Society of America">MSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msafungi.org">Mycological Society of America</a> (North America)</li></ul></li> <li>Amateur organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycological_Society_of_San_Francisco" title="Mycological Society of San Francisco">MSSF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mssf.org/">Mycological Society of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namyco.org/clubs/index.html">North American Mycological Association</a> (list of amateur organizations in North America)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psms.org/">Puget Sound Mycological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildmushrooms.org/">Oregon Mycological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Mycological_Association" title="Illinois Mycological Association">IMA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoismyco.org/">Illinois Mycological Association</a></li></ul></li> <li>Miscellaneous links <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509061914/http://media.med.sc.edu/microbiology2007/">Online lectures in mycology</a> University of South Carolina</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mycology.cornell.edu/">The WWW Virtual Library: Mycology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114142535/http://www.mykoweb.com/links.html">MykoWeb links page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Terms/TermsFrame.html">Mycological Glossary at the Illinois Mycological Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fungimag.com/">FUNGI Magazine</a> for professionals and amateurs – largest circulating U.S. publication concerning all things mycological</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010349/http://129.215.156.68/index.html">Fungal Cell Biology Group</a> at University of Edinburgh, UK.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/mycological/">Mycological Marvels</a> Cornell University, Mann Library</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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(biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rozellomyceta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryptomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomycota">Rozellomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozellomycetes (page does not exist)">Rozellomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Morellosporales</li> <li>Nucleophagales</li> <li>Paramicrosporidiales</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsporidia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiopsidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytridiopsidea">Chytridiopsidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metchnikovellea" class="mw-redirect" title="Metchnikovellea">Metchnikovellea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporea" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporea">Microsporea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aphelidiomyceta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aphelidiomycota" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aphelidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelidiomycota">Aphelidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphelida" title="Aphelida">Aphelidea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eumycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumycota">Eumycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoospore" title="Zoospore">Zoosporic</a> fungi<br />(paraphyletic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallimastigomycetes">Neocallimastigomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoblepharomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoblepharomycota (page does not exist)">Monoblepharomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloraphidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaloraphidiomycetes">Hyaloraphidiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblepharidomycetes" title="Monoblepharidomycetes">Monoblepharidomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulochytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caulochytriomycetes (page does not exist)">Caulochytriomycetes</a></li> <li>?<a href="/w/index.php?title=Coenomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coenomycetes (page does not exist)">Coenomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanchytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanchytriomycetes (page does not exist)">Sanchytriomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycetes" title="Chytridiomycetes">Chytridiomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physodermatomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Physodermatomycetes">Physodermatomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocladiomycetes">Blastocladiomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a><br />(paraphyletic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olpidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Olpidiomycota">Olpidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olpidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Olpidiomycetes">Olpidiomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiobolomycota">Basidiobolomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycetes" title="Basidiobolomycetes">Basidiobolomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthoromycota" title="Entomophthoromycota">Entomophthoromycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neozygitomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neozygitomycetes">Neozygitomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophthoromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomophthoromycetes">Entomophthoromycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kickxellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickxellomycota">Kickxellomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoopagomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoopagomycetes">Zoopagomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimargaritomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimargaritomycetes">Dimargaritomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramicandelaberomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramicandelaberomycetes (page does not exist)">Ramicandelaberomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickxellomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickxellomycetes">Kickxellomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mortierellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortierellomycota">Mortierellomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortierellomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortierellomycetes">Mortierellomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcarisporiellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarisporiellomycota">Calcarisporiellomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcarisporiellomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarisporiellomycetes">Calcarisporiellomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucoromycota" title="Mucoromycota">Mucoromycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endogonomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogonomycetes">Endogonomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucoromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucoromycetes">Mucoromycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeovesiarbusmycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeovesiarbusmycetes (page does not exist)">Palaeovesiarbusmycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraglomeromycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraglomeromycetes (page does not exist)">Paraglomeromycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeosporomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeosporomycetes (page does not exist)">Archaeosporomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomeromycetes">Glomeromycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dikarya" title="Dikarya">Dikarya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entorrhizomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Entorrhizomycota">Entorrhizomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entorrhizomycetes" title="Entorrhizomycetes">Entorrhizomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a><br />(sac fungi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycotina" title="Taphrinomycotina">Taphrinomycotina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeorhizomycetes" title="Archaeorhizomycetes">Archaeorhizomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolecta" title="Neolecta">Neolectomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novakomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novakomycetes (page does not exist)">Novakomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumocystis">Pneumocystidomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomycetes" title="Schizosaccharomycetes">Schizosaccharomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycetes" title="Taphrinomycetes">Taphrinomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycotina" title="Saccharomycotina">Saccharomycotina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alloascoideomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alloascoideomycetes (page does not exist)">Alloascoideomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipodascomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipodascomycetes (page does not exist)">Dipodascomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipomycetes (page does not exist)">Lipomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichiomycetes (page does not exist)">Pichiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycetes" title="Saccharomycetes">Saccharomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporopachydermiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporopachydermiomycetes (page does not exist)">Sporopachydermiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigonopsidomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigonopsidomycetes (page does not exist)">Trigonopsidomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pezizomycotina" title="Pezizomycotina">Pezizomycotina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiliomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiliomycetes">Orbiliomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezizomycetes" title="Pezizomycetes">Pezizomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dothideomyceta" class="mw-redirect" title="Dothideomyceta">Dothideomyceta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candelariomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Candelariomycetes">Candelariomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniocybomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniocybomycetes">Coniocybomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichinomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichinomycetes">Lichinomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthoniomycetes" title="Arthoniomycetes">Arthoniomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collemopsidiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collemopsidiomycetes (page does not exist)">Collemopsidiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothideomycetes" title="Dothideomycetes">Dothideomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurotiomycetes" title="Eurotiomycetes">Eurotiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecanoromycetes" title="Lecanoromycetes">Lecanoromycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xylobotryomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xylobotryomycetes (page does not exist)">Xylobotryomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sordariomyceta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sordariomyceta">Sordariomyceta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylonomycetes" title="Xylonomycetes">Xylonomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglossomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoglossomycetes">Geoglossomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leotiomycetes" title="Leotiomycetes">Leotiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboulbeniomycetes" title="Laboulbeniomycetes">Laboulbeniomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sareomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sareomycetes (page does not exist)">Sareomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordariomycetes" title="Sordariomycetes">Sordariomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a><br />(with <a href="/wiki/Basidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidia">basidia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pucciniomycotina" title="Pucciniomycotina">Pucciniomycotina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritirachiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tritirachiomycetes">Tritirachiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiomycetes" title="Mixiomycetes">Mixiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricostilbomycetes" title="Agaricostilbomycetes">Agaricostilbomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystobasidiomycetes" title="Cystobasidiomycetes">Cystobasidiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotryomycetes" title="Microbotryomycetes">Microbotryomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classiculomycetes" title="Classiculomycetes">Classiculomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomycocolacomycetes" title="Cryptomycocolacomycetes">Cryptomycocolacomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atractiellomycetes" title="Atractiellomycetes">Atractiellomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiculogloeomycetes" title="Spiculogloeomycetes">Spiculogloeomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucciniomycetes" title="Pucciniomycetes">Pucciniomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ustilaginomycotina" title="Ustilaginomycotina">Ustilaginomycotina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peribolosporomycetes" title="Peribolosporomycetes">Peribolosporomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monilielliomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monilielliomycetes">Monilielliomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasseziomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Malasseziomycetes">Malasseziomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustilaginomycetes" title="Ustilaginomycetes">Ustilaginomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobasidiomycetes" title="Exobasidiomycetes">Exobasidiomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agaricomycotina" title="Agaricomycotina">Agaricomycotina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacrymycetales" title="Dacrymycetales">Dacrymycetales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricomycetes" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallemiomycetes" title="Wallemiomycetes">Wallemiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartheletiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartheletiomycetes">Bartheletiomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremellomycetes" title="Tremellomycetes">Tremellomycetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Fungi_imperfecti" title="Fungi imperfecti">fungi imperfecti</a> (polyphyletic group).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology_nav" title="Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology_nav" title="Template talk:Biology nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biology_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biology nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Introduction (<a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Evolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology" title="Outline of biology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biology_articles" title="Index of biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li>Properties (<a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism"> Energy processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">Reproduction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Response to environment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">Organelle</a> > <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> > <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Organ system</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a> > <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">Community</a> > <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism#In_science" title="Reductionism">Reductionistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence"> Emergent property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">Mechanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory"> Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law"> Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_journals" title="List of biology journals">Biology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">Common name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">Gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Gene regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">Post-transcriptional modification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">Function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Alga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant form <br /> and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis (botany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal form <br />and function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_environment" title="Internal environment">Internal environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">Microbiome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_methods_in_biology" title="List of research methods in biology">Research <br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory <br /> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">Gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">Green fluorescent protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)" title="Vector (molecular biology)">vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_purification" title="Protein purification">Protein purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_enzyme" title="Restriction enzyme">Restriction enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">Two-hybrid screening</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_transect" title="Belt transect">Belt transect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_and_recapture" title="Mark and recapture">mark and recapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_discovery_curve" title="Species discovery curve">species discovery curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li>Mycology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecological terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Plant morphology terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biology">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a 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title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microbiology:_Fungus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungus" title="Template:Fungus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fungus" title="Template talk:Fungus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fungus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fungus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbiology:_Fungus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fungi" title="Outline of fungi">Outline of fungi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_lichens" title="Outline of lichens">Outline of lichens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_uses_of_fungi" title="Medicinal uses of fungi">Medicinal fungi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Mycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction/<a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">teleomorph/sexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Zygospore" title="Zygospore">Zygospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascospore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascospore">Ascospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ascus" title="Ascus">Ascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">Basidiospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basidium" title="Basidium">Basidium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teliospore" title="Teliospore">Teliospore</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">anamorph/asexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidium" title="Conidium">Conidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">Chlamydospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oidium_(spore)" title="Oidium (spore)">Oidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycniospore" title="Pycniospore">Pycniospore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">Hypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">Haustorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">Mycelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">Sporocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">Mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">Mushroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Glossary of mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungal_orders" title="List of fungal orders">List of fungal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycologists" title="List of mycologists">List of mycologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycology_journals" title="List of mycology journals">List of mycology journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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