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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroleum_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Petroleum exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_clocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_clocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Atomic clocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_clocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_the_second" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_the_second"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Definition of the second </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_the_second-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_power_and_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_power_and_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Electric power and electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_power_and_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centrifugation_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrifugation_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Centrifugation fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrifugation_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_and_medical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_and_medical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Chemical and medical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_and_medical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_and_isotope_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_and_isotope_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Nuclear and isotope applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_and_isotope_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health and safety hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Caesium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sesium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሴሲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴሲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सीजियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सीजियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="سيزيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيزيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cesiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cesiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezium" title="Sezium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sezium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9sium" title="Sésium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sésium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সিজিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিজিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Цэзій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэзій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Цэз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सीजियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सीजियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesyo" title="Sesyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sesyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="སྰེ་སིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྰེ་སིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezij" title="Cezij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cezij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keziom" title="Keziom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Keziom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesi" title="Cesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesyo" title="Cesyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cesyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cesiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiwm" title="Cesiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cesiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6sium" title="Cæsium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cæsium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="سيزيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سيزيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseesium" title="Tseesium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tseesium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Καίσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καίσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezio" title="Cezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesio" title="Zesio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zesio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سزیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سزیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sesium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sium" title="Césium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Césium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesi" title="Cesi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cesi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeisiam" title="Caeisiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caeisiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaishum" title="Kaishum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kaishum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%AB" title="銫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="銫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="સીસીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સીસીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цесиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цесиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%98" title="세슘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세슘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ցեզիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեզիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सीज़ियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीज़ियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezij" title="Cezij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cezij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sesium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCanga" title="UmCanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ses%C3%ADn" title="Sesín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sesín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="צסיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צסיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9sium" title="Sésium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sésium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9Bz%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Sɛzɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɛzɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೀಸಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೀಸಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცეზიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცეზიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiom" title="Cesiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cesiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesi" title="Caesi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Caesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezy%C3%B2m" title="Sezyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sezyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezy%C3%BBm" title="Sezyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sezyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93zijs" title="Cēzijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cēzijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A4sium" title="Cäsium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cäsium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezis" title="Cezis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cezis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87esio_(elemento)" title="Çesio (elemento) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Çesio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezii" title="Cezii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Cezii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/blasodna" title="blasodna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="blasodna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seziyaamu_(Cesium)" title="Seziyaamu (Cesium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Seziyaamu (Cesium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zium" title="Cézium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cézium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цезиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цезиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സീസിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സീസിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सिझियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिझियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="سيزيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيزيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sesium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Цези – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Цези" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Цези – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цези" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဆယ်ဆီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆယ်ဆီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सेसियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेसियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="セシウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セシウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseesium" title="Tseesium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tseesium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8si" title="Cèsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seziy" title="Seziy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Seziy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸੀਜ਼ੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਜ਼ੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सेसियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सेसियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سیزیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیزیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="سېزيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سېزيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cesio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A4sium" title="Cäsium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cäsium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cez" title="Cez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sio" title="Césio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Césio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cesiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyu" title="Sisyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sisyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Сезиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сезиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सेसियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सेसियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz%C3%A8siu" title="Tzèsiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzèsiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceziumi" title="Ceziumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ceziumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesiu_(elementu)" title="Cesiu (elementu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cesiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caesium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zium" title="Cézium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cézium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezij" title="Cezij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cezij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasiyaam" title="Kaasiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaasiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="سیزیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیزیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Цезијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цезијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezijum" title="Cezijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cezijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cesium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyo" title="Sisyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sisyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цезий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సీసియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సీసియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ซีเซียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีเซียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сезий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сезий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezyum" title="Sezyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sezyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Цезій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цезій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="سیزیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیزیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%8A" title="سېزىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سېزىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezii" title="Cezii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Cezii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesi" title="Caesi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caesi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceziom" title="Ceziom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ceziom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%AB" title="銫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesyo" title="Cesyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cesyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%96" title="צעז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צעז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesium" title="Kesium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kesium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%AB" title="銫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Caesium, 55Cs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Some pale gold metal, with a liquid-like texture and lustre, sealed in a glass ampoule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cesium.jpg/220px-Cesium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cesium.jpg/330px-Cesium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cesium.jpg/440px-Cesium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Caesium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiːziəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SEE-zee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data">cesium (US)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">pale gold</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Cs)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>132.90545196±0.00000006<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>132.91±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Caesium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> ↑ Cs ↓ <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> ← caesium → <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">55</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">group 1: hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">301.7 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (28.5 °C, 83.3 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">944 K (671 °C, 1240 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.886 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.843 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1938 K, 9.4 MPa<a href="#cite_note-b92-4">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.09 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">63.9 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32.210 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapour pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>418 </td> <td>469 </td> <td>534 </td> <td>623 </td> <td>750 </td> <td>940 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +1 −1<a href="#cite_note-caeside2-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 0.79 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 375.7 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2234.3 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3400 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 265 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">244±11 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">343 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Caesium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Caesium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Caesium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Caesium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Caesium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Caesium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of caesium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centred cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bodycentredcubic crystal structure for caesium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 616.2 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">92.6×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35.9 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">205 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-magnet-6">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.7 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.6 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.14 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-46-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> caesius 'bluish grey', for its spectral colours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> (1860)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Setterberg" title="Carl Setterberg">Carl Setterberg</a> (1882)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">Isotopes of caesium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_caesium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox caesium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_caesium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox caesium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-7">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">131Cs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.7 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon-131" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-131">131Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">133Cs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">134Cs </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.0648 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon-134" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-134">134Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Barium-134" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium-134">134Ba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">135Cs </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.33×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Barium-135" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium-135">135Ba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">137Cs</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">30.17 y<a href="#cite_note-isotope-8">[8]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Barium-137" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium-137">137Ba</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Caesium" title="Category:Caesium">Category: Caesium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_caesium" title="Template:Infobox caesium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_caesium" title="Template talk:Infobox caesium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_caesium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox caesium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Caesium (<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> spelling;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> also spelled cesium in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Cs and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 55. It is a soft, silvery-golden <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a> with a melting point of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F; 301.6 K), which makes it one of only five elemental <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> at or near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a> and reacts with <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> even at −116 °C (−177 °F). It is the least <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> stable element, with a value of 0.79 on the <a href="/wiki/Pauling_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling scale">Pauling scale</a>. It has only one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-133">caesium-133</a>. Caesium is mined mostly from <a href="/wiki/Pollucite" title="Pollucite">pollucite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a>, is extracted from waste produced by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactor technology">nuclear reactors</a>. It has the largest <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radius</a> of all elements whose radii have been measured or calculated, at about 260 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">picometres</a>. The German chemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> and physicist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> discovered caesium in 1860 by the newly developed method of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy#Flame_emission_spectroscopy" title="Atomic emission spectroscopy">flame spectroscopy</a>. The first small-scale applications for caesium were as a "<a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getter</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">photoelectric cells</a>. Caesium is widely used in highly accurate <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> began using a specific <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine</a> transition of neutral caesium-133 atoms to define the <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">basic unit</a> of time, the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>. Since the 1990s, the largest <a href="#Applications">application of the element</a> has been as <a href="/wiki/Caesium_formate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium formate">caesium formate</a> for <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluids</a>, but it has a range of applications in the production of electricity, in electronics, and in chemistry. The radioactive isotope caesium-137 has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of about 30 years and is used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, but the pure metal's tendency to react explosively with water means that caesium is considered a hazardous material, and the <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a> present a significant health and environmental hazard. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spelling">edit</a>]</div> Caesium is the spelling recommended by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) has used the spelling cesium since 1921,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> following Webster's New International Dictionary. The element was named after the Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caesius#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:caesius">caesius</a>, meaning "bluish grey".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In medieval and early modern writings caesius was spelled with the <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%86#Latin_and_Greek" title="Æ">æ</a> as cæsius; hence, an alternative but now old-fashioned orthography is cæsium. More spelling explanation at <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#ae_and_oe" title="American and British English spelling differences">ae/oe vs e</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CsCrystals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Y-shaped yellowish crystal in glass ampoule, looking like the branch of a pine tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CsCrystals.JPG/220px-CsCrystals.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CsCrystals.JPG/330px-CsCrystals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/CsCrystals.JPG/440px-CsCrystals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>High-purity caesium-133 stored in <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>.</figcaption></figure> Of all elements that are solid at room temperature, caesium is the softest: it has a hardness of 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale" title="Mohs scale">Mohs</a>. It is a very <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, pale metal, which darkens in the presence of trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> When in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> (where it is best kept during transport), it loses its metallic <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a> and takes on a duller, grey appearance. It has a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F), making it one of the few elemental metals that are liquid near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. The others are <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> (39 °C [102 °F]), <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a> (estimated at 27 °C [81 °F]), <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (−39 °C [−38 °F]), and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> (30 °C [86 °F]); bromine is also liquid at room temperature (melting at −7.2 °C [19.0 °F]), but it is a <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> and not a metal. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> is the only stable elemental metal with a known melting point lower than caesium.<a href="#cite_note-KanerACS-17">[17]</a> In addition, the metal has a rather low <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, 641 °C (1,186 °F), the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_boiling_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by boiling point">lowest</a> of all stable metals other than mercury.<a href="#cite_note-RSC-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> have been predicted to have lower boiling points than mercury and caesium, but they are extremely radioactive and it is not certain if they are metals.<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-liquid-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg/220px-Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg/330px-Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg/440px-Rb%26Cs_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Caesium crystals (golden) compared to <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> crystals (silvery)</figcaption></figure> Caesium forms <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with the other alkali metals, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and mercury (<a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a>). At temperatures below 650 °C (1,202 °F), it does not alloy with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>. It forms well-defined <a href="/wiki/Intermetallics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallics">intermetallic compounds</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive">photosensitive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> It mixes with all the other alkali metals (except lithium); the alloy with a <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar</a> distribution of 41% caesium, 47% <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and 12% <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> has the lowest melting point of any known metal alloy, at −78 °C (−108 °F).<a href="#cite_note-KanerACS-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A few amalgams have been studied: CsHg 2 is black with a purple metallic <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a>, while CsHg is golden-coloured, also with a metallic lustre.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The golden colour of caesium comes from the decreasing frequency of light required to excite electrons of the alkali metals as the group is descended. For lithium through rubidium this frequency is in the ultraviolet, but for caesium it enters the blue–violet end of the spectrum; in other words, the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_oscillation" title="Plasma oscillation">plasmonic frequency</a> of the alkali metals becomes lower from lithium to caesium. Thus caesium transmits and partially absorbs violet light preferentially while other colours (having lower frequency) are reflected; hence it appears yellowish.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Its compounds burn with a blue<a href="#cite_note-CRC74-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-flametests-25">[25]</a> or violet<a href="#cite_note-flametests-25">[25]</a> colour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> Caesium exists in the form of different <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a>, one of them a dimer called dicaesium.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/220px--Cesium_water.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Cesium_water.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cesium_water.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Cesium_water.theora.ogv/Cesium_water.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Addition of a small amount of caesium to cold water is explosive.</figcaption></figure> Caesium metal is highly reactive and <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a>. It ignites spontaneously in air, and reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures, more so than the other <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> It reacts with ice at temperatures as low as −116 °C (−177 °F).<a href="#cite_note-KanerACS-17">[17]</a> Because of this high reactivity, caesium metal is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous material">hazardous material</a>. It is stored and shipped in dry, saturated hydrocarbons such as <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>. It can be handled only under <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert gas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. However, a caesium-water explosion is often less powerful than a <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-water explosion with a similar amount of sodium. This is because caesium explodes instantly upon contact with water, leaving little time for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to accumulate.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Caesium can be stored in vacuum-sealed <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">borosilicate glass</a> <a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">ampoules</a>. In quantities of more than about 100 grams (3.5 oz), caesium is shipped in hermetically sealed, stainless steel containers.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> The chemistry of caesium is similar to that of other alkali metals, in particular <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, the element above caesium in the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-28">[28]</a> As expected for an alkali metal, the only common oxidation state is +1. It differs from this value in caesides, which contain the Cs− anion and thus have caesium in the −1 oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-caeside2-5">[5]</a> Under conditions of extreme pressure (greater than 30 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>), theoretical studies indicate that the inner 5p electrons could form chemical bonds, where caesium would behave as the seventh 5p element, suggesting that higher caesium fluorides with caesium in oxidation states from +2 to +6 could exist under such conditions.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some slight differences arise from the fact that it has a higher <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> and is more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> than other (nonradioactive) alkali metals.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-31">[31]</a> Caesium is the most electropositive chemical element.<a href="#cite_note-KanerACS-17">[17]</a> The caesium ion is also larger and <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">less "hard"</a> than those of the lighter <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CsCl_polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="27 small grey spheres in 3 evenly spaced layers of nine. 8 spheres form a regular cube and 8 of those cubes form a larger cube. The grey spheres represent the caesium atoms. The center of each small cube is occupied by a small green sphere representing a chlorine atom. Thus, every chlorine is in the middle of a cube formed by caesium atoms and every caesium is in the middle of a cube formed by chlorine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CsCl_polyhedra.png/170px-CsCl_polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CsCl_polyhedra.png/255px-CsCl_polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CsCl_polyhedra.png/340px-CsCl_polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of the cubic coordination of Cs and Cl in CsCl</figcaption></figure> Most caesium compounds contain the element as the <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> Cs+ , which <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">binds ionically</a> to a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>. One noteworthy exception is the <a href="/wiki/Alkalide" title="Alkalide">caeside</a> anion (Cs− ),<a href="#cite_note-caeside2-5">[5]</a> and others are the several suboxides (see section on oxides below). More recently, caesium is predicted to behave as a <a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> element and capable of forming higher fluorides with higher <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> (i.e., CsFn with n > 1) under high pressure.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This prediction needs to be validated by further experiments.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Salts of Cs+ are usually colourless unless the anion itself is coloured. Many of the simple salts are <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a>, but less so than the corresponding salts of lighter alkali metals. The <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> salts are water-soluble. Its <a href="/wiki/Double_salt" title="Double salt">double salts</a> are often less soluble, and the low solubility of caesium aluminium sulfate is exploited in refining Cs from ores. The double salts with antimony (such as CsSbCl 4), <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> are also poorly <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">soluble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">Caesium hydroxide</a> (CsOH) is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> and strongly <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-28">[28]</a> It rapidly <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etches</a> the surface of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> CsOH has been previously regarded by chemists as the "strongest base", reflecting the relatively weak attraction between the large Cs+ ion and OH−;<a href="#cite_note-CRC74-24">[24]</a> it is indeed the strongest <a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenius base">Arrhenius base</a>; however, a number of compounds such as <a href="/wiki/N-butyllithium" class="mw-redirect" title="N-butyllithium">n-butyllithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_amide" title="Sodium amide">sodium amide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">sodium hydride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydride" title="Caesium hydride">caesium hydride</a>, etc., which cannot be dissolved in water as reacting violently with it but rather only used in some <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_aprotic_solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar aprotic solvents">polar aprotic solvents</a>, are far more basic on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-28">[28]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric</a> mixture of caesium and gold will react to form yellow <a href="/wiki/Caesium_auride" title="Caesium auride">caesium auride</a> (Cs+Au−) upon heating. The auride anion here behaves as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudohalogen" title="Pseudohalogen">pseudohalogen</a>. The compound reacts violently with water, yielding <a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">caesium hydroxide</a>, metallic gold, and hydrogen gas; in liquid ammonia it can be reacted with a caesium-specific ion exchange resin to produce <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_auride" title="Tetramethylammonium auride">tetramethylammonium auride</a>. The analogous <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> compound, red caesium platinide (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Cs2Pt), contains the platinide ion that behaves as a pseudo<a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complexes">Complexes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Complexes">edit</a>]</div> Like all metal cations, Cs+ forms complexes with <a href="/wiki/Lewis_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis base">Lewis bases</a> in solution. Because of its large size, Cs+ usually adopts <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination numbers</a> greater than 6, the number typical for the smaller alkali metal cations. This difference is apparent in the 8-coordination of CsCl. This high coordination number and <a href="/wiki/HSAB" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAB">softness</a> (tendency to form covalent bonds) are properties exploited in separating Cs+ from other cations in the remediation of nuclear wastes, where 137Cs+ must be separated from large amounts of nonradioactive K+.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halides">Halides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CsX@DWNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CsX%40DWNT.jpg/170px-CsX%40DWNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CsX%40DWNT.jpg/255px-CsX%40DWNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CsX%40DWNT.jpg/340px-CsX%40DWNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Monatomic caesium halide wires grown inside double-wall <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM image</a>).<a href="#cite_note-chains-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_fluoride" title="Caesium fluoride">Caesium fluoride</a> (CsF) is a <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> white solid that is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine_chemistry" title="Organofluorine chemistry">organofluorine chemistry</a> as a source of <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> anions.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Caesium fluoride has the halite structure, which means that the Cs+ and F− pack in a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_closest_packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic closest packed">cubic closest packed</a> array as do Na+ and Cl− in <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-greenwood-28">[28]</a> Notably, caesium and fluorine have the lowest and highest <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativities</a>, respectively, among all the known elements. <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">Caesium chloride</a> (CsCl) crystallizes in the simple <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic crystal system</a>. Also called the "caesium chloride structure",<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-31">[31]</a> this structural motif is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Primitive_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive cell">primitive</a> cubic lattice with a two-atom basis, each with an eightfold <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination</a>; the chloride atoms lie upon the lattice points at the edges of the cube, while the caesium atoms lie in the holes in the centre of the cubes. This structure is shared with <a href="/wiki/Caesium_bromide" title="Caesium bromide">CsBr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium_iodide" title="Caesium iodide">CsI</a>, and many other compounds that do not contain Cs. In contrast, most other alkaline halides have the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl) structure.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-31">[31]</a> The CsCl structure is preferred because Cs+ has an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a> of 174 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a> and Cl− 181 pm.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxides">Oxides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs11O3_cluster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The stick and ball diagram shows three regular octahedra, which are connected to the next one by one surface and the last one shares one surface with the first. All three have one edge in common. All eleven vertices are purple spheres representing caesium, and at the center of each octahedron is a small red sphere representing oxygen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cs11O3_cluster.png/150px-Cs11O3_cluster.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cs11O3_cluster.png/225px-Cs11O3_cluster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cs11O3_cluster.png/300px-Cs11O3_cluster.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Cs 11O 3 cluster</figcaption></figure> More so than the other alkali metals, caesium forms numerous binary compounds with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. When caesium burns in air, the <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> CsO 2 is the main product.<a href="#cite_note-cotton-41">[41]</a> The "normal" <a href="/wiki/Caesium_oxide" title="Caesium oxide">caesium oxide</a> (Cs 2O) forms yellow-orange <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> crystals,<a href="#cite_note-CRC-42">[42]</a> and is the only oxide of the anti-<a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">CdCl 2</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43">[43]</a> It vaporizes at 250 °C (482 °F), and decomposes to caesium metal and the <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_peroxide" title="Caesium peroxide">Cs 2O 2</a> at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F). In addition to the superoxide and the <a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">ozonide</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_ozonide" title="Caesium ozonide">CsO 3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> several brightly coloured <a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">suboxides</a> have also been studied.<a href="#cite_note-Simon-46">[46]</a> These include Cs 7O, Cs 4O, Cs 11O 3, Cs 3O (dark-green<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>), CsO, Cs 3O 2,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> as well as Cs 7O 2.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The latter may be heated in a vacuum to generate Cs 2O.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43">[43]</a> Binary compounds with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> also exist.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">Isotopes of caesium</a></div> Caesium has 41 known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> (i.e. number of <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> in the nucleus) from 112 to 152. Several of these are synthesized from lighter elements by the slow neutron capture process (<a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">S-process</a>) inside old stars<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a> in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> explosions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The only <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable</a> caesium isotope is 133Cs, with 78 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. Although it has a large <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠7/2⁠+), <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> studies can use this isotope at a resonating frequency of 11.7 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NMR-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-137-decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph showing the energetics of caesium-137 (nuclear spin: I=⁠7/2⁠+, half-life of about 30 years) decay. With a 94.6% probability, it decays by a 512 keV beta emission into barium-137m (I=11/2-, t=2.55min); this further decays by a 662 keV gamma emission with an 85.1% probability into barium-137 (I=⁠3/2⁠+). Alternatively, caesium-137 may decay directly into barium-137 by a 0.4% probability beta emission." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cs-137-decay.svg/220px-Cs-137-decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cs-137-decay.svg/330px-Cs-137-decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cs-137-decay.svg/440px-Cs-137-decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Decay of caesium-137</figcaption></figure> The radioactive <a href="/wiki/Caesium-135" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-135">135Cs</a> has a very long half-life of about 2.3 million years, the longest of all radioactive isotopes of caesium. <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">137Cs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium-134" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-134">134Cs</a> have half-lives of 30 and two years, respectively. 137Cs decomposes to a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Barium-137m" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium-137m">137mBa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, and then to nonradioactive barium, while 134Cs transforms into 134Ba directly. The isotopes with mass numbers of 129, 131, 132 and 136, have half-lives between a day and two weeks, while most of the other isotopes have half-lives from a few seconds to fractions of a second. At least 21 metastable <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> exist. Other than 134mCs (with a half-life of just under 3 hours), all are very unstable and decay with half-lives of a few minutes or less.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-55">[55]</a> The isotope 135Cs is one of the <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">long-lived fission products</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> produced in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactor technology">nuclear reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> However, this <a href="/wiki/Fission_product_yield" title="Fission product yield">fission product yield</a> is reduced in most reactors because the predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Xenon-135" title="Xenon-135">135Xe</a>, is a potent <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poison</a> and frequently transmutes to stable <a href="/wiki/Xenon-136" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-136">136Xe</a> before it can decay to 135Cs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> from 137Cs to 137mBa results in <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma radiation</a> as the 137mBa relaxes to ground state 137Ba, with the emitted photons having an energy of 0.6617 MeV.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> 137Cs and <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">90Sr</a> are the principal <a href="/wiki/Medium-lived_fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-lived fission product">medium-lived</a> products of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, and the prime sources of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactivity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> after several years of cooling, lasting several hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Those two isotopes are the largest source of residual radioactivity in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Because of the low capture rate, disposing of 137Cs through <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> is not feasible and the only current solution is to allow it to decay over time.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Almost all caesium produced from nuclear fission comes from the <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of originally more neutron-rich fission products, passing through various <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine" title="Isotopes of iodine">isotopes of iodine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon" title="Isotopes of xenon">xenon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Because iodine and xenon are volatile and can diffuse through nuclear fuel or air, radioactive caesium is often created far from the original site of fission.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> in the 1950s through the 1980s, 137Cs was released into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> and returned to the surface of the earth as a component of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">radioactive fallout</a>. It is a ready marker of the movement of soil and sediment from those times.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white mineral, from which white and pale pink crystals protrude" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg/220px-Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg/330px-Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg/440px-Pollucite-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Pollucite, a caesium mineral</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Caesium_minerals" title="Category:Caesium minerals">Caesium minerals</a></div> Caesium is a relatively rare element, estimated to average 3 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> It is the 45th most abundant element and 36th among the metals.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Caesium is 30 times less abundant than <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, with which it is closely associated, chemically.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Due to its large <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a>, caesium is one of the "<a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a>".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">magma crystallization</a>, caesium is concentrated in the liquid phase and crystallizes last. Therefore, the largest deposits of caesium are zone <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> ore bodies formed by this enrichment process. Because caesium does not substitute for <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> as readily as rubidium does, the alkali evaporite minerals <a href="/wiki/Sylvite" title="Sylvite">sylvite</a> (KCl) and <a href="/wiki/Carnallite" title="Carnallite">carnallite</a> (KMgCl 3·6H 2O) may contain only 0.002% caesium. Consequently, caesium is found in few minerals. Percentage amounts of caesium may be found in <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a> (Be 3Al 2(SiO 3) 6) and <a href="/wiki/Avogadrite" title="Avogadrite">avogadrite</a> ((K,Cs)BF 4), up to 15 wt% Cs2O in the closely related mineral <a href="/wiki/Pezzottaite" title="Pezzottaite">pezzottaite</a> (Cs(Be 2Li)Al 2Si 6O 18), up to 8.4 wt% Cs2O in the rare mineral <a href="/wiki/Londonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Londonite">londonite</a> ((Cs,K)Al 4Be 4(B,Be) 12O 28), and less in the more widespread <a href="/wiki/Rhodizite" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodizite">rhodizite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> The only economically important ore for caesium is <a href="/wiki/Pollucite" title="Pollucite">pollucite</a> Cs(AlSi 2O 6), which is found in a few places around the world in zoned pegmatites, associated with the more commercially important <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> minerals, <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petalite" title="Petalite">petalite</a>. Within the pegmatites, the large grain size and the strong separation of the minerals results in high-grade ore for mining.<a href="#cite_note-Cerny-68">[68]</a> The world's most significant and richest known source of caesium is the <a href="/wiki/Tanco_Mine" title="Tanco Mine">Tanco Mine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bernic_Lake" title="Bernic Lake">Bernic Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, Canada, estimated to contain 350,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> of pollucite ore, representing more than two-thirds of the world's reserve base.<a href="#cite_note-Cerny-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-Cs2-69">[69]</a> Although the stoichiometric content of caesium in pollucite is 42.6%, pure pollucite samples from this deposit contain only about 34% caesium, while the average content is 24 wt%.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-Cs2-69">[69]</a> Commercial pollucite contains more than 19% caesium.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bikita_District" title="Bikita District">Bikita</a> pegmatite deposit in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> is mined for its petalite, but it also contains a significant amount of pollucite. Another notable source of pollucite is in the <a href="/wiki/Erongo_Region" title="Erongo Region">Karibib Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-Cs2-69">[69]</a> At the present rate of world mine production of 5 to 10 metric tons per year, reserves will last for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Mining and refining pollucite ore is a selective process and is conducted on a smaller scale than for most other metals. The ore is crushed, hand-sorted, but not usually concentrated, and then ground. Caesium is then extracted from pollucite primarily by three methods: acid digestion, alkaline decomposition, and direct reduction.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burt-71">[71]</a> In the acid digestion, the <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> pollucite rock is dissolved with strong acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> (HCl), <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a> (H 2SO 4), <a href="/wiki/Hydrobromic_acid" title="Hydrobromic acid">hydrobromic</a> (HBr), or <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric</a> (HF) acids. With hydrochloric acid, a mixture of soluble chlorides is produced, and the insoluble chloride double salts of caesium are precipitated as caesium antimony chloride (Cs 4SbCl 7), caesium iodine chloride (Cs 2ICl), or caesium hexachlorocerate (Cs 2(CeCl 6)). After separation, the pure precipitated double salt is decomposed, and pure CsCl is precipitated by evaporating the water. The sulfuric acid method yields the insoluble double salt directly as caesium <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a> (CsAl(SO 4) 2·12H 2O). The <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a> component is converted to insoluble <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> by roasting the alum with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, and the resulting product is <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">leached</a> with water to yield a Cs 2SO 4 solution.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Roasting pollucite with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a> yields insoluble calcium silicates and soluble caesium chloride. Leaching with water or dilute <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH 4OH) yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. This solution can be evaporated to produce caesium chloride or transformed into caesium alum or caesium carbonate. Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum to produce caesium metal directly.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Most of the mined caesium (as salts) is directly converted into <a href="/wiki/Formate" title="Formate">caesium formate</a> (HCOO−Cs+) for applications such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</a>. To supply the developing market, <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Corporation" title="Cabot Corporation">Cabot Corporation</a> built a production plant in 1997 at the <a href="/wiki/Tanco_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanco mine">Tanco mine</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bernic_Lake" title="Bernic Lake">Bernic Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, with a capacity of 12,000 barrels (1,900 m3) per year of caesium formate solution.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The primary smaller-scale commercial compounds of caesium are <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">caesium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium_nitrate" title="Caesium nitrate">nitrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CEC-73">[73]</a> Alternatively, caesium metal may be obtained from the purified compounds derived from the ore. <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">Caesium chloride</a> and the other caesium halides can be reduced at 700 to 800 °C (1,292 to 1,472 °F) with calcium or <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, and caesium metal distilled from the result. In the same way, the aluminate, carbonate, or hydroxide may be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> The metal can also be isolated by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of fused caesium <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> (CsCN). Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be produced by 390 °C (734 °F) thermal decomposition of caesium <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azide</a> CsN 3, which can be produced from aqueous <a href="/wiki/Caesium_sulfate" title="Caesium sulfate">caesium sulfate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium_azide" title="Barium azide">barium azide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burt-71">[71]</a> In vacuum applications, caesium <a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">dichromate</a> can be reacted with <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> to produce pure caesium metal without other gaseous products.<a href="#cite_note-CEC-73">[73]</a> <dl><dd>Cs 2Cr 2O 7 + 2 Zr → 2 Cs + 2 ZrO 2+ Cr 2O 3</dd></dl> The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about $10 per gram ($280/oz), but the compounds are significantly cheaper.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-Cs2-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three middle-aged men, with the one in the middle sitting down. All wear long jackets, and the shorter man on the left has a beard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg/220px-Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg/330px-Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Kirchhoff_Bunsen_Roscoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (centre) discovered caesium with their newly invented spectroscope.</figcaption></figure> In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> discovered caesium in the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrkheim" title="Bad Dürkheim">Dürkheim</a>, Germany. Because of the bright blue lines in the <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission spectrum</a>, they derived the name from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word caesius, meaning 'bluish grey'.<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuKi1861-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-77">[76]</a> Caesium was the first element to be discovered with a <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscope</a>, which had been invented by Bunsen and Kirchhoff only a year previously.<a href="#cite_note-KanerACS-17">[17]</a> To obtain a pure sample of caesium, 44,000 litres (9,700 imp gal; 12,000 US gal) of mineral water had to be evaporated to yield 240 kilograms (530 lb) of concentrated salt solution. The <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a> were precipitated either as sulfates or <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalates</a>, leaving the alkali metal in the solution. After conversion to the <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> and extraction with <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, a sodium-free mixture was obtained. From this mixture, the lithium was precipitated by <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with <a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid">chloroplatinic acid</a>, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Cs,Rb)2PtCl6) were obtained by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)" title="Fractional crystallization (chemistry)">fractional crystallization</a>. After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, caesium and rubidium were separated by the difference in solubility of their carbonates in alcohol. The process yielded 9.2 grams (0.32 oz) of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">rubidium chloride</a> and 7.3 grams (0.26 oz) of caesium chloride from the initial 44,000 litres of mineral water.<a href="#cite_note-BuKi1861-76">[75]</a> From the caesium chloride, the two scientists estimated the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> of the new element at 123.35 (compared to the currently accepted one of 132.9).<a href="#cite_note-BuKi1861-76">[75]</a> They tried to generate elemental caesium by electrolysis of molten caesium chloride, but instead of a metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance which "neither under the naked eye nor under the microscope showed the slightest trace of metallic substance"; as a result, they assigned it as a <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">subchloride</a> (Cs 2Cl). In reality, the product was probably a <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> mixture of the metal and caesium chloride.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The electrolysis of the aqueous solution of chloride with a mercury cathode produced a caesium amalgam which readily decomposed under the aqueous conditions.<a href="#cite_note-BuKi1861-76">[75]</a> The pure metal was eventually isolated by the Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Setterberg" title="Carl Setterberg">Carl Setterberg</a> while working on his doctorate with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">Kekulé</a> and Bunsen.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-77">[76]</a> In 1882, he produced caesium metal by electrolysing <a href="/wiki/Caesium_cyanide" title="Caesium cyanide">caesium cyanide</a>, avoiding the problems with the chloride.<a href="#cite_note-Sett-79">[78]</a> Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical fields. Very few applications existed for caesium until the 1920s, when it came into use in radio <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, where it had two functions; as a <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getter</a>, it removed excess oxygen after manufacture, and as a coating on the heated <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, it increased the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. Caesium was not recognized as a high-performance industrial metal until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Applications for nonradioactive caesium included <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">photoelectric cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> tubes, optical components of <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectrophotometers</a>, catalysts for several organic reactions, crystals for <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">scintillation counters</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/MHD_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="MHD generator">magnetohydrodynamic power generators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Caesium is also used as a source of positive ions in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_ion_mass_spectrometry" title="Secondary ion mass spectrometry">secondary ion mass spectrometry</a> (SIMS). Since 1967, the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Measurements</a> has based the primary unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium. The International System of Units (SI) defines the second as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles at the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral line</a> corresponding to the transition between two <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy levels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caesium-133" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-133">caesium-133</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USNO-81">[80]</a> The 13th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> of 1967 defined a second as: "the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of caesium-133 atoms in their ground state undisturbed by external fields". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_exploration">Petroleum exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Petroleum exploration">edit</a>]</div> The largest present-day use of nonradioactive caesium is in <a href="/wiki/Formate" title="Formate">caesium formate</a> <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluids</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Extractive_oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Extractive oil industry">extractive oil industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Aqueous solutions of caesium formate (HCOO−Cs+)—made by reacting caesium hydroxide with <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a>—were developed in the mid-1990s for use as oil well drilling and <a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">completion fluids</a>. The function of a drilling fluid is to lubricate drill bits, to bring rock cuttings to the surface, and to maintain pressure on the formation during drilling of the well. Completion fluids assist the emplacement of control hardware after drilling but prior to production by maintaining the pressure.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> The high density of the caesium formate brine (up to 2.3 g/cm3, or 19.2 pounds per gallon),<a href="#cite_note-Down-82">[81]</a> coupled with the relatively benign nature of most caesium compounds, reduces the requirement for toxic high-density suspended solids in the drilling fluid—a significant technological, engineering and environmental advantage. Unlike the components of many other heavy liquids, caesium formate is relatively environment-friendly.<a href="#cite_note-Down-82">[81]</a> Caesium formate brine can be blended with potassium and sodium formates to decrease the density of the fluids to that of water (1.0 g/cm3, or 8.3 pounds per gallon). Furthermore, it is biodegradable and may be recycled, which is important in view of its high cost (about $4,000 per <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(volume)#Oil_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel (volume)">barrel</a> in 2001).<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_bromide" title="Zinc bromide">zinc bromide</a> ZnBr 2 solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_clocks">Atomic clocks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Atomic clocks">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usno-mc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A room with a black box in the foreground and six control cabinets with space for five to six racks each. Most, but not all, of the cabinets are filled with white boxes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Usno-mc.jpg/220px-Usno-mc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Usno-mc.jpg/330px-Usno-mc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Usno-mc.jpg/440px-Usno-mc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Atomic clock ensemble at the U.S. Naval Observatory</figcaption></figure> Caesium-based <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic transitions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine structure</a> of caesium-133 atoms as a reference point. The first accurate caesium clock was built by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Essen" title="Louis Essen">Louis Essen</a> in 1955 at the <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Caesium clocks have improved over the past half-century and are regarded as "the most accurate realization of a unit that mankind has yet achieved."<a href="#cite_note-USNO-81">[80]</a> These clocks measure frequency with an error of 2 to 3 parts in 1014, which corresponds to an accuracy of 2 <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">nanoseconds</a> per day, or one second in 1.4 million years. The latest versions are more accurate than 1 part in 1015, about 1 second in 20 million years.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">caesium standard</a> is the primary standard for standards-compliant time and frequency measurements.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Caesium clocks regulate the timing of cell phone networks and the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_of_the_second">Definition of the second</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Definition of the second">edit</a>]</div> The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. The <a href="/wiki/BIPM" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPM">BIPM</a> restated its definition at its 26th conference in 2018: "[The second] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ΔνCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit <a href="/wiki/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hz">Hz</a>, which is equal to s−1."<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_power_and_electronics">Electric power and electronics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electric power and electronics">edit</a>]</div> Caesium vapour <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_converter" title="Thermionic converter">thermionic generators</a> are low-power devices that convert heat energy to electrical energy. In the two-electrode <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> converter, caesium neutralizes the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Caesium is also important for its <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoemissive</a> properties, converting light to electron flow. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">photoelectric cells</a> because caesium-based cathodes, such as the intermetallic compound K 2CsSb, have a low threshold voltage for emission of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The range of photoemissive devices using caesium include <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier tubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">video camera tubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tellurium, and several other elements can be substituted for caesium in photosensitive materials.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_iodide" title="Caesium iodide">Caesium iodide</a> (CsI), <a href="/wiki/Caesium_bromide" title="Caesium bromide">bromide</a> (CsBr) and <a href="/wiki/Caesium_fluoride" title="Caesium fluoride">fluoride</a> (CsF) crystals are employed for <a href="/wiki/Scintillator" title="Scintillator">scintillators</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">scintillation counters</a> widely used in mineral exploration and particle physics research to detect <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> radiation. Being a heavy element, caesium provides good stopping power with better detection. Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI). Caesium vapour is used in many common <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The element is used as an <a href="/wiki/Internal_standard" title="Internal standard">internal standard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">spectrophotometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Like other <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, caesium has a great affinity for <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and is used as a "<a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getter</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Other uses of the metal include high-energy <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">vapour glow lamps</a>, and vapour <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centrifugation_fluids">Centrifugation fluids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Centrifugation fluids">edit</a>]</div> The high density of the caesium ion makes solutions of caesium chloride, caesium sulfate, and caesium <a href="/wiki/Trifluoroacetic_acid" title="Trifluoroacetic acid">trifluoroacetate</a> (Cs(O 2CCF 3)) useful in molecular biology for density gradient <a href="/wiki/Differential_centrifugation" title="Differential centrifugation">ultracentrifugation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> This technology is used primarily in the isolation of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral particles</a>, subcellular <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> and fractions, and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> from biological samples.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_and_medical_use">Chemical and medical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemical and medical use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesium_chloride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Some fine white powder on a laboratory watch glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Caesium_chloride.jpg/220px-Caesium_chloride.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Caesium_chloride.jpg/330px-Caesium_chloride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Caesium_chloride.jpg/440px-Caesium_chloride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Caesium chloride powder</figcaption></figure> Relatively few chemical applications use caesium.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Doping with caesium compounds enhances the effectiveness of several metal-ion catalysts for chemical synthesis, such as <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_acid" title="Acrylic acid">acrylic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthraquinone" title="Anthraquinone">anthraquinone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_anhydride" title="Phthalic anhydride">phthalic anhydride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_methacrylate" title="Methyl methacrylate">methyl methacrylate</a> monomers, and various <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">olefins</a>. It is also used in the catalytic conversion of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a> in the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_fluoride" title="Caesium fluoride">Caesium fluoride</a> enjoys a niche use in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-28">[28]</a> and as an <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> source of <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> ion.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Caesium salts sometimes replace potassium or sodium salts in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_compound" title="Cyclic compound">cyclization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esterification" class="mw-redirect" title="Esterification">esterification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a>. Caesium has also been used in thermoluminescent radiation <a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">dosimetry</a> (TLD): When exposed to radiation, it acquires crystal defects that, when heated, revert with emission of light proportionate to the received dose. Thus, measuring the light pulse with a <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">photomultiplier tube</a> can allow the accumulated radiation dose to be quantified. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_and_isotope_applications">Nuclear and isotope applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nuclear and isotope applications">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioisotope</a> commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a>-emitter in industrial applications. Its advantages include a half-life of roughly 30 years, its availability from the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">nuclear fuel cycle</a>, and having <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium" title="Isotopes of barium">137Ba</a> as a stable end product. The high water solubility is a disadvantage which makes it incompatible with large pool irradiators for food and medical supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Takeshi-99">[98]</a> It has been used in agriculture, cancer treatment, and the <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a> of food, sewage sludge, and surgical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Radioactive <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">isotopes of caesium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation devices</a> were used in the medical field to treat certain types of cancer,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> but emergence of better alternatives and the use of water-soluble caesium chloride in the sources, which could create wide-ranging contamination, gradually put some of these caesium sources out of use.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Caesium-137 has been employed in a variety of industrial measurement gauges, including moisture, density, levelling, and thickness gauges.<a href="#cite_note-gauges-104">[103]</a> It has also been used in <a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">well logging</a> devices for measuring the <a href="/wiki/Electron_density" title="Electron density">electron density</a> of the rock formations, which is analogous to the bulk density of the formations.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Caesium-137 has been used in <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologic</a> studies analogous to those with <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>. As a daughter product of fission bomb testing from the 1950s through the mid-1980s, caesium-137 was released into the atmosphere, where it was absorbed readily into solution. Known year-to-year variation within that period allows correlation with soil and sediment layers. Caesium-134, and to a lesser extent caesium-135, have also been used in hydrology to measure the caesium output by the nuclear power industry. While they are less prevalent than either caesium-133 or caesium-137, these bellwether isotopes are produced solely from anthropogenic sources.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electrons beamed from an electron gun hit and ionize neutral fuel atoms; in a chamber surrounded by magnets, the positive ions are directed toward a negative grid that accelerates them. The force of the engine is created by expelling the ions from the rear at high velocity. On exiting, the positive ions are neutralized from another electron gun, ensuring that neither the ship nor the exhaust is electrically charged and are not attracted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg/310px-Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg/465px-Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg/620px-Electrostatic_ion_thruster-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Schematics of an electrostatic ion thruster developed for use with caesium or mercury fuel</figcaption></figure> Caesium and mercury were used as a propellant in early <a href="/wiki/Ion_thruster" title="Ion thruster">ion engines</a> designed for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">spacecraft propulsion</a> on very long interplanetary or extraplanetary missions. The fuel was ionized by contact with a charged <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> electrode. But corrosion by caesium on spacecraft components has pushed development in the direction of inert gas propellants, such as <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, which are easier to handle in ground-based tests and do less potential damage to the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Xenon was used in the experimental spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a> launched in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Field-emission_electric_propulsion" title="Field-emission electric propulsion">field-emission electric propulsion</a> thrusters that accelerate liquid metal ions such as caesium have been built.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_nitrate" title="Caesium nitrate">Caesium nitrate</a> is used as an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_colorant" title="Pyrotechnic colorant">pyrotechnic colorant</a> to burn <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Flare_(pyrotechnic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (pyrotechnic)">flares</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> such as the LUU-19 flare,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> because it emits much of its light in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">near infrared</a> spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Caesium compounds may have been used as fuel additives to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar cross-section">radar signature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust plumes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a> <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> reconnaissance aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Caesium and rubidium have been added as a <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fibre optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a> devices. Caesium fluoride or caesium aluminium fluoride are used in fluxes formulated for brazing <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> alloys that contain <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/MHD_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="MHD generator">Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power</a>-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Caesium metal has also been considered as the working fluid in high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a> turboelectric generators.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Caesium salts have been evaluated as antishock reagents following the administration of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic toxicity">arsenical drugs</a>. Because of their effect on heart rhythms, however, they are less likely to be used than potassium or rubidium salts. They have also been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> Caesium-133 can be <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooled</a> and used to probe fundamental and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum technology">technological</a> problems in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum physics</a>. It has a particularly convenient <a href="/wiki/Feshbach_resonance" title="Feshbach resonance">Feshbach</a> spectrum to enable studies of <a href="/wiki/Ultracold_atom" title="Ultracold atom">ultracold atoms</a> requiring tunable interactions.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety_hazards">Health and safety hazards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Health and safety hazards">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Caesium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H260: In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously">H260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P223: Do not allow contact with water.">P223</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P231+P232: Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture">P231+P232</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370+P378: In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish.">P370+P378</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P422: Store contents under ...">P422</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_384908f1d7f09168" /><map name="ImageMap_384908f1d7f09168"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" title="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxide" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">W</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirDoseChernobylVector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph of percentage of the radioactive output by each nuclide that form after a nuclear fallout vs. logarithm of time after the incident. In curves of various colours, the predominant source of radiation are depicted in order: Te-132/I-132 for the first five or so days; I-131 for the next five; Ba-140/La-140 briefly; Zr-95/Nb-95 from day 10 until about day 200; and finally Cs-137. Other nuclides producing radioactivity, but not peaking as a major component are Ru, peaking at about 50 days, and Cs-134 at around 600 days." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirDoseChernobylVector.svg/310px-AirDoseChernobylVector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirDoseChernobylVector.svg/465px-AirDoseChernobylVector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/AirDoseChernobylVector.svg/620px-AirDoseChernobylVector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The portion of the total radiation dose (in air) contributed by each isotope plotted against time after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>. Caesium-137 became the primary source of radiation about 200 days after the accident.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> Nonradioactive caesium compounds are only mildly toxic, and nonradioactive caesium is not a significant environmental hazard. Because biochemical processes can confuse and substitute caesium with <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, excess caesium can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">hypokalemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a>, and acute <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD50) for <a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">caesium chloride</a> in mice is 2.3 g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 values of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The principal use of nonradioactive caesium is as caesium formate in petroleum <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluids</a> because it is much less toxic than alternatives, though it is more costly.<a href="#cite_note-Down-82">[81]</a> Caesium is one of the most reactive elements and is highly <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosive</a> in the presence of water. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion. This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-14">[14]</a> It is highly <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition temperature</a> of caesium is −116 °C (−177 °F), and it ignites explosively in air to form <a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">caesium hydroxide</a> and various oxides. Caesium hydroxide is a very strong <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>, and will rapidly corrode glass.<a href="#cite_note-RSC-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium-134" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-134">134</a> and 137 are present in the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> in small amounts from human activities, differing by location. Radiocaesium does not accumulate in the body as readily as other fission products (such as radioiodine and radiostrontium). About 10% of absorbed radiocaesium washes out of the body relatively quickly in sweat and urine. The remaining 90% has a biological half-life between 50 and 150 days.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Radiocaesium follows potassium and tends to accumulate in plant tissues, including fruits and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Plants vary widely in the absorption of caesium, sometimes displaying great resistance to it. It is also well-documented that mushrooms from contaminated forests accumulate radiocaesium (caesium-137) in the fungal <a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">sporocarps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Accumulation of caesium-137 in lakes has been a great concern after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smithber05-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Experiments with dogs showed that a single dose of 3.8 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">millicuries</a> (140 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">MBq</a>, 4.1 μg of caesium-137) per kilogram is lethal within three weeks;<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> smaller amounts may cause infertility and cancer.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> and other sources have warned that radioactive materials, such as caesium-137, could be used in radiological dispersion devices, or "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_bomb" title="Dirty bomb">dirty bombs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesium-137#Incidents_and_accidents" title="Caesium-137">Caesium-137 § Incidents and accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerinox_accident" title="Acerinox accident">Acerinox accident</a>, a caesium-137 contamination accident in 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a>, a major radioactive contamination incident in 1987 involving caesium-137</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kramatorsk_radiological_accident" title="Kramatorsk radiological accident">Kramatorsk radiological accident</a>, a 137Cs lost-source incident between 1980 and 1989</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Bunsen quotes <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius Noctes Atticae</a> II, 26 by <a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a>: Nostris autem veteribus caesia dicts est quae Graecis, ut Nigidus ait, de colore coeli quasi coelia. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/caesium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Caesium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Caesium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fcaesium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. 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American Chemical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618061523/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/print/cesium.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%26EN%3A+It%27s+Elemental%3A+The+Periodic+Table+%E2%80%93+Cesium&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Kaner%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2F80th%2Fprint%2Fcesium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSC-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSC_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSC_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/55/caesium">"Chemical Data – Caesium – Cs"</a>. 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Washington DC </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler,_Michael_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Köhler, Michael J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-8SltAKSF8C&pg=PA90">Etching in microsystem technology</a>. Wiley-VCH. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-29561-6"><bdi>978-3-527-29561-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etching+in+microsystem+technology&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-527-29561-6&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-8SltAKSF8C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, Martin (30 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015">"Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum"</a>. Solid State Sciences. 7 (12): 1464–1474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SSSci...7.1464J">2005SSSci...7.1464J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+relativistic+motion+of+electrons+on+the+chemistry+of+gold+and+platinum&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1464-1474&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SSSci...7.1464J&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyerBirdwellBonnesenDelmau2005" class="citation book cs1">Moyer, Bruce A.; Birdwell, Joseph F.; Bonnesen, Peter V.; Delmau, Laetitia H. (2005). Use of Macrocycles in Nuclear-Waste Cleanup: A Realworld Application of a Calixcrown in Cesium Separation Technology. pp. 383–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-3687-6_24">10.1007/1-4020-3687-6_24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3364-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3364-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-3364-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+of+Macrocycles+in+Nuclear-Waste+Cleanup%3A+A+Realworld+Application+of+a+Calixcrown+in+Cesium+Separation+Technology&rft.pages=383-405&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F1-4020-3687-6_24&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3364-3&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft.au=Birdwell%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Bonnesen%2C+Peter+V.&rft.au=Delmau%2C+Laetitia+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-chains-38"><a href="#cite_ref-chains_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengaSuenaga2015" class="citation journal cs1">Senga, Ryosuke; Suenaga, Kazu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532884">"Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements"</a>. Nature Communications. 6: 7943. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.7943S">2015NatCo...6.7943S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms8943">10.1038/ncomms8943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532884">4532884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26228378">26228378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Single-atom+electron+energy+loss+spectroscopy+of+light+elements&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=7943&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4532884%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26228378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms8943&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.7943S&rft.aulast=Senga&rft.aufirst=Ryosuke&rft.au=Suenaga%2C+Kazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4532884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_F._W.Litt,_M._H.Weidler-Kubanek,_A._M.Avonda,_F._P.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, F. W.; Litt, M. H.; Weidler-Kubanek, A. M.; Avonda, F. P. (1968). "Reactions Catalyzed by Potassium Fluoride. 111. The Knoevenagel Reaction". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 33 (5): 1837–1839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo01269a028">10.1021/jo01269a028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Reactions+Catalyzed+by+Potassium+Fluoride.+111.+The+Knoevenagel+Reaction&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1837-1839&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjo01269a028&rft.au=Evans%2C+F.+W.&rft.au=Litt%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Weidler-Kubanek%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Avonda%2C+F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1984" class="citation book cs1">Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford Science Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855370-0"><bdi>978-0-19-855370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+Science+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-855370-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cotton-41"><a href="#cite_ref-cotton_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottonWilkinson,_G.1962" class="citation book cs1">Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, G. (1962). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. 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Academic Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-014528-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-014528-7"><bdi>978-0-12-014528-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305132838/https://books.google.com/books?id=1o1WECNJkscC&pg=PA391#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024. 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Radiation Research. 50 (3): 629–648. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972RadR...50..629R">1972RadR...50..629R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3573559">10.2307/3573559</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3573559">3573559</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5030090">5030090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Research&rft.atitle=Toxicity+of+137-CsCl+in+the+Beagle.+Early+Biological+Effects&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=629-648&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3573559&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5030090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3573559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972RadR...50..629R&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft.au=McClellan%2C+R.+O.&rft.au=Jones%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Boecker%2C+B.+B.&rft.au=Chiffelle%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Pickrell%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Rypka%2C+E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7967285.stm">"Chinese 'find' radioactive ball"</a>. BBC News. 27 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010060059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7967285.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+%27find%27+radioactive+ball&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7967285.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharbonneau2003" class="citation news cs1">Charbonneau, Louis (12 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205004052/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-250680.html">"IAEA director warns of 'dirty bomb' risk"</a>. The Washington Post. Reuters. p. A15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-250680.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=IAEA+director+warns+of+%27dirty+bomb%27+risk&rft.pages=A15&rft.date=2003-03-12&rft.aulast=Charbonneau&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-250680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (3 hours and 27 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="12408" data-mwtitle="Caesium.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Caesium.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Caesium.ogg/Caesium.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesium.ogg" title="File:Caesium.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 29 November 2010 (2010-11-29), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/055.htm">Caesium or Cesium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104215850/http://richannel.org/the-modern-alchemist-reacting-fluorine-with-caesium">View the reaction of Caesium (most reactive metal in the periodic table) with Fluorine (most reactive non-metal)</a> courtesy of The Royal Institution.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogachevMiaoMerinoHoffmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rogachev, Andrey Yu.; Miao, Mao-Sheng; Merino, Gabriel; Hoffmann, Roald (2015). "Molecular CsF5and CsF2+". Angewandte Chemie. 127 (28): 8393–8396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AngCh.127.8393R">2015AngCh.127.8393R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.201500402">10.1002/ange.201500402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Molecular+CsF5and+CsF2%2B&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=8393-8396&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fange.201500402&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AngCh.127.8393R&rft.aulast=Rogachev&rft.aufirst=Andrey+Yu.&rft.au=Miao%2C+Mao-Sheng&rft.au=Merino%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Roald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaesium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style 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#a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Caesium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caesium" class="extiw" title="wikt:caesium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Caesium" class="extiw" title="c:Caesium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caesium" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caesium">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Caesium_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Caesium atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caesium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caesium_compounds" title="Template:Caesium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caesium_compounds" title="Template talk:Caesium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caesium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caesium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caesium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caesium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium compounds">Caesium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_dibismuthide" title="Caesium dibismuthide">CsBi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_bromide" title="Caesium bromide">CsBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">CsCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_cyanide" title="Caesium cyanide">CsCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_perchlorate" title="Caesium perchlorate">CsClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_chromate" title="Caesium chromate">Cs2CrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hexafluorocobaltate(IV)" title="Caesium hexafluorocobaltate(IV)">Cs2CoF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hexafluorocuprate(IV)" title="Caesium hexafluorocuprate(IV)">Cs2CuF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_fluoride" title="Caesium fluoride">CsF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydride" title="Caesium hydride">CsH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_iodide" title="Caesium iodide">CsI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_triiodide" title="Caesium triiodide">CsI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_lithium_borate" title="Caesium lithium borate">CsLiB6O10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_azide" title="Caesium azide">CsN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_nitrate" title="Caesium nitrate">CsNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">CsOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_carbonate" title="Caesium carbonate">Cs2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_bicarbonate" title="Caesium bicarbonate">CsHCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_oxalate" title="Caesium oxalate">Cs2C2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sulfate" title="Caesium sulfate">Cs2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sulfide" title="Caesium sulfide">Cs2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_selenate" title="Caesium selenate">Cs2SeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_selenide" title="Caesium selenide">Cs2Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_acetate" title="Caesium acetate">CsC2H3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_monoxide" title="Caesium monoxide">Cs2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_peroxide" title="Caesium peroxide">Cs2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_phosphide" title="Caesium phosphide">Cs2P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Cs2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_superoxide" title="Caesium superoxide">CsO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_ozonide" title="Caesium ozonide">CsO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium telluride">Cs2Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_titanate" title="Caesium titanate">Cs2TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_tungstate" title="Caesium tungstate">Cs2WO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_auride" title="Caesium auride">CsAu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_stearate" title="Caesium stearate">C18H35CsO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_permanganate" title="Caesium permanganate">CsMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_pertechnetate" title="Caesium pertechnetate">CsTcO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_dodecaborate" title="Caesium dodecaborate">Cs2B12H12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_bisulfate" title="Caesium bisulfate">CsHSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_enneabromodibismuthate" title="Caesium enneabromodibismuthate">Cs3Bi2Br9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_heptafluoroxenate" title="Caesium heptafluoroxenate">CsXeF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaesium_silver_hexabromobismuthate" title="Dicaesium silver hexabromobismuthate">Cs2AgBiBr6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_zirconate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium zirconate">Cs2ZrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_fluoroaluminate" title="Caesium fluoroaluminate">AlCsF5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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