CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Silver - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"09bd5b7d-e6ce-44b9-b5ae-a32de690de86","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Silver","wgTitle":"Silver","wgCurRevisionId":1255913932,"wgRevisionId":1255913932,"wgArticleId":27119,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2022","Articles with permanently dead external links","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from December 2023","Use British English from January 2018","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text","Articles containing Gothic-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles containing Basque-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022","Chembox having GHS data","Chembox container only","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Good articles","Silver","Chemical elements","Transition metals","Noble metals","Precious metals","Cubic minerals","Minerals in space group 225" ,"Electrical conductors","Native element minerals","E-number additives","Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure","Coinage metals and alloys"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Silver","wgRelevantArticleId":27119,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1090","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/1200px-Silver_crystal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="941"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/800px-Silver_crystal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="627"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/640px-Silver_crystal.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="502"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Silver - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Silver rootpage-Silver skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Silver" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Silver" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Silver" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Silver" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides_and_chalcogenides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides_and_chalcogenides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides_and_chalcogenides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Coordination compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Organometallic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermetallic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermetallic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Intermetallic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermetallic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Symbolic role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Occurrence and production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence and production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_marine_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_marine_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 In marine environments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_marine_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monetary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monetary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Monetary use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monetary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Monetary use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Monetary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Price </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewellery_and_silverware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewellery_and_silverware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Jewellery and silverware </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewellery_and_silverware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazing_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazing_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Brazing alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazing_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Chemical equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Catalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanoparticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanoparticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Nanoparticles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanoparticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellanea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellanea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Miscellanea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellanea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Silver</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" > 203 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Тыжьын – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыжьын" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Silwer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silber" title="Silber – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Silber" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD_(%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B3%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5)" title="ብር (ብረታብረት) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብር (ብረታብረት)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silb%C3%A2" title="Silbâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Silbâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="चांदी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चांदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seolfor" title="Seolfor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Seolfor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="فضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archent" title="Archent – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Archent" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%90_(%DC%A3%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%90)" title="ܟܣܦܐ (ܣܐܡܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܣܦܐ (ܣܐܡܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Արծաթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արծաթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimi" title="Asimi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Asimi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA" title="ৰূপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰূপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata" title="Plata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotit%C4%A9" title="Kuarepotitĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotitĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86" title="ГӀарац – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀарац" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qollqe" title="Qollqe – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qollqe" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Gümüş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gümüş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4" title="گوموش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گوموش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rak" title="Pérak – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pérak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE" title="রূপা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রূপা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AEn" title="Gîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%88" title="Көмөш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көмөш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Серабро – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Серабро" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Срэбра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Срэбра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चानी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चानी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pirak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сребро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCwa" title="Süwa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Süwa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="དངུལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དངུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srebro" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27hant_(metal)" title="Arc'hant (metal) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arc'hant (metal)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB)" title="Мүнгэн (металл) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мүнгэн (металл)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent" title="Argent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Argent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D0%BB" title="Кĕмĕл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕмĕл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilak" title="Pilak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pilak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99%C3%ADbro" title="Stříbro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stříbro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darejena" title="Darejena – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Darejena" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentu" title="Argentu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Argentu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arian_(elfen)" title="Arian (elfen) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arian (elfen)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sølv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نقرة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نقرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silba" title="Silba – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Silba" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silber" title="Silber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82igaii" title="Béésh łigaii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łigaii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B5be" title="Hõbe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hõbe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άργυρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άργυρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata" title="Plata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%9Dento" title="Arĝento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĝento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prata" title="Prata – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Prata" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zilar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87" title="نقره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Silver" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvur" title="Silvur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Silvur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent" title="Argent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Argent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulver" title="Sulver – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sulver" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arint" title="Arint – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Arint" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgead_(d%C3%BAil)" title="Airgead (dúil) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airgead (dúil)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argid_(bunstoo)" title="Argid (bunstoo) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Argid (bunstoo)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgead_(meatailt)" title="Airgead (meatailt) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Airgead (meatailt)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prata" title="Prata – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prata" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Дотув – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дотув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="銀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80" title="ચાંદી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાંદી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82" title="रुपें – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रुपें" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%B9n" title="Ngiùn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Цанмөңган – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цанмөңган" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80" title="은 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Արծաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արծաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="चाँदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाँदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%9Bbro" title="Slěbro – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Slěbro" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srebro" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjento" title="Arjento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arjento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রাটা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="প্রাটা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argento" title="Argento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Argento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Æвзист – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзист" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiliva" title="Isiliva – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isiliva" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silfur" title="Silfur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Silfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argento" title="Argento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Argento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A3_(%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93)" title="כסף (יסוד) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כסף (יסוד)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rak" title="Pérak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pérak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C9%A9za%C9%A3" title="Arɩzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Arɩzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADlak" title="Pílak – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pílak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვერცხლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერცხლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%84%D9%BE%DA%BE" title="رۄپھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رۄپھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strz%C3%A9bro" title="Strzébro – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Strzébro" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81" title="Күміс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күміс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghans" title="Arghans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arghans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedha" title="Fedha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fedha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Эзысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эзысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajan_(metal)" title="Ajan (metal) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ajan (metal)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajan_(chimi)" title="Lajan (chimi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lajan (chimi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEv" title="Zîv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zîv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%88" title="Күмүш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күмүш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjent" title="Arjent – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Arjent" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D1%83_(%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Арцу (мяъдан) – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Арцу (мяъдан)" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99_(%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0)" title="ເງິນ (ໂລຫະ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເງິນ (ໂລຫະ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentum" title="Argentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Argentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudrabs" title="Sudrabs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sudrabs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABlwer" title="Sëlwer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sëlwer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Гимиш – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гимиш" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidabras" title="Sidabras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidabras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%C3%B6" title="Firö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Firö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argento" title="Argento – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Argento" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8lver" title="Zèlver – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zèlver" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobju" title="Hobju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hobju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rijno" title="rijno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rijno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzent" title="Arzent – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arzent" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ez%C3%BCst" title="Ezüst – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ezüst" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="चाँदी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चाँदी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сребро" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volafotsy" title="Volafotsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volafotsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="വെള്ളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെള്ളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawata" title="Kawata – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kawata" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="चांदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चांदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%87" title="فضه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(logam)" title="Perak (logam) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perak (logam)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5_(%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F)" title="ꯂꯨꯄꯥ (ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯨꯄꯥ (ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%80ng" title="Ngṳ̀ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̀ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Мөнгө (химийн элемент) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөнгө (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF)" title="ငွေ (သတ္တု) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငွေ (သတ္တု)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iztac_teocuitlatl" title="Iztac teocuitlatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Iztac teocuitlatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliva" title="Siliva – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Siliva" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilver" title="Zilver – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zilver" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="चाँदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाँदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="वहः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वहः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salwer" title="Salwer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Salwer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sølv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sølv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergent" title="Ergent – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ergent" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Argent (metal)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE" title="ରୁପା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୁପା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meetii" title="Meetii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Meetii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumush" title="Kumush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kumush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਚਾਂਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਂਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="رپا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رپا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata" title="Plata – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Plata" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="سپين زر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپين زر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silva" title="Silva – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Silva" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Эзісь – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эзісь" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent" title="Argent – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Argent" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClver" title="Sülver – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sülver" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Srebro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prata" title="Prata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silber" title="Silber – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Silber" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argint" title="Argint – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Argint" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullqi_q%27illay" title="Qullqi q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qullqi q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Стрібро – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Стрібро" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Серебро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Серебро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Үрүҥ көмүс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үрүҥ көмүс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रजतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रजतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prata" title="Prata – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prata" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siller" title="Siller – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Siller" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4lwer" title="Säälwer – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Säälwer" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argjendi" title="Argjendi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Argjendi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentu" title="Argentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Argentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="සිල්වර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිල්වර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silver" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="چاندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striebro" title="Striebro – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Striebro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srebro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сьрєбро – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сьрєбро" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar" title="Maar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88" title="زیو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сребро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srebro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rak" title="Pérak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pérak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopea" title="Hopea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hopea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilak" title="Pilak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="வெள்ளி (தனிமம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளி (தனிமம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Көмеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көмеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="వెండి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెండి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0)" title="เงิน (โลหะ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เงิน (โลหะ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D2%9B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нуқра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нуқра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%A6" title="ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎦ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎦ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Gümüş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gümüş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1zurufa" title="A̱zurufa – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱zurufa" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Срібло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Срібло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="چاندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%88%D9%85%DB%88%D8%B4" title="كۈمۈش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈمۈش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaenz" title="Ngaenz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngaenz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzento" title="Arzento – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Arzento" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobed" title="Hobed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hobed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largentin" title="Largentin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Largentin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B5p%C3%B5" title="Hõpõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hõpõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plata" title="Plata – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Plata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B6" title="银 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="银" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זילבער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זילבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0d%C3%A1k%C3%A0" title="Fàdákà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fàdákà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAm" title="Sêm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sêm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%97dabros" title="Cėdabros – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cėdabros" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="銀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pirak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1090#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Silver" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Silver">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Silver">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Silver" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Silver" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&oldid=1255913932" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Silver&id=1255913932&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSilver">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSilver">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Silver&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Silver" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Silver" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1090" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Silver_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Silver (disambiguation)">Silver (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 47 (Ag)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Silver, 47Ag</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/220px-Silver_crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/330px-Silver_crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Silver_crystal.jpg/440px-Silver_crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4428" data-file-height="3472" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Silver</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">lustrous white metal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ag)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>107.8682±0.0002<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>107.87±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Silver in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> ↑ Ag ↓ <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> ← silver → <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">47</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d10 5s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 18, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1234.93 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (961.78 °C, 1763.2 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">10.503 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">9.320 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11.28 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">254 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.350 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapour pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1283 </td> <td>1413 </td> <td>1575 </td> <td>1782 </td> <td>2055 </td> <td>2433 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +1 −2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> +3<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.93 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionisation energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 731.0 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2070 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3361 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 144 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">145±5 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">172 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silver_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Silver_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silver_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Silver_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silver_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Silver_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of silver</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centred cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for silver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 408.60 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18.92×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">429 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">174 mm2/s (at 300 K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.87 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−19.5×10−6 cm3/mol (296 K)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">83 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2680 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.37 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">251 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">206–250 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-22-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">before <a href="/wiki/5000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="5000 BC">5000 BC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Ag": from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/argentum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:argentum">argentum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver" title="Isotopes of silver">Isotopes of silver</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_silver_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox silver isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_silver_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox silver isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">105Ag </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">41.3 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium-105" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-105">105Pd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">106mAg </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.28 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium-106" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-106">106Pd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">107Ag </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">51.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">108mAg </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">439 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium-108" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-108">108Pd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Silver-108" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-108">108Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">109Ag </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">48.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">110m2Ag </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">249.86 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium-110" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium-110">110Cd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">111Ag </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.43 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium-111" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium-111">111Cd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">γ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Silver" title="Category:Silver">Category: Silver</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_silver" title="Template:Infobox silver">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_silver" title="Template talk:Infobox silver">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_silver" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox silver">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Silver is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Ag (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/argentum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:argentum">argentum</a> 'silver', derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82er%C7%B5-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂erǵ-">*h₂erǵ</a> 'shiny, white') and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 47. A soft, white, lustrous <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>, it exhibits the highest <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> of any <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Silver is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("<a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native</a> silver"), as an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and other metals, and in minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Argentite" title="Argentite">argentite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorargyrite" title="Chlorargyrite">chlorargyrite</a>. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, gold, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">refining</a>. Silver has long been valued as a <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a>. Silver metal is used in many <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coins</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">alongside gold</a>:<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Its purity is typically measured on a <a href="/wiki/Per-mille" class="mw-redirect" title="Per-mille">per-mille</a> basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine". As one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity" title="Metals of antiquity">metals of antiquity</a>, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures. Other than in <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> and as an <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> medium (<a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>), silver is used in <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water filtration">water filtration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term "<a href="/wiki/Silver_(household)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver (household)">silverware</a>"), in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_contact" title="Electrical contact">electrical contacts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductors</a>, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, in <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> of chemical reactions, as a colorant in <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, and in specialized confectionery. Its compounds are used in <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> film. Dilute solutions of <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a> and other silver compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectants</a> and microbiocides (<a href="/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" title="Oligodynamic effect">oligodynamic effect</a>), added to <a href="/wiki/Bandage" title="Bandage">bandages</a>, wound-dressings, <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Medical_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical instrument">medical instruments</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ag_atomic_wire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ag_atomic_wire.jpg/170px-Ag_atomic_wire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ag_atomic_wire.jpg/255px-Ag_atomic_wire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ag_atomic_wire.jpg/340px-Ag_atomic_wire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Silver is extremely ductile, and can be drawn into a wire one atom wide.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two vertical neighbours in <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>: <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. Its 47 electrons are arranged in the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a> [Kr]4d105s1, similarly to copper ([Ar]3d104s1) and gold ([Xe]4f145d106s1); group 11 is one of the few groups in the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> which has a completely consistent set of electron configurations.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a> This distinctive electron configuration, with a single electron in the highest occupied s <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">subshell</a> over a filled d subshell, accounts for many of the singular properties of metallic silver.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5-16">[16]</a> Silver is a relatively soft and extremely <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleable</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>, though it is slightly less malleable than gold. Silver crystallizes in a <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> lattice with bulk coordination number 12, where only the single 5s electron is delocalized, similarly to copper and gold.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-6-17">[17]</a> Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in silver are lacking a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> and high ductility of <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocrystalline">single crystals</a> of silver.<a href="#cite_note-Trigg-1992-18">[18]</a> Silver has a brilliant, white, metallic luster that can take a high <a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Austin,_Alex-2007-19">[19]</a> and which is so characteristic that the name of the metal itself has become a <a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">color name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5-16">[16]</a> Protected silver has greater optical <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> than <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-1936-20">[20]</a> At wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silver's reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm.<a href="#cite_note-Gemini_Observatory-21">[21]</a> Very high electrical and thermal conductivity are common to the elements in group 11, because their single s electron is free and does not interact with the filled d subshell, as such interactions (which occur in the preceding transition metals) lower electron mobility.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> of silver is among the highest of all materials, although the thermal conductivity of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotrope</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Superfluid_helium-4" title="Superfluid helium-4">superfluid helium-4</a> are higher.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> of silver is the highest of all metals, greater even than copper. Silver also has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Contact_resistance" title="Contact resistance">contact resistance</a> of any metal.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a> Silver is rarely used for its electrical conductivity, due to its high cost, although an exception is in <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">radio-frequency engineering</a>, particularly at <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> and higher frequencies where silver plating improves electrical conductivity because those <a href="/wiki/Skin_effect" title="Skin effect">currents tend to flow on the surface of conductors</a> rather than through the interior. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the US, 13540 tons of silver were used for the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnets">electromagnets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">calutrons</a> for enriching <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Silver readily forms <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with copper, gold, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Zinc-silver alloys with low zinc concentration may be considered as face-centred cubic solid solutions of zinc in silver, as the structure of the silver is largely unchanged while the electron concentration rises as more zinc is added. Increasing the electron concentration further leads to <a href="/wiki/Body-centred_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centred cubic">body-centred cubic</a> (electron concentration 1.5), <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">complex cubic</a> (1.615), and <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> phases (1.75).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-6-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver" title="Isotopes of silver">Isotopes of silver</a></div> Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, 107Ag and 109Ag, with 107Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>). This almost equal abundance is rare in the periodic table. The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> is 107.8682(2) <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> this value is very important because of the importance of silver compounds, particularly halides, in <a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">gravimetric analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007-26">[26]</a> Both isotopes of silver are produced in stars via the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> (slow neutron capture), as well as in supernovas via the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> (rapid neutron capture).<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-1973-28">[28]</a> Twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized, the most stable being 105Ag with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 41.29 days, 111Ag with a half-life of 7.45 days, and 112Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours. Silver has numerous <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>, the most stable being 108mAg (t1/2 = 418 years), 110mAg (t1/2 = 249.79 days) and 106mAg (t1/2 = 8.28 days). All of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives of less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives of less than three minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-2003-29">[29]</a> Isotopes of silver range in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">relative atomic mass</a> from 92.950 u (93Ag) to 129.950 u (130Ag);<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> the primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> before the most abundant stable isotope, 107Ag, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and the primary mode after is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>. The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> before 107Ag are <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> (element 46) isotopes, and the primary products after are <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> (element 48) isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-2003-29">[29]</a> The palladium <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> 107Pd decays by beta emission to 107Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years. <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorites</a> are the only objects with a high-enough palladium-to-silver ratio to yield measurable variations in 107Ag abundance. <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic">Radiogenic</a> 107Ag was first discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Durango" title="Santa Clara, Durango">Santa Clara</a> meteorite in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> 107Pd–107Ag correlations observed in bodies that have clearly been melted since the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> must reflect the presence of unstable nuclides in the early Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; margin-top:0;"> <caption>Oxidation states and stereochemistries of silver<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-7-33">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state</th> <th>Coordination number</th> <th>Stereochemistry</th> <th>Representative compound </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 (d10s1)</td> <td>3</td> <td>Planar</td> <td>Ag(CO)3 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1 (d10)</td> <td>2</td> <td>Linear</td> <td>[Ag(CN)2]− </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Trigonal planar</td> <td>AgI(PEt2Ar)2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Tetrahedral</td> <td>[Ag(diars)2]+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Octahedral</td> <td>AgF, AgCl, AgBr </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 (d9)</td> <td>4</td> <td>Square planar</td> <td>[Ag(py)4]2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3 (d8)</td> <td>4</td> <td>Square planar</td> <td>[AgF4]− </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Octahedral</td> <td>[AgF6]3− </td></tr></tbody></table> Silver is a rather unreactive metal. This is because its filled 4d shell is not very effective in shielding the electrostatic forces of attraction from the nucleus to the outermost 5s electron, and hence silver is near the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical series">electrochemical series</a> (E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0.799 V).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5-16">[16]</a> In group 11, silver has the lowest first ionization energy (showing the instability of the 5s orbital), but has higher second and third ionization energies than copper and gold (showing the stability of the 4d orbitals), so that the chemistry of silver is predominantly that of the +1 oxidation state, reflecting the increasingly limited range of oxidation states along the transition series as the d-orbitals fill and stabilize.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8-34">[34]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, for which the larger <a href="/wiki/Hydration_energy" title="Hydration energy">hydration energy</a> of Cu2+ as compared to Cu+ is the reason why the former is the more stable in aqueous solution and solids despite lacking the stable filled d-subshell of the latter, with silver this effect is swamped by its larger second ionisation energy. Hence, Ag+ is the stable species in aqueous solution and solids, with Ag2+ being much less stable as it oxidizes water.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8-34">[34]</a> Most silver compounds have significant <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> character due to the small size and high first ionization energy (730.8 kJ/mol) of silver.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5-16">[16]</a> Furthermore, silver's Pauling <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of 1.93 is higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (1.87), and its <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a> of 125.6 kJ/mol is much higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (72.8 kJ/mol) and not much less than that of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (141.0 kJ/mol).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-4-35">[35]</a> Due to its full d-subshell, silver in its main +1 oxidation state exhibits relatively few properties of the transition metals proper from groups 4 to 10, forming rather unstable <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compound">organometallic compounds</a>, forming linear complexes showing very low <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination numbers</a> like 2, and forming an amphoteric oxide<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Zintl_phase" title="Zintl phase">Zintl phases</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Unlike the preceding transition metals, the +1 oxidation state of silver is stable even in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Pi_backbonding" title="Pi backbonding">π-acceptor ligands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8-34">[34]</a> Silver does not react with air, even at red heat, and thus was considered by <a href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemists</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>, along with gold. Its reactivity is intermediate between that of copper (which forms <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">copper(I) oxide</a> when heated in air to red heat) and gold. Like copper, silver reacts with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and its compounds; in their presence, silver tarnishes in air to form the black <a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfide" title="Silver sulfide">silver sulfide</a> (copper forms the green <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> instead, while gold does not react). While silver is not attacked by non-oxidizing acids, the metal dissolves readily in hot concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, as well as dilute or concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. In the presence of air, and especially in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, silver dissolves readily in aqueous solutions of <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-7-33">[33]</a> The three main forms of deterioration in historical silver artifacts are tarnishing, formation of <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> due to long-term immersion in salt water, as well as reaction with <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> ions or oxygen. Fresh silver chloride is pale yellow, becoming purplish on exposure to light; it projects slightly from the surface of the artifact or coin. The precipitation of copper in ancient silver can be used to date artifacts, as copper is nearly always a constituent of silver alloys.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Silver metal is attacked by strong oxidizers such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> (KMnO 4) and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a> (K 2Cr 2O 7), and in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a> (KBr). These compounds are used in photography to <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a> silver images, converting them to silver bromide that can either be fixed with <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a> or redeveloped to <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate#photography" title="Potassium dichromate">intensify</a> the original image. Silver forms <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> complexes (<a href="/wiki/Silver_cyanide" title="Silver cyanide">silver cyanide</a>) that are soluble in water in the presence of an excess of cyanide ions. Silver cyanide solutions are used in <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> of silver.<a href="#cite_note-Bjelkhagen-1995-39">[39]</a> The common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of silver are (in order of commonness): +1 (the most stable state; for example, <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>, AgNO3); +2 (highly oxidising; for example, <a href="/wiki/Silver(II)_fluoride" title="Silver(II) fluoride">silver(II) fluoride</a>, AgF2); and even very rarely +3 (extreme oxidising; for example, potassium tetrafluoroargentate(III), KAgF4).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The +3 state requires very strong oxidising agents to attain, such as <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peroxodisulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxodisulfate">peroxodisulfate</a>, and some silver(III) compounds react with atmospheric moisture and attack glass.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-12-41">[41]</a> Indeed, silver(III) fluoride is usually obtained by reacting silver or silver monofluoride with the strongest known oxidizing agent, <a href="/wiki/Krypton_difluoride" title="Krypton difluoride">krypton difluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-1-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides_and_chalcogenides">Oxides and chalcogenides</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG/220px-Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG/330px-Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG/440px-Sulfid_st%C5%99%C3%ADbrn%C3%BD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Silver(I) sulfide</figcaption></figure> Silver and gold have rather low <a href="/wiki/Chemical_affinity" title="Chemical affinity">chemical affinities</a> for oxygen, lower than copper, and it is therefore expected that silver oxides are thermally quite unstable. Soluble silver(I) salts precipitate dark-brown <a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver(I) oxide">silver(I) oxide</a>, Ag2O, upon the addition of alkali. (The hydroxide AgOH exists only in solution; otherwise it spontaneously decomposes to the oxide.) Silver(I) oxide is very easily reduced to metallic silver, and decomposes to silver and oxygen above 160 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9-43">[43]</a> This and other silver(I) compounds may be oxidized by the strong oxidizing agent <a href="/wiki/Peroxodisulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxodisulfate">peroxodisulfate</a> to black AgO, a mixed <a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">silver(I,III) oxide</a> of formula AgIAgIIIO2. Some other mixed oxides with silver in non-integral oxidation states, namely Ag2O3 and Ag3O4, are also known, as is Ag3O which behaves as a metallic conductor.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver(I) sulfide">Silver(I) sulfide</a>, Ag2S, is very readily formed from its constituent elements and is the cause of the black tarnish on some old silver objects. It may also be formed from the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> with silver metal or aqueous Ag+ ions. Many non-stoichiometric <a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">selenides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">tellurides</a> are known; in particular, AgTe~3 is a low-temperature <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">Silver halide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg/220px-Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg/330px-Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg/440px-Common_Silver_Halide_Precipitates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>The three common silver halide precipitates: from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">silver bromide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a></figcaption></figure> The only known dihalide of silver is <a href="/wiki/Silver(II)_fluoride" title="Silver(II) fluoride">the difluoride</a>, AgF2, which can be obtained from the elements under heat. A strong yet thermally stable and therefore safe fluorinating agent, silver(II) fluoride is often used to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">hydrofluorocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10-44">[44]</a> In stark contrast to this, all four silver(I) halides are known. The <a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_fluoride" title="Silver(I) fluoride">fluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">bromide</a> have the sodium chloride structure, but the <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">iodide</a> has three known stable forms at different temperatures; that at room temperature is the cubic <a href="/wiki/Zinc_blende" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc blende">zinc blende</a> structure. They can all be obtained by the direct reaction of their respective elements.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10-44">[44]</a> As the halogen group is descended, the silver halide gains more and more covalent character, solubility decreases, and the colour changes from the white chloride to the yellow iodide as the energy required for <a href="/wiki/Charge-transfer_complex" title="Charge-transfer complex">ligand-metal charge transfer</a> (X−Ag+ → XAg) decreases.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10-44">[44]</a> The fluoride is anomalous, as the fluoride ion is so small that it has a considerable <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a> energy and hence is highly water-soluble and forms di- and tetrahydrates.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10-44">[44]</a> The other three silver halides are highly insoluble in aqueous solutions and are very commonly used in gravimetric <a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">analytical</a> methods.<a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007-26">[26]</a> All four are <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive">photosensitive</a> (though the monofluoride is so only to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light), especially the bromide and iodide which photodecompose to silver metal, and thus were used in <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">traditional photography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10-44">[44]</a> The reaction involved is:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-11-45">[45]</a> <dl><dd>X− + hν → X + e− (excitation of the halide ion, which gives up its extra electron into the conduction band)</dd> <dd>Ag+ + e− → Ag (liberation of a silver ion, which gains an electron to become a silver atom)</dd></dl> The process is not reversible because the silver atom liberated is typically found at a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal defect">crystal defect</a> or an impurity site, so that the electron's energy is lowered enough that it is "trapped".<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-11-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_inorganic_compounds">Other inorganic compounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Silver.webm/220px--Silver.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Silver.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Silver.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Silver.webm/Silver.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Silver.webm/Silver.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Silver.webm/Silver.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Silver.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Silver.webm/Silver.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Silver.webm/Silver.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Silver.webm/Silver.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Silver crystals forming on a copper surface in a silver nitrate solution. Video by <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Bilovitskiy" title="Maxim Bilovitskiy">Maxim Bilovitskiy</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg/100px-Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg/150px-Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg/200px-Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Crystals of silver nitrate</figcaption></figure> White <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>, AgNO3, is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, especially the halides, and is much less sensitive to light. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists, who believed that silver was associated with the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Abbri-2019-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> It is often used for gravimetric analysis, exploiting the insolubility of the heavier silver halides which it is a common precursor to.<a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007-26">[26]</a> Silver nitrate is used in many ways in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Deprotection" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprotection">deprotection</a> and oxidations. Ag+ binds <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> reversibly, and silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adduct</a> can be decomposed with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to release the free alkene.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Yellow <a href="/wiki/Silver_carbonate" title="Silver carbonate">silver carbonate</a>, Ag2CO3 can be easily prepared by reacting aqueous solutions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> with a deficiency of silver nitrate.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman-1955-49">[49]</a> Its principal use is for the production of silver powder for use in microelectronics. It is reduced with <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, producing silver free of alkali metals:<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-1-50">[50]</a> <dl><dd>Ag2CO3 + CH2O → 2 Ag + 2 CO2 + H2</dd></dl> Silver carbonate is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagent</a> in organic synthesis such as the <a href="/wiki/Koenigs%E2%80%93Knorr_reaction" title="Koenigs–Knorr reaction">Koenigs–Knorr reaction</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9tizon_oxidation" title="Fétizon oxidation">Fétizon oxidation</a>, silver carbonate on <a href="/wiki/Celite" class="mw-redirect" title="Celite">celite</a> acts as an <a href="/wiki/Oxidising_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidising agent">oxidising agent</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Lactone" title="Lactone">lactones</a> from <a href="/wiki/Diols" class="mw-redirect" title="Diols">diols</a>. It is also employed to convert <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> bromides into <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman-1955-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_fulminate" title="Silver fulminate">Silver fulminate</a>, AgCNO, a powerful, touch-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion caps</a>, is made by reaction of silver metal with nitric acid in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Other dangerously explosive silver compounds are <a href="/wiki/Silver_azide" title="Silver azide">silver azide</a>, AgN3, formed by reaction of silver nitrate with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">sodium azide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_acetylide" title="Silver acetylide">silver acetylide</a>, Ag2C2, formed when silver reacts with <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> gas in ammonia solution.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8-34">[34]</a> In its most characteristic reaction, silver azide decomposes explosively, releasing nitrogen gas: given the photosensitivity of silver salts, this behaviour may be induced by shining a light on its crystals.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8-34">[34]</a> <dl><dd>2 AgN 3 (s) → 3 N 2 (g) + 2 Ag (s)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_compounds">Coordination compounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamminesilver(I)-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/220px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/330px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png/440px-Diamminesilver%28I%29-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the diamminesilver(I) complex, [Ag(NH3)2]+</figcaption></figure> Silver complexes tend to be similar to those of its lighter homologue copper. Silver(III) complexes tend to be rare and very easily reduced to the more stable lower oxidation states, though they are slightly more stable than those of copper(III). For instance, the square planar periodate [Ag(IO5OH)2]5− and tellurate [Ag{TeO4(OH)2}2]5− complexes may be prepared by oxidising silver(I) with alkaline <a href="/wiki/Peroxodisulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxodisulfate">peroxodisulfate</a>. The yellow diamagnetic [AgF4]− is much less stable, fuming in moist air and reacting with glass.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-12-41">[41]</a> Silver(II) complexes are more common. Like the valence isoelectronic copper(II) complexes, they are usually square planar and paramagnetic, which is increased by the greater field splitting for 4d electrons than for 3d electrons. Aqueous Ag2+, produced by oxidation of Ag+ by ozone, is a very strong oxidising agent, even in acidic solutions: it is stabilized in <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> due to complex formation. Peroxodisulfate oxidation is generally necessary to give the more stable complexes with heterocyclic <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>, such as [Ag(py)4]2+ and [Ag(bipy)2]2+: these are stable provided the counterion cannot reduce the silver back to the +1 oxidation state. [AgF4]2− is also known in its violet barium salt, as are some silver(II) complexes with N- or O-donor ligands such as pyridine carboxylates.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-13-52">[52]</a> By far the most important oxidation state for silver in complexes is +1. The Ag+ cation is diamagnetic, like its homologues Cu+ and Au+, as all three have closed-shell electron configurations with no unpaired electrons: its complexes are colourless provided the ligands are not too easily polarized such as I−. Ag+ forms salts with most anions, but it is reluctant to coordinate to oxygen and thus most of these salts are insoluble in water: the exceptions are the nitrate, perchlorate, and fluoride. The tetracoordinate tetrahedral aqueous ion [Ag(H2O)4]+ is known, but the characteristic geometry for the Ag+ cation is 2-coordinate linear. For example, silver chloride dissolves readily in excess aqueous ammonia to form [Ag(NH3)2]+; silver salts are dissolved in photography due to the formation of the thiosulfate complex [Ag(S2O3)2]3−; and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> extraction for silver (and gold) works by the formation of the complex [Ag(CN)2]−. Silver cyanide forms the linear polymer {Ag–C≡N→Ag–C≡N→}; silver <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a> has a similar structure, but forms a zigzag instead because of the sp3-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital hybridization">hybridized</a> sulfur atom. <a href="/wiki/Chelating_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelating ligand">Chelating ligands</a> are unable to form linear complexes and thus silver(I) complexes with them tend to form polymers; a few exceptions exist, such as the near-tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Diphosphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphosphine">diphosphine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diarsine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarsine">diarsine</a> complexes [Ag(L–L)2]+.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-14-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic">Organometallic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organosilver_chemistry" title="Organosilver chemistry">Organosilver chemistry</a></div> Under standard conditions, silver does not form simple carbonyls, due to the weakness of the Ag–C bond. A few are known at very low temperatures around 6–15 K, such as the green, planar paramagnetic Ag(CO)3, which dimerizes at 25–30 K, probably by forming Ag–Ag bonds. Additionally, the silver carbonyl [Ag(CO)] [B(OTeF5)4] is known. Polymeric AgLX complexes with <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a> are known, but their bonds are thermodynamically weaker than even those of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> complexes (though they are formed more readily than those of the analogous gold complexes): they are also quite unsymmetrical, showing the weak π bonding in group 11. Ag–C σ bonds may also be formed by silver(I), like copper(I) and gold(I), but the simple alkyls and aryls of silver(I) are even less stable than those of copper(I) (which tend to explode under ambient conditions). For example, poor thermal stability is reflected in the relative decomposition temperatures of AgMe (−50 °C) and CuMe (−15 °C) as well as those of PhAg (74 °C) and PhCu (100 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-15-54">[54]</a> The C–Ag bond is stabilized by <a href="/wiki/Perfluoroalkane" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluoroalkane">perfluoroalkyl</a> ligands, for example in AgCF(CF3)2.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-1968-55">[55]</a> Alkenylsilver compounds are also more stable than their alkylsilver counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Silver-<a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbene_complex" title="Transition metal carbene complex">NHC complexes</a> are easily prepared, and are commonly used to prepare other NHC complexes by displacing labile ligands. For example, the reaction of the bis(NHC)silver(I) complex with <a href="/wiki/Bis(acetonitrile)palladium_dichloride" title="Bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride">bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorido(dimethyl_sulfide)gold(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorido(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I)">chlorido(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I)</a>:<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png/610px-Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png/915px-Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png/1220px-Silver-NHC_as_carbene_transmetallation_agent.png 2x" data-file-width="5846" data-file-height="1709" /></a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermetallic">Intermetallic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/250px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/375px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg/500px-Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Different colors of silver–copper–gold alloys</figcaption></figure> Silver forms <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with most other elements on the periodic table. The elements from groups 1–3, except for <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, are very miscible with silver in the condensed phase and form intermetallic compounds; those from groups 4–9 are only poorly miscible; the elements in groups 10–14 (except <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>) have very complex Ag–M phase diagrams and form the most commercially important alloys; and the remaining elements on the periodic table have no consistency in their Ag–M phase diagrams. By far the most important such alloys are those with copper: most silver used for coinage and jewellery is in reality a silver–copper alloy, and the <a href="/wiki/Eutectic_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic mixture">eutectic mixture</a> is used in vacuum <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a>. The two metals are completely miscible as liquids but not as solids; their importance in industry comes from the fact that their properties tend to be suitable over a wide range of variation in silver and copper concentration, although most useful alloys tend to be richer in silver than the eutectic mixture (71.9% silver and 28.1% copper by weight, and 60.1% silver and 28.1% copper by atom).<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-4-58">[58]</a> Most other binary alloys are of little use: for example, silver–gold alloys are too soft and silver–<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> alloys too toxic. Ternary alloys have much greater importance: dental <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">amalgams</a> are usually silver–tin–mercury alloys, silver–copper–gold alloys are very important in jewellery (usually on the gold-rich side) and have a vast range of hardnesses and colours, silver–copper–zinc alloys are useful as low-melting brazing alloys, and silver–cadmium–<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> (involving three adjacent elements on the periodic table) is useful in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> because of its high thermal neutron capture <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross-section</a>, good conduction of heat, mechanical stability, and resistance to corrosion in hot water.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-4-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word silver appears in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> in various spellings, such as seolfor and siolfor. It is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> silabar; <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> silubr; or <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> silfr, all ultimately deriving from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *silubra. The <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> words for silver are rather similar to the Germanic ones (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> серебро [serebró], <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> srebro, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> sidãbras), as is the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a> form silabur. They may have a common Indo-European origin, although their morphology rather suggest a non-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Wanderwort" title="Wanderwort">Wanderwort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory-2006-60">[60]</a> Some scholars have thus proposed a <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a> origin, pointing to the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> form zilharr as an evidence.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The chemical symbol Ag is from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for silver, argentum (compare <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ἄργυρος, árgyros), from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *h₂erǵ- (formerly reconstructed as *arǵ-), meaning 'white' or 'shining'. This was the usual Proto-Indo-European word for the metal, whose reflexes are missing in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-Mallory-2006-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg/170px-Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg/255px-Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg/340px-Vase_Entemena_Louvre_AO2674.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Silver vase, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karashamb_goblet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Karashamb_goblet.jpg/170px-Karashamb_goblet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Karashamb_goblet.jpg/255px-Karashamb_goblet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Karashamb_goblet.jpg/340px-Karashamb_goblet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karashamb_goblet" title="Karashamb goblet">Karashamb silver goblet</a>, 23rd–22nd century BC</figcaption></figure> Silver was known in prehistoric times:<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-62">[62]</a> the three metals of group 11, copper, silver, and gold, occur in the <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">elemental form</a> in nature and were probably used as the first primitive forms of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> as opposed to simple bartering.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2-63">[63]</a> Unlike copper, silver did not lead to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, on account of its low structural strength; it was more often used ornamentally or as money.<a href="#cite_note-Readon-2011-64">[64]</a> Since silver is more reactive than gold, supplies of native silver were much more limited than those of gold.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2-63">[63]</a> For example, silver was more expensive than gold in Egypt until around the fifteenth century BC:<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2-65">[65]</a> the Egyptians are thought to have separated gold from silver by heating the metals with salt, and then reducing the <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> produced to the metal.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> The situation changed with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">cupellation</a>, a technique that allowed silver metal to be extracted from its ores. While <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> heaps found in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and on the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> indicate that silver was being separated from <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> as early as the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a> and one of the earliest silver extraction centres in Europe was <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcolithic period">Chalcolithic period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> these techniques did not spread widely until later, when it spread throughout the region and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2-65">[65]</a> The origins of silver production in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> were almost certainly equally ancient, but are not well-documented due to their great age.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg/170px-Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg/255px-Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg/340px-Silver_mining_in_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora_1490s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Silver mining and processing in <a href="/wiki/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Kutná Hora">Kutná Hora</a>, Bohemia, 1490s</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> first came to what is now <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, they obtained so much silver that they could not fit it all on their ships, and as a result used silver to weight their anchors instead of lead.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2-65">[65]</a> By the time of the Greek and Roman civilizations, silver coins were a staple of the economy:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2-63">[63]</a> the Greeks were already extracting silver from <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> by the 7th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2-65">[65]</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was partly made possible by the nearby silver mines at <a href="/wiki/Laurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurium">Laurium</a>, from which they extracted about 30 tonnes a year from 600 to 300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-2011-68">[68]</a> The stability of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a> relied to a high degree on the supply of silver bullion, mostly from Spain, which <a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Roman miners</a> produced on a scale unparalleled before the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the New World">discovery of the New World</a>. Reaching a peak production of 200 tonnes per year, an estimated silver stock of 10,000 tonnes circulated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Roman economy</a> in the middle of the second century AD, five to ten times larger than the combined amount of silver available to <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> around AD 800.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Romans also recorded the extraction of silver in central and northern Europe in the same time period. This production came to a nearly complete halt with the fall of the Roman Empire, not to resume until the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>: by then, tens of thousands of tonnes of silver had already been extracted.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> Central Europe became the centre of silver production during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, as the Mediterranean deposits exploited by the ancient civilisations had been exhausted. Silver mines were opened in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Siegerland" title="Siegerland">Siegerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="Steiermark">Steiermark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwaz" title="Schwaz">Schwaz</a>, and the southern <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>. Most of these ores were quite rich in silver and could simply be separated by hand from the remaining rock and then smelted; some deposits of native silver were also encountered. Many of these mines were soon exhausted, but a few of them remained active until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, before which the world production of silver was around a meagre 50 tonnes per year.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> In the Americas, high temperature silver-lead <a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">cupellation</a> technology was developed by pre-Inca civilizations as early as AD 60–120; silver deposits in India, China, Japan, and pre-Columbian America continued to be mined during this time.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> With the discovery of America and the plundering of silver by the Spanish conquistadors, Central and South America became the dominant producers of silver until around the beginning of the 18th century, particularly <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> the last of these countries later took its name from that of the metal that composed so much of its mineral wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-2011-68">[68]</a> The silver trade gave way to a <a href="/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_19th_centuries" title="Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries">global network of exchange</a>. As one historian put it, silver "went round the world and made the world go round."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Much of this silver ended up in the hands of the Chinese. A Portuguese merchant in 1621 noted that silver "wanders throughout all the world... before flocking to China, where it remains as if at its natural center."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Still, much of it went to Spain, allowing Spanish rulers to pursue military and political ambitions in both Europe and the Americas. "New World mines", concluded several historians, "supported the Spanish empire."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the 19th century, primary production of silver moved to North America, particularly <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: some secondary production from lead and zinc ores also took place in Europe, and deposits in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> were mined.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> emerged as an important producer during the 1970s after the discovery of copper deposits that were rich in silver, before the centre of production returned to the Americas the following decade. Today, Peru and Mexico are still among the primary silver producers, but the distribution of silver production around the world is quite balanced and about one-fifth of the silver supply comes from recycling instead of new production.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">[66]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-Elamite kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel; 3100–2900 BC; 16.3×6.3×10.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Proto-Elamite kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel; 3100–2900 BC; 16.3×6.3×10.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/116px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/174px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg/232px-Proto-Elamite_kneeling_bull_holding_a_spouted_vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="660" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel; 3100–2900 BC; 16.3×6.3×10.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian figurine of Horus as falcon god with an Egyptian crown; c. 500 BC; silver and electrum; height: 26.9 cm; Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst (Munich, Germany)"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian figurine of Horus as falcon god with an Egyptian crown; c. 500 BC; silver and electrum; height: 26.9 cm; Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst (Munich, Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg/137px-Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg/206px-Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg/274px-Horus_as_falcon_god_with_Egyptian_crown_from_the_27th_dynasty_%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3560" data-file-height="4409" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> figurine of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> as falcon god with an Egyptian crown; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC; silver and <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>; height: 26.9 cm; <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek tetradrachm; 315–308 BC; diameter: 2.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Greek tetradrachm; 315–308 BC; diameter: 2.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg/169px-Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg/253px-Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg/337px-Silver_tetradrachm_MET_DP139641.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="2785" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a>; 315–308 BC; diameter: 2.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek gilded bowl; 2nd–1st century BC; height: 7.6 cm, dimeter: 14.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ancient Greek gilded bowl; 2nd–1st century BC; height: 7.6 cm, dimeter: 14.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg/170px-Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg/255px-Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg/340px-Silver-gilt_bowl_MET_DP105813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Greek gilded bowl; 2nd–1st century BC; height: 7.6 cm, dimeter: 14.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman plate; 1st–2nd century AD; height: 0.1 cm, diameter: 12.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Roman plate; 1st–2nd century AD; height: 0.1 cm, diameter: 12.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg/170px-Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg/255px-Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg/340px-Silver_plate_MET_DP231273.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3641" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> plate; 1st–2nd century AD; height: 0.1 cm, diameter: 12.7 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman bust of Serapis; 2nd century; 15.6×9.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Roman bust of Serapis; 2nd century; 15.6×9.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg/136px-Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg/204px-Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg/272px-Silver_bust_of_Serapis_MET_DT6658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman bust of <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>; 2nd century; 15.6×9.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auricular basin with scenes from the story of Diana and Actaeon; 1613; length: 50 cm, height: 6 cm, width: 40 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)"><img alt="Auricular basin with scenes from the story of Diana and Actaeon; 1613; length: 50 cm, height: 6 cm, width: 40 cm; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg/170px-Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg/255px-Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg/340px-Schaal_met_voorstellingen_uit_de_geschiedenis_van_Diana_en_Actaeon_door_Paulus_Willemsz_van_Vianen_in_1613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7406" data-file-height="5766" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auricular_style" title="Auricular style">Auricular</a> basin with scenes from the story of Diana and Actaeon; 1613; length: 50 cm, height: 6 cm, width: 40 cm; <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Tureen_(a),_lid_(b)_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Rococo tureen; 1749; height: 26.3 cm, width: 39 cm, depth: 24 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French Rococo tureen; 1749; height: 26.3 cm, width: 39 cm, depth: 24 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Silver_Tureen_%28a%29%2C_lid_%28b%29_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg/170px-Silver_Tureen_%28a%29%2C_lid_%28b%29_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Silver_Tureen_%28a%29%2C_lid_%28b%29_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg/255px-Silver_Tureen_%28a%29%2C_lid_%28b%29_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Silver_Tureen_%28a%29%2C_lid_%28b%29_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg/340px-Silver_Tureen_%28a%29%2C_lid_%28b%29_-pair_with_1975.1.2560a-c-_MET_SLP2561a_b-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1475" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> tureen; 1749; height: 26.3 cm, width: 39 cm, depth: 24 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_(cropped),.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Rococo coffeepot; 1757; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French Rococo coffeepot; 1757; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg/126px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg/189px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg/252px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103144_%28cropped%29%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3325" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French Rococo coffeepot; 1757; height: 29.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Neoclassical ewer; 1784–1785; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="French Neoclassical ewer; 1784–1785; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg/136px-Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg/204px-Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg/272px-Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> ewer; 1784–1785; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-Rococo coffeepot; 1845; overall: 32×23.8×15.4 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)"><img alt="Neo-Rococo coffeepot; 1845; overall: 32×23.8×15.4 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/137px-Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/205px-Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/273px-Elkington_%26_Co._-_Neo-Rococo_Coffee_Pot_-_2003.243_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="3400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Neo-Rococo</a> coffeepot; 1845; overall: 32×23.8×15.4 cm; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dessert_Spoon_(France),_ca._1890_(CH_18653899-2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Art Nouveau dessert spoons; circa 1890; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (New York City)"><img alt="French Art Nouveau dessert spoons; circa 1890; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dessert_Spoon_%28France%29%2C_ca._1890_%28CH_18653899-2%29.jpg/170px-Dessert_Spoon_%28France%29%2C_ca._1890_%28CH_18653899-2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dessert_Spoon_%28France%29%2C_ca._1890_%28CH_18653899-2%29.jpg/255px-Dessert_Spoon_%28France%29%2C_ca._1890_%28CH_18653899-2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dessert_Spoon_%28France%29%2C_ca._1890_%28CH_18653899-2%29.jpg/340px-Dessert_Spoon_%28France%29%2C_ca._1890_%28CH_18653899-2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> dessert spoons; circa 1890; <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jardiniere_And_Liner_(Germany),_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_(CH_18444035)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau jardinière; circa 1905–1910; height: 22 cm, width: 47 cm, depth: 22.5 cm; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum"><img alt="Art Nouveau jardinière; circa 1905–1910; height: 22 cm, width: 47 cm, depth: 22.5 cm; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jardiniere_And_Liner_%28Germany%29%2C_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_%28CH_18444035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Jardiniere_And_Liner_%28Germany%29%2C_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_%28CH_18444035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jardiniere_And_Liner_%28Germany%29%2C_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_%28CH_18444035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Jardiniere_And_Liner_%28Germany%29%2C_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_%28CH_18444035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jardiniere_And_Liner_%28Germany%29%2C_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_%28CH_18444035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Jardiniere_And_Liner_%28Germany%29%2C_ca._1905%E2%80%9310_%28CH_18444035%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2294" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau jardinière; circa 1905–1910; height: 22 cm, width: 47 cm, depth: 22.5 cm; Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament,_BK-1967-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand mirror; 1906; height: 20.7 cm, weight: 88 g; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)"><img alt="Hand mirror; 1906; height: 20.7 cm, weight: 88 g; Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, the Netherlands)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament%2C_BK-1967-10.jpg/170px-Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament%2C_BK-1967-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament%2C_BK-1967-10.jpg/255px-Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament%2C_BK-1967-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament%2C_BK-1967-10.jpg/340px-Handspiegel_met_gedreven_Jugendstilornament%2C_BK-1967-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand mirror; 1906; height: 20.7 cm, weight: 88 g; <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystery_watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mystery watch; ca. 1889; diameter: 5.4 cm, depth: 1.8 cm; Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle (Switzerland)"><img alt="Mystery watch; ca. 1889; diameter: 5.4 cm, depth: 1.8 cm; Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle (Switzerland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mystery_watch.jpg/117px-Mystery_watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mystery_watch.jpg/176px-Mystery_watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mystery_watch.jpg/235px-Mystery_watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="4014" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mystery_watch" title="Mystery watch">Mystery watch</a>; ca. 1889; diameter: 5.4 cm, depth: 1.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Watch_Museum_of_Le_Locle" title="Watch Museum of Le Locle">Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_role">Symbolic role</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/170px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/255px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG/340px-6852_les_deniers_de_judas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption>16th-century fresco painting of Judas being paid thirty pieces of silver for his betrayal of Jesus</figcaption></figure> Silver plays a certain role in mythology and has found various usage as a metaphor and in folklore. The Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> (lines 109–201) lists different <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of man">ages of man</a> named after metals like gold, silver, bronze and iron to account for successive ages of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> contains another retelling of the story, containing an illustration of silver's metaphorical use of signifying the second-best in a series, better than bronze but worse than gold: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> But when good <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>, banish'd from above, Was driv'n to Hell, the world was under <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jove</a>. Succeeding times a silver age behold, Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ovid, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Book I, trans. <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></cite></div></blockquote> In folklore, silver was commonly thought to have mystic powers: for example, a <a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">bullet cast from silver</a> is often supposed in such folklore the only weapon that is effective against a <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Стойкова-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-StClair-2016-78">[78]</a> From this the idiom of a <a href="/wiki/Silver_bullet" title="Silver bullet">silver bullet</a> developed into figuratively referring to any simple solution with very high effectiveness or almost miraculous results, as in the widely discussed <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> paper "<a href="/wiki/No_Silver_Bullet" title="No Silver Bullet">No Silver Bullet</a>."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Other powers attributed to silver include detection of poison and facilitation of passage into the <a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">mythical realm of fairies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StClair-2016-78">[78]</a> Silver production has also inspired figurative language. Clear references to cupellation occur throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>'s rebuke to Judah: "The bellows are burned, the lead is consumed of the fire; the founder melteth in vain: for the wicked are not plucked away. Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the Lord hath rejected them." (Jeremiah 6:19–20) Jeremiah was also aware of sheet silver, exemplifying the malleability and ductility of the metal: "Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men." (Jeremiah 10:9)<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-2-65">[65]</a> Silver also has more negative cultural meanings: the idiom <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thirty_pieces_of_silver" class="extiw" title="wikt:thirty pieces of silver">thirty pieces of silver</a>, referring to a reward for betrayal, references the bribe <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> is said in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> to have taken from Jewish leaders in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to turn <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> over to soldiers of the high priest Caiaphas.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Ethically, silver also symbolizes greed and degradation of consciousness; this is the negative aspect, the perverting of its value.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">Silver mining</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Silver_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>World production of silver</figcaption></figure> The abundance of silver in the Earth's crust is 0.08 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a>, almost exactly the same as that of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. It mostly occurs in <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> ores, especially <a href="/wiki/Acanthite" title="Acanthite">acanthite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentite" title="Argentite">argentite</a>, Ag2S. Argentite deposits sometimes also contain <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native</a> silver when they occur in reducing environments, and when in contact with salt water they are converted to <a href="/wiki/Chlorargyrite" title="Chlorargyrite">chlorargyrite</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Horn_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn silver">horn silver</a>), AgCl, which is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-3-82">[82]</a> Most other silver minerals are silver <a href="/wiki/Pnictide" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictide">pnictides</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenide" title="Chalcogenide">chalcogenides</a>; they are generally lustrous semiconductors. Most true silver deposits, as opposed to argentiferous deposits of other metals, came from <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary period</a> vulcanism.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-3-83">[83]</a> The principal sources of silver are the ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a> Peru, Bolivia and Mexico have been mining silver since 1546, and are still major world producers. Top silver-producing mines are <a href="/wiki/Cannington_Mine" title="Cannington Mine">Cannington</a> (Australia), <a href="/wiki/Mina_Proa%C3%B1o" title="Mina Proaño">Fresnillo</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_mine_(Bolivia)" title="San Cristóbal mine (Bolivia)">San Cristóbal</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Antamina_mine" title="Antamina mine">Antamina</a> (Peru), <a href="/wiki/Rudna_mine" title="Rudna mine">Rudna</a> (Poland), and <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1asquito_Polymetallic_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Peñasquito Polymetallic Mine">Penasquito</a> (Mexico).<a href="#cite_note-CPM_Group-2011-84">[84]</a> Top near-term mine development projects through 2015 are Pascua Lama (Chile), Navidad (Argentina), Jaunicipio (Mexico), Malku Khota (Bolivia),<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and Hackett River (Canada).<a href="#cite_note-CPM_Group-2011-84">[84]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Tajikistan#Silver" title="Mining in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> is known to have some of the largest silver deposits in the world.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Silver is usually found in nature combined with other metals, or in minerals that contain silver compounds, generally in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sulfides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfides">sulfides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> (lead sulfide) or <a href="/wiki/Cerussite" title="Cerussite">cerussite</a> (lead carbonate). So the primary production of silver requires the smelting and then <a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">cupellation</a> of argentiferous lead ores, a historically important process.<a href="#cite_note-Kassianidou-2003-87">[87]</a> Lead melts at 327 °C, lead oxide at 888 °C and silver melts at 960 °C. To separate the silver, the alloy is melted again at the high temperature of 960 °C to 1000 °C in an oxidizing environment. The lead oxidises to <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">lead monoxide</a>, then known as <a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">litharge</a>, which captures the oxygen from the other metals present. The liquid lead oxide is removed or absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> into the hearth linings.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayley-2008-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <dl><dd>Ag(s) + 2Pb(s) + O 2(g) → 2PbO(absorbed) + Ag(l)</dd></dl> Today, silver metal is primarily produced instead as a secondary byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)#Electrolytic_refining" title="Refining (metallurgy)">electrolytic refining</a> of copper, lead, and zinc, and by application of the <a href="/wiki/Parkes_process" title="Parkes process">Parkes process</a> on lead bullion from ore that also contains silver.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-91">[91]</a> In such processes, silver follows the non-ferrous metal in question through its concentration and smelting, and is later purified out. For example, in copper production, purified copper is <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolytically</a> deposited on the cathode, while the less reactive precious metals such as silver and gold collect under the anode as the so-called "anode slime". This is then separated and purified of base metals by treatment with hot aerated dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfuric">sulfuric</a> acid and heating with lime or silica flux, before the silver is purified to over 99.9% purity via electrolysis in <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> solution.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-3-82">[82]</a> Commercial-grade fine silver is at least 99.9% pure, and purities greater than 99.999% are available. In 2022, Mexico was the top producer of silver (6,300 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> or 24.2% of the world's total of 26,000 t), followed by China (3,600 t) and Peru (3,100 t).<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_marine_environments">In marine environments</h3></div> Silver concentration is low in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> (pmol/L). Levels vary by depth and between water bodies. Dissolved silver concentrations range from 0.3 pmol/L in coastal surface waters to 22.8 pmol/L in pelagic deep waters.<a href="#cite_note-Barriada-2007-92">[92]</a> Analyzing the presence and dynamics of silver in marine environments is difficult due to these particularly low concentrations and complex interactions in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-2018-93">[93]</a> Although a rare trace metal, concentrations are greatly impacted by fluvial, aeolian, atmospheric, and upwelling inputs, as well as anthropogenic inputs via discharge, waste disposal, and emissions from industrial companies.<a href="#cite_note-Ndung’u-2001-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2001-95">[95]</a> Other internal processes such as decomposition of organic matter may be a source of dissolved silver in deeper waters, which feeds into some surface waters through upwelling and vertical mixing.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2001-95">[95]</a> In the Atlantic and Pacific, silver concentrations are minimal at the surface but rise in deeper waters.<a href="#cite_note-Flegal-1995-96">[96]</a> Silver is taken up by plankton in the photic zone, remobilized with depth, and enriched in deep waters. Silver is transported from the Atlantic to the other oceanic water masses.<a href="#cite_note-Ndung’u-2001-94">[94]</a> In North Pacific waters, silver is remobilized at a slower rate and increasingly enriched compared to deep Atlantic waters. Silver has increasing concentrations that follow the major oceanic conveyor belt that cycles water and nutrients from the North Atlantic to the South Atlantic to the North Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-Ranville-2005-97">[97]</a> There is not an extensive amount of data focused on how marine life is affected by silver despite the likely deleterious effects it could have on organisms through <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, association with particulate matters, and <a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">sorption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barriada-2007-92">[92]</a> Not until about 1984 did scientists begin to understand the chemical characteristics of silver and the potential toxicity. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> is the only other trace metal that surpasses the toxic effects of silver; the full silver toxicity extent is not expected in oceanic conditions because of its tendency to transfer into nonreactive biological compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Ratte-1999-98">[98]</a> In one study, the presence of excess ionic silver and silver <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> caused bioaccumulation effects on zebrafish organs and altered the chemical pathways within their gills.<a href="#cite_note-Lacave-2018-99">[99]</a> In addition, very early experimental studies demonstrated how the toxic effects of silver fluctuate with salinity and other parameters, as well as between life stages and different species such as finfish, molluscs, and crustaceans.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Another study found raised concentrations of silver in the muscles and liver of dolphins and whales, indicating pollution of this metal within recent decades. Silver is not an easy metal for an organism to eliminate and elevated concentrations can cause death.<a href="#cite_note-Chen-2017-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monetary_use">Monetary use</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Silver_Eagle,_obverse,_2004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/American_Silver_Eagle%2C_obverse%2C_2004.png/220px-American_Silver_Eagle%2C_obverse%2C_2004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/American_Silver_Eagle%2C_obverse%2C_2004.png/330px-American_Silver_Eagle%2C_obverse%2C_2004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/American_Silver_Eagle%2C_obverse%2C_2004.png/440px-American_Silver_Eagle%2C_obverse%2C_2004.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A 2004 <a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Eagle" title="American Silver Eagle">American Silver Eagle</a> bullion coin, minted in .999 fine silver</figcaption></figure> The earliest known coins were minted in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> around 600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-BritishMuseum-102">[102]</a> The coins of Lydia were made of <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>, which is a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of gold and silver, that was available within the territory of Lydia.<a href="#cite_note-BritishMuseum-102">[102]</a> Since that time, <a href="/wiki/Silver_standard" title="Silver standard">silver standards</a>, in which the standard economic <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">unit of account</a> is a fixed weight of silver, have been widespread throughout the world until the 20th century. Notable <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a> through the centuries include the <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Greek drachma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> the Roman <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OED-105">[105]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">karshapana</a> from ancient India and <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupee</a> from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (grouped with copper and gold coins to create a trimetallic standard),<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne-2012-107">[107]</a> The ratio between the amount of silver used for coinage and that used for other purposes has fluctuated greatly over time; for example, in wartime, more silver tends to have been used for coinage to finance the war.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-5-108">[108]</a> Today, silver bullion has the <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> currency code XAG, one of only four <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> to have one (the others being <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and gold).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Silver coins are produced from cast rods or ingots, rolled to the correct thickness, heat-treated, and then used to cut <a href="/wiki/Planchet" title="Planchet">blanks</a> from. These blanks are then milled and minted in a coining press; modern coining presses can produce 8000 silver coins per hour.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-5-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Price_of_silver.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Price_of_silver.webp/300px-Price_of_silver.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Price_of_silver.webp/450px-Price_of_silver.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Price_of_silver.webp/600px-Price_of_silver.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5439" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Price of silver 1968–2022</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment" title="Silver as an investment">Silver as an investment</a></div> Silver prices are normally quoted in <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy ounces</a>. One troy ounce is equal to 31.1034768 grams. The London silver fix is published every working day at noon London time.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> This price is determined by several major international banks and is used by <a href="/wiki/London_bullion_market" title="London bullion market">London bullion market</a> members for trading that day. Prices are most commonly shown as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (USD), the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (GBP), and the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (EUR). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewellery_and_silverware">Jewellery and silverware</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silver_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver plating">Silver plating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">Silvering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">Silver-gilt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/220px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/330px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/440px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Embossed</a> silver sarcophagus of <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">Saint Stanislaus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> was created in main centers of the 17th century European <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmithery</a> – <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a><a href="#cite_note-Latka-2019-111">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg/220px-L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg/330px-L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg/440px-L%C3%A4ck%C3%B6_slott_interior_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>17th-century silverware</figcaption></figure> The major use of silver besides coinage throughout most of history was in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> and other general-use items, and this continues to be a major use today. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Household_silver" title="Household silver">table silver</a> for cutlery, for which silver is highly suited due to its antibacterial properties. <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Western concert flutes</a> are usually plated with or made out of <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-6-112">[112]</a> in fact, most silverware is only silver-plated rather than made out of pure silver; the silver is normally put in place by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>. Silver-plated glass (as opposed to metal) is used for mirrors, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">vacuum flasks</a>, and Christmas tree decorations.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-7-113">[113]</a> Because pure silver is very soft, most silver used for these purposes is alloyed with copper, with finenesses of 925/1000, 835/1000, and 800/1000 being common. One drawback is the easy tarnishing of silver in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and its derivatives. Including precious metals such as palladium, platinum, and gold gives resistance to tarnishing but is quite costly; <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> like <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> do not totally prevent corrosion and tend to affect the lustre and colour of the alloy. Electrolytically refined pure silver plating is effective at increasing resistance to tarnishing. The usual solutions for restoring the lustre of tarnished silver are dipping baths that reduce the silver sulfide surface to metallic silver, and cleaning off the layer of tarnish with a paste; the latter approach also has the welcome side effect of polishing the silver concurrently.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-6-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_uses_of_silver" title="Medical uses of silver">Medical uses of silver</a></div> In medicine, silver is incorporated into wound dressings and used as an antibiotic coating in medical devices. Wound dressings containing <a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazine" title="Silver sulfadiazine">silver sulfadiazine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver_nanoparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver nanoparticles">silver nanomaterials</a> are used to treat external infections. Silver is also used in some medical applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Urinary_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary catheter">urinary catheters</a> (where tentative evidence indicates it reduces catheter-related <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract infections">urinary tract infections</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal breathing tubes</a> (where evidence suggests it reduces ventilator-associated <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouadma-2012-115">[115]</a> The silver <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> is <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">bioactive</a> and in sufficient <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> readily kills <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>. Silver ions interfere with enzymes in the bacteria that transport nutrients, form structures, and synthesise cell walls; these ions also bond with the bacteria's genetic material. Silver and silver nanoparticles are used as an antimicrobial in a variety of industrial, healthcare, and domestic application: for example, infusing clothing with nanosilver particles thus allows them to stay odourless for longer.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-12-117">[117]</a> Bacteria can develop resistance to the antimicrobial action of silver.<a href="#cite_note-Panáček-2018-118">[118]</a> Silver compounds are taken up by the body like <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> compounds, but lack the toxicity of the latter. Silver and its alloys are used in cranial surgery to replace bone, and silver–tin–mercury amalgams are used in dentistry.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-7-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_diammine_fluoride" title="Silver diammine fluoride">Silver diammine fluoride</a>, the fluoride salt of a <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complex</a> with the formula [Ag(NH3)2]F, is a topical <a href="/wiki/Medicament" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicament">medicament</a> (drug) used to treat and prevent <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">dental caries</a> (cavities) and relieve dentinal hypersensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copper-clad_aluminium_wire" title="Copper-clad aluminium wire">Copper-clad aluminium wire</a></div> Silver is very important in electronics for conductors and electrodes on account of its high electrical conductivity even when tarnished. Bulk silver and silver foils were used to make vacuum tubes, and continue to be used today in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, circuits, and their components. For example, silver is used in high quality connectors for <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a>, and higher frequencies, particularly in tuned circuits such as <a href="/wiki/RF_and_microwave_filter#Cavity_filters" title="RF and microwave filter">cavity filters</a> where conductors cannot be scaled by more than 6%. <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> antennas are made with silver paints,<a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Powdered silver and its alloys are used in paste preparations for conductor layers and electrodes, ceramic capacitors, and other ceramic components.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-8-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazing_alloys">Brazing alloys</h3></div> Silver-containing <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a> alloys are used for brazing metallic materials, mostly <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and copper-based alloys, tool steels, and precious metals. The basic components are silver and copper, with other elements selected according to the specific application desired: examples include zinc, tin, cadmium, palladium, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. Silver provides increased workability and corrosion resistance during usage.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-9-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_equipment">Chemical equipment</h3></div> Silver is useful in the manufacture of chemical equipment on account of its low chemical reactivity, high thermal conductivity, and being easily workable. Silver <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucibles</a> (alloyed with 0.15% nickel to avoid recrystallisation of the metal at red heat) are used for carrying out alkaline fusion. Copper and silver are also used when doing chemistry with <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>. Equipment made to work at high temperatures is often silver-plated. Silver and its alloys with gold are used as wire or ring seals for oxygen compressors and vacuum equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-10-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3></div> Silver metal is a good catalyst for <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> reactions; in fact it is somewhat too good for most purposes, as finely divided silver tends to result in complete oxidation of organic substances to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water, and hence coarser-grained silver tends to be used instead. For instance, 15% silver supported on α-Al2O3 or silicates is a catalyst for the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> at 230–270 °C. Dehydrogenation of <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> to <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> is conducted at 600–720 °C over silver gauze or crystals as the catalyst, as is dehydrogenation of <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>. In the gas phase, <a href="/wiki/Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol">glycol</a> yields <a href="/wiki/Glyoxal" title="Glyoxal">glyoxal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> yields <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, while organic <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> are dehydrated to <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-10-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3></div> Before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>, which is now dominant, the photosensitivity of silver halides was exploited for use in traditional film photography. The <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photosensitive emulsion</a> used in black-and-white photography is a suspension of silver halide crystals in <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, possibly mixed in with some noble metal compounds for improved photosensitivity, <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">developing</a>, and tuning[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Colour photography</a> requires the addition of special dye components and sensitisers, so that the initial black-and-white silver image couples with a different dye component. The original silver images are bleached off and the silver is then recovered and recycled. Silver nitrate is the starting material in all cases.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-11-124">[124]</a> The market for silver nitrate and silver halides for photography has rapidly declined with the rise of digital cameras. From the peak global demand for photographic silver in 1999 (267,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounces</a> or 8,304.6 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) the market contracted almost 70% by 2013.<a href="#cite_note-BullionVault-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanoparticles">Nanoparticles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silver_nanoparticle" title="Silver nanoparticle">Silver nanoparticle</a></div> Nanosilver particles, between 10 and 100 nanometres in size, are used in many applications. They are used in conductive inks for printed electronics, and have a much lower melting point than larger silver particles of micrometre size.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> They are also used medicinally in antibacterials and antifungals in much the same way as larger silver particles.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-12-117">[117]</a> In addition, according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Observatory_for_Nanomaterials" title="European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials">European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials</a> (EUON), silver nanoparticles are used both in pigments, as well as cosmetics.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellanea">Miscellanea</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg/220px-Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg/330px-Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg/440px-Diwali_sweets_India_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A tray of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian sweets">South Asian sweets</a>, with some pieces covered with shiny silver vark</figcaption></figure> Pure silver metal is used as a food colouring. It has the <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E174</a> designation and is approved in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez-Abad-2013-129">[129]</a> Traditional Indian and Pakistani dishes sometimes include decorative silver foil known as <a href="/wiki/Vark" title="Vark">vark</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sarvate-2005-130">[130]</a> and in various other cultures, silver <a href="/wiki/Drag%C3%A9e" title="Dragée">dragée</a> are used to decorate cakes, cookies, and other dessert items.<a href="#cite_note-Meisler-2005-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Photochromic_lens" title="Photochromic lens">Photochromic lenses</a> include silver halides, so that ultraviolet light in natural daylight liberates metallic silver, darkening the lenses. The silver halides are reformed in lower light intensities. Colourless silver chloride films are used in <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">radiation detectors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">Zeolite</a> sieves incorporating Ag+ ions are used to <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinate</a> seawater during rescues, using silver ions to precipitate chloride as silver chloride. Silver is also used for its antibacterial properties for water sanitisation, but the application of this is limited by limits on silver consumption. <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a> is similarly used to disinfect closed swimming pools; while it has the advantage of not giving off a smell like <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> treatments do, colloidal silver is not effective enough for more contaminated open swimming pools. Small <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a> crystals are used in <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">cloud seeding</a> to cause rain.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-12-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> designated silver the official precious metal of Texas in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Silver </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Warning </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P391: Collect spillage.">P391</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Silver compounds have low toxicity compared to those of most other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, as they are poorly absorbed by the human body when ingested, and that which does get absorbed is rapidly converted to insoluble silver compounds or complexed by <a href="/wiki/Metallothionein" title="Metallothionein">metallothionein</a>. Silver fluoride and silver nitrate are caustic and can cause tissue damage, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, falling <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, cramps, paralysis, or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a>. Animals repeatedly dosed with silver salts have been observed to experience <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>, slowed growth, <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> of the liver, and fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys; rats implanted with silver foil or injected with <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal silver">colloidal silver</a> have been observed to develop localised tumours. <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Parenterally</a> admistered colloidal silver causes acute silver poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-13-134">[134]</a> Some waterborne species are particularly sensitive to silver salts and those of the other precious metals; in most situations, silver is not a serious environmental hazard.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-13-134">[134]</a> In large doses, silver and compounds containing it can be absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> and become deposited in various body tissues, leading to <a href="/wiki/Argyria" title="Argyria">argyria</a>, which results in a blue-grayish pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a>. Argyria is rare, and so far as is known, does not otherwise harm a person's health, though it is disfiguring and usually permanent. Mild forms of argyria are sometimes mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, a blue tint on skin, caused by lack of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-13-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">[15]</a> Metallic silver, like copper, is an antibacterial agent, which was known to the ancients and first scientifically investigated and named the <a href="/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" title="Oligodynamic effect">oligodynamic effect</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_N%C3%A4geli" title="Carl Nägeli">Carl Nägeli</a>. Silver ions damage the metabolism of bacteria even at such low concentrations as 0.01–0.1 milligrams per litre; metallic silver has a similar effect due to the formation of silver oxide. This effect is lost in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> due to the extreme insolubility of silver sulfide.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-13-134">[134]</a> Some silver compounds are very explosive, such as the nitrogen compounds silver azide, silver <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a>, and silver fulminate, as well as <a href="/wiki/Silver_acetylide" title="Silver acetylide">silver acetylide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_oxalate" title="Silver oxalate">silver oxalate</a>, and silver(II) oxide. They can explode on heating, force, drying, illumination, or sometimes spontaneously. To avoid the formation of such compounds, ammonia and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> should be kept away from silver equipment. Salts of silver with strongly oxidising acids such as <a href="/wiki/Silver_chlorate" title="Silver chlorate">silver chlorate</a> and silver nitrate can explode on contact with materials that can be readily oxidised, such as organic compounds, sulfur and soot.<a href="#cite_note-Brumby_et_al-13-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_medal" title="Silver medal">Silver medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">Free silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_silver_production" title="List of countries by silver production">List of countries by silver production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silver_compounds" title="Category:Silver compounds">List of silver compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment" title="Silver as an investment">Silver as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverpoint" title="Silverpoint">Silverpoint</a> drawing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/silver.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Silver"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Silver&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fsilver.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ag(−2) have been observed as dimeric and monomeric anions in Ca5Ag3, (structure (Ca2+)5(Ag–Ag)4−Ag2−⋅4e−); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranLagowski2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). "Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions". Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic000333x">10.1021/ic000333x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Metal+Ammonia+Solutions%3A+Solutions+Containing+Argentide+Ions&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1067-68&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic000333x&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.au=Lagowski%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshOzin1976" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00427a018">10.1021/ja00427a018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Synthesis+using+metal+vapors.+Silver+carbonyls.+Matrix+infrared%2C+ultraviolet-visible%2C+and+electron+spin+resonance+spectra%2C+structures%2C+and+bonding+of+silver+tricarbonyl%2C+silver+dicarbonyl%2C+silver+monocarbonyl%2C+and+disilver+hexacarbonyl&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3167-75&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00427a018&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ozin%2C+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-10"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Poole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Poole (page does not exist)">Poole, Charles P. Jr.</a> (11 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXwrqM2hU0EC">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Condensed Matter Physics</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054523-3"><bdi>978-0-08-054523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Condensed+Matter+Physics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054523-3&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCXwrqM2hU0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.providentmetals.com/knowledge-center/precious-metals-resources/bullion-vs-numismatic-coins.html">"Bullion vs. Numismatic Coins: Difference between Bullion and Numismatic Coins"</a>. providentmetals.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=providentmetals.com&rft.atitle=Bullion+vs.+Numismatic+Coins%3A+Difference+between+Bullion+and+Numismatic+Coins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.providentmetals.com%2Fknowledge-center%2Fprecious-metals-resources%2Fbullion-vs-numismatic-coins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/money/interview-world-has-5-times-more-gold-than-silver-1235602">"'World has 5 times more gold than silver' | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis"</a>. dna. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=%27World+has+5+times+more+gold+than+silver%27+%7C+Latest+News+%26+Updates+at+Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmoney%2Finterview-world-has-5-times-more-gold-than-silver-1235602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasuda,_Hideki2016" class="citation book cs1">Masuda, Hideki (2016). "Combined Transmission Electron Microscopy – In situ Observation of the Formation Process and Measurement of Physical Properties for Single Atomic-Sized Metallic Wires". In Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (eds.). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2F62288">10.5772/62288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-2252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-51-2252-4"><bdi>978-953-51-2252-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58893669">58893669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combined+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy+%E2%80%93+In+situ+Observation+of+the+Formation+Process+and+Measurement+of+Physical+Properties+for+Single+Atomic-Sized+Metallic+Wires&rft.btitle=Modern+Electron+Microscopy+in+Physical+and+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=InTech&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58893669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5772%2F62288&rft.isbn=978-953-51-2252-4&rft.au=Masuda%2C+Hideki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-2004-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond-2004_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2004" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, C. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (81st ed.). CRC press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-5_16-3">d</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1177 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-6-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-6_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-6_17-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1178 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigg-1992-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Trigg-1992_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_L._TriggEdmund_H._Immergut1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">George L. Trigg; Edmund H. Immergut (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVQ5RAAACAAJ">Encyclopedia of applied physics</a>. Vol. 4: Combustion to Diamagnetism. VCH Publishers. pp. 267–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-28126-8"><bdi>978-3-527-28126-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+applied+physics&rft.pages=267-72&rft.pub=VCH+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-527-28126-8&rft.au=George+L.+Trigg&rft.au=Edmund+H.+Immergut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVQ5RAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin,_Alex-2007-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Austin,_Alex-2007_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin,_Alex2007" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Alex (2007). The Craft of Silversmithing: Techniques, Projects, Inspiration. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60059-131-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60059-131-0"><bdi>978-1-60059-131-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Craft+of+Silversmithing%3A+Techniques%2C+Projects%2C+Inspiration&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60059-131-0&rft.au=Austin%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-1936-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-1936_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsPetersen1936" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, H.W.; Petersen, R.P. (1936). "Reflectivity of evaporated silver films". Physical Review. 50 (9): 871. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936PhRv...50..871E">1936PhRv...50..871E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.50.871">10.1103/PhysRev.50.871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Reflectivity+of+evaporated+silver+films&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=871&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.50.871&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936PhRv...50..871E&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+R.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gemini_Observatory-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Gemini_Observatory_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/telescopes-and-sites/optics/silver-vs-aluminum">"Silver vs. Aluminum"</a>. Gemini Observatory. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+vs.+Aluminum&rft.pub=Gemini+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemini.edu%2Fsciops%2Ftelescopes-and-sites%2Foptics%2Fsilver-vs-aluminum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Alan M.; Lee, Kok Loong (2005). Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471708542">10.1002/0471708542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471649526" title="Special:BookSources/9780471649526"><bdi>9780471649526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure-Property+Relations+in+Nonferrous+Metals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471708542&rft.isbn=9780471649526&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kok+Loong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Kenneth D. (1987). The Road to Trinity. Morrow, NY: Morrow. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06910-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06910-0"><bdi>978-0-688-06910-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Trinity&rft.place=Morrow%2C+NY&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-688-06910-0&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2002" class="citation web cs1">Young, Howard (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208054014/http://www.tnengineering.net/AICHE/eastman-oakridge-young.htm">"Eastman at Oak Ridge During World War II"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnengineering.net/AICHE/eastman-oakridge-young.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastman+at+Oak+Ridge+During+World+War+II&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnengineering.net%2FAICHE%2Feastman-oakridge-young.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Oman, H. (1992). "Not invented here? Check your history". Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 7 (1): 51–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F62.127132">10.1109/62.127132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22674885">22674885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+and+Electronic+Systems+Magazine&rft.atitle=Not+invented+here%3F+Check+your+history&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-53&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F62.127132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22674885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atomic_Weights_of_the_Elements_2007_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906114640/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/index.html">"Atomic Weights of the Elements 2007 (IUPAC)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/index.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomic+Weights+of+the+Elements+2007+%28IUPAC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiupac%2FAtWt%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some">"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements (NIST)"</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomic+Weights+and+Isotopic+Compositions+for+All+Elements+%28NIST%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FCompositions%2Fstand_alone.pl%3Fele%3D%26ascii%3Dhtml%26isotype%3Dsome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-1973-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron-1973_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1973" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, A.G.W. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1973/1973_Cameron_ca06310p.pdf">"Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System"</a> (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 15 (1): 121–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SSRv...15..121C">1973SSRv...15..121C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00172440">10.1007/BF00172440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120201972">120201972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+the+Elements+in+the+Solar+System&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-46&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120201972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00172440&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973SSRv...15..121C&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=A.G.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1973%2F1973_Cameron_ca06310p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audi-2003-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Audi-2003_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi-2003_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudiBersillonBlachotWapstra2003" class="citation cs2">Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra" title="Aaldert Wapstra">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=The+N%3Csmall%3EUBASE%3C%2Fsmall%3E+evaluation+of+nuclear+and+decay+properties&rft.volume=729&rft.pages=3-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot%2C+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra%2C+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fin2p3-00020241%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=Ag&ascii=html&isotype=all">"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for Silver (NIST)"</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomic+Weights+and+Isotopic+Compositions+for+Silver+%28NIST%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2FCompositions%2Fstand_alone.pl%3Fele%3DAg%26ascii%3Dhtml%26isotype%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyWasserburg1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, William R.; Wasserburg, G. J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/43037/1/grl921.pdf">"Evidence for the existence of 107Pd in the early solar system"</a> (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 5 (12): 1079–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978GeoRL...5.1079K">1978GeoRL...5.1079K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGL005i012p01079">10.1029/GL005i012p01079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+existence+of+%3Csup%3E107%3C%2Fsup%3EPd+in+the+early+solar+system&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1079-82&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FGL005i012p01079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978GeoRL...5.1079K&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Wasserburg%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F43037%2F1%2Fgrl921.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellGounelleHutchison2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Russell" title="Sara Russell">Russell, Sara S.</a>; Gounelle, Matthieu; Hutchison, Robert (2001). "Origin of Short-Lived Radionuclides". <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a>. 359 (1787): 1991–2004. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001RSPTA.359.1991R">2001RSPTA.359.1991R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2001.0893">10.1098/rsta.2001.0893</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3066270">3066270</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120355895">120355895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Short-Lived+Radionuclides&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=1787&rft.pages=1991-2004&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2001.0893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120355895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3066270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001RSPTA.359.1991R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Sara+S.&rft.au=Gounelle%2C+Matthieu&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-7-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-7_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-7_33-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1179 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-8_34-4">e</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1180 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-4-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-4_35-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1176 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Lidin RA 1996, Inorganic substances handbook, Begell House, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56700-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56700-065-7">1-56700-065-7</a>. p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Goodwin F, Guruswamy S, Kainer KU, Kammer C, Knabl W, Koethe A, Leichtfreid G, Schlamp G, Stickler R & Warlimont H 2005, 'Noble metals and noble metal alloys', in Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, W Martienssen & H Warlimont (eds), Springer, Berlin, pp. 329–406, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-44376-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-44376-2">3-540-44376-2</a>. p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509014548/http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion/Artifacts/silver.asp">"Silver Artifacts"</a> in Corrosion – Artifacts. NACE Resource Center </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjelkhagen-1995-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Bjelkhagen-1995_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjelkhagen1995" class="citation book cs1">Bjelkhagen, Hans I. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silverhalidereco00bjel">Silver-halide recording materials: for holography and their processing</a>. Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silverhalidereco00bjel/page/n172">156</a>–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-58619-7"><bdi>978-3-540-58619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver-halide+recording+materials%3A+for+holography+and+their+processing&rft.pages=156-66&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-540-58619-7&rft.aulast=Bjelkhagen&rft.aufirst=Hans+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilverhalidereco00bjel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedelKaupp2009" class="citation journal cs1">Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin (2009). "The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 253 (5–6): 606–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccr.2008.07.014">10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coordination+Chemistry+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+highest+oxidation+states+of+the+transition+metal+elements&rft.volume=253&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=606-24&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccr.2008.07.014&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Kaupp%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-12-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-12_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-12_41-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1188 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-1-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-1_42-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 903 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-9_43-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1181–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-10_44-4">e</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1183–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-11-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-11_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-11_45-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1185–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbri-2019-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbri-2019_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Abbri, Ferdinando (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/subs/article/view/603">"Gold and silver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy"</a>. Substantia: 39–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13128%2FSubstantia-603">10.13128/Substantia-603</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Substantia&rft.atitle=Gold+and+silver%3A+perfection+of+metals+in+medieval+and+early+modern+alchemy&rft.pages=39-44&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13128%2FSubstantia-603&rft.aulast=Abbri&rft.aufirst=Ferdinando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friviste.fupress.net%2Findex.php%2Fsubs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131215637/http://dictionary.die.net/lunar%20caustic">"Definition of Lunar Caustic"</a>. dictionary.die.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.die.net/lunar%20caustic">the original</a> on 31 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.die.net&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Lunar+Caustic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.die.net%2Flunar%2520caustic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCope,_A._C.Bach,_R._D.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Cope, A. C.; Bach, R. D. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv5p0315">"trans-Cyclooctene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=trans-Cyclooctene&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Cope%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Bach%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsyn.org%2Fdemo.aspx%3Fprep%3Dcv5p0315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Collected Volumes, vol. 5, p. 315</cite>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman-1955-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman-1955_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coleman-1955_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskey_C.M.Coleman,_G.H.1955" class="citation journal cs1">McCloskey C.M.; Coleman, G.H. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv3p0434">"β-d-Glucose-2,3,4,6-Tetraacetate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=%CE%B2-d-Glucose-2%2C3%2C4%2C6-Tetraacetate&rft.date=1955&rft.au=McCloskey+C.M.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+G.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsyn.org%2Fdemo.aspx%3Fprep%3Dcv3p0434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 434</cite>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-1-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-1_50-0">^</a> Brumby et al. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerKöhlerHomburg2007" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Rudolf; Köhler, Josef & Homburg, Axel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Explosives._6th_Edition">Explosives</a>. Wiley–VCH. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Explosives._6th_Edition/page/n296">284</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-31656-4"><bdi>978-3-527-31656-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explosives&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93VCH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-527-31656-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+Josef&rft.au=Homburg%2C+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FExplosives._6th_Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-13-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-13_52-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1189 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-14-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-14_53-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1195–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-15-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-15_54-0">^</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1199–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-1968-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller-1968_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerBurnard,_R.J.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, W.T.; Burnard, R.J. (1968). "Perfluoroalkylsilver compounds". <a href="/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc.">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a> 90 (26): 7367–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01028a047">10.1021/ja01028a047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Perfluoroalkylsilver+compounds&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=7367-68&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01028a047&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft.au=Burnard%2C+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollidayPendlebury1967" class="citation journal cs1">Holliday, A.; Pendlebury, R.E. (1967). "Vinyllead compounds I. Cleavage of vinyl groups from tetravinyllead". <a href="/wiki/J._Organomet._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Organomet. Chem.">J. Organomet. Chem.</a> 7 (2): 281–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2991078-7">10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91078-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Organomet.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Vinyllead+compounds+I.+Cleavage+of+vinyl+groups+from+tetravinyllead&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-84&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2991078-7&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Pendlebury%2C+R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Harrison M.J.; Lin, Ivan J.B. (1998). "Facile Synthesis of Silver(I)−Carbene Complexes. Useful Carbene Transfer Agents". Organometallics. 17 (5): 972–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom9709704">10.1021/om9709704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Facile+Synthesis+of+Silver%28I%29%E2%88%92Carbene+Complexes.+Useful+Carbene+Transfer+Agents&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=972-75&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom9709704&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Harrison+M.J.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Ivan+J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-4-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-4_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-4_58-1">b</a> Brumby et al., pp. 54–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgmFRAAACAAJ">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</a>. Brill. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18340-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18340-7&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgmFRAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory-2006-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory-2006_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallory-2006_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 241–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pages=241-242&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNUSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutkanKossmann2001" class="citation journal cs1">Boutkan, Dirk; Kossmann, Maarten (2001). "On the Etymology of "Silver"". NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. 38 (1): 3–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fnowele.38.01bou">10.1075/nowele.38.01bou</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOWELE%3A+North-Western+European+Language+Evolution&rft.atitle=On+the+Etymology+of+%22Silver%22&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-15&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fnowele.38.01bou&rft.aulast=Boutkan&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Kossmann%2C+Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_62-0">^</a> Weeks, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-2_63-2">c</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1173–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-Readon-2011-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Readon-2011_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadon2011" class="citation book cs1">Readon, Arthur C. (2011). Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist. ASM International. pp. 73–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-821-3"><bdi>978-1-61503-821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metallurgy+for+the+Non-Metallurgist&rft.pages=73-84&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61503-821-3&rft.aulast=Readon&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-2-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks-2_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks-2_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks-2_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks-2_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks-2_65-4">e</a> Weeks, pp. 14–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-2-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-2_66-7">h</a> Brumby et al., pp. 16–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelis,_Maria_Grazia2014" class="citation book cs1">Melis, Maria Grazia (2014). "Silver in Neolithic and Eneolithic Sardinia". In Meller, H.; Risch, R.; Pernicka, E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9860173">Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber</a> [Metals of power – Early gold and silver]. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3944507057" title="Special:BookSources/978-3944507057"><bdi>978-3944507057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silver+in+Neolithic+and+Eneolithic+Sardinia&rft.btitle=Metalle+der+Macht+%E2%80%93+Fr%C3%BChes+Gold+und+Silber&rft.pub=Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Denkmalpflege+und+Arch%C3%A4ologie+Sachsen-Anhalt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3944507057&rft.au=Melis%2C+Maria+Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9860173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley-2011-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley-2011_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley-2011_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2011" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2011). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 492–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960563-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=492-98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson" title="Clair Cameron Patterson">Patterson, C.C.</a> (1972). "Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times". The Economic History Review. 25 (2): 205235 (216, table 2, 228, table 6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1972.tb02173.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1972.tb02173.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Silver+Stocks+and+Losses+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Times&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205235+%28216%2C+table+2%2C+228%2C+table+6%29&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1972.tb02173.x&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=C.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Callataÿ2005" class="citation journal cs1">de Callataÿ, François (2005). "The Greco-Roman Economy in the Super Long-Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18: 361–72 [365ff]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs104775940000742x">10.1017/s104775940000742x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232346123">232346123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Greco-Roman+Economy+in+the+Super+Long-Run%3A+Lead%2C+Copper%2C+and+Shipwrecks&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=361-72+365ff&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs104775940000742x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232346123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=de+Callata%C3%BF&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultze,_Carol_A.Stanish,_CharlesScott,_David_A.Rehren,_Thilo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schultze, Carol A.; Stanish, Charles; Scott, David A.; Rehren, Thilo; Kuehner, Scott; Feathers, James K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754926">"Direct evidence of 1,900 years of indigenous silver production in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (41): 17280–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10617280S">2009PNAS..10617280S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0907733106">10.1073/pnas.0907733106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754926">2754926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805127">19805127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Direct+evidence+of+1%2C900+years+of+indigenous+silver+production+in+the+Lake+Titicaca+Basin+of+Southern+Peru&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=17280-83&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2754926%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19805127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0907733106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10617280S&rft.au=Schultze%2C+Carol+A.&rft.au=Stanish%2C+Charles&rft.au=Scott%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Rehren%2C+Thilo&rft.au=Kuehner%2C+Scott&rft.au=Feathers%2C+James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2754926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1998" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Andre Gunder (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reorientglobalec00fran/page/n131">ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520214749" title="Special:BookSources/0520214749"><bdi>0520214749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrient%3A+Global+Economy+in+the+Asian+Age&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0520214749&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Andre+Gunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freorientglobalec00fran%2Fpage%2Fn131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Glahn1996" class="citation journal cs1">von Glahn, Richard (1996). "Myth and Reality of China's Seventeenth Century Monetary Crisis". Journal of Economic History. 56 (2): 429–454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700016508">10.1017/S0022050700016508</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123972">2123972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154126073">154126073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Myth+and+Reality+of+China%27s+Seventeenth+Century+Monetary+Crisis&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=429-454&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154126073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700016508&rft.aulast=von+Glahn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynnGiraldez1995" class="citation journal cs1">Flynn, Dennis O.; Giraldez, Arturo (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3372215/4433_UBA003000263.pdf">"Born with a "Silver Spoon""</a> (PDF). Journal of World History. 2: 210. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078638">20078638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Born+with+a+%22Silver+Spoon%22&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Dennis+O.&rft.au=Giraldez%2C+Arturo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F3372215%2F4433_UBA003000263.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenrose1974" class="citation journal cs1">Fontenrose, Joseph (1974). "Work, Justice, and Hesiod's Five Ages". Classical Philology. 69 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F366027">10.1086/366027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/268960">268960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161808359">161808359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Work%2C+Justice%2C+and+Hesiod%27s+Five+Ages&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161808359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F268960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F366027&rft.aulast=Fontenrose&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1995" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert (1995). Witchcraft and the Occult. Devizes, Quintet Publishing. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85348-888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85348-888-7"><bdi>978-1-85348-888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+the+Occult&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Devizes%2C+Quintet+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85348-888-7&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Стойкова-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Стойкова_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСтойкова" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Стойкова, Стефана. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liternet.bg/folklor/sbornici/bnpp/haidushki/58.htm">"Дельо хайдутин"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liternet.bg/folklor/sbornici/bnpp/haidushki/content.htm">Българска народна поезия и проза в седем тома</a> (in Bulgarian). Vol. Т. III. Хайдушки и исторически песни. Варна: ЕИ "LiterNet". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-304-232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-304-232-6"><bdi>978-954-304-232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%95%D0%98+%22LiterNet%22&rft.isbn=978-954-304-232-6&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliternet.bg%2Ffolklor%2Fsbornici%2Fbnpp%2Fhaidushki%2F58.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-2016-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StClair-2016_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair-2016_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1987" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Frederick. P. Jr. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~xswang/Research/Papers/SERelated/no-silver-bullet.pdf">"No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accident in Software Engineering"</a> (PDF). Computer. 20 (4): 10–19. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.117.315">10.1.1.117.315</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1987.1663532">10.1109/MC.1987.1663532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:372277">372277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=No+Silver+Bullet+%E2%80%93+Essence+and+Accident+in+Software+Engineering&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.117.315%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A372277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.1987.1663532&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Frederick.+P.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.salisbury.edu%2F~xswang%2FResearch%2FPapers%2FSERelated%2Fno-silver-bullet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2026:15">Matthew 26:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevalierGheerbrant2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chevalier, Jean; Gheerbrant, Alain (2009). Dicționar de Simboluri. Mituri, Vise, Obiceiuri, Gesturi, Forme, Figuri, Culori, Numere [Dictionary of Symbols. Myths, Dreams, Habits, Gestures, Shapes, Figures, Colors, Numbers] (in Romanian). Polirom. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-46-1286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-46-1286-4"><bdi>978-973-46-1286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+de+Simboluri.+Mituri%2C+Vise%2C+Obiceiuri%2C+Gesturi%2C+Forme%2C+Figuri%2C+Culori%2C+Numere&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Polirom&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-973-46-1286-4&rft.aulast=Chevalier&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Gheerbrant%2C+Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-3-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-3_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_and_Earnshaw-3_82-1">b</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1174–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-3-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-3_83-0">^</a> Brumby et al., pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-CPM_Group-2011-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPM_Group-2011_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPM_Group-2011_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCPM_Group2011" class="citation book cs1">CPM Group (2011). CPM Silver Yearbook. New York: Euromoney Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826741-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826741-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9826741-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CPM+Silver+Yearbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Euromoney+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9826741-4-7&rft.au=CPM+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119090432/http://www.soamsilver.com/upload/Technical_Reports/Malku_Khota_PEA_Update_11_May_2011.pdf.pdf">"Preliminary Economic Assessment Technical Report 43-101"</a> (PDF). South American Silver Corp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soamsilver.com/upload/Technical_Reports/Malku_Khota_PEA_Update_11_May_2011.pdf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Economic+Assessment+Technical+Report+43-101&rft.pub=South+American+Silver+Corp.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soamsilver.com%2Fupload%2FTechnical_Reports%2FMalku_Khota_PEA_Update_11_May_2011.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67365">"Why Are Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan So Split on Foreign Mining?"</a>. Eurasianet. EurasiaNet.org. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Kyrgyzstan+and+Tajikistan+So+Split+on+Foreign+Mining%3F&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fnode%2F67365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassianidou-2003-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassianidou-2003_87-0">^</a> Kassianidou, V. (2003). "Early Extraction of Silver from Complex Polymetallic Ores", pp. 198–206 in Craddock, P.T. and Lang, J (eds.) Mining and Metal production through the Ages. London, British Museum Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Craddock, P.T. (1995). Early metal mining and production. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 223. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560985356" title="Special:BookSources/1560985356">1560985356</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayley-2008-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Bayley-2008_89-0">^</a> Bayley, J., Crossley, D. and Ponting, M. (eds). (2008). [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271133104_Metals_and_Metalworking_A_Research_Framework_for_Archaeometallurgy">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271133104_Metals_and_Metalworking_A_Research_Framework_for_Archaeometallurgy</a> Metals and Metalworking. A research framework for archaeometallurgy. Historical Metallurgy Society. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560225-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9560225-0-9">978-0-9560225-0-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Pernicka, E., Rehren, Th., Schmitt-Strecker, S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7001043/Late_Uruk_silver_production_by_cupellation_at_Habuba_Kabira_Syria_Pernicka_et_al_1998_">"Late Uruk silver production by cupellation at Habuba Kabira, Syria"</a>, pp. 123–34 in Metallurgica Antiqua, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilliard-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hilliard_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hilliard_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliard,_Henry_E." class="citation web cs1">Hilliard, Henry E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silver/">"Silver"</a>. USGS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver&rft.pub=USGS&rft.au=Hilliard%2C+Henry+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fsilver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barriada-2007-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barriada-2007_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barriada-2007_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarriadaTappinEvansAchterberg2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barriada, Jose L.; Tappin, Alan D.; Evans, E. Hywel; Achterberg, Eric P. (2007). "Dissolved silver measurements in seawater". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 26 (8): 809–817. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trac.2007.06.004">10.1016/j.trac.2007.06.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TrAC+Trends+in+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Dissolved+silver+measurements+in+seawater&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=809-817&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trac.2007.06.004&rft.aulast=Barriada&rft.aufirst=Jose+L.&rft.au=Tappin%2C+Alan+D.&rft.au=Evans%2C+E.+Hywel&rft.au=Achterberg%2C+Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-2018-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer-2018_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerSmithHannBruland2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Lisa; Smith, Geoffrey; Hann, Stephan; Bruland, Kenneth W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marchem.2018.01.006">"Ultra-trace analysis of silver and platinum in seawater by ICP-SFMS after off-line matrix separation and pre-concentration"</a>. Marine Chemistry. 199: 44–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarCh.199...44F">2018MarCh.199...44F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marchem.2018.01.006">10.1016/j.marchem.2018.01.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Ultra-trace+analysis+of+silver+and+platinum+in+seawater+by+ICP-SFMS+after+off-line+matrix+separation+and+pre-concentration&rft.volume=199&rft.pages=44-52&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marchem.2018.01.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MarCh.199...44F&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Smith%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Hann%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Bruland%2C+Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.marchem.2018.01.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ndung’u-2001-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ndung’u-2001_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ndung’u-2001_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdung’uThomasFlegal2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ndung’u, K.; Thomas, M.A.; Flegal, A.R. (2001). "Silver in the western equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 48 (13): 2933–2945. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001DSRII..48.2933N">2001DSRII..48.2933N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0967-0645%2801%2900025-X">10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00025-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+Part+II%3A+Topical+Studies+in+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Silver+in+the+western+equatorial+and+South+Atlantic+Ocean&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2933-2945&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0967-0645%2801%2900025-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001DSRII..48.2933N&rft.aulast=Ndung%E2%80%99u&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Flegal%2C+A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-2001-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang-2001_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang-2001_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangAmakawaNozaki2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yan; Amakawa, Hiroshi; Nozaki, Yoshiyuki (2001). "Oceanic profiles of dissolved silver: precise measurements in the basins of western North Pacific, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Japan Sea". Marine Chemistry. 75 (1–2): 151–163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MarCh..75..151Z">2001MarCh..75..151Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4203%2801%2900035-4">10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00035-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Oceanic+profiles+of+dissolved+silver%3A+precise+measurements+in+the+basins+of+western+North+Pacific%2C+Sea+of+Okhotsk%2C+and+the+Japan+Sea&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=151-163&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-4203%2801%2900035-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001MarCh..75..151Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft.au=Amakawa%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Nozaki%2C+Yoshiyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flegal-1995-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Flegal-1995_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlegalSañudo-WilhelmyScelfo1995" class="citation journal cs1">Flegal, A.R.; Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A.; Scelfo, G.M. (1995). "Silver in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean". Marine Chemistry. 49 (4): 315–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995MarCh..49..315F">1995MarCh..49..315F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4203%2895%2900021-I">10.1016/0304-4203(95)00021-I</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Silver+in+the+Eastern+Atlantic+Ocean&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-320&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4203%2895%2900021-I&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995MarCh..49..315F&rft.aulast=Flegal&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rft.au=Sa%C3%B1udo-Wilhelmy%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Scelfo%2C+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranville-2005-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Ranville-2005_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanvilleFlegal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ranville, Mara A.; Flegal, A. Russell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004GC000770">"Silver in the North Pacific Ocean"</a>. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 6 (3): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GGG.....6.3M01R">2005GGG.....6.3M01R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004GC000770">10.1029/2004GC000770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Silver+in+the+North+Pacific+Ocean&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004GC000770&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GGG.....6.3M01R&rft.aulast=Ranville&rft.aufirst=Mara+A.&rft.au=Flegal%2C+A.+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2004GC000770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratte-1999-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Ratte-1999_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatte1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ratte, Hans Toni (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fetc.5620180112">"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver compounds: A review"</a>. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 18 (1): 89–108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EnvTC..18...89R">1999EnvTC..18...89R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fetc.5620180112">10.1002/etc.5620180112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129765758">129765758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Toxicology+and+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+and+toxicity+of+silver+compounds%3A+A+review&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-108&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129765758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fetc.5620180112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999EnvTC..18...89R&rft.aulast=Ratte&rft.aufirst=Hans+Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fetc.5620180112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacave-2018-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Lacave-2018_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacaveVicario-ParésBilbaoGilliland2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lacave, José María; Vicario-Parés, Unai; Bilbao, Eider; Gilliland, Douglas; Mura, Francesco; Dini, Luciana; Cajaraville, Miren P.; Orbea, Amaia (2018). "Waterborne exposure of adult zebrafish to silver nanoparticles and to ionic silver results in differential silver accumulation and effects at cellular and molecular levels". Science of the Total Environment. 642: 1209–1220. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.642.1209L">2018ScTEn.642.1209L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.06.128">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30045502">30045502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51719111">51719111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Waterborne+exposure+of+adult+zebrafish+to+silver+nanoparticles+and+to+ionic+silver+results+in+differential+silver+accumulation+and+effects+at+cellular+and+molecular+levels&rft.volume=642&rft.pages=1209-1220&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.06.128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51719111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30045502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ScTEn.642.1209L&rft.aulast=Lacave&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Vicario-Par%C3%A9s%2C+Unai&rft.au=Bilbao%2C+Eider&rft.au=Gilliland%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Mura%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Dini%2C+Luciana&rft.au=Cajaraville%2C+Miren+P.&rft.au=Orbea%2C+Amaia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabrese,_A.Thurberg,_F.P.Gould,_E.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Calabrese, A.; Thurberg, F.P.; Gould, E. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126043259/https://fliphtml5.com/hzci/lbsc/basic">"Effects of Cadmium, Mercury, and Silver on Marine Animals"</a>. Marine Fisheries Review. 39 (4): 5–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fliphtml5.com/hzci/lbsc/basic">the original</a> on 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Fisheries+Review&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Cadmium%2C+Mercury%2C+and+Silver+on+Marine+Animals&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5-11&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Calabrese%2C+A.&rft.au=Thurberg%2C+F.P.&rft.au=Gould%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffliphtml5.com%2Fhzci%2Flbsc%2Fbasic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen-2017-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen-2017_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenZhuangChouLiu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Meng-Hsien; Zhuang, Ming-Feng; Chou, Lien-Siang; Liu, Jean-Yi; Shih, Chieh-Chih; Chen, Chiee-Young (2017). "Tissue concentrations of four Taiwanese toothed cetaceans indicating the silver and cadmium pollution in the western Pacific Ocean". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 124 (2): 993–1000. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MarPB.124..993C">2017MarPB.124..993C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2017.03.028">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28442199">28442199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Tissue+concentrations+of+four+Taiwanese+toothed+cetaceans+indicating+the+silver+and+cadmium+pollution+in+the+western+Pacific+Ocean&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=993-1000&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28442199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2017.03.028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017MarPB.124..993C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Meng-Hsien&rft.au=Zhuang%2C+Ming-Feng&rft.au=Chou%2C+Lien-Siang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jean-Yi&rft.au=Shih%2C+Chieh-Chih&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chiee-Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishMuseum-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritishMuseum_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishMuseum_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502141542/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origins_of_coinage.aspx">"The origins of coinage"</a>. britishmuseum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origins_of_coinage.aspx">the original</a> on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+coinage&rft.pub=britishmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fthemes%2Fmoney%2Fthe_origins_of_coinage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tetradrachms">"Tetradrachm"</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tetradrachm&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftetradrachms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Crawford, Michael H. (1974). Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press, 2 Volumes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07492-4">0-521-07492-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-105"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_105-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, 1st edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/53338">s.v. 'dirhem'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209223219/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/53338">Archived</a> 9 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFetymonline.com2008" class="citation web cs1">etymonline.com (20 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=rupee&searchmode=none">"Etymology of rupee"</a>. Retrieved 20 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymology+of+rupee&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft.au=etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Drupee%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne-2012-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Osborne-2012_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne,_Thomas_J.2012" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Thomas J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvA3jL4CFCMC">Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29217-4"><bdi>978-1-118-29217-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Eldorado%3A+A+History+of+Greater+California&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-29217-4&rft.au=Osborne%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvA3jL4CFCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-5-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-5_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-5_108-1">b</a> Brumby et al., pp. 63–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a1.html">"Current currency & funds code list – ISO Currency"</a>. SNV. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SNV&rft.atitle=Current+currency+%26+funds+code+list+%E2%80%93+ISO+Currency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currency-iso.org%2Fen%2Fhome%2Ftables%2Ftable-a1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbma.org.uk/lbma-silver-price">"LBMA Silver Price"</a>. LBMA. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBMA&rft.atitle=LBMA+Silver+Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbma.org.uk%2Flbma-silver-price&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latka-2019-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Latka-2019_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatka,_Marcin" class="citation web cs1">Latka, Marcin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/418905202840563452/">"Silver sarcophagus of Saint Stanislaus"</a>. artinpl. Retrieved 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artinpl&rft.atitle=Silver+sarcophagus+of+Saint+Stanislaus&rft.au=Latka%2C+Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.co.uk%2Fpin%2F418905202840563452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-6-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-6_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-6_112-1">b</a> Brumby et al., pp. 65–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-7-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-7_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-7_113-1">b</a> Brumby et al. pp. 67–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieTaylor2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, M.; Taylor, J. (2011). "Silver alloy vs. Uncoated urinary catheters: A systematic review of the literature". Journal of Clinical Nursing. 20 (15–16): 2098–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2010.03561.x">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03561.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21418360">21418360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Nursing&rft.atitle=Silver+alloy+vs.+Uncoated+urinary+catheters%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=15%E2%80%9316&rft.pages=2098-108&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2010.03561.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21418360&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouadma-2012-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Bouadma-2012_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouadmaWolffLucet2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bouadma, L.; Wolff, M.; Lucet, J.C. (August 2012). "Ventilator-associated pneumonia and its prevention". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 25 (4): 395–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e328355a835">10.1097/QCO.0b013e328355a835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22744316">22744316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41051853">41051853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Ventilator-associated+pneumonia+and+its+prevention&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-404&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41051853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22744316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FQCO.0b013e328355a835&rft.aulast=Bouadma&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+M.&rft.au=Lucet%2C+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaillardHartemann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Maillard, Jean-Yves; Hartemann, Philippe (2012). "Silver as an antimicrobial: Facts and gaps in knowledge". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 39 (4): 373–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F1040841X.2012.713323">10.3109/1040841X.2012.713323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22928774">22928774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27527124">27527124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Silver+as+an+antimicrobial%3A+Facts+and+gaps+in+knowledge&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=373-83&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27527124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22928774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F1040841X.2012.713323&rft.aulast=Maillard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Hartemann%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-12-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-12_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-12_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-12_117-2">c</a> Brumby et al., pp. 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-Panáček-2018-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Panáček-2018_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanáčekKvítekSmékalováVečeřová2018" class="citation journal cs1">Panáček, Aleš; Kvítek, Libor; Smékalová, Monika; Večeřová, Renata; Kolář, Milan; Röderová, Magdalena; Dyčka, Filip; Šebela, Marek; Prucek, Robert; Tomanec, Ondřej; Zbořil, Radek (January 2018). "Bacterial resistance to silver nanoparticles and how to overcome it". Nature Nanotechnology. 13 (1): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatNa..13...65P">2018NatNa..13...65P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41565-017-0013-y">10.1038/s41565-017-0013-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29203912">29203912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26783560">26783560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+resistance+to+silver+nanoparticles+and+how+to+overcome+it&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41565-017-0013-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26783560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29203912&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatNa..13...65P&rft.aulast=Pan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Ale%C5%A1&rft.au=Kv%C3%ADtek%2C+Libor&rft.au=Sm%C3%A9kalov%C3%A1%2C+Monika&rft.au=Ve%C4%8De%C5%99ov%C3%A1%2C+Renata&rft.au=Kol%C3%A1%C5%99%2C+Milan&rft.au=R%C3%B6derov%C3%A1%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Dy%C4%8Dka%2C+Filip&rft.au=%C5%A0ebela%2C+Marek&rft.au=Prucek%2C+Robert&rft.au=Tomanec%2C+Ond%C5%99ej&rft.au=Zbo%C5%99il%2C+Radek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt,_A.Stamford,_T.C.M.Niederman,_R.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenblatt, A.; Stamford, T.C.M.; Niederman, R. (2009). "Silver diamine fluoride: a caries "silver-fluoride bullet"". Journal of Dental Research. 88 (2): 116–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034508329406">10.1177/0022034508329406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19278981">19278981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30730306">30730306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Silver+diamine+fluoride%3A+a+caries+%22silver-fluoride+bullet%22&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=116-25&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30730306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19278981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022034508329406&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+A.&rft.au=Stamford%2C+T.C.M.&rft.au=Niederman%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikitinLamRao2005" class="citation book cs1">Nikitin, Pavel V.; Lam, Sander & Rao, K.V.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321212851/http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/nikitin_pavel/papers/APS_2005.pdf">"Low Cost Silver Ink RFID Tag Antennas"</a> (PDF). 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Vol. 2B. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAPS.2005.1552015">10.1109/APS.2005.1552015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-8883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7803-8883-3"><bdi>978-0-7803-8883-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:695256">695256</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/nikitin_pavel/papers/APS_2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Low+Cost+Silver+Ink+RFID+Tag+Antennas&rft.btitle=2005+IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Society+International+Symposium&rft.pages=353&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A695256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAPS.2005.1552015&rft.isbn=978-0-7803-8883-3&rft.aulast=Nikitin&rft.aufirst=Pavel+V.&rft.au=Lam%2C+Sander&rft.au=Rao%2C+K.V.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.washington.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fnikitin_pavel%2Fpapers%2FAPS_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-8-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-8_121-0">^</a> Brumby et al., pp. 71–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-9-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-9_122-0">^</a> Brumby et al., pp. 78–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-10-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-10_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-10_123-1">b</a> Brumby et al., pp. 81–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-11-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-11_124-0">^</a> Brumby et al., p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-BullionVault-125"><a href="#cite_ref-BullionVault_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldnews.bullionvault.com/silver-bullion-photographic-demand-062120133">"A Big Source of Silver Bullion Demand Has Disappeared"</a>. BullionVault. Retrieved 20 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Big+Source+of+Silver+Bullion+Demand+Has+Disappeared&rft.pub=BullionVault&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldnews.bullionvault.com%2Fsilver-bullion-photographic-demand-062120133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangAhmadiFargasPerinka2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Junhui; Ahmadi, Maziar; Fargas, Gemma; Perinka, Nikola; Reguera, Javier; Lanceros-Méndez, Senentxu; Llanes, Luis; Jiménez-Piqué, Emilio (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmet12020234">"Silver Nanoparticles for Conductive Inks: From Synthesis and Ink Formulation to Their Use in Printing Technologies"</a>. Metals. 12 (2): 234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmet12020234">10.3390/met12020234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2075-4701">2075-4701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metals&rft.atitle=Silver+Nanoparticles+for+Conductive+Inks%3A+From+Synthesis+and+Ink+Formulation+to+Their+Use+in+Printing+Technologies&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmet12020234&rft.issn=2075-4701&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Junhui&rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+Maziar&rft.au=Fargas%2C+Gemma&rft.au=Perinka%2C+Nikola&rft.au=Reguera%2C+Javier&rft.au=Lanceros-M%C3%A9ndez%2C+Senentxu&rft.au=Llanes%2C+Luis&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez-Piqu%C3%A9%2C+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fmet12020234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euon.echa.europa.eu/url">"Pigments – ECHA"</a>. euon.echa.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euon.echa.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Pigments+%E2%80%93+ECHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuon.echa.europa.eu%2Furl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euon.echa.europa.eu/url">"Catalogue of cosmetic ingredients – ECHA"</a>. euon.echa.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euon.echa.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+cosmetic+ingredients+%E2%80%93+ECHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuon.echa.europa.eu%2Furl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Martínez-Abad-2013-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Martínez-Abad-2013_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-AbadOcioLagarónSánchez2013" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez-Abad, A.; Ocio, M.J.; Lagarón, J.M.; Sánchez, G. (2013). "Evaluation of silver-infused polylactide films for inactivation of Salmonella and feline calicivirus in vitro and on fresh-cut vegetables". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 162 (1): 89–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.024">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23376782">23376782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+silver-infused+polylactide+films+for+inactivation+of+Salmonella+and+feline+calicivirus+in+vitro+and+on+fresh-cut+vegetables&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-94&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23376782&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Abad&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Ocio%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Lagar%C3%B3n%2C+J.M.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarvate-2005-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarvate-2005_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvate2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarita_Sarvate" title="Sarita Sarvate">Sarvate, Sarita</a> (4 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214002122/http://indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=b8b860cc0946bef1dbe95caddfe4bcaa">"Silver Coating"</a>. India Currents. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=b8b860cc0946bef1dbe95caddfe4bcaa">the original</a> on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Currents&rft.atitle=Silver+Coating&rft.date=2005-04-04&rft.aulast=Sarvate&rft.aufirst=Sarita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiacurrents.com%2Fnews%2Fview_article.html%3Farticle_id%3Db8b860cc0946bef1dbe95caddfe4bcaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meisler-2005-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Meisler-2005_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisler2005" class="citation news cs1">Meisler, Andy (18 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-18-tm-dragee51-story.html">"A Tempest on a Tea Cart"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tempest+on+a+Tea+Cart&rft.date=2005-12-18&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-dec-18-tm-dragee51-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch2022" class="citation book cs1">Hatch, Rosie (Ed.) (2022). Texas Almanac 2022–2023. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625110664" title="Special:BookSources/9781625110664"><bdi>9781625110664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Almanac+2022%E2%80%932023&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781625110664&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Rosie+%28Ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=373249&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F373249%3Flang%3Den">"Msds – 373249"</a>. Sigma Aldrich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Msds+%E2%80%93+373249&rft.pub=Sigma+Aldrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FMSDS%2FMSDS%2FDisplayMSDSPage.do%3Fcountry%3DUS%26language%3Den%26productNumber%3D373249%26brand%3DALDRICH%26PageToGoToURL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%252Fcatalog%252Fproduct%252Faldrich%252F373249%253Flang%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brumby_et_al-13-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-13_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-13_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-13_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-13_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brumby_et_al-13_134-4">e</a> Brumby et al., pp. 88–91 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumby,_AndreasBraumann,_Peter2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brumby, Andreas; et al. (2008). "Silver, Silver Compounds, and Silver Alloys". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a24_107.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a24_107.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silver%2C+Silver+Compounds%2C+and+Silver+Alloys&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a24_107.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Brumby%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Braumann%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a>; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8"><bdi>978-0-7661-3872-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-15217">68-15217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-15217&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.au=Leichester%2C+Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilver" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Silver at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/silver" class="extiw" title="wikt:silver">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/silver" class="extiw" title="c:silver">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/silver" class="extiw" title="q:silver">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (12 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="694" data-mwtitle="Silver.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Silver.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Silver.ogg/Silver.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver.ogg" title="File:Silver.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 1 September 2005 (2005-09-01), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/047.htm">Silver</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silverinstitute.org/">The Silver Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industry_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry association">industry association</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/047/index.html">Collection of silver items and samples</a> from <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gray" title="Theodore Gray">Theodore Gray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0557.html">Silver entry</a> in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards published by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/commodities/futures/metals">Silver prices</a> – current <a href="/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market">spot prices</a> on the global <a href="/wiki/Commodities_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities market">commodities markets</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silver_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silver_compounds" title="Template:Silver compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silver_compounds" title="Template talk:Silver compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silver_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silver compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silver_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silver_compounds" title="Silver compounds">Silver compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silver(0,I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_subfluoride" title="Silver subfluoride">Ag2F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silver(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_tetrafluoroborate" title="Silver tetrafluoroborate">AgBF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">AgBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_bromate" title="Silver bromate">AgBrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_cyanide" title="Silver cyanide">AgCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_fulminate" title="Silver fulminate">AgCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">AgCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_hypochlorite" title="Silver hypochlorite">AgClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_chlorite" title="Silver chlorite">AgClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_chlorate" title="Silver chlorate">AgClO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_perchlorate" title="Silver perchlorate">AgClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_fluoride" title="Silver(I) fluoride">AgF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">AgI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_iodate" title="Silver iodate">AgIO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_permanganate" title="Silver permanganate">AgMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrite" title="Silver nitrite">AgNO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">AgNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_azide" title="Silver azide">AgN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitride" title="Silver nitride">Ag3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_perrhenate" title="Silver perrhenate">AgReO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_cyanate" title="Silver cyanate">AgOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_thiocyanate" title="Silver thiocyanate">AgSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_trifluoromethanesulfonate" title="Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate">AgCF3SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_hexafluorophosphate" title="Silver hexafluorophosphate">AgPF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carbonate" title="Silver carbonate">Ag2CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_acetylide" title="Silver acetylide">Ag2C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxalate" title="Silver oxalate">Ag2C2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_chromate" title="Silver chromate">Ag2CrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dichromate" title="Silver dichromate">Ag2Cr2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_molybdate" title="Silver molybdate">Ag2MoO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Ag2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfide" title="Silver sulfide">Ag2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfite" title="Silver sulfite">Ag2SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_thiosulfate" title="Silver thiosulfate">Ag2S2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfate" title="Silver sulfate">Ag2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_hydrosulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver hydrosulfate (page does not exist)">AgHSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_selenide" title="Silver(I) selenide">Ag2Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_selenite" title="Silver selenite">Ag2SeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_telluride" title="Silver telluride">Ag2Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_arsenate" title="Silver arsenate">Ag3AsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_phosphate" title="Silver phosphate">Ag3PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_argentocyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium argentocyanide">KAg(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_silver_iodide" title="Rubidium silver iodide">RbAg4I5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollens%27_reagent" title="Tollens' reagent">Ag(NH3)2OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I)_hyponitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver(I) hyponitrite">Ag2N2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_tungstate" title="Silver tungstate">Ag2WO4</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organosilver(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organosilver_chemistry" title="Organosilver chemistry">Organosilver(I) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_acetate" title="Silver acetate">AgC2H3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_behenate" title="Silver behenate">AgC22H43O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_lactate" title="Silver lactate">CH3CH(OH)COOAg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_stearate" title="Silver stearate">C 18H 36AgO 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazine" title="Silver sulfadiazine">AgC4H3N2NSO2C6H4NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_laurate" title="Silver laurate">AgC 11H 23COO</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silver(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(II)_fluoride" title="Silver(II) fluoride">AgF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II)_peroxydisulfate" title="Tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate">[Ag(C5H5N)4]S2O8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silver(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Ag2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(III)_fluoride" title="Silver(III) fluoride">AgF3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver(III)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver(III) sulfide (page does not exist)">Ag2S3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Silver(I,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Ag4O4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1090#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1090#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1090#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133759-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85122588">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11959564p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11959564p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562453">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126252&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526371">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543868505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641526">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver&oldid=1255913932">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver&oldid=1255913932</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silver" title="Category:Silver">Silver</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transition_metals" title="Category:Transition metals">Transition metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Noble_metals" title="Category:Noble metals">Noble metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precious_metals" title="Category:Precious metals">Precious metals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cubic_minerals" title="Category:Cubic minerals">Cubic minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_in_space_group_225" title="Category:Minerals in space group 225">Minerals in space group 225</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrical_conductors" title="Category:Electrical conductors">Electrical conductors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_element_minerals" title="Category:Native element minerals">Native element minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:E-number_additives" title="Category:E-number additives">E-number additives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_face-centered_cubic_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure">Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coinage_metals_and_alloys" title="Category:Coinage metals and alloys">Coinage metals and alloys</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bulgarian-language_sources_(bg)" title="Category:CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)">CS1 Bulgarian-language sources (bg)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2022">Articles with dead external links from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2023">Use dmy dates from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2018" title="Category:Use British English from January 2018">Use British English from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Elements_pages_using_ENGVAR" title="Category:WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR">WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_High_German_(ca._750-1050)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text">Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gothic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gothic-language text">Articles containing Gothic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Basque-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Basque-language text">Articles containing Basque-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Category:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 07:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-dzrvh","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.356","walltime":"3.943","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43808,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":803555,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":59213,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":473206,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3441.234 1 -total"," 58.63% 2017.504 3 Template:Infobox"," 38.75% 1333.358 1 Template:Infobox_silver"," 38.67% 1330.585 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 21.35% 734.776 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.38% 597.963 157 Template:Trim"," 15.67% 539.204 1 Template:Infobox_silver_isotopes"," 15.59% 536.419 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 15.06% 518.388 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"," 14.02% 482.544 7 Template:Isotopes/main/isotope"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.689","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":34095187,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","900","39.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","6.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.6"],["type","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","1.7"],["[others]","420","18.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-744c7589dd-xxmd4","timestamp":"20241125142755","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Silver","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silver","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1090","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1090","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-06T06:26:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T07:28:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Silver_crystal.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47"}</script> </body> </html>