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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electroplating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroplating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Electroplating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroplating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Nuclear technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Televisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Televisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticancer_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticancer_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Anticancer drugs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticancer_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiconductors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiconductors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Semiconductors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiconductors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Laboratory uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_recalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_recalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Product recalls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_recalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cadmium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9A%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ካድሚየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካድሚየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كادميوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كادميوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cadmiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cadmiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্যাডমিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যাডমিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Кадмій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кадмій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC" title="Кадм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кадм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैडमियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैडमियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmyo" title="Kadmyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadmyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁེ་ཌི་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁེ་ཌི་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmij" title="Kadmij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kadmij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiom" title="Kadmiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kadmiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadmi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmyo" title="Kadmyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kadmyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cadmiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiwm" title="Cadmiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadmiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كادميوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كادميوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadmium" title="Kaadmium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaadmium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κάδμιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάδμιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kadmio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kadmio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کادمیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کادمیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cadmi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidmiam" title="Caidmiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caidmiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="કેડમિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેડમિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кадмиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Кадмиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="카드뮴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카드뮴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կադմիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կադմիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैडमियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैडमियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmij" title="Kadmij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kadmij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kadmio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmKhathofi" title="UmKhathofi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmKhathofi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadm%C3%ADn" title="Kadmín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kadmín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קדמיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדמיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C9%A9m%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kadɩmɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kadɩmɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82" title="ಕ್ಯಾಡ್ಮಿಯಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಡ್ಮಿಯಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კადმიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კადმიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiom" title="Kadmiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kadmiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadimi" title="Cadimi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Cadimi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmy%C3%B2m" title="Kadmyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kadmyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiy%C3%BBm" title="Kadmiyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kadmiyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmijs" title="Kadmijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kadmijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmis" title="Kadmis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kadmis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmii" title="Kadmii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kadmii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrkadmu" title="jinmrkadmu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrkadmu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadimiyaamu(Cadmium)" title="Kadimiyaamu(Cadmium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kadimiyaamu(Cadmium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кадмиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кадмиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmi%C3%B4ma" title="Kadmiôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kadmiôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കാഡ്മിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാഡ്മിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कॅडमियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅडमियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كادميوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كادميوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯀꯦꯗꯃꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯗꯃꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1ik_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Gáik (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáik (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Кадми – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кадми" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Кадми – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кадми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကတ်မီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကတ်မီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याड्मियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्याड्मियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याड्मियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्याड्मियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="カドミウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カドミウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadmi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="କ୍ୟାଡ଼ମିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟାଡ଼ମିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiy" title="Kadmiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kadmiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕੈਡਮੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਡਮੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याड्मियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्याड्मियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کیڈمیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیڈمیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="کادميوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کادميوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cadmio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadm" title="Kadm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kadm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1dmio" title="Cádmio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cádmio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cadmiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katmiyu" title="Katmiyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Katmiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="केडमियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केडमियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0dmiu" title="Càdmiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Càdmiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiumi" title="Kadmiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kadmiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cadmiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cadmium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmij" title="Kadmij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kadmij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadmiyaam" title="Kaadmiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaadmiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کادمیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کادمیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Кадмијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кадмијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmijum" title="Kadmijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kadmijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiyo" title="Kadmiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kadmiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காட்மியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்மியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాడ్మియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాడ్మియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แคดเมียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคดเมียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кадмий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmiyum" title="Kadmiyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadmiyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Кадмій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кадмій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کیڈمیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیڈمیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A" title="كادمىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كادمىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmii" title="Kadmii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kadmii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cadmi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%98" title="鎘 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鎘" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmyo" title="Cadmyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cadmyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קאדמיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאדמיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kadmium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cadmium (disambiguation)">Cadmium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 48 (Cd)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Cadmium, 48Cd</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/220px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/330px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/440px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3378" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Cadmium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkædmiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAD-mee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery bluish-gray metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Cd)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>112.414±0.004<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>112.41±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Cadmium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> 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style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" 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title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> ↑ Cd ↓ <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> ← cadmium → <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">48</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d10 5s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 18, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">594.22 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (321.07 °C, 609.93 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1040 K (767 °C, 1413 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.649 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.996 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.21 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">99.87 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.020 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>530 </td> <td>583 </td> <td>654 </td> <td>745 </td> <td>867 </td> <td>1040 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 −2,<a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-4">[4]</a> +1<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.69 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 867.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1631.4 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3616 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 151 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">144±9 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">158 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of cadmium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for cadmium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 297.89 pm c = 561.66 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.95×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96.6 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">72.7 nΩ⋅m (at 22 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−19.8×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2310 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.30 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">203–220 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-43-9 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Samuel_Leberecht_Hermann" title="Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann">Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Friedrich Stromeyer</a> (1817)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data">Friedrich Stromeyer (1817)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_cadmium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox cadmium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[8]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">106Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.25% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">107Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.5 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Silver-107" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-107">107Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">108Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.89% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">109Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">462.6 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Silver-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-109">109Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">110Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">111Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">112Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">24.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">113Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.04×1015 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Indium-113" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium-113">113In</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">113mCd </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.1 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">113In </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">IT</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium-113" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium-113">113Cd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">114Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">28.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">115Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">53.46 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Indium-115" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium-115">115In</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">116Cd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.51% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.8×1019 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β−β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Tin-116" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin-116">116Sn</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cadmium" title="Category:Cadmium">Category: Cadmium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_cadmium" title="Template:Infobox cadmium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_cadmium" title="Template talk:Infobox cadmium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_cadmium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox cadmium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cadmium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Cd and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 48. This soft, silvery-white <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in <a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. Like zinc, it demonstrates <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">groups 3</a> through <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a>. Cadmium and its <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a> in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Stromeyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Samuel_Leberecht_Hermann" title="Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann">Hermann</a>, both in Germany, as an impurity in <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a>. Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and is a byproduct of zinc production. It was used for a long time in the 1900s as a corrosion-resistant plating on <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, and cadmium compounds are used as red, orange, and yellow <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">pigments</a>, to color <a href="/wiki/Glass_coloring_and_color_marking" title="Glass coloring and color marking">glass</a>, and to stabilize <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>. Cadmium's use is generally decreasing because it is <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> (it is specifically listed in the European <a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel–cadmium batteries</a> have been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">nickel–metal hydride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion</a> batteries. Due to it being a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poison</a>, cadmium is also used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> in nuclear fission reactors. One of its few new uses is in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics" title="Cadmium telluride photovoltaics">cadmium telluride</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>. Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> has been found in marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Cadmium is a soft, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, silvery-white <a href="/wiki/Divalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Divalent">divalent</a> metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complex</a> compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-11">[10]</a> Unlike most other metals, cadmium is resistant to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and is used as a protective <a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">plate</a> on other metals. As a bulk metal, cadmium is <a href="/wiki/Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> in water<a href="#cite_note-PubChem-12">[11]</a> and is not <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammable</a>; however, in its powdered form it may burn and release <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">toxic fumes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cadmium_compounds" title="Category:Cadmium compounds">Category:Cadmium compounds</a></div> Although cadmium usually has an <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of +2, it also exists in the +1 state. Cadmium and its <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a> are not always considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Cadmium burns in air to form brown amorphous <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">cadmium oxide</a> (CdO); the <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> form of this compound is a dark red which changes color when heated, similar to <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">Hydrochloric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> dissolve cadmium by forming <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">cadmium chloride</a> (CdCl2), <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfate" title="Cadmium sulfate">cadmium sulfate</a> (CdSO4), or <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_nitrate" title="Cadmium nitrate">cadmium nitrate</a> (Cd(NO3)2). The oxidation state +1 can be produced by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmium chloride and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">aluminium chloride</a>, forming the Cd22+ cation, which is similar to the Hg22+ cation in <a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">mercury(I) chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-11">[10]</a> <dl><dd>Cd + CdCl2 + 2 AlCl3 → Cd2(AlCl4)2</dd></dl> The structures of many cadmium complexes with <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> have been determined.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium_cutoff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cadmium_cutoff.png/220px-Cadmium_cutoff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cadmium_cutoff.png/330px-Cadmium_cutoff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cadmium_cutoff.png/440px-Cadmium_cutoff.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The cadmium-113 total cross section clearly showing the cadmium cut-off</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cadmium" title="Isotopes of cadmium">Isotopes of cadmium</a></div> Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of eight <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>. Two of them are <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive</a>, and three are expected to <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decay</a> but have not measurably done so under laboratory conditions. The two natural radioactive isotopes are 113Cd (<a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, half-life is 7.7×1015 y) and 116Cd (two-neutrino <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a>, half-life is 2.9×1019 y). The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (both <a href="/wiki/Double_electron_capture" title="Double electron capture">double electron capture</a>), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on these half-lives have been determined. At least three isotopes – 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd – are stable. Among the isotopes that do not occur naturally, the most long-lived are 109Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and 115Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 2.5 hours, and the majority have half-lives of less than 5 minutes. Cadmium has 8 known <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta states</a>, with the most stable being 113mCd (t1⁄2 = 14.1 years), 115mCd (t1⁄2 = 44.6 days), and 117mCd (t1⁄2 = 3.36 hours).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-16">[15]</a> The known isotopes of cadmium range in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> from 94.950 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). For isotopes lighter than 112 u, the primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and the dominant <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay product</a> is element 47 (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>). Heavier isotopes decay mostly through <a href="/wiki/Beta_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta emission">beta emission</a> producing element 49 (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-16">[15]</a> One isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">absorbs neutrons</a> with high selectivity: With very high probability, neutrons with energy below the cadmium cut-off will be absorbed; those higher than the cut-off will be transmitted. The cadmium cut-off is about 0.5 eV, and neutrons below that level are deemed <a href="/wiki/Slow_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow neutron">slow neutrons</a>, distinct from intermediate and <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">fast neutrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Cadmium is created via the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> in low- to medium-mass stars with masses of 0.6 to 10 <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar masses</a>, over thousands of years. In that process, a <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> atom captures a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> and then undergoes <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg/255px-Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg/340px-Friedrich_Stromeyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Friedrich Stromeyer</a></figcaption></figure> Cadmium (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> cadmia, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> καδμεία meaning "<a href="/wiki/Calamine_(mineral)" title="Calamine (mineral)">calamine</a>", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals that was named after the Greek mythological character Κάδμος, <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> in contaminated zinc compounds sold in pharmacies in Germany<a href="#cite_note-Roloff-19">[18]</a> in 1817 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Friedrich Stromeyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Samuel_Leberecht_Hermann" title="Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann">Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann</a> simultaneously investigated the discoloration in zinc oxide and found an impurity, first suspected to be <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, because of the yellow precipitate with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. Additionally Stromeyer discovered that one supplier sold zinc carbonate instead of zinc oxide.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a> Stromeyer found the new element as an impurity in <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a> (calamine), and, for 100 years, Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine, because it was found in this zinc ore. Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not. He was persistent in studying these results and eventually isolated cadmium metal by <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> and reducing the <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">sulfide</a>. The potential for cadmium yellow as pigment was recognized in the 1840s, but the lack of cadmium limited this application.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cadold-23">[22]</a> Even though cadmium and its compounds are toxic in certain forms and concentrations, the <a href="/wiki/British_Pharmaceutical_Codex" title="British Pharmaceutical Codex">British Pharmaceutical Codex</a> from 1907 states that <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_iodide" title="Cadmium iodide">cadmium iodide</a> was used as a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In 1907, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> defined the international <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">ångström</a> in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1 wavelength = 6438.46963 Å).<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> This was adopted by the 7th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> in 1927. In 1960, the definitions of both the <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> and ångström were changed to use <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> After the industrial scale production of cadmium started in the 1930s and 1940s, the major application of cadmium was the coating of iron and steel to prevent corrosion; in 1944, 62% and in 1956, 59% of the cadmium in the United States was used for <a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">plating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-YB1956-28">[27]</a> In 1956, 24% of the cadmium in the United States was used for a second application in red, orange and yellow pigments from sulfides and selenides of cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-YB1956-28">[27]</a> The stabilizing effect of cadmium chemicals like the carboxylates cadmium laurate and cadmium stearate on <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> led to an increased use of those compounds in the 1970s and 1980s. The demand for cadmium in pigments, coatings, stabilizers, and alloys declined as a result of environmental and health regulations in the 1980s and 1990s; in 2006, only 7% of total cadmium consumption was used for plating, and only 10% was used for pigments.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a> At the same time, these decreases in consumption were compensated by a growing demand for cadmium for nickel–cadmium batteries, which accounted for 81% of the cadmium consumption in the United States in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg/220px-CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg/330px-CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Cadmium metal</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cadmium_minerals" title="Category:Cadmium minerals">Category:Cadmium minerals</a></div> Cadmium makes up about 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and is the 65th most abundant element.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> It is much rarer than zinc, which makes up about 65 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. The only cadmium <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> of importance, <a href="/wiki/Greenockite" title="Greenockite">greenockite</a> (Cd<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>), is nearly always associated with <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> (ZnS). This association is caused by geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium, with no geological process likely to separate them. Thus, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct of mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling iron and steel scrap. Production in the United States began in 1907,<a href="#cite_note-Cadold-23">[22]</a> but wide use began after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-price-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-lifecycle-33">[32]</a> Metallic cadmium can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Vilyuy_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilyuy River">Vilyuy River</a> basin in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Rocks mined for phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, resulting in a cadmium concentration of as much as 300 mg/kg in the fertilizers and a high cadmium content in agricultural soils.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in <a href="/wiki/Coal_fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal fly ash">coal fly ash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Cadmium in soil can be absorbed by crops such as rice and cocoa. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China">Chinese ministry of agriculture</a> measured that 28% of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> it sampled had excess lead and 10% had excess cadmium above limits defined by law. <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> tested 28 brands of <a href="/wiki/Dark_chocolate" title="Dark chocolate">dark chocolate</a> sold in the United States in 2022, and found cadmium in all of them, with 13 exceeding the California Maximum Allowable Dose level.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Some plants such as <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplars</a> have been found to clean both lead and cadmium from soil.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Typical background concentrations of cadmium do not exceed 5 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 2 mg/kg in soil; 1 μg/L in freshwater and 50 ng/L in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Concentrations of cadmium above 10 μg/L may be stable in water having low total solute concentrations and p H and can be difficult to remove by conventional water treatment processes.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> Cadmium is a common impurity in <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> ores, and it is most often isolated during the <a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting" title="Zinc smelting">production of zinc</a>. Some zinc ores concentrates from <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">zinc sulfate</a> ores contain up to 1.4% of cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-Cd-Trend-42">[41]</a> In the 1970s, the output of cadmium was 2.9 kilograms (6.5 lb) per ton of zinc.<a href="#cite_note-Cd-Trend-42">[41]</a> Zinc <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> ores are roasted in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, converting the zinc sulfide to the <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>. Zinc metal is produced either by <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> the oxide with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitated</a> from the electrolysis solution.<a href="#cite_note-lifecycle-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> reports that in 2001, China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one-sixth of the world's production, closely followed by South Korea and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="History of the world production of cadmium"><img alt="History of the world production of cadmium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg/200px-Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg/300px-Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg/400px-Cadmium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="590" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">History of the world production of cadmium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2022cadmium.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cadmium production in 2010"><img alt="Cadmium production in 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2022cadmium.png/200px-2022cadmium.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2022cadmium.png/300px-2022cadmium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2022cadmium.png/400px-2022cadmium.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cadmium production in 2010</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Cadmium is a common component of electric batteries, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">pigments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-colors-45">[44]</a> coatings,<a href="#cite_note-fff-46">[45]</a> and electroplating.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batteries">Batteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Batteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NiCd_various.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NiCd_various.jpg/220px-NiCd_various.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NiCd_various.jpg/330px-NiCd_various.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NiCd_various.jpg/440px-NiCd_various.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Ni–Cd batteries</figcaption></figure> In 2009, 86% of cadmium was used in <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a>, predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable</a> <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel–cadmium batteries</a>. Nickel–cadmium cells have a nominal cell potential of 1.2 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>. The cell consists of a positive <a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel hydroxide">nickel hydroxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> and a negative cadmium electrode plate separated by an <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The European Union put a limit on cadmium in electronics in 2004 of 0.01%,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> with some exceptions, and in 2006 reduced the limit on cadmium content to 0.002%.<a href="#cite_note-EC_Directive-50">[49]</a> Another type of battery based on cadmium is the <a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Silver–cadmium battery">silver–cadmium battery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electroplating">Electroplating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electroplating">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CdSeqdots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CdSeqdots.jpg/220px-CdSeqdots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CdSeqdots.jpg/330px-CdSeqdots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CdSeqdots.jpg/440px-CdSeqdots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>A photograph and representative spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a> from colloidal CdSe <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a></figcaption></figure> Cadmium <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, consuming 6% of the global production, is used in the aircraft industry to reduce <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> of steel components.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a> This coating is passivated by <a href="/wiki/Chromate_and_dichromate" title="Chromate and dichromate">chromate</a> salts.<a href="#cite_note-fff-46">[45]</a> A limitation of cadmium plating is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a> of high-strength steels from the electroplating process. Therefore, steel parts heat-treated to tensile strength above 1300 MPa (200 ksi) should be coated by an alternative method (such as special low-embrittlement cadmium electroplating processes or physical vapor deposition). Titanium embrittlement from cadmium-plated tool residues resulted in banishment of those tools (and the implementation of routine tool testing to detect cadmium contamination) in the A-12/SR-71, U-2, and subsequent aircraft programs that use titanium.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_technology">Nuclear technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nuclear technology">edit</a>]</div> Cadmium is used in the <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> of nuclear reactors, acting as a very effective <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poison</a> to control <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron flux</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a> When cadmium rods are inserted in the core of a nuclear reactor, cadmium absorbs neutrons,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> preventing them from creating additional fission events, thus controlling the amount of reactivity. The <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactor</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse Electric Company</a> uses an alloy consisting of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a> Cadmium foil is a convenient mask material that can be wrapped around samples in neutron scattering experiments. The toxicity of cadmium, and the fact that a relatively high-energy gamma photon is emitted during neutron absorption that may have a strong effect on the instrument background, mean that cadmium has somewhat lost favour against alternatives. Boron-based materials are much less toxic and produce gamma photons of significantly lower energy, for example. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Televisions">Televisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Televisions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">QLED TVs</a> have been starting to include cadmium in construction. Some companies have been looking to reduce the environmental impact of human exposure and pollution of the material in televisions during production.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticancer_drugs">Anticancer drugs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anticancer drugs">edit</a>]</div> Complexes based on cadmium and other heavy metals have potential for the treatment of cancer, but their use is often limited due to toxic side effects.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg/220px-Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg/330px-Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg/440px-Tyne_and_Wear_Metro_train_4001_at_Pelaw_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Train painted with <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">cadmium orange</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> was used in black and white television phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors of color television cathode ray tubes.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">Cadmium sulfide</a> (CdS) is used as a photoconductive surface coating for photocopier drums.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium_sulfide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cadmium_sulfide.jpg/110px-Cadmium_sulfide.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cadmium_sulfide.jpg/165px-Cadmium_sulfide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cadmium_sulfide.jpg/220px-Cadmium_sulfide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Cadmium sulfide</figcaption></figure> Various cadmium salts are used in paint pigments, with CdS as a <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_pigments" title="Cadmium pigments">yellow pigment</a> being the most common. <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_selenide" title="Cadmium selenide">Cadmium selenide</a> is a red pigment, commonly called cadmium red. To painters who work with the pigment, cadmium provides the most brilliant and durable yellows, oranges, and reds – so much so that during production, these colors are significantly toned down before they are ground with oils and binders or blended into <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylics</a>, and other paint and pigment formulations. Because these pigments are potentially toxic, users should use a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_cream" title="Barrier cream">barrier cream</a> on the hands to prevent absorption through the skin<a href="#cite_note-colors-45">[44]</a> even though the amount of cadmium absorbed into the body through the skin is reported to be less than 1%.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-13">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>, cadmium was used as heat, light, and weathering stabilizers.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Currently, cadmium stabilizers have been completely replaced with barium-zinc, calcium-zinc and organo-tin stabilizers. Cadmium is used in many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> and bearing alloys, because it has a low <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a> and fatigue resistance.<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a> It is also found in some of the lowest-melting <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_metal" title="Wood's metal">Wood's metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiconductors">Semiconductors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Semiconductors">edit</a>]</div> Cadmium is an element in some <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> materials. Cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride" title="Cadmium telluride">cadmium telluride</a> are used in some <a href="/wiki/Photodetectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Photodetectors">photodetectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>. <a href="/wiki/HgCdTe" class="mw-redirect" title="HgCdTe">HgCdTe</a> detectors are sensitive to mid-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light<a href="#cite_note-HgCdPb-47">[46]</a> and used in some motion detectors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_uses">Laboratory uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Laboratory uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeCd_laser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HeCd_laser.jpg/220px-HeCd_laser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HeCd_laser.jpg/330px-HeCd_laser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HeCd_laser.jpg/440px-HeCd_laser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Violet light from a <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> cadmium metal vapor <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. The highly <a href="/wiki/Monochromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic">monochromatic</a> color arises from the 441.563 nm transition <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">line</a> of cadmium.</figcaption></figure> Helium–cadmium lasers are a common source of blue or ultraviolet laser light. Lasers at wavelengths of 325, 354 and 442 nm are made using this <a href="/wiki/Gain_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gain medium">gain medium</a>; some models can switch between these wavelengths. They are notably used in <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence microscopy">fluorescence microscopy</a> as well as various laboratory uses requiring laser light at these wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Cadmium selenide <a href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a> emit bright <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a> under UV excitation (He–Cd laser, for example). The color of this luminescence can be green, yellow or red depending on the particle size. Colloidal solutions of those particles are used for imaging of biological tissues and solutions with a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> In molecular biology, cadmium is used to block <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> from fluxing calcium ions, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> research to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">proteasome</a>-dependent degradation of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia-inducible factors">Hif-1α</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Cadmium-selective sensors based on the <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a> <a href="/wiki/BODIPY" title="BODIPY">BODIPY</a> have been developed for imaging and sensing of cadmium in cells.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> One powerful method for monitoring cadmium in aqueous environments involves <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>. By employing a <a href="/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer" title="Self-assembled monolayer">self-assembled monolayer</a> one can obtain a cadmium selective electrode with a <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppt</a>-level sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> Cadmium has no known function in higher organisms and is considered toxic.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Cadmium is considered an environmental pollutant hazardous to living organisms.<a href="#cite_note-xu-66">[65]</a> A cadmium-dependent <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> has been found in some marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Diatom-67">[66]</a> which live in environments with low zinc concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Cadmium is preferentially absorbed in the kidneys of humans. Up to about 30 mg of cadmium is commonly inhaled throughout human childhood and adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Cadmium is under research for its potential <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> to increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a> of cadmium and its release to the environment is under research.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">Cadmium poisoning</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Cadmium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H301: Toxic if swallowed">H301</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H330: Fatal if inhaled">H330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects">H341</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H350: May cause cancer">H350</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H361fd: Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child.">H361fd</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H372</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P201: Obtain special instructions before use.">P201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P202: Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340+P310: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P304+P340+P310</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_d28c4279a57c3525" /><map name="ImageMap_d28c4279a57c3525"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" title="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">4</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Individuals and organizations have been reviewing cadmium's bioinorganic aspects for its toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a> Inhalation of cadmium fumes can result initially in <a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">metal fume fever</a>, but may progress to chemical <a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, and death.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Cadmium is also an environmental hazard. Human exposure is primarily from fossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, iron and steel production, cement production and related activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste incineration.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a> Other sources of cadmium include bread, root crops, and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-79">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinzu_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jinzu_River.jpg/220px-Jinzu_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jinzu_River.jpg/330px-Jinzu_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jinzu_River.jpg/440px-Jinzu_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jinz%C5%AB_River" title="Jinzū River">Jinzū River</a> area, which was contaminated with cadmium</figcaption></figure> There have been a few instances of general population poisoning as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. Research into an estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer is ongoing, as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-79">[78]</a> In the decades leading up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, mining operations contaminated the <a href="/wiki/Jinz%C5%AB_River" title="Jinzū River">Jinzū River</a> in Japan with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals. As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops along the riverbanks downstream of the mines. Some members of the local agricultural communities consumed the contaminated rice and developed <a href="/wiki/Itai-itai" class="mw-redirect" title="Itai-itai">itai-itai</a> disease and renal abnormalities, including <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucosuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosuria">glucosuria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The victims of this poisoning were almost exclusively post-menopausal women with low iron and low body stores of other minerals. Similar general population cadmium exposures in other parts of the world have not resulted in the same health problems because the populations maintained sufficient iron and other mineral levels. Thus, although cadmium is a major factor in the itai-itai disease in Japan, most researchers have concluded that it was one of several factors.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10">[9]</a> Cadmium is one of ten substances banned by the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances">Restriction of Hazardous Substances</a> (RoHS) directive, which regulates hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, but allows for certain exemptions and exclusions from the scope of the law.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified cadmium and cadmium compounds as carcinogenic to humans.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Although occupational exposure to cadmium is linked to lung and prostate cancer, there is still uncertainty about the carcinogenicity of cadmium in low environmental exposure. Recent data from epidemiological studies suggest that intake of cadmium through diet is associated with a higher risk of endometrial, breast, and prostate cancer as well as with osteoporosis in humans.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> A recent study has demonstrated that endometrial tissue is characterized by higher levels of cadmium in current and former smoking females.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Cadmium exposure is associated with a large number of illnesses including kidney disease,<a href="#cite_note-zn-cd.diseases-88">[87]</a> early atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Although studies show a significant correlation between cadmium exposure and occurrence of disease in human populations, a molecular mechanism has not yet been identified. One hypothesis holds that cadmium is an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptor</a> and some experimental studies have shown that it can interact with different <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> signaling pathways. For example, cadmium can bind to the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptor</a> alpha,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> and affect signal transduction along the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAPK" class="mw-redirect" title="MAPK">MAPK</a> signaling pathways at low doses.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco plant">tobacco plant</a> absorbs and accumulates <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> such as cadmium from the surrounding soil into its leaves. Following tobacco smoke inhalation, these are readily absorbed into the body of users.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. An estimated 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. Absorption of cadmium through the lungs is more effective than through the gut. As much as 50% of the cadmium inhaled in cigarette smoke may be absorbed.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> On average, cadmium concentrations in the blood of smokers is 4 to 5 times greater than non-smokers and in the kidney, 2–3 times greater than in non-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from <a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">passive smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In a non-smoking population, food is the greatest source of exposure. High quantities of cadmium can be found in <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">frog legs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a>, bitter and semi-bitter <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> products. However, grains, vegetables, and starchy roots and tubers are consumed in much greater quantity in the U.S., and are the source of the greatest dietary exposure there.<a href="#cite_note-efsa.europa.eu-98">[97]</a> Most plants bio-accumulate metal toxins such as cadmium and when composted to form organic fertilizers, yield a product that often can contain high amounts (e.g., over 0.5 mg) of metal toxins for every kilogram of fertilizer. Fertilizers made from animal dung (e.g., cow dung) or urban waste can contain similar amounts of cadmium. The cadmium added to the soil from fertilizers (rock phosphates or organic fertilizers) become bio-available and toxic only if the <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a> is low (i.e., acidic soils). In the European Union, an analysis of almost 22,000 topsoil samples with LUCAS survey concluded that 5.5% of samples have concentrations higher than 1 mg kg−1.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Zinc, copper, calcium, and iron ions, and selenium with vitamin C are used to treat cadmium intoxication, although it is not easily reversed.<a href="#cite_note-zn-cd.diseases-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regulations">edit</a>]</div> Because of the adverse effects of cadmium on the environment and human health, the supply and use of cadmium is restricted in Europe under the <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH Regulation</a>. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain specifies that 2.5 μg/kg body weight is a tolerable weekly intake for humans.<a href="#cite_note-efsa.europa.eu-98">[97]</a> The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has declared 7 μg/kg body weight to be the provisional tolerable weekly intake level.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> requires a food label to carry a warning about potential exposure to cadmium on products such as cocoa powder.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The European Commission has put in place the EU regulation (2019/1009) on fertilizing products (EU, 2019), adopted in June 2019 and fully applicable as of July 2022. It sets a Cd limit value in phosphate fertilizers to 60 mg kg−1 of P2O5. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) for cadmium at a time-weighted average (TWA) of 0.005 ppm. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has not set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) and has designated cadmium as a known human carcinogen. The <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (immediately dangerous to life and health) level for cadmium is 9 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Lethal dose<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </th> <th>Organism </th> <th>Route </th> <th>Time </th></tr> <tr> <td>LD50: 225 mg/kg </td> <td>rat </td> <td>oral </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>LD50: 890 mg/kg </td> <td>mouse </td> <td>oral </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>LC50: 25 mg/m3 </td> <td>rat </td> <td>airborne </td> <td>30 min </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition to mercury, the presence of cadmium in some <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery#Environmental_impact" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">batteries</a> has led to the requirement of proper disposal (or recycling) of batteries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_recalls">Product recalls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Product recalls">edit</a>]</div> In May 2006, a sale of the seats from <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal F.C.</a>'s old stadium, <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium" title="Arsenal Stadium">Highbury</a> in London, England was cancelled when the seats were discovered to contain trace amounts of cadmium.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Reports of high levels of cadmium use in children's jewelry in 2010 led to a US <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Product Safety Commission">Consumer Product Safety Commission</a> investigation.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The U.S. CPSC issued specific recall notices for cadmium content in jewelry sold by <a href="/wiki/Claire%27s" title="Claire's">Claire's</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> stores. In June 2010, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> voluntarily recalled more than 12 million promotional <a href="/wiki/Shrek_Forever_After" title="Shrek Forever After">Shrek Forever After 3D</a> Collectible Drinking Glasses because of the cadmium levels in paint pigments on the glassware.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The glasses were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Arc_International_(tableware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc International (tableware)">Arc International</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Millville,_New_Jersey" title="Millville, New Jersey">Millville, New Jersey</a>, USA.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_List_building_materials" title="Red List building materials">Red List building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 18.91×10−6/K, αc = 55.03×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 30.95×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/cadmium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Cadmium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Cadmium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fcadmium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetalAnions-4"><a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_4-0">^</a> Cd(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2−, but later shown to be [T–T]4−) in Sr5Cd3; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Cd(I) has been observed in <a href="/wiki/Cadmium(I)_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate">cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate</a> (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Cadmium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cadmium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1056-1057&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-12/u-s-to-develop-safety-standards-for-toxic-metals-update1-.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.atitle=U.S.+to+Develop+Safety+Standards+for+Toxic+Metals&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2010-01-12%2Fu-s-to-develop-safety-standards-for-toxic-metals-update1-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531181434/http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml10/10227.html">"Claire's Recalls Children's Metal Charm Bracelets Due to High Levels of Cadmium"</a>. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 10 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml10/10227.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Consumer+Product+Safety+Commission&rft.atitle=Claire%27s+Recalls+Children%27s+Metal+Charm+Bracelets+Due+to+High+Levels+of+Cadmium&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpsc.gov%2FCPSCPUB%2FPREREL%2Fprhtml10%2F10227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527202913/http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml10/10127.html">"FAF Inc. Recalls Children's Necklaces Sold Exclusively at Walmart Stores Due to High Levels of Cadmium"</a>. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 29 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml10/10127.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Consumer+Product+Safety+Commission&rft.atitle=FAF+Inc.+Recalls+Children%27s+Necklaces+Sold+Exclusively+at+Walmart+Stores+Due+to+High+Levels+of+Cadmium&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpsc.gov%2FCPSCPUB%2FPREREL%2Fprhtml10%2F10127.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2010" class="citation news cs1">Neuman, William (4 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/05/business/05recall.html">"McDonald's Recalls 12 Million 'Shrek' Glasses"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+Recalls+12+Million+%27Shrek%27+Glasses&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F05%2Fbusiness%2F05recall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607024105/http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml10/10257.html">"McDonald's Recalls Movie Themed Drinking Glasses Due to Potential Cadmium Risk"</a>. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 4 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml10/10257.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Consumer+Product+Safety+Commission&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+Recalls+Movie+Themed+Drinking+Glasses+Due+to+Potential+Cadmium+Risk&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpsc.gov%2FCPSCPUB%2FPREREL%2Fprhtml10%2F10257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwig2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartwig, Andrea (2013). "Cadmium and Cancer". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 491–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5179-8_15">10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5178-1"><bdi>978-94-007-5178-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23430782">23430782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cadmium+and+Cancer&rft.btitle=Cadmium%3A+From+Toxicity+to+Essentiality&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=491-507&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23430782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5179-8_15&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5178-1&rft.aulast=Hartwig&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2012). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.pdf">https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.pdf</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Nordberg, Gunnar F. (2007). Handbook on the toxicology of metals (3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 445–486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369413-3"><bdi>978-0-12-369413-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+toxicology+of+metals&rft.pages=445-486&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-369413-3&rft.aulast=Nordberg&rft.aufirst=Gunnar+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACadmium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="wiktionary:cadmium">cadmium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218022238/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=6&po=0">Archived</a> 18 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/Cadmium">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Cadmium Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+cadmium,+elemental">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Cadmium, Elemental</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cadmium_compounds" title="Template:Cadmium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cadmium_compounds" title="Template talk:Cadmium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cadmium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cadmium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cadmium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium compounds">Cadmium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cadmium(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium(I)_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate">Cd2(AlCl4)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cadmium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_tetrafluoroborate" title="Cadmium tetrafluoroborate">Cd(BF4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_fluoride" title="Cadmium fluoride">CdF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">CdCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_bromide" title="Cadmium bromide">CdBr2</a></li> <li><a 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