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id="toc-Background_(13th_and_14th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_(13th_and_14th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background (13th and 14th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_(13th_and_14th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Bengal_Sultanate_(14th_and_15th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bengal_Sultanate_(14th_and_15th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bengal_Sultanate_(14th_and_15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_nativists_(15th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_nativists_(15th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rise of nativists (15th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_nativists_(15th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_kingdom_(15th_and_16th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_kingdom_(15th_and_16th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Regional kingdom (15th and 16th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_kingdom_(15th_and_16th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_(16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_(16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Decline (16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_(16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mint_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mint_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mint towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mint_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Campaigns_and_Conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Campaigns_and_Conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military Campaigns and Conquests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_Campaigns_and_Conquests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military Campaigns and Conquests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_Campaigns_and_Conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bengal–Delhi_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal–Delhi_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bengal–Delhi Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal–Delhi_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal–Jaunpur_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal–Jaunpur_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bengal–Jaunpur War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal–Jaunpur_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali–Assamese_War(s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali–Assamese_War(s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bengali–Assamese War(s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali–Assamese_War(s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Ilyas Shahi Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habshi_Conquest_of_Assam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habshi_Conquest_of_Assam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Habshi Conquest of Assam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habshi_Conquest_of_Assam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hussein_Shah's_Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hussein_Shah's_Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Hussein Shah's Reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hussein_Shah's_Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauda-Ahom_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauda-Ahom_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Gauda-Ahom War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauda-Ahom_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_Arakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_Arakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Campaigns in Arakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_Arakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_Orissa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_Orissa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Campaigns in Orissa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_Orissa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern-Ganga_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern-Ganga_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Eastern-Ganga Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern-Ganga_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gajapati_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gajapati_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Gajapati Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gajapati_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalukya_and_Bhoi_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalukya_and_Bhoi_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Chalukya and Bhoi dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalukya_and_Bhoi_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Campaigns in Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_Min_Saw_Mon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_Min_Saw_Mon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Restoration of Min Saw Mon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_Min_Saw_Mon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sher_Shah_Suri's_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sher_Shah_Suri's_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Sher Shah Suri's invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sher_Shah_Suri's_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal–Mughal_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal–Mughal_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Bengal–Mughal Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal–Mughal_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vassal_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vassal_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vassal states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vassal_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vassal states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vassal_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandradwip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandradwip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chandradwip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandradwip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pratapgarh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pratapgarh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pratapgarh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pratapgarh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Tripura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orissa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orissa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Orissa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orissa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Literature and painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Urban architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosque_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosque_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Mosque architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosque_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Tomb architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>List of dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Family trees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family_trees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family trees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1342–1414)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1342–1414)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1342–1414)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1342–1414)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganesha_Dynasty_(1414–1436)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganesha_Dynasty_(1414–1436)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Ganesha Dynasty (1414–1436)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganesha_Dynasty_(1414–1436)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restored_Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1436–1487)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restored_Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1436–1487)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1436–1487)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restored_Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1436–1487)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habshi_Rule_(1487–1494)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habshi_Rule_(1487–1494)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Habshi Rule (1487–1494)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habshi_Rule_(1487–1494)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hussain_Shahi_Dynasty_(1494–1538)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hussain_Shahi_Dynasty_(1494–1538)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Hussain Shahi Dynasty (1494–1538)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hussain_Shahi_Dynasty_(1494–1538)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad_Shahi_Dynasty_(1554–1564)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad_Shahi_Dynasty_(1554–1564)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Muhammad Shahi Dynasty (1554–1564)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad_Shahi_Dynasty_(1554–1564)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karrani_Dynasty_(1564–1576)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karrani_Dynasty_(1564–1576)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Karrani Dynasty (1564–1576)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karrani_Dynasty_(1564–1576)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengal Sultanate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سلطنة البنغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة البنغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="বংগ চুলতানী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বংগ চুলতানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benqal_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Benqal sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benqal sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="বাংলা সালতানাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলা সালতানাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бенгальскі султанат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенгальскі султанат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Bengala" title="Sultanat de Bengala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Bengala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_von_Bengalen" title="Sultanat von Bengalen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultanat von Bengalen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Bengala" title="Sultanato de Bengala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Bengala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_Sultanlando" title="Bengala Sultanlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bengala Sultanlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="شاهی بنگاله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهی بنگاله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_du_Bengale" title="Sultanat du Bengale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultanat du Bengale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="벵골 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벵골 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="बंगाल सल्तनत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाल सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Benggala" title="Kesultanan Benggala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_di_Bengala" title="Sultanato di Bengala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultanato di Bengala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1li_Szultan%C3%A1tus" title="Bengáli Szultanátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bengáli Szultanátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Benggala" title="Kesultanan Benggala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%9C%9D" title="ベンガル・スルターン朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンガル・スルターン朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بنگال سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگال سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бенгальский султанат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенгальский султанат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bengal Sultanate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalin_sulttaanikunta" title="Bengalin sulttaanikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bengalin sulttaanikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வங்காள சுல்தானகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காள சுல்தானகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Bengal Sultanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bengal Sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бенгальський султанат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенгальський султанат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="شاہی بنگالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاہی بنگالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="孟加拉蘇丹國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉蘇丹國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1352–1576 kingdom in Bengal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bengal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bengal (disambiguation)">Bengal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Bengal Sultanate</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1352–1539<br />1554–1576</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Extent of the Sultanate of Bengal under the Hussain Shahi dynasty."><img alt="Extent of the Sultanate of Bengal under the Hussain Shahi dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png/250px-Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png/375px-Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png/500px-Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Extent of the Sultanate of Bengal under the Hussain Shahi dynasty.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1352–1390)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1390–1466)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gaur</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1466–1565)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Tanda,_Bengal" title="Tanda, Bengal">Tanda</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1565–1576)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal#Bengal_Sultanate_era" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1342–1358 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1572–1576 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan Karrani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unification </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1352</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Delhi_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War">Independence from Delhi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1353–1359</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a>'s rebellion </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1414</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Jaunpur_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War">Bengal–Jaunpur War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1415–1420</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconquest of Arakan">Reconquest of Arakan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1429–1430</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U_War_of_1512%E2%80%931516" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516">Conquest of Chittagong</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1512–1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Turbak%27s_invasion_of_Assam" title="Turbak's invasion of Assam">Gauda–Ahom War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1532–1533</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Surid</a> invasion </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1539</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Restoration </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1554</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mughal_invasion_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal invasion of Bengal">Mughal invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1572–1576</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Battle of Raj Mahal</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 July 1576</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">Taka</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shahi_Dynasty#Mubarak_Shahi_Dynasty,_14th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shahi Dynasty"> Mubarak Shahi Dynasty (Sonargaon)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saptagram#Independence_from_Delhi_Sultanate" title="Saptagram"> Satgaon Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty" title="Oiniwar dynasty">Oiniwar dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg/220px-Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg/330px-Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg/440px-Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Bengal Sultanate before unification under the <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a>. The map includes the Lakhanuti Sultanate, the Sonargon Sultanate and the Satagon Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bengal Sultanate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Bengali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bengali language">Middle Bengali</a>: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শাহী বাঙ্গালা</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Persian">Classical Persian</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطنت بنگاله</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">late medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> based in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region in the eastern <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> between the 14th and 16th century. It was the dominant power of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta</a>, with a network of mint towns spread across the region. The Bengal Sultanate had a circle of <a href="/wiki/Vassal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal states">vassal states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> in the southeast,<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bengal Sultanate controlled large parts of the eastern South Asia during its five dynastic periods, reaching its peak under <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a>. Its raids and conquests reached <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>) in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in the west. It was reputed as a thriving trading nation. Its decline began with an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Bengal" title="Mughal conquest of Bengal">conquest</a> and disintegration into petty kingdoms. The Bengal Sultanate was a Sunni Muslim monarchy<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habshi">Abyssinian</a> elites.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent dynasties were the <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ganesha" title="House of Ganesha">House of Ganesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi</a>. The kingdom was known for its religious pluralism where non-Muslim communities co-existed peacefully. While <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was used as the primary official, diplomatic and commercial language, it was under the Sultans that <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> first received court recognition as an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-stars_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stars-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities of the Bengal Sultanate are termed as Mint Towns where the historical <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">taka</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">minted</a>. These cities were adorned with stately medieval buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1500, the royal capital of <a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gaur</a> was the fifth-most populous city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ft_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable cities included the initial royal capital of <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>, the economic hub of <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">Mosque City of Bagerhat</a>, and the seaport and trading hub of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. The Bengal Sultanate was connected to states in Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Europe through maritime links and overland trade routes. The Bengal Sultanate was a major trading center on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It attracted immigrants and traders from different parts of the world. Bengali ships and merchants traded across the region, including in Malacca, China, and the Maldives. </p><p>The Bengal Sultanate was described by contemporary European and Chinese visitors as a prosperous kingdom. Due to the abundance of goods in Bengal, the region was described as the "richest country to trade with". The Bengal Sultanate left a strong architectural legacy. Buildings from the period show foreign influences merged into a distinct Bengali style.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengal Sultanate was also the largest and most prestigious authority among the independent medieval Muslim-ruled states in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">history of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AndayaAndaya2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndayaAndaya2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(13th_and_14th_centuries)"><span id="Background_.2813th_and_14th_centuries.29"></span>Background (13th and 14th centuries)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shahi_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shahi Dynasty">Mubarak Shahi Dynasty</a></div> <p>Bengal was gradually absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> during the 1200s. It began with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar</a>'s conquest of Gauda between 1202 and 1204 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>. This saw the beginning of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Afghans</a> in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakhityar Khalji served as a military general of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> ruler Muhammad of Ghor. He formed the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the assassination of Bakhtiar Khalji by his own officer <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khalji" title="Ali Mardan Khalji">Ali Mardan</a> in 1206, Bengal was administered by various Maliks belonging to the Khalji tribe (except a brief interregnum by Ali Mardan himself) until Delhi Sultan <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> sent forces under his son, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, to bring Bengal under the direct control of the Delhi Sultans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iltutmish declared Bengal as a province of Delhi in 1225. The Delhi Sultans attempted to govern Bengal through appointed governors, however, Delhi could not succeed given the considerable overland distance with Bengal. Ambitious governors rebelled and ruled as independent rulers until being suppressed militarily by the Delhi Sultanate. However, there were capable rulers among the rebels, including Yuzbak Shah (1257), Tughral Khan (1271–1282), and <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Firoz_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamsuddin Firoz Shah">Shamsuddin Firoz Shah</a> (1301–1322). The latter achieved the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a> and established a strong administration in eastern and south-western Bengal. In 1325, the Delhi Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a> reorganized the province into three administrative regions, with <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a> ruling eastern Bengal; <a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gauda</a> ruling northern Bengal; and <a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a> ruling southern Bengal. Even this arrangement broke down. By 1338, the three administrative regions had separatist <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah">Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah</a> in Sonargaon; <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Ali_Shah" title="Alauddin Ali Shah">Alauddin Ali Shah</a> in Gauda, and <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> in Satgaon.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fakhruddin conquered Chittagong in 1340 and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ikhtiyaruddin_Ghazi_Shah" title="Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah">Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah</a> in 1349. Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah (or just <i>Ilyas Shah</i>) defeated Alauddin Ali Shah and secured control of Gauda. He then defeated Ikhtiyaruddin of Sonargaon. By 1352, Ilyas Shah emerged victorious among the Bengali triad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bengal_Sultanate_(14th_and_15th_centuries)"><span id="Early_Bengal_Sultanate_.2814th_and_15th_centuries.29"></span>Early Bengal Sultanate (14th and 15th centuries)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg/220px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg/330px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg/440px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a>, the largest mosque in the subcontinent, in <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>, the first capital of the Bengal Sultanate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg/220px-DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg/330px-DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg/440px-DG_36_-_08_GRAVE_YARD_OF_SULTAN_GIAS_UDDIN_AZAM_SHAH_14_CENTURY_MUGRA_PARA_SONARGAON_IMG_5650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The 14th-century tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ilyas Shah established his capital in <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>. He unified the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal delta">delta</a> of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers into the Sultanate of Bengal. Ilyas Shah waged wars and raids against several city-states and kingdoms in the eastern subcontinent. He conquered eastern Bengal and northern Bihar. He led the first Muslim army into <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, raided the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a>, and returned to Bengal with treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He controlled an area stretching from Assam in the east to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1353, Ilyas Shah was defeated by Delhi Sultan <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Firuz Shah Tughluq">Firuz Shah Tughluq</a> in the Siege of Ekdala Fort during the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate-Delhi_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War">Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War</a>. Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Delhi Sultan. Despite losing control of many conquered areas, Ilyas Shah remained in firm control of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ilyas Shah founded the <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a> which ruled Bengal for fifteen decades. His son and successor <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a> defeated Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq during the second Siege of Ekdala Fort in 1359. A peace treaty was signed between Delhi and Bengal, with the former recognizing the independence of the latter. Firuz Shah Tughluq gave a golden <a href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (headgear)">crown</a> estimated to be worth 80,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">taka</a> to Sikandar Shah. The peace treaty ensured Bengal's independence for two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sikandar Shah's reign lasted three decades. The <a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a> was built during his reign. The mosque's design was based on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Damascus">Great Mosque of Damascus</a>- a style used during the introduction of Islam in new areas. During this time, much of the agricultural land was controlled by Hindu <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a>, which caused tensions with Muslim <a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar">taluqdars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengal became the eastern frontier kingdom among medieval Islamic states.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, Islamic kingdoms stretched from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Muslim Spain</a> in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east. The Islamic kingdoms had <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic">multiethnic</a> elites. Persian and Arabic were used alongside local languages. Persian was used as a diplomatic and commercial language. Arabic was the liturgical language of the clergy. In Bengal, the Bengali language became a court language and was the main vernacular language under Muslim rule.<sup id="cite_ref-stars_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stars-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> began expanding Bengal's influence abroad. He began to send embassies to <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a>, which continued as a tradition during the reigns of his successors. Ghiyasuddin also sponsored construction projects in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>. He exchanged letters and poetry with the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengal Sultans pledged nominal allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in Cairo. The coins of the Bengal Sultans often bore the name of the contemporary Abbasid Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in the central Bengali city of Sonargaon, in addition to Pandua. The travel accounts of Chinese envoys state that the Sultan lived in a palace near the <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a> of Sonargaon. The river port had shipping links to China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. In 1406, Ma Huan found Sonargaon as a large metropolis. Other Chinese envoys provided descriptions of a fortified walled city. Sonargaon was a center of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> education and Persian literature and Azam Shah even invited Hafez to settle there. The institutions founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tawwama" title="Abu Tawwama">Abu Tawwama</a> during the Delhi Sultanate were maintained by his successors in the Bengal Sultanate, including the Sufi preachers <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Danishmand" title="Ibrahim Danishmand">Ibrahim Danishmand</a>, Saiyid Arif Billah Muhammad Kamel, Saiyid Muhammad Yusuf and others.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_nativists_(15th_century)"><span id="Rise_of_nativists_.2815th_century.29"></span>Rise of nativists (15th century)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg/220px-Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg/330px-Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg/440px-Sixty_dome_mosque_in_the_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sixty_Dome_Mosque" title="Sixty Dome Mosque">Sixty Dome Mosque</a> is a UNESCO World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Map of Asia in 1415 showing Bengal and other regional states</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/170px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/255px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/340px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>The Indian subcontinent in 1525, with Bengal in the east</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 15th century, the Ilyas Shahi rule was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a>, a powerful Hindu landowner, who managed to place his son (a convert to Islam), <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a>, on the throne. Jalaluddin had a relatively short-lived but significant reign, during which he helped an Arakanese king to achieve the <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconquest of Arakan">reconquest of Arakan</a>. Jalaluddin established control over <a href="/wiki/Faridpur_District" title="Faridpur District">Fatehabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia.org1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jalaluddin also promoted more native Bengali elements into the architecture and governance of the sultanate. He was initially loyal to the Abbasid Caliph but later declared himself as the Caliph in a sign of Bengali Muslim independence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored in 1432. </p><p>Nine kings ruled Bengal from Pandua over the course of ten decades. They built palaces, forts, bridges, mosques, and mausoleums.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese envoy <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> described the city at the time in his travel accounts, which state that "the city walls are very imposing, the bazaars well-arranged, the shops side by side, the pillars in orderly rows, they are full of every kind of goods". Pandua was an export center for cloth and wine. At least six varieties of fine <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> and four types of wine were found in Pandua. High-quality paper was produced from the bark of Pandua's mulberry trees.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Bengal" title="Mahmud Shah of Bengal">Mahmud Shah of Bengal</a> shifted the capital from Pandua to Gaur in 1450. One of the probable reasons behind the move was a change in the course of nearby rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign of Mahmud Shah witnessed greater control over the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a>. The governor of the Sundarbans, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Jahan_Ali" title="Khan Jahan Ali">Khan Jahan Ali</a>, built the mint town of <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">Khalifatabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other officials, Khan Jahan had settled in Bengal after <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s sack of Delhi. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rukunuddin_Barbak_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukunuddin Barbak Shah">Rukunuddin Barbak Shah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> conquered Chittagong. The late 1480s saw four usurper Sultans from the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian people">Abyssinian</a> mercenary corps. Tensions between different Muslim communities often affected the sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2011_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_kingdom_(15th_and_16th_centuries)"><span id="Regional_kingdom_.2815th_and_16th_centuries.29"></span>Regional kingdom (15th and 16th centuries)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a> gained control of Bengal in 1494 when he was prime minister. Alauddin Husain Shah founded the <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a> which was of Bengali Origin. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a>'s writings make mention of a manuscript found in the former Bengali capital <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Pandua" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazrat Pandua">Pandua</a> which labels Hussain as a native of a village named <a href="/wiki/Gobindaganj_Upazila" title="Gobindaganj Upazila">Devnagar</a> in Rangpur who seized an opportunity to redeem the throne of Bengal that his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim, had held seventy years prior.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The local traditions of Rangpur verify these claims. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> also asserts that Husain's mother was a <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> also states that <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a> must be given the credit of being the first Bengali ruler of Gaur. It is also possible the dynasty had <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin. He brought end to a period of instability. As Sultan, Hussain Shah ruled until 1519. The dynasty he founded reigned until 1538. Muslims and Hindus jointly served in the royal administration during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. This era is often regarded as the golden age of the Bengal Sultanate, in which Bengali territory included areas of <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2011_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the order of Hussain Shah, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Ghazi" title="Shah Ismail Ghazi">Shah Ismail Ghazi</a> commanded the Bengali forces in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Kamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Kamata">Conquest of Kamata</a>, conquering large parts of Assam. After overthrowing the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Khen_dynasty" title="Khen dynasty">Khen dynasty</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Shahzada_Danyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahzada Danyal">Danyal</a> was appointed the governor of the new region. Hussain Shah also restored Bengali sovereignty in Chittagong and northern Arakan after the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U_War_of_1512%E2%80%931516" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516">Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516</a>. Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kamrupa, Kamata, Jajnagar and Orissa".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Jadunath Sarkar</a>, a 1513 inscription from Sonargaon indicates that Hussain Shah annexed a part of the <a href="/wiki/Twipra_Kingdom" title="Twipra Kingdom">Twipra Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh Kingdom</a> came under Bengali <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hussain Shah also waged several campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati rulers">Gajapati rulers</a> of Orissa.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hussain Shah extended Bengali territory in the west beyond Bihar, up to Saran in <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur</a>. The Sultan of Jaunpur took refuge in Bengal after an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> of Delhi. The Delhi Sultan attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur Sultan. Unable to make headway, the Delhi Sultan withdrew after concluding a peace treaty with Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasan2007p16-17_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasan2007p16-17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah</a>, the Sultanate pushed into the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> region and annexed the ruling <a href="/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty" title="Oiniwar dynasty">Oiniwar dynasty</a> in 1526 with the ruler of the Oiniwars, Laksminathasimha, being killed in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartzberg1992_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartzberg1992-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embassies from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> frequented Bengal after the landing of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco Da Gama">Vasco Da Gama</a> in the principality of Calicut.<sup id="cite_ref-en.banglapedia.org_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual Portuguese merchants are recorded to have lived in the Bengal Sultanate's capital of Gaur. Portuguese politics played out in Gaur as a reflection of contradictions in contemporary Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-en.banglapedia.org_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese provided vivid descriptions of Gaur. They compared the affluence of Gaur with <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. The city included a citadel, a royal palace and <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a>, mosques, houses for the rich, and bustling bazaars. Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described the houses of Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards, and gardens. Gaur was the centre of regional politics. The Sultan of Bengal gave permission for establishing the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese settlement in Chittagong</a>. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, there was no official Portuguese sovereignty over Chittagong. The Portuguese trading post was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> who allied with the Arakanese against Bengal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg/170px-Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg/255px-Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg/340px-Babur_crossing_the_river_Son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> crossing the Son River. The river was the western boundary of the Bengal Sultanate during the Karrani dynasty</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_(16th_century)"><span id="Decline_.2816th_century.29"></span>Decline (16th century)</h3></div> <p>The absorption of Bengal into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> was a gradual process. It began with the defeat of Bengal forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah</a> by the first Mughal ruler <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> at the Battle of Ghaghra. The second Mughal ruler <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> occupied the Bengal capital of Gaur during the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> against both the Mughals and Bengal Sultans. Humayun later took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> in Persia. Sher Shah Suri succeeded in conquering Bengal, forming the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a>, which was of Afghan origin. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> was renovated, while the Sur rulers placed successive governors in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Elisseeff1998_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elisseeff1998-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third governor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Muhammad Khan Sur</a> declared independence after the death of <a href="/wiki/Islam_Shah_Suri" title="Islam Shah Suri">Islam Shah Suri</a>. Muhammad Khan ended the interrupting period of Delhi's rule and re-established the Bengal Sultanate under the Muhammad Shahi dynasty, which was also of Afghan origin.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a> was the last ruling dynasty of the sultanate. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Riyaz-us-Salatin" title="Riyaz-us-Salatin">Riyaz-us-Salatin</a></i>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan Karrani</a> shifted the capital from Gaur to <a href="/wiki/Tanda,_Bengal" title="Tanda, Bengal">Tanda</a> in 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulaiman Khan Karrani annexed large parts of Orissa. During his reign, the Bengal Sultanate's territory extended from <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Koch Bihar</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> in the south and from the <a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son River</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a> in the east. The Mughals became determined to bring an end to the expansionism of the Bengal Sultanate; while eager to absorb the Bengal region for its riches. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Battle of Tukaroi</a> in Orissa saw Mughal forces led by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> overwhelm the Bengal Sultanate's forces led by the last Sultan <a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan Karrani</a>, resulting in the Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>. Mughal rule formally began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Battle of Raj Mahal</a> when the last reigning Sultan of Bengal was defeated by the forces of Akbar. The Mughal province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> was created. The eastern deltaic <a href="/wiki/Bhati_(region)" title="Bhati (region)">Bhati</a> region remained outside of Mughal control until being absorbed in the early 17th century. The delta was controlled by a confederation of twelve aristocrats of the former sultanate, who became known as the <a href="/wiki/Baro_Bhuyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Baro Bhuyans">Baro Bhuyans</a>. Their leader was <a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a>, a zamindar and a former nobleman of the sultanate through his mother Princess <a href="/wiki/Syeda_Momena_Khatun" title="Syeda Momena Khatun">Syeda Momena Khatun</a>. The confederation was made up of <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty kingdoms">petty kingdoms</a>. The Mughal government eventually suppressed the remnants of the sultanate in the Bhati area and brought all of Bengal under full Mughal control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Inside_Kusumba_Mosque_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The Sultan's Throne in <a href="/wiki/Kusumba_Mosque" title="Kusumba Mosque">Kusumba Mosque</a>. Many mosques across the sultanate had an in-built throne for the Sultan. The mosques served as royal courts.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg/220px-Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg/330px-Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg/440px-Silver_Coin_of_Jalaluddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> with a lion inscription</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bengal Sultanate was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, and took influence from <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> traditions. Its revenue system was maintained in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> throughout the course of its history.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government employed both Muslims and Hindus, promoting a form of religious pluralism.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the royal family and government body, the Sultan also relied on the support of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> (Islamic scholars).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultanate was divided into administrative subdivisions such as <i>arsa</i> and <i>iqlim</i>, which were further divided into <i>mahals</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thana" title="Thana">thanas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Qasba" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasba">qasbas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dani_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dani-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mint_towns">Mint towns</h3></div> <p>Mint towns consisted of royal and provincial capitals where taka coins were minted, thus developing the areas as important economic urban centres within the Sultanate. With the expansion of the empire, the number of mint towns increased gradually. The following is a partial listing of mint towns:<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li>Jannatabad (<a href="/wiki/Lakhnauti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhnauti">Lakhnauti</a>)</li> <li>Muzzamabad (<a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>)</li> <li>Ghiyaspur (<a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></li> <li>Firuzabad (<a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Pandua" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazrat Pandua">Hazrat Pandua</a>)</li> <li>Shahr-i-Naw (Hazrat Pandua)</li> <li>Fathabad (<a href="/wiki/Faridpur_District" title="Faridpur District">Faridpur</a>)</li> <li>Chatgaon (<a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>)</li> <li>Mahmudabad (<a href="/wiki/Jessore_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessore (city)">Jessore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a>)</li> <li>Barbakaabad (<a href="/wiki/Dinajpur" title="Dinajpur">Dinajpur</a>)</li> <li>Muzaffarabad (Pandua)</li> <li>Muhammadabad</li> <li>Husaynabad (<a href="/wiki/24_Parganas" title="24 Parganas">24 Parganas</a>)</li> <li>Chandrabad (<a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad district</a>)</li> <li>Nusratabad (<a href="/wiki/Dinajpur_District,_Bangladesh" title="Dinajpur District, Bangladesh">Dinajpur district</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifatabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatabad">Khalifatabad</a>/Badarpur (Bagerhat district)</li> <li>Sharifabad (<a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum district</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanda,_Bengal" title="Tanda, Bengal">Khwaspur Tandah</a> (Malda district)</li> <li>Rotaspur (<a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>)</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_(unidentified)-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Daud Khan Karrani receives a robe of honour from Mughal general Munim Khan</figcaption></figure><p>The Sultans had a well-organised army, including cavalry, artillery, infantry and war elephants; and a navy. Due to the riverine geography and climate, it was not feasible to use cavalry throughout the year in Bengal. The cavalry was probably the weakest component of the Bengal Sultanate's army, as the horses had to be imported from foreign countries. The artillery was an important section. Portuguese historian <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> opined that the military supremacy of Bengal over Arakan and Tripura was due to its efficient artillery. The artillery used cannons and guns of various sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>paiks</i> formed the vital part of the Bengal infantry during this period. There were occasions when the paiks also tackled political situations. The particular battle array of the foot-soldiers who used bows, arrows and guns attracted the attention of Babur.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephants</a> played an important part in the Bengal army. Apart from carrying war materials, elephants were also used for the movement of the armed personnel. In riverine Bengal the usefulness of elephants, though very slow, could not be minimised. The navy was of prime necessity in riverine Bengal. In fact, the cavalry could ensure the hold over this country for a period of six months whereas the boats backed by the paiks could command supremacy over the other half of the year. Since the time of Iwaz Khalji, who first organised a naval force in Islamic Bengal, the war boats played an important role in the political affairs of the country. The chief of the admiralty had various responsibilities, including <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">shipbuilding</a>, river transport, to fit out strong boats for transporting war elephants; to recruit seamen; to patrol the rivers and to collect tolls at ghats. The efficiency of the navy eroded during the Hussain Shahi dynasty. The Sultans also built forts, including temporary mud walled forts.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia2_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_Campaigns_and_Conquests">Military Campaigns and Conquests</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg/220px-Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg/330px-Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg/440px-Defeat_of_the_last_Bengal_Sultan_by_Akbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Akbar leads his army into battle against Daud Khan Karrani, the last Sultan of Bengal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal–Delhi_Wars"><span id="Bengal.E2.80.93Delhi_Wars"></span>Bengal–Delhi Wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Delhi_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War">Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War</a></div> <p>In 1353, the Sultan of Delhi attacked the newly formed Bengal Sultanate. After the siege of Ekdala Fort, Bengal agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Delhi. In 1359, Delhi again invaded Bengal after the previous peace treaty collapsed and this time the Delhi forces were repulsed leading to Bengali victory. However, negotiations ultimately resulted in a new treaty in which Delhi recognized the independence of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengal Sultans also received support from South Indian allies. During the 16th century, the Lodi dynasty of Delhi again attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Sultan of Jaunpur. The Lodis eventually agreed to a peace treaty with Bengal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif/220px-Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif/330px-Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif/440px-Evolution_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_Bengal_Sultanate.gif#{{int:filedesc}}" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Evolution of the Bengal Sultanate.gif">Evolution of the Sultanate of Bengal</a> and it's different ruling dynasties.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal–Jaunpur_War"><span id="Bengal.E2.80.93Jaunpur_War"></span>Bengal–Jaunpur War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Jaunpur_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War">Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War</a></div> <p>The Jaunpur Sultanate attacked Bengal during the 15th century. With diplomatic help from Ming China and the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, Bengal fended off the Jaunpuri invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motivation behind this sudden war was the newly emerged Hindu <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ganesha" title="House of Ganesha">House of Ganesha</a> which rose to prominence after <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> rose to power by assassinating the Sultans of the previous dynasty. Qutb al Alam a powerful Muslim holy man was asked by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> for help due to the immanent threat of invasion soon after Ganesha usurped the throne. Qutb Alam eventually came to the agreement that Raja Ganesha's son, Jadu, would convert to Islam and rule in his place. Raja Ganesha agreed and Jadu started ruling Bengal as <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> in 1415. </p><p>The war began in 1415 and ended in 1420.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpaur Sultanate</a> challenged the newly emerged Hindu dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> was later removed as a result but his son <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> converted to Islam and ruled the Sultanate. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a> was annexed by Bengal and peace was established between the two states. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a> mediated the war. A diplomat in the court of Shahrukh Mirza recorded that the Timurid ruler of Herat intervened during the Bengal-Jaunpur conflict after a request from the Sultan of Bengal. The record speaks of Shahrukh Mirza "directing the ruler of Jaunpur to abstain from attacking the King of Bengal, or to take the consequence upon himself. To which the intimation of the Jaunpur ruler was obedient, and desisted from his attacks upon Bengal".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records from Ming China state that the Yongle Emperor also mediated between Jaunpur and Bengal after the Bengali ambassador in his Peking court complained of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengali–Assamese_War(s)"><span id="Bengali.E2.80.93Assamese_War.28s.29"></span>Bengali–Assamese War(s)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kamata_Kingdom_War" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War">Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbak%27s_invasion_of_Assam" title="Turbak's invasion of Assam">Turbak's invasion of Assam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty">Ilyas Shahi Dynasty</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas shah</a> led the first military engagement and led a successful campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom in present-day <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, being the first Muslim king to capture <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The invasion of Assam by <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a> (son of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah) weakened Indranarayan. Though Shah had to retreat from central Assam because of an attack on Bengal by <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a>, Indranarayana was sufficiently damaged that a Bhuyan from <a href="/wiki/Darrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrang">Darrang</a>, Arimatta, was able to usurp power.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Habshi_Conquest_of_Assam">Habshi Conquest of Assam</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Muzaffar_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah">Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah</a>, the last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Habshi_dynasty" title="Habshi dynasty">Habshi dynasty</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a> of Assam. He developed an army of 40,000 soldiers; recruiting thousands of <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> and 5,000 Abyssinians.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 896 AH (1490-1491 AD), he constructed a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gangarampur" title="Gangarampur">Gangarampur</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a> of Makhdum Mawlana Ata. On 30 December 1492, his governor <a href="/wiki/Khurshid_Khan" title="Khurshid Khan">Khurshid Khan</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Mosque">Jama Mosque</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chapai_Nawabganj_District" title="Chapai Nawabganj District">Nawabganj</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Mahananda_River" title="Mahananda River">Mahananda River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dani2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dani2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a> in battle and conquered their territory in the year 898 AH (1492-93 AD) and subsequently issued coins bearing <i>Kamata Mardan 898</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangamati_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rangamati_Mosque.jpg/220px-Rangamati_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rangamati_Mosque.jpg/330px-Rangamati_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rangamati_Mosque.jpg/440px-Rangamati_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Panbari_Mosque" title="Panbari Mosque">Panbari Mosque</a> built by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Husain_Shah" title="Alauddin Husain Shah">Husain Shah</a> to after the successful <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Kamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Kamata">Conquest of Kamata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hussein_Shah's_Reign"><span id="Hussein_Shah.27s_Reign"></span>Hussein Shah's Reign</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kamata_Kingdom_War" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War">Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Husain_Shah" title="Alauddin Husain Shah">Husain Shah</a>'s rule, Bengali control over Assam reached its zenith. Under the military command of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Ghazi" title="Shah Ismail Ghazi">Shah Ismail Ghazi</a>, the Bengali army overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a>'s Hindu <a href="/wiki/Khen_dynasty" title="Khen dynasty">Khen dynasty</a> in 1498. In 1499, Husain Shah's general <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Ghazi" title="Shah Ismail Ghazi">Shah Ismail Ghazi</a> led an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a>. Husain Shah's army imprisoned King Nilambar of Kamata, pillaged the capital city and annexed the territory up to <a href="/wiki/Hajo" title="Hajo">Hajo</a>. The victory was publicly recorded in an inscription at <a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gauda-Ahom_War">Gauda-Ahom War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turbak%27s_invasion_of_Assam" title="Turbak's invasion of Assam">Turbak's invasion of Assam</a></div> <p>In 1532, a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslim</a> commander named Turbak invaded <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom</a> territory with a force comprising 1,000 cavalry, 30 elephants, and numerous guns and cannons. He set up camp near the fort at Singiri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196695_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196695-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahom forces, under <a href="/wiki/Suklenmung" title="Suklenmung">Suklen</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and attacked the Muslim encampment, despite warnings from astrologers. However, the battle ended in disaster for the Ahoms, who suffered heavy losses, with eight commanders killed. <a href="/wiki/Suklenmung" title="Suklenmung">Suklen</a> barely escaped with a serious wound. The Muslim forces stopped advancing for the rainy season at Koilabar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu197025_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu197025-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg/220px-Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg/330px-Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg/440px-Weapons_and_firearms_of_Ahom_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Weapons and firearms of Ahom kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahoms</a> retreated to Sala after their initial setbacks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they regrouped with reinforcements and appointed Senglung as the new Commander-in-Chief. By March 1533, however, the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahoms</a> turned the tide in their favor. In a naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duimunisila" title="Battle of Duimunisila">battle at Duimunisila</a>, they inflicted significant losses on the Muslim forces, The Muslim commanders, Taju and Sangal, were killed, The invading forces lost 2,500 men, 20 ships, and several large cannons, marking a turning point in the war in favor of the Ahoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu197025_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu197025-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Husain Khan, another <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> general, arrived to reinforce Turbak's forces with six elephants, 100 cavalry, and 1,000 infantry troops. Reinforced by Hussain Khan, Turbak took position near the Dikrai River, across from the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom</a> camp. However, the Ahoms were now better prepared and managed to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in several engagements. The final confrontation occurred near the <a href="/wiki/Bharali_river" title="Bharali river">Bharali River</a>, where Turbak was killed by a spear, and the Muslims were thrown into disarray. The Ahoms pursued the retreating forces all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Karatoya_River" title="Karatoya River">Karatoya River</a>, where they achieved a complete victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196696_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196696-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_Arakan">Campaigns in Arakan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconquest of Arakan">Reconquest of Arakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U_War_of_1512%E2%80%931516" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516">Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516</a></div> <p>Arakan and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra Valley</a> was often subjected to Bengali invasions. The Bengal Sultanate defeated <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Burmese</a> forces in Arakan and restored <a href="/wiki/Min_Saw_Mon" title="Min Saw Mon">Min Saw Mon</a> as a vassal king in 1430. However, conflict later emerged between Arakan and Bengal based on the control of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>. Arakan asserted its independence as a coastal power. Under <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Husain_Shah" title="Alauddin Husain Shah">Alauddin Husain Shah</a>, Bengali sovereignty was restored in Chittagong and northern Arakan. However, the <a href="/wiki/Maghs" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghs">Arakanese</a> persisted to fight over Chittagong, often allying with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese pirates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_Orissa">Campaigns in Orissa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate_conquest_of_Orissa" title="Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa">Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern-Ganga_Dynasty">Eastern-Ganga Dynasty</h4></div> <p>The first conflict between the Bengal Sultanate and the <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a> dates back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> where on his conquests subjugated Orissa. He defeated Bhanudeva II of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a>. He further sacked <a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a> and reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gajapati_Empire">Gajapati Empire</h4></div> <p>During the reign of Alauddin Hussain Shah, his commander Shah Ismail Ghazi led his first campaign against the confronting <a href="/wiki/Kapilendra_Deva" title="Kapilendra Deva">Kapilendra Deva</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a> on the south-western frontier. He defeated the Gajapati Empire, recovering <a href="/wiki/Gar_Mandaran" title="Gar Mandaran">Mandaran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he constructed a fort.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khurda_kingdom_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Khurda_kingdom_map.png/220px-Khurda_kingdom_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Khurda_kingdom_map.png/330px-Khurda_kingdom_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Khurda_kingdom_map.png/440px-Khurda_kingdom_map.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi Dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chalukya_and_Bhoi_dynasty">Chalukya and Bhoi dynasty</h4></div> <p>Orissa was also conquered again by <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan Karrani</a> and Orissa was annexed into the Bengal Sultanate in 1568. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Chalukya dynasty</a> and Mughal Empire forged a close alliance through Akbar and his increasing desire to annex Bengal. Akbar and <a href="/wiki/Mukunda_Deva" title="Mukunda Deva">Mukunda Deva</a> the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Chalukya dynasty</a> exchanged many gifts in the hopes of defeating Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Chalukya dynasty</a> were defeated leading to Bengali sovereignty over Orissa.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_Nepal">Campaigns in Nepal</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> was the first Sultan of the Bengal and unified the three city-states into what is now known as the Bengal Sultanate. He was the first to lead a Muslim army into Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began his expedition with the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Tirhut" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhut">Tirhut</a> which he divided into north and south. Ilyas kept the southern part for himself stretching from <a href="/wiki/Begusarai_district" title="Begusarai district">Begusarai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Nepal Terai</a> and restored the northern part of Tirhut, north of the <a href="/wiki/Budhi_Gandaki_River" title="Budhi Gandaki River">Budhi Gandaki River</a> to the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty" title="Oiniwar dynasty">Oiniwar dynasty</a>, Raja Kameshwar. Its headquarters was situated in the village of <a href="/wiki/Hajipur" title="Hajipur">Ukkacala</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Hajipur" title="Hajipur">Hajipur</a> in his honor),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Ilyas had constructed a large fort and urbanised the area.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilyas then thrust through the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> plains with his army, into the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Jayaraja Deva</a>. His army sacked the temple of <a href="/wiki/Swayambhunath" title="Swayambhunath">Swayambhunath</a> and looted <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> city for three days, returning to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> with plentiful spoils.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later on during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah</a>, the Sultanate pushed into the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> region and annexed the ruling <a href="/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty" title="Oiniwar dynasty">Oiniwar dynasty</a> in 1526 with the ruler of the Oiniwars, Laksminathasimha, being killed in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartzberg1992_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartzberg1992-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_Min_Saw_Mon">Restoration of Min Saw Mon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Min_Saw_Mon" title="Restoration of Min Saw Mon">Restoration of Min Saw Mon</a></div> <p>The restoration of Min Saw Mon was a military campaign led by the Bengal Sultanate to help <a href="/wiki/Min_Saw_Mon" title="Min Saw Mon">Min Saw Mon</a> regain control of his <a href="/wiki/Launggyet_Dynasty" title="Launggyet Dynasty">Launggyet Dynasty</a>. The campaign was successful. Min Saw Mon was restored to the Launggyet throne, and <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the Bengal Sultanate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sher_Shah_Suri's_invasion"><span id="Sher_Shah_Suri.27s_invasion"></span>Sher Shah Suri's invasion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></div> <p>Bengal was overwhelmed during the pan-Indian invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a>. The invasion prompted the Mughal Empire to occupy parts of Bengal. Both the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate were overrun by the Suri forces. Bengal regained its independence after Suri governors rebelled and re-established the sultanate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal–Mughal_Wars"><span id="Bengal.E2.80.93Mughal_Wars"></span>Bengal–Mughal Wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Bengal" title="Mughal conquest of Bengal">Mughal conquest of Bengal</a></div> <p>The first Mughal emperor Babur turned his sights on Bengal after the Battle of Panipat in 1526. At the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529, Bengal reached a peace treaty with Babur. During the invasion of Sher Shah Suri, the second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gaur</a>. The third Mughal emperor Akbar launched a war against Bengal at the Battle of Tukaroi in 1575. Akbar finally defeated the last Sultan of Bengal at the Battle of Raj Mahal in 1576. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vassal_states">Vassal states</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vassal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal states">Vassal states</a> were a number of tributary states and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> on the periphery of the Bengal Sultanate under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Sultan of Bengal. Direct control was not established over these territories for various reasons. Vassal states had Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist rulers. The following illustrates the most notable vassal states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arakan">Arakan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhghazi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Muhghazi.jpg/220px-Muhghazi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Muhghazi.jpg/330px-Muhghazi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Muhghazi.jpg/440px-Muhghazi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Coinage from Arakan during its vassalage to the Bengal Sultanate</figcaption></figure> <p>In the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> was a prominent vassal of the Bengal Sultanate. In 1430, the Bengal Sultanate restored the Arakanese throne in <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk U</a> after driving out Burmese invaders who came from <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> paid tributes to the Sultan of Bengal for a sustained period, with the timeframe ranging between estimates of a century or a few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton1996p64_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton1996p64-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ooi2004_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arakanese rulers replicated the Sultan's governing techniques, including adopting the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></i> and minting coins in Arabic and Bengali inscriptions. A close cultural and commercial relationship developed across the Bay of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Arakan asserted its independence. The Kingdom of Mrauk U became a formidable coastal power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandradwip">Chandradwip</h3></div> <p>In southern Bengal, the island of <a href="/wiki/Chandradwip" title="Chandradwip">Chandradwip</a> hosted remnants of the pre-Islamic Hindu <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a>. The kingdom was a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate until the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a>, when it was formally annexed by the sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasan1987_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasan1987-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pratapgarh">Pratapgarh</h3></div> <p>In the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, the ruler Bazid of the <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh Kingdom</a> declared himself as a Sultan on par with the Sultan of Bengal. This invited the retribution of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Husain_Shah" title="Alauddin Husain Shah">Alauddin Husain Shah</a>, who dispatched <a href="/wiki/Majumdars_of_Sylhet" title="Majumdars of Sylhet">Sarwar Khan</a> to suppress the newly formed sultanate in Pratapgarh. Bazid was defeated and agreed to pay a tribute to the Sultan of Bengal. He was also made to relinquish his claims over <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, which was under direct Sultanate rule.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripura">Tripura</h3></div> <p>In the east, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> was vital to Bengal for the supply of gold, silver and other commodities. Tripura had coarse gold mines and mountain trade networks linked to the Far East. In 1464, the Sultan of Bengal helped <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Manikya_I" title="Ratna Manikya I">Ratna Manikya I</a> assume the Tripuri throne. Tripura was a prominent vassal of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton1996p64_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton1996p64-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orissa">Orissa</h3></div> <p>In the southwest, Orissa was prominent in the military history of the Bengal Sultanate. The first Bengali Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah defeated the rulers of Orissa and extended his realm up to <a href="/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a>. He raided <a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a> and Cuttack. Ilyas Shah returned to Bengal with plunders from Orissa, including 44 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of Alauddin Hussain Shah, Orissa was a vassal state of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton1996p64_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton1996p64-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Orissa was directly ruled by Bengal. During the Karrani dynasty, Orissa was the scene of the Battle of Tukaroi and the Treaty of Cuttack between the Mughals and Bengal Sultanate in 1575.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">History of the taka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Chinese_porcelain_and_coins_of_Bengal_Sultans_in_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Chinese porcelain</a> and coins from the Bengal Sultanate in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png/220px-Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png/330px-Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png/440px-Maritime_links_of_the_Sultanate_of_Bengal.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Maritime links of the Bengal sultanate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sd2-baggala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sd2-baggala.JPG/220px-Sd2-baggala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sd2-baggala.JPG/330px-Sd2-baggala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sd2-baggala.JPG/440px-Sd2-baggala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baghlah" title="Baghlah">Baghlah</a> was a type of ship widely used by traders in the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy of the Bengal Sultanate inherited earlier aspects of the Delhi Sultanate, including mint towns, a salaried bureaucracy and the <a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">jagirdar</a> system of land ownership. The production of silver coins inscribed with the name of the Sultan of Bengal was a mark of Bengali sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal was more successful in perpetuating purely silver coinage than Delhi and other contemporary Asian and European governments. There were three sources of silver. The first source was the leftover silver reserve of previous kingdoms. The second source was the tribute payments of subordinate kingdoms which were paid in silver bullion. The third source was during military campaigns when Bengali forces sacked neighboring states.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The apparent vibrancy of the Bengal economy in the beginning of the 15th century is attributed to the end of tribute payments to Delhi, which ceased after Bengali independence and stopped the outflow of wealth. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a>'s testimony of a flourishing shipbuilding industry was part of the evidence that Bengal enjoyed significant seaborne trade. The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a> and the emergence of several other crafts were indicated in Ma Huan's list of items exported from Bengal to China. Bengali shipping co-existed with Chinese shipping until the latter withdrew from the Indian Ocean in the mid-15th century. The testimony of European travelers such as <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> attest to the presence of a large number of wealthy Bengali merchants and shipowners in <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Habib2011_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habib2011-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Rila_Mukherjee" title="Rila Mukherjee">Rila Mukherjee</a> wrote that ports in Bengal may have been <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">entrepots</a>, importing goods and re-exporting them to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee2011_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee2011-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vigorous riverine shipbuilding tradition existed in Bengal. The shipbuilding tradition is evidenced in the sultanate's naval campaigns in the Ganges delta. The trade between Bengal and the Maldives, based on rice and cowry shells, was probably done on Arab-style <a href="/wiki/Baghlah" title="Baghlah">baghlah</a> ships. Chinese accounts point to Bengali ships being prominent in Southeast Asian waters. A vessel from Bengal, probably owned by the Sultan of Bengal, could accommodate three tribute missions- from Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and Sumatra- and was evidently the only vessel capable of such a task. Bengali ships were the largest vessels plying in those decades in Southeast Asian waters.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All large business transactions were done in terms of silver taka. Smaller purchases involved <a href="/wiki/Shell_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell currency">shell currency</a>. One silver coin was worth 10,250 cowry shells. Bengal relied on shiploads of cowry shell imports from the Maldives. Due to the fertile land, there was an abundance of agricultural commodities, including bananas, jackfruits, pomegranate, sugarcane, and honey. Native crops included rice and sesame. Vegetables included ginger, mustard, onions, and garlic among others. There were four types of wines, including coconut, rice, <i>tarry</i> and <i>kajang</i>. Bengali streets were well provided with eating establishments, drinking houses and bathhouses. At least six varieties of fine muslin cloth existed. Silk fabrics were also abundant. <a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Bangladesh" title="Pearling in Bangladesh">Pearls</a>, rugs and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> were other important products. The finest variety of paper was made in Bengal from the bark of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> trees. The high quality of paper was compared with the lightweight white muslin cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europeans & Ming Chinese referred to Bengal as "the richest country to trade with".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal was the eastern pole of Islamic India. Like the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a> in the western coast of India, Bengal in the east was open to the sea and accumulated profits from trade. Merchants from around the world traded in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Markovits2004_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markovits2004-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton textile exports were a unique aspect of the Bengali economy. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> noted Bengal's prominence in the textile trade.<sup id="cite_ref-trade_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1569, Venetian explorer Caesar Frederick wrote about how merchants from <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> in Burma traded in silver and gold with Bengalis.<sup id="cite_ref-trade_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overland trade routes such as the Grand Trunk Road connected Bengal to northern India, Central Asia and the Middle East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <p>The Bengal Sultanate had robust <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations">foreign relations</a>. Records show that the Bengal Sultanate exchanged embassies with states in China, Europe, Africa, Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Diplomatic allies helped Bengal to fend off invasions from neighbouring kingdoms. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> ruler of Herat and the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> emperor of China helped bring an end to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Jaunpur_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War">Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War</a>. Bengal was also active in regional diplomacy. For example, the ship of the Bengali embassy to China also transported the envoys of <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>) to China.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal gave consent to envoys from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> for setting up Portuguese trading posts in coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-en.banglapedia.org_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other European visitors included <a href="/wiki/Niccolo_De_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolo De Conti">Niccolo De Conti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> and Caeser Fredrick from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Islamic world, the sultanate pledged allegiance to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, which was at the time held by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. The Abbasid caliph was still considered to be the symbolic leader of Sunni Islam at the time, despite dwindling territory under direct caliphate rule. For the Bengali Sultans, relations with the caliphate provided legitimacy among the Muslim clergy. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> received recognition from <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_II" title="Al-Mu'tadid II">Al-Mu'tadid II</a>, which strengthened Jalaluddin's legitimacy in the eyes of the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia.org1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many coins minted by the Bengal Sultanate bore the names of both the Bengali Sultans and the Abbasid Caliphs.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg/200px-Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg/300px-Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg/400px-Tribute_Giraffe_with_Attendant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Chinese manuscript <i>Tribute Giraffe with Attendant</i>, depicting a giraffe presented by Bengali envoys to the Ming court (Philadelphia Museum of Art)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> sponsored the construction of <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> (Islamic theological schools) in the pilgrimage cities of <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madinah">Madinah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools became known as the <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasia_Madrasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasia Madrasa">Ghiyasia Madrasa</a> and Banjaliah Madrasa. <a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Fasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi">Taqi al-Din al-Fasi</a>, a contemporary Arab scholar, was a teacher at the madrasa in Makkah. The madrasa in Madinah was built at a place called Husn al-Atiq near the <a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Prophet's Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bpedia_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpedia-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other Bengali Sultans also sponsored madrasas in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia.org1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Africa, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Barsbay" title="Barsbay">Ashraf Barsbay</a> of Egypt sent the Bengali Sultan a robe of honour and a letter of recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton1993_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton1993-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also records of envoys from the East African city-state of <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> being hosted in the Bengali court.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobania2003_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobania2003-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals constituted a significant part of tributes in medieval courts.<sup id="cite_ref-MaBrakel2016_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaBrakel2016-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East African envoys brought giraffes, which were also noticed by the Chinese envoys in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobania2003_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobania2003-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Central Asia, there are records of contacts between Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Mirza">Shahrukh Mirza</a> of the Timurid Empire. In Southeast Asia, European accounts refer to the presence of a large number of Bengali merchants in the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>. The merchants were wealthy shipowners. It is yet to be ascertained whether these merchants had a significant role in the Sultan's court.<sup id="cite_ref-Habib2011_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habib2011-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ship-owning merchants were often royal envoys.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contacts between Bengal and the Bruneian Empire and the Sumatran Aceh Sultanate are recorded in Chinese accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the subcontinent, Bengal had both tense and peaceful relations with the Delhi Sultanate and the Jaunpur Sultanate. The <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> initially received tributes from the Bengal Sultanate between 1353 and 1359. Tributes stopped after a war and peace treaty in 1359. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam sent envoys to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a>. He sent elephants as gifts to Sultan Malik Sarwar Khwajah-i-Jahan.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia.org_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia.org-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two sultanates fought a war between 1415 and 1420. The end of the war brought a long period of peace between the neighbouring states. In 1494, the Jaunpuri Sultan Hussain Shah Sharqi was given refuge in Bengal after being defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> of Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasan2007p16-17_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasan2007p16-17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the coastline of the Bay of Bengal, the Bengal Sultanate became influential in the control of Arakan. <a href="/wiki/Min_Saw_Mon" title="Min Saw Mon">Min Saw Mon</a>, a deposed Arakanese king, fled to Bengal after a Burmese invasion. With the support of Bengali forces led by a Pashtun general, he regained control of his country during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconquest of Arakan">Reconquest of Arakan</a>. The restored Arakanese realm became a vassal state of Bengal. A war with Arakan in 1459 led to the defeat of Bengali Sultan <a href="/wiki/Rukunuddin_Barbak_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukunuddin Barbak Shah">Rukunuddin Barbak Shah</a>. The Arakanese developed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">Portuguese Chittagong</a> against Bengal. Despite achieving independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued to fashion themselves after the Bengali Sultans by copying clothes, coins, titles and administrative techniques. Bengali Muslim influence on Arakan lasted for 350 years.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich2013_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich2013-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian Ocean, the Bengal Sultanate was involved in trading with the Maldives where Bengali rice was exchanged for Maldivian shell currency. </p><p>Historians have focused on Bengal's relations with Ming China during the early 15th century. For example, <i>Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century</i> chronicles the relationship between the Bengal Sultanate and Ming China.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship was also noted by Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nehru1985_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nehru1985-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political relations between China and the Indian subcontinent became nonexistent after the decline of Buddhism in India.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, the Bengal Sultanate revived the subcontinent's relations with China through regular contacts. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> began sending envoys to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. He sent ambassadors in 1405, 1408 and 1409.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia.org_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia.org-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yongle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongle">Yongle</a> of China responded by sending ambassadors to Bengal between 1405 and 1433, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">Treasure voyages</a> fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Zheng_He" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Zheng He">Admiral Zheng He</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sagepub.com_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagepub.com-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exchange of embassies included the gift of an East African giraffe by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Bayazid_Shah" title="Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah">Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah</a> to the Chinese emperor in 1414.<sup id="cite_ref-MaBrakel2016_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaBrakel2016-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RielloBiedermann2017_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RielloBiedermann2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sagepub.com_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagepub.com-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China also mediated an end to the Bengal-Jaunpur War after a request from Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia.org1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ming China considered Bengal to be "rich and civilized" and one of the strongest countries in the entire chain of contacts between China and Asian states during the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sino-Bengali contacts was the main feature of relations between China and the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Bengalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>"People of the Kingdom of Bengal", 16th-century Portuguese illustration</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> was the most spoken language while <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was an administrative and commercial language. Men wore white shirts, cotton fabrics of various colors, turbans, sarongs, lungis, dhutis, leather shoes, and belts to wrap their robes on the waist. Women wore cotton saris. Upper-class women wore gold jewelry. There were various classes of artisans, as well as physicians and fortune tellers. There was a class of musicians who would gather by the houses of the rich during dawn and play music; and they would be rewarded with wine, food and money during breakfast hours. Some men would have performances with a chained tiger. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> minority did not eat beef. The streets and markets included bathing areas, eating and drinking places, and dessert shops. <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">Betel nut</a> was offered to guests. The population included royalty, aristocrats, natives and foreigners. Many of the rich built ships and went abroad for trade. Many were agriculturalists. Punishments for breaking the law included expulsion from the kingdom, as well as bamboo flogging.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengal received settlers from North India, the Middle East and Central Asia. They included Turks, Afghans, Persians and Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan2013_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan2013-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important migrant community were Persians. Many Persians in Bengal were teachers, lawyers, scholars and clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercenaries were widely imported for domestic, military and political service. One particular group of mercenaries were the Abyssinians.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_painting">Literature and painting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharafnama_of_Nizami,_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sharafnama_of_Nizami%2C_Bengal.jpg/220px-Sharafnama_of_Nizami%2C_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sharafnama_of_Nizami%2C_Bengal.jpg/330px-Sharafnama_of_Nizami%2C_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sharafnama_of_Nizami%2C_Bengal.jpg/440px-Sharafnama_of_Nizami%2C_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>A sultanate-era Persian manuscript showing <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah. The scene is based on <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Iskandarnameh_of_Nizami" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandarnameh of Nizami">Iskandar Nama</a></i> <i>(Book of Alexander)</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Muslim poets were writing in the Bengali language by the 15th century. By the turn of the 16th century, a vernacular literature based on concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic cosmology">Islamic cosmology</a> flourished in the region. Bengali Muslim mystic literature was one of the most original in Islamic India.<sup id="cite_ref-Markovits2004_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markovits2004-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>And with the three washers [cups of wine], this dispute is going on.<br /> All the parrots [poets] of India have fallen into a sugar shattering situation (become excited)<br /> That this Persian candy [ode], to Bangalah [Bengal] is going on. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Excerpt of a poem jointly written by <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> in the 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-abumusa_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abumusa-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>With Persian as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, Bengal witnessed an influx of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> scholars, lawyers, teachers and clerics. It was the preferred language of the aristocracy and the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The earliest Persian work compiled in Bengal was a translation of Amrtakunda from Sanskrit by Qadi Ruknu'd-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al-'Amidi of Samarqand, a famous Hanafi jurist and Sufi. During the reign of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the city of Sonargaon became an important centre of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet Hafez. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a> by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-abumusa_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abumusa-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manuscript paintings depict the fashion and architecture of the Bengal Sultanate. Persian manuscripts with paintings are a key artistic hallmark of the Bengal Sultanate. One of the best-known examples of this heritage is Sultan <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasrat Shah's</a> copy of Nizami's <i>Iskandar Nama.</i> The manuscript was published sometime during Nasrat Shah's reign, lasting from 1519 to 1538. It includes epic poetry by <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> about the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabar1989-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, the court scholar <a href="/wiki/Nur_Qutb_Alam" title="Nur Qutb Alam">Nur Qutb Alam</a> pioneered <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> poetry by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a> tradition, which saw poems written half in Persian and half in colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Islamic figures replacing the invocation of Hindu gods and goddesses in Bengali texts. The literary romantic tradition saw poems by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Muhammad_Sagir" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Muhammad Sagir">Shah Muhammad Sagir</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_and_Zulaikha" title="Yusuf and Zulaikha">Yusuf and Zulaikha</a>, as well as works of Bahram Khan and Sabirid Khan. The <i>Dobhashi</i> culture featured the use of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and Persian words in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories. <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> included <i>Nabibangsha</i> by <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sultan" title="Syed Sultan">Syed Sultan</a>, <i>Janganama</i> by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_(poet)" title="Abdul Hakim (poet)">Abdul Hakim</a> and <i>Rasul Bijay</i> by Shah Barid. Sufi literature flourished with a dominant theme of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>. Bengali Muslim writers produced translations of numerous Arabic and Persian works, including the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand and One Nights">Thousand and One Nights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu poets from the period included <a href="/wiki/Maladhar_Basu" title="Maladhar Basu">Maladhar Basu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipradas_Pipilai" title="Bipradas Pipilai">Bipradas Pipilai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Gupta_(poet)" title="Vijay Gupta (poet)">Vijay Gupta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Bengali architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture of Bangladesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div> <p>A majority of the Bengal Sultanate's mint towns and surviving structures are found in Bangladesh. These structures have been studied in the book <i>Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</i> by Perween Hasan, who completed her PhD at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and has taught Islamic history and culture at the University of Dhaka.<sup id="cite_ref-HasanGrabar2007_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HasanGrabar2007-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian state of West Bengal is home to two of the sultanate's former capitals Gaur and Pandua, as well as several notable structures including a watchtower, fortified walls and mausolea. The oldest mosque in the Indian state of Assam dates from the Bengal Sultanate. A 15th-century sultanate-era mosque lies in ruins and covered with vegetation in Myanmar's Rakhine State.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_architecture">Urban architecture</h4></div> <p>Cities in the Bengal Sultanate had stately medieval architecture, particularly in the royal capitals of Gaur and Pandua. In 1500, the royal capital of Gaur had the fifth-largest urban population in the world after Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>, Cairo and Canton. It had a population of 200,000 (at the time, the global population is estimated to have ranged between 400 and 500 million).<sup id="cite_ref-ft_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese historian Castenhada de Lopez described houses in Gaur as being one-storeyed with ornamental floor tiles, courtyards and gardens. The city had a citadel, <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a>, watchtowers, canals, bridges, large gateways, and a city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal palace was divided into three compartments. The first compartment was the royal court. The second was the living quarter of the Sultan. The third was the harem. A high wall enclosed the palace. A moat surrounded the palace on three sides and was connected to the Ganges. The city of Pandua developed from a small hamlet into a military garrison. It included imperial mosques and mausolea. Urban architecture in the Bengal Sultanate was based on Arab, Bengali, Persian, Indo-Turkish, and Byzantine influences. A glimpse of houses in the Bengal Sultanate can be seen in the <i>Iskandar Nama</i> (Book of Alexander) published by Sultan Nasrat Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabar1989-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were significant indigenous developments. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_roofs" title="Bengal roofs">Bengal roofs</a> began appearing in concrete forms during the 15th century. These roofs were later widely replicated in the Mughal Empire and the Rajput kingdoms of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Urban architecture in the Bengal Sultanate</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA,_GOUR%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dakhil Doorway"><img alt="Dakhil Doorway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA%2C_GOUR%22.jpg/360px-%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA%2C_GOUR%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA%2C_GOUR%22.jpg/540px-%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA%2C_GOUR%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA%2C_GOUR%22.jpg/720px-%22DAKHIL_DARWAZA%2C_GOUR%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dakhil Doorway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baisgazi Wall was a city wall"><img alt="Baisgazi Wall was a city wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg/360px-Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg/540px-Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg/720px-Baisgazi_Wall_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baisgazi Wall was a city wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firoz_Minar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Firoz Minar was a watchtower"><img alt="The Firoz Minar was a watchtower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/236px-Firoz_Minar.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/354px-Firoz_Minar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Firoz_Minar.JPG/472px-Firoz_Minar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="3429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Firoz_Minar" title="Firoz Minar">Firoz Minar</a> was a watchtower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fading enameled bricks on Gumti Gate"><img alt="Fading enameled bricks on Gumti Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg/405px-Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg/608px-Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg/810px-Gumti_Gate_at_Gaur_in_Malda_District_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fading enameled bricks on Gumti Gate</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosque_architecture">Mosque architecture</h4></div> <p>According to Perween Hasan in a book edited by <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Oleg Grabar</a>, the mosques of the Bengal Sultanate have several common features, including pointed arches, multiple <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a>, engaged corner towers, and <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> and stone decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabar1989-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the art of the mihrab is meticulous and unique to Bengal's mosque architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar.net_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques were either rectangular and multi-domed or square and single-domed. The large number of mosques built during the Bengal Sultanate indicates the rapidity with which the local population converted to Islam. The period between 1450 and 1550 was an intensive mosque building era. These mosques dotted the countryside, ranged from small to medium sizes and were used for daily devotion. <a href="/wiki/Ponds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponds">Ponds</a> were often located beside a mosque. Arabic inscriptions in the mosques often include the name of the patron or builder. The most commonly cited verse from the Quran in inscriptions was Surah 72 (<a href="/wiki/Al-Jinn" title="Al-Jinn">Al-Jinn</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabar1989-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buildings were made of brick or stone. The brick mosque with terracotta decoration represented a grand structure in the Bengal Sultanate. They were often the gift of a wealthy patron and the fruit of extraordinary effort, which would not be found in every Muslim neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabar1989-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques were built across the length and breadth of the Bengal Sultanate. The highest concentration of mosques from the Bengal Sultanate can be found in the <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a> regions of Bangladesh and Indian West Bengal. A <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">mosque city</a> developed near the southwestern Bengali Sundarbans forest as a result of the patronization of Governor Khan Jahan Ali. In 1985, UNESCO designated the city as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central areas, the <a href="/wiki/Pathrail_Mosque" title="Pathrail Mosque">Pathrail Mosque</a> in Faridpur is one of the best-preserved sultanate-era structures. In the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Shankarpasha_Shahi_Masjid" title="Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid">Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a> is a well-preserved structure of the Bengal Sultanate. In the northeastern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panbari_Mosque" title="Panbari Mosque">Panbari Mosque</a> was built during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Hussain Shah. Other mosques can be found in coastal areas of West Bengal and parts of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Jamaluddin_Mosque" title="Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque">Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque</a>. In the southeast, the Santikan Mosque (built in the 1430s) stands in ruins in Rakhine State (formerly Arakan) of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (formerly Burma).<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imperial mosques had an in-built throne for the Sultan. These thrones are termed as <i>Badshah-e-Takht</i> (King's Throne). The Sultans sat on the elevated throne and addressed his subjects below. The Sultans also administered justice and managed government affairs while sitting on these thrones. Mosques served as royal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar.net_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosques across the Bengal Sultanate had these thrones. The Sultans traveled from one town to another and hosted royal court activities in mosques with a Badshah-e-Takht. The Badshah-e-Takht in <a href="/wiki/Kusumba_Mosque" title="Kusumba Mosque">Kusumba Mosque</a> is heavily decorated with a small intrinsically designed mihrab. The Adina Mosque has one of the largest royal galleries in the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-thedailystar.net_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Mosque architecture in the Bengal Sultanate</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badshah-e-Takht in Adina Mosque"><img alt="Badshah-e-Takht in Adina Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg/405px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg/608px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg/810px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Badshah-e-Takht in Adina Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multiple mihrabs in Darasbari Mosque"><img alt="Multiple mihrabs in Darasbari Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg/405px-Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg/607px-Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg/809px-Darashbari_Mosque_PRG_8155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multiple <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darasbari_Mosque" title="Darasbari Mosque">Darasbari Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pointed arches and a Bengal roof in Choto Sona Mosque"><img alt="Pointed arches and a Bengal roof in Choto Sona Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg/180px-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg/270px-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg/360px-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pointed arches and a Bengal roof in <a href="/wiki/Choto_Sona_Mosque" title="Choto Sona Mosque">Choto Sona Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nine_Dome_Mosque,_Bagerhat(%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6,_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F)_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engaged corner tower in Nine Dome Mosque"><img alt="Engaged corner tower in Nine Dome Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nine_Dome_Mosque%2C_Bagerhat%28%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%2C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%29_%287%29.jpg/202px-Nine_Dome_Mosque%2C_Bagerhat%28%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%2C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%29_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nine_Dome_Mosque%2C_Bagerhat%28%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%2C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%29_%287%29.jpg/304px-Nine_Dome_Mosque%2C_Bagerhat%28%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%2C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%29_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nine_Dome_Mosque%2C_Bagerhat%28%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%2C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%29_%287%29.jpg/405px-Nine_Dome_Mosque%2C_Bagerhat%28%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%2C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%29_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engaged corner tower in <a href="/wiki/Nine_Dome_Mosque" title="Nine Dome Mosque">Nine Dome Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta arabesque of Khania Dighi Mosque"><img alt="Terracotta arabesque of Khania Dighi Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg/180px-Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg/270px-Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg/360px-Chapai_KhaniaDighiMosque_03Jun16_MG_4937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="5194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracotta <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> of Khania Dighi Mosque</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomb_architecture">Tomb architecture</h4></div> <p>Mausoleums of the Bengal Sultanate are an important architectural hallmark. Initially, <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> were erected based on Iranian models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a>. Sarcophagi would include mihrabs and arches resembling the architecture in Adina Mosque. For example, the tomb of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah in Sonargaon has features similar to the architecture of Adina Mosque built by his father Sultan Sikandar Shah. An indigenous Islamic mausolea style developed with the <a href="/wiki/Eklakhi_Mausoleum" title="Eklakhi Mausoleum">Eklakhi Mausoleum</a>, which is the royal tomb chamber of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Other mausolea, such as the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur, featured a Bengal roof.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Tomb architecture in the Bengal Sultanate</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eklakhi Mausoleum in Pandua"><img alt="Eklakhi Mausoleum in Pandua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg/405px-Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg/608px-Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg/810px-Eklakhi_Mausoleum_at_Pandua_in_Malda_district_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eklakhi_Mausoleum" title="Eklakhi Mausoleum">Eklakhi Mausoleum</a> in Pandua</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bengal roof on the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur"><img alt="Bengal roof on the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG/376px-Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG" decoding="async" width="251" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG/564px-Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG/753px-Tomb_of_Fateh_Khan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bengal roof on the Tomb of Fateh Khan in Gaur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tombs of Choto Sona Mosque"><img alt="Tombs of Choto Sona Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg/405px-Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg/608px-Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg/810px-Chapai_ChotoSonaMashjidShomadhi_MG_5051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5194" data-file-height="3463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tombs of Choto Sona Mosque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A7%A9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cemetery of Bagha Mosque"><img alt="Cemetery of Bagha Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A7%A9%29.jpg/360px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A7%A9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A7%A9%29.jpg/540px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A7%A9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A7%A9%29.jpg/720px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A7%A9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Mosque" title="Bagha Mosque">Bagha Mosque</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legacy">Legacy</h4></div> <p>The architecture of the Bengal Sultanate has influenced <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> in Bangladesh. The sultanate era inspired the <a href="/wiki/Baitur_Rauf_Mosque" title="Baitur Rauf Mosque">Baitur Rauf Mosque</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_dynasties">List of dynasties</h2></div> <dl><dt>Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> </td> <td>1342–1358 </td> <td>Became the first sole ruler of whole <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> comprising <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a> </td> <td>1358–1390 </td> <td>Assassinated by his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> </td> <td>1390–1411 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Hamza_Shah" title="Saifuddin Hamza Shah">Saifuddin Hamza Shah</a> </td> <td>1411–1413 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Shah bin Hamza Shah </td> <td>1413 </td> <td>Assassinated by his father's slave <a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Bayazid_Shah" title="Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah">Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah</a> on the orders of the landlord of <a href="/wiki/Dinajpur" title="Dinajpur">Dinajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Bayazid_Shah" title="Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah">Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah</a> </td> <td>1413–1414 </td> <td>Assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah_I" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah I">Alauddin Firuz Shah I</a> </td> <td>1414 </td> <td>Son of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah. Assassinated by Raja Ganesha </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ganesha_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesha dynasty">Ganesha dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> </td> <td>1414–1415 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> </td> <td>1415–1416 </td> <td>Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> </td> <td>1416–1418 </td> <td>Second Phase </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> </td> <td>1418–1433 </td> <td>Second Phase </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ahmad_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah">Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah</a> </td> <td>1433–1435 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_(Sultan_of_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)">Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah I</a> </td> <td>1435–1459 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rukunuddin_Barbak_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukunuddin Barbak Shah">Rukunuddin Barbak Shah</a> </td> <td>1459–1474 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Yusuf_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah">Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah</a> </td> <td>1474–1481 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Shah II">Sikandar Shah II</a> </td> <td>1481 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Fateh_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Fateh Shah">Jalaluddin Fateh Shah</a> </td> <td>1481–1487 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Habshi rule (1487–1494)</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_Barbak" title="Shahzada Barbak">Shahzada Barbak</a> </td> <td>1487 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Firuz_Shah" title="Saifuddin Firuz Shah">Saifuddin Firuz Shah</a> </td> <td>1487–1489 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_II" title="Mahmud Shah II">Mahmud Shah II</a> </td> <td>1489–1490 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Muzaffar_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah">Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah</a> </td> <td>1490–1494 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a> </td> <td>1494–1518 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah</a> </td> <td>1518–1533 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah_II" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah II">Alauddin Firuz Shah II</a> </td> <td>1533 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah">Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah</a> </td> <td>1533–1538 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Governors under Suri rule (1539–1554)</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Khan_Surak" title="Khidr Khan Surak">Khidr Khan</a> </td> <td>1539–1541 </td> <td>Declared independence in 1541 and was replaced </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Fazilat" title="Qazi Fazilat">Qazi Fazilat</a> </td> <td>1541–1545 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Muhammad Khan Sur</a> </td> <td>1545–1554 </td> <td>Declared independence upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Islam_Shah_Suri" title="Islam Shah Suri">Islam Shah Suri</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–1564)</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Muhammad Khan Sur</a> </td> <td>1554–1555 </td> <td>Declared independence and styled himself as <i>Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah_II" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II">Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II</a> </td> <td>1555–1561 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Jalal_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah">Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah</a> </td> <td>1561–1563 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III (page does not exist)">Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III</a> </td> <td>1563–1564 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:180px;">Name </th> <th style="width:80px;">Reign </th> <th style="width:400px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taj_Khan_Karrani" title="Taj Khan Karrani">Taj Khan Karrani</a> </td> <td>1564–1566 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan Karrani</a> </td> <td>1566–1572 </td> <td>Defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajpatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajpatis (page does not exist)">Gajpatis</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Bhurshut</a> allianced marry his daughter to Bhurshut Maharaj brother and his conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <p>Rise of <a href="/wiki/Kalapahar" title="Kalapahar">Kalapahar</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Khan_Karrani" title="Bayazid Khan Karrani">Bayazid Khan Karrani</a> </td> <td>1572 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan Karrani</a> </td> <td>1572–1576 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_trees">Family trees</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:History of Bangladesh">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of <span class="fn org label">Bangladesh</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg/200px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg/300px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg/400px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="984" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:smaller;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7600 - 3300 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3300 – 1200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundra kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c.1280 – c. 300 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1200 – 200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c.1100 – c. 340 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">House of Vijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 543 BCE - 66 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700 – 200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 350 – c. 300 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 345 BCE– c. 322 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325 – 185 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 232 BCE – 800 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 185 BCE – c. 75 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Southwestern Silk Road</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 114 BCE – c. 1450 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 30 BCE – c. 600 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 240 – 550 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 350 – 1140 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom" title="Jaintia Kingdom">Jaintia Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 1835 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 590 – 626 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Laur_kingdom" title="Laur kingdom">Laur kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 - 1565 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 - 650 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600 – 1303 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 650 – 750 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_dynasty" title="Bhadra dynasty">Bhadra dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 700s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750 – 1100 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 900 – 1050 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1070 – 1320 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100 – 1250 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_invasion_of_Bengal" title="Ghurid invasion of Bengal">Ghurid Conquest</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1202 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_(Bengal)" title="Khalji dynasty (Bengal)">Khaljis of Bengal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1204 - 1231 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taraf_(Bengal)" title="Taraf (Bengal)">Taraf Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1200s – c. 1600s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhulua_Kingdom" title="Bhulua Kingdom">Bhulua Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1203 – 1600s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1204 – 1338 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206 – 1290 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1290 – 1320 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1320 – 1338,1342 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">City State Sultanates</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shahi_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shahi Dynasty">Sonargaon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1338 – 1352 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti/Gauda</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1342 – 1352 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Saptagram" title="Saptagram">Satagon/Saptagram</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1342 – 1352 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twipra_Kingdom" title="Twipra Kingdom">Twipra Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1400 – 1949 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1352 – 1576 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1342 – 1487 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ganesha" title="House of Ganesha">House of Ganesha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1414 – 1436 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Habshi_dynasty" title="Habshi dynasty">Habshi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1487 – 1494 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussein Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1494 – 1538 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Interruption</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1539 – 1554 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shahi_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shahi Dynasty (page does not exist)">Muhammad Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1554 – 1564 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1564 – 1576 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1489 – 1700s CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1515 – 1956 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1540 – 1556 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Twelve Bhuyans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1550 – 1620 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Porto_Grande_de_Bengala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Grande de Bengala">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528 – 1666 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1530 – 1666 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1576 – 1717 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1576 – 1717 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Raj" title="Rajshahi Raj">Rajshahi Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1700s - 1950 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1700s - 1900s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1602 – 1611 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raja_Sitaram_Ray" title="Raja Sitaram Ray">Sitaram Ray Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1688 – 1714 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1717 – 1757 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Maratha Invasions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1742 - 1751 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">Siege of Calcutta</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1756 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shamsher_Gazi" title="Shamsher Gazi">Shamsher Gazi's Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1748 – 1760 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1757 – 1858 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1772 - 1913 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Faraizi_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraizi Movement">Faraizi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1818 – 1884 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857 – 1858 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1858 – 1947 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1905 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Bengal and Assam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1905 - 1912 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal Famine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Bengali Prime Minister</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1937 - 1947 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1947 – 1955 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1947 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1947 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948 – 1956 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955 – 1971 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1965 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Point Movement">Six Point Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1966 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/1969_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 uprising in East Pakistan">East Pakistan Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">Pakistani general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence">Independence Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971 – 1972 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Genocide">Bangladesh Genocide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Pakistan">Surrender of Pakistan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_(1971%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bangladesh (1971–present)">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Bangladesh famine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League">Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jail_Killing_Day" title="Jail Killing Day">Jail Killing Day</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">Military rule</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975 – 1990 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups in Bangladesh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975 - 2011 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977 - 1997 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">Mass Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">Transition to democracy</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991 – 2008 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh" title="Caretaker government of Bangladesh">Caretaker government of Bangladesh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord">Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Bangladeshi political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2008 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">Hasina era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2024 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vision_2021" title="Vision 2021">Vision 2021 and Digital Bangladesh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Shapla_Square_protests" title="2013 Shapla Square protests">Shapla Square protests</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" title="2015 Bangladeshi political crisis">2015 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road-safety_protests" title="2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests">2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Bangladesh_Communal_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence">2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_Bangladesh" title="Smart Bangladesh">Smart Bangladesh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022- 2024 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">Interim Government era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024–present CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">Yunus ministry</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline of Bangladeshi history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bengal_Sultanate" title="Category:Bengal Sultanate">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Sultanate</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanate_of_Bengal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sultanate_of_Bengal.png/150px-Sultanate_of_Bengal.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sultanate_of_Bengal.png/225px-Sultanate_of_Bengal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sultanate_of_Bengal.png/300px-Sultanate_of_Bengal.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ruling dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a> (1342–1414) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> 1342-1358</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a> 1358-1390</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> 1390-1411</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Hamza_Shah" title="Saifuddin Hamza Shah">Saifuddin Hamza Shah</a> 1411-1413</li> <li>Muhammad bin Hamza Shah 1413</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Bayazid_Shah" title="Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah">Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah</a> 1413-1414</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah_I" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah I">Alauddin Firuz Shah I</a> 1414</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ganesha" title="House of Ganesha">House of Ganesha</a> (1414–35) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> 1414-1415</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> 1415-1416</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> 1416-1418</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> 1418-1433</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ahmad_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah">Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah</a> 1433-1435</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty"><span style="font-size:85%;">Restored</span> Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a> (1435–87) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Bengal" title="Mahmud Shah of Bengal">Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah</a> 1435-1459</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruknuddin_Barbak_Shah" title="Ruknuddin Barbak Shah">Ruknuddin Barbak Shah</a> 1459-1474</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Yusuf_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah">Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah</a> 1474-1481</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuruddin_Sikandar_Shah" title="Nuruddin Sikandar Shah">Nuruddin Sikandar Shah</a> 1481</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Fateh_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Fateh Shah">Jalaluddin Fateh Shah</a> 1481-1487</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Habshi rule (1487–94) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_Barbak" title="Shahzada Barbak">Shahzada Barbak</a> 1487</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Firuz_Shah" title="Saifuddin Firuz Shah">Saifuddin Firuz Shah</a> 1487-1489</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_II" title="Mahmud Shah II">Mahmud Shah II</a> 1489-1490</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Muzaffar_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah">Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah</a> 1490-1494</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a> (1494–1538) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a> 1494-1518</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah</a> 1518-1533</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah_II" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah II">Alauddin Firuz Shah II</a> 1533</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah">Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah</a> 1533-1538</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–64) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah</a> 1554-1555</li> <li>Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah I 1555-1561</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Jalal_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah">Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah</a> 1561-1563</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah_II" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II">Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II</a> 1563-1564</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a> (1564–76) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Khan_Karrani" title="Taj Khan Karrani">Taj Khan Karrani</a> 1564-1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan Karrani</a> 1565-1572</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Khan_Karrani" title="Bayazid Khan Karrani">Bayazid Khan Karrani</a> 1572</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan Karrani</a> 1572-1576</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Mint Towns: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifatabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatabad">Khalifatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chatgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanda,_Bengal" title="Tanda, Bengal">Tanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridpur_District" title="Faridpur District">Fatehabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajo" title="Hajo">Hajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh">Jaunpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk U</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Realms: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandradwip" title="Chandradwip">Chandradwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Srihat</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Architecture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Dome_Mosque" title="Sixty Dome Mosque">Sixty Dome Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firoz_Minar" title="Firoz Minar">Firoz Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choto_Sona_Mosque" title="Choto Sona Mosque">Choto Sona Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro_Shona_Masjid" title="Baro Shona Masjid">Baro Shona Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Mosque" title="Bagha Mosque">Bagha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathrail_Mosque" title="Pathrail Mosque">Pathrail Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbari_Mosque" title="Panbari Mosque">Panbari Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarpasha_Shahi_Masjid" title="Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid">Shankarpasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaldi_Mosque" title="Goaldi Mosque">Goaldi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majidbaria_Shahi_Mosque" title="Majidbaria Shahi Mosque">Majidbaria Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darasbari_Mosque" title="Darasbari Mosque">Darasbari Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eklakhi_Mausoleum" title="Eklakhi Mausoleum">Eklakhi Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muazzampur_Shahi_Mosque" title="Muazzampur Shahi Mosque">Muazzampur Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasba_Mosque" title="Qasba Mosque">Qasba Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusumba_Mosque" title="Kusumba Mosque">Kusumba Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_Mosque" title="Sura Mosque">Sura Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Dome_Mosque" title="Nine Dome Mosque">Nine Dome Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Jamaluddin_Mosque" title="Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque">Jamaluddin Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrat_Gazi_Mosque" title="Nasrat Gazi Mosque">Nasrat Gazi Mosque</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha" title="Yusuf-Zulekha">Yusuf-Zulekha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Persian influence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a></li></ul></li> <li>Education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyathiyyah_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyathiyyah Madrasah">Ghiyathiyyah Madrasah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">History of the taka</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Warfare</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Delhi_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate–Delhi Sultanate War">Ekdala Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate_conquest_of_Orissa" title="Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa">Conquest of Orissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal%E2%80%93Jaunpur_confrontation" title="Bengal–Jaunpur confrontation">Jaunpur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconquest of Arakan">Reconquest of Arakan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kamata_Kingdom_War" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kamata Kingdom War">Conquest of Kamata </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate%E2%80%93Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U_War_of_1512%E2%80%931516" title="Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516">Mrauk U War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_invasion_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal invasion of Bengal">Mughal invasion of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghaghra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rajmahal" title="Battle of Rajmahal">Rajmahal</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengal_Sultanate" title="Template:Bengal Sultanate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengal_Sultanate" title="Template talk:Bengal Sultanate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal_Sultanate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal Sultanate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1342–1414)"><span id="Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_.281342.E2.80.931414.29"></span>Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1342–1414)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Ilyas Shahi Dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Ilyas Shah</a></b> <br />?–1358 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1342–1358</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah I</a></b> <br />?–1390 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1358–1390</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a></b> <br />?–1411 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1390–1411</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Hamza_Shah" title="Saifuddin Hamza Shah">Hamza Shah</a></b> <br />?–1412 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1411–1412</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shah_(Ilyas_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shah (Ilyas dynasty) (page does not exist)">Muhammad Shah I</a></b> <br />?–1413 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1412–1413</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Bayazid_Shah" title="Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah">Bayazid Shah</a></b> <br />?–1414 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1413–1414</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah_I" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah I">Firuz Shah II</a></b> <br />?–1414 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1414</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ganesha_Dynasty_(1414–1436)"><span id="Ganesha_Dynasty_.281414.E2.80.931436.29"></span>Ganesha Dynasty (1414–1436)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Ganesha Dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Ganesha</a></b> <br />?–1418 <br /><b>Raja of Bengal</b> <br />R.1414–1415, <br />1416–1418</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah II</a></b> <br />?–1433 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1415–1416, <br />1418–1433</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ahmad_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah">Ahmad Shah</a></b> <br />1419–1436 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1433–1436</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restored_Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_(1436–1487)"><span id="Restored_Ilyas_Shahi_Dynasty_.281436.E2.80.931487.29"></span>Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty (1436–1487)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Restored Ilyas Shahi Dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Bengal" title="Mahmud Shah of Bengal">Mahmud Shah I</a></b> <br />?–1459 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1436–1459</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Ruknuddin_Barbak_Shah" title="Ruknuddin Barbak Shah">Barbak Shah I</a></b> <br />?–1474 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1459–1474</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Nuruddin_Sikandar_Shah" title="Nuruddin Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah II</a></b> <br />?–1481 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1481</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Fateh_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Fateh Shah">Fateh Shah</a></b> <br />?–1487 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1481–1487</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Yusuf_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah">Yusuf Shah</a></b> <br />?–1481 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1474–1481</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habshi_Rule_(1487–1494)"><span id="Habshi_Rule_.281487.E2.80.931494.29"></span>Habshi Rule (1487–1494)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Habshi Rulers </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_Barbak" title="Shahzada Barbak">Barbak Shah II</a></b> <br />?–1487 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1487</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Firuz_Shah" title="Saifuddin Firuz Shah">Firuz Shah III</a></b> <br />?–1489 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1487–1489</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_II" title="Mahmud Shah II">Mahmud Shah II</a></b> <br />?–1490 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1489–1490</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Muzaffar_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah">Muzaffar Shah</a></b> <br />?–1494 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1490–1494</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hussain_Shahi_Dynasty_(1494–1538)"><span id="Hussain_Shahi_Dynasty_.281494.E2.80.931538.29"></span>Hussain Shahi Dynasty (1494–1538)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Hussain Shahi Dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Husain_Shah" title="Alauddin Husain Shah">Hussain Shah</a></b> <br />?–1519 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1494–1519</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Danyal_(Hussain_Shahi_dynasty)" title="Danyal (Hussain Shahi dynasty)">Daniyal</a></b> <br />?–1515</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Nasrat_Shah" title="Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah">Nasrat Shah</a></b> <br />?–1533 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1519–1533</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Mahmud_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah">Mahmud Shah III</a></b> <br />?–1538 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1533–1538</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Firuz_Shah_II" title="Alauddin Firuz Shah II">Firuz Shah IV</a></b> <br />?–1533 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1533</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad_Shahi_Dynasty_(1554–1564)"><span id="Muhammad_Shahi_Dynasty_.281554.E2.80.931564.29"></span>Muhammad Shahi Dynasty (1554–1564)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Muhammad Shahi Dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khan_Sur" title="Muhammad Khan Sur">Muhammad Shah III</a></b> <br />?–1555 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1554–1555</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah_II" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a></b> <br />?–1561 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1555–1561</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Jalal_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah">Jalal Shah</a></b> <br />?–1563 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1561–1563</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Bahadur_Shah_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III (page does not exist)">Bahadur Shah III</a></b> <br />?–1564 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1563–1564</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karrani_Dynasty_(1564–1576)"><span id="Karrani_Dynasty_.281564.E2.80.931576.29"></span>Karrani Dynasty (1564–1576)</h3></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60%; width:60%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:60%">Karrani Dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Unnamed</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Taj_Khan_Karrani" title="Taj Khan Karrani">Taj Khan</a></b> <br />?–1565 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1564–1565</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Khan_Karrani" title="Sulaiman Khan Karrani">Sulaiman Khan</a></b> <br />?–1572 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1565–1572</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Khan_Karrani" title="Bayazid Khan Karrani">Bayazid Khan</a></b> <br />?–1572 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1572</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan</a></b> <br />?–1576 <br /><b>Sultan of Bengal</b> <br />R.1572–1576</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah held his court in Sonargaon.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indranarayan's inability to resist the Muslims paved the way for the rise of the Bhuyans. Indeed, one of them, Arimatta or Sasanka became so ambitious that he killed Indranarayan and usurped the throne of Kamata.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon">"Sonargaon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218050811/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Sonargaon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSonargaon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarkar, Jadunath (1973) [First published 1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II: Muslim Period, 1200–1757. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 96. OCLC 924890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"About Chittagong:History" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183343/http://www.lged.gov.bd/DistrictLGED.aspx?DistrictID=11">URL Archive</a>. Local Government Engineering Department, Government of Bangladesh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183"><i>Land of Two Rivers A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 6 "Turkish Invasion The Kingdom of Gaur under Early Turkish Ruler". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143416784" title="Special:BookSources/9780143416784"><bdi>9780143416784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=6+%22Turkish+Invasion+The+Kingdom+of+Gaur+under+Early+Turkish+Ruler%22&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780143416784&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History">"History"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>Shah-i-Bangalah, Shah-i-Bangaliyan and Sultan-i-Bangalah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi2004_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi2004_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Keat Gin Ooi</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA171"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton1996-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eaton1996_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 64–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2003" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA139"><i>Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004135611" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004135611"><bdi>978-9004135611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Islamic+society%3A+14th+%E2%80%93+15th+centuries&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9004135611&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyYslywJUE8C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2003" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</i>. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1988" class="citation book cs1">Embree, Ainslie (1988). <i>Encyclopedia of Asian history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Society" title="Asia Society">Asia Society</a>. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+history&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Asia+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahapedia.org/gaur-and-pandua-architecture">"Gaur and Pandua Architecture"</a>. <i>Sahapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113111721/https://www.sahapedia.org/gaur-and-pandua-architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahapedia&rft.atitle=Gaur+and+Pandua+Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahapedia.org%2Fgaur-and-pandua-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stars-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stars_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stars_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177">"Evolution of Bangla"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 21 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911153955/https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/cover-story/news/evolution-bangla-1705177">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Bangla&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fshout%2Fcover-story%2Fnews%2Fevolution-bangla-1705177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia,_Mohini_Kumar1978" class="citation book cs1">Saikia, Mohini Kumar (1978). <i>Assam-Muslim Relation and Its Cultural Significance</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Once+upon+a+fort%3A+Gaur%27s+Firoz+Minar+is+still+an+imposing+sight&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Safvi&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fonce-upon-a-fort-gaurs-firoz-minar-is-still-an-imposing-sight%2Farticle26407049.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMs5xapBewM">"Bar chart race: the most populous cities through time"</a>, <i>Financial Times</i>, 20 March 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/pMs5xapBewM">archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bar+chart+race%3A+the+most+populous+cities+through+time&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpMs5xapBewM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2019" class="citation web cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (30 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential">"Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003030/https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Gujarat%27s+medieval+cities+were+once+the+biggest+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+as+a+viral+video+reminds+us&rft.date=2019-03-30&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F917929%2Fmedieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndayaAndaya2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AndayaAndaya2015_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_AndayaLeonard_Y._Andaya2015" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88992-6"><bdi>978-0-521-88992-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia%2C+1400%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88992-6&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rft.au=Leonard+Y.+Andaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rh2BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Know Your State West Bengal</i>. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 15. <q>Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Know+Your+State+West+Bengal&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Arihant+Experts&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2004). <i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)</i>. p. 226. <q>Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions. That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=226&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237"><i>Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections</i></a>. Brill. 2020. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43736-4"><bdi>978-90-04-43736-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222946/https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+History+and+Culture+in+India%3A+Identity%2C+Art+and+Transregional+Connections&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43736-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml75DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinhaj-ud-din1881" class="citation book cs1">Minhaj-ud-din, Maulana Abu' Umar-i-Usman (1881). <i>Tabakat-i-Nasiri translated from Original Persian texts by Maj. H. G. Raverty</i>. Kolkata: The Asiatic Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">572–</span>595.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabakat-i-Nasiri+translated+from+Original+Persian+texts+by+Maj.+H.+G.+Raverty&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E572-%3C%2Fspan%3E595&rft.pub=The+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Minhaj-ud-din&rft.aufirst=Maulana+Abu%27+Umar-i-Usman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunal_Chakrabarti_2013_p._12_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kunal Chakrabarti; Shubhra Chakrabarti (22 August 2013). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8024-5">978-0-8108-8024-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">"Iliyas Shah"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604022946/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Iliyas+Shah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIliyas_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4">978-0-14-341678-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2011_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2011_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2011_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lewis2011" class="citation book cs1">David Lewis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44"><i>Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50257-3&rft.au=David+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lH40gT7xvYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9">978-0-520-20507-9</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah">"Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703125155/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Ghiyasuddin+Azam+Shah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGhiyasuddin_Azam_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins">"Coins"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113111901/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Coins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCoins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon">"Sonargaon"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218050811/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sonargaon">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Sonargaon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSonargaon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglapedia.org1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia.org1_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah">"Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jalaluddin+Muhammad+Shah&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DJalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton, Richard M. (1996). <i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520205079" title="Special:BookSources/9780520205079">9780520205079</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605200520/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/06/25/pandua-the-lost-capital-of-the-sultanate-of-bengal">"Pandua: The Lost Capital of the Sultanate of Bengal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2018/06/25/pandua-the-lost-capital-of-the-sultanate-of-bengal">the original</a> on 5 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandua%3A+The+Lost+Capital+of+the+Sultanate+of+Bengal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehistoryindia.com%2Fcover-story%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Fpandua-the-lost-capital-of-the-sultanate-of-bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (2017). <i>China's Development from a Global Perspective</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 57–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2">978-1-5275-0417-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aniruddha Ray (2016). <i>Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 165. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99731-7">978-1-351-99731-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321">"Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703185032/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Mosque+City+of+Bagerhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1980" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/215/mode/1up"><i>The Delhi Sultanate - The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI</i></a> (3rd ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate+-+The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People.+Vol.+VI&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bombay%3A+Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdelhisultanate0006rcma%2Fpage%2F215%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2011). <i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i>. Penguin Books India. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143416784" title="Special:BookSources/9780143416784"><bdi>9780143416784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780143416784&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA63"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802113650/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA63&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvk7yD8L2AAxXeSaQEHR_4BVkQ6AF6BAgLEAM">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>. <q>Ala al-Din Hasan, a Mecan Arab...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA38"><i>A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-152-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802114425/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA38&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihouG78b2AAxWLXqQEHajIBks4ChDoAXoECAMQAw">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-152-2&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2OKvG5wbaAC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJr2015" class="citation book cs1">Jr, Everett Jenkins (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335"><i>The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570–1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</i></a>. McFarland. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0888-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-0888-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802114426/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335&dq=&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiggbf08b2AAxVaQaQEHeZgAzE4FBDoAXoECAQQAw">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%28Volume+1%2C+570%E2%80%931500%29%3A+A+Comprehensive+Chronology+of+the+Spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0888-4&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=Everett+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBIkCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). <i>The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118274026" title="Special:BookSources/9781118274026"><bdi>9781118274026</bdi></a>. <q>In their embassy to Bengal, at the time under the control of the Afghan Hussain Shahi dynasty,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Empire+in+Asia%2C+1500-1700%3A+A+Political+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781118274026&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasistha2022" class="citation book cs1">Basistha, Dr Nandini (9 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0l9YEAAAQBAJ"><i>Politics Of Separatism</i></a>. K.K. Publications. p. 48. <q>Though he was a valiant fighter in the battlefield, yet, he had to give in to the tricks and military game-plans used by the generals of the army of Alauddin Hussain Shah (c1493—1519), the Afghan ruler of Gaur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+Of+Separatism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.aulast=Basistha&rft.aufirst=Dr+Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0l9YEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Kamatapura">"Kamata-Kamatapura"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kamata-Kamatapura&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKamata-Kamatapura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a>, ed. (1980) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/219/mode/1up"><i>The Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI (3rd ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 219, 243. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664485">664485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.place=Bombay&rft.series=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pages=219%2C+243&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdelhisultanate0006rcma%2Fpage%2F219%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury1917" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury" title="Achyut Charan Choudhury">Choudhury, Achyut Charan</a> (1917). <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/bn:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AA" class="extiw" title="s:bn:পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের ইতিবৃত্ত - উত্তরাংশ.pdf/৪৮৪">Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho</a></i> <bdi lang="bn">শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ</bdi> (in Bengali). Calcutta: Katha. p. 484 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srihattar+Itibritta%3A+Uttarrangsho+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%3A+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Katha&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Achyut+Charan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahar1999" class="citation book cs1">Motahar, Hosne Ara (1999). "Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective". In Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (ed.). <i>Sylhet: History and Heritage</i>. Bangladesh Itihas Samiti. pp. <span class="nowrap">714–</span>715. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-31-0478-1" title="Special:BookSources/984-31-0478-1"><bdi>984-31-0478-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Museum+Establishment+and+Heritage+Preservation%3A+Sylhet+Perspective&rft.btitle=Sylhet%3A+History+and+Heritage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E714-%3C%2Fspan%3E715&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Itihas+Samiti&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=984-31-0478-1&rft.aulast=Motahar&rft.aufirst=Hosne+Ara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a>, ed. (1980) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/219/mode/1up"><i>The Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI (3rd ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664485">664485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.place=Bombay&rft.series=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pages=218&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdelhisultanate0006rcma%2Fpage%2F219%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan2007p16-17-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasan2007p16-17_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasan2007p16-17_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerween_Hasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Perween Hasan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16"><i>Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-381-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+and+Mosques%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Architecture+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-381-0&rft.au=Perween+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUunyz4qFZwEC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartzberg1992-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartzberg1992_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartzberg1992_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=077"><i>A Historical Atlas of South Asia</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195068696" title="Special:BookSources/9780195068696"><bdi>9780195068696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780195068696&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1953" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Vijaykanta (1953). "Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">200–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303873">44303873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+Oiniwara+Dynasty+of+Mithila&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44303873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Vijaykanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-en.banglapedia.org-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-en.banglapedia.org_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-en.banglapedia.org_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-en.banglapedia.org_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The">"Portuguese, The"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Portuguese%2C+The&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPortuguese%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elisseeff1998-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elisseeff1998_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadime_Elisseeff1998" class="citation book cs1">Vadime Elisseeff (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161"><i>The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-221-6"><bdi>978-1-57181-221-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014103/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVVoRKSZxagC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Roads%3A+Highways+of+Culture+and+Commerce&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-221-6&rft.au=Vadime+Elisseeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVVoRKSZxagC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarker1994" class="citation book cs1">Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8GH0MBWfcoC&q=muhammad+khan+sur+independence"><i>Himu, the Hindu "Hero" of Medieval India: Against the Background of Afghan-Mughal Conflicts</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-483-5"><bdi>978-81-7156-483-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himu%2C+the+Hindu+%22Hero%22+of+Medieval+India%3A+Against+the+Background+of+Afghan-Mughal+Conflicts&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-483-5&rft.aulast=Sarker&rft.aufirst=Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8GH0MBWfcoC%26q%3Dmuhammad%2Bkhan%2Bsur%2Bindependence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton, Richard M. (1993). <i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 140–142. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20507-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20507-3">0-520-20507-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">"Bengal"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180854/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He founded the Bengali Husayn Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1493 to 1538, and was known to be tolerant to Hindus, employing many on them in his service and promoting a form of religious pluralism" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lewis2011" class="citation book cs1">David Lewis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44"><i>Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50257-3&rft.au=David+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lH40gT7xvYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Karim2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_(historian)" title="Abdul Karim (historian)">Abdul Karim</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nur_Qutb_Alam">"Nur Qutb Alam"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nur+Qutb+Alam&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Abdul+Karim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DNur_Qutb_Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dani-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dani_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_Dani1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Ahmad Hasan Dani</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126929/page/n125">"Analysis of the Inscriptions"</a>. <i>Asiatic Society Of Pakistan Vol II</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+Inscriptions&rft.btitle=Asiatic+Society+Of+Pakistan+Vol+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.126929%2Fpage%2Fn125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglapedia1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mint_Towns">"Mint Towns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mint+Towns&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMint_Towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglapedia2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia2_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia2_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia2_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Military">"Military"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMilitary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i>. University of California Press. p. 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9">978-0-520-20507-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerween_Hasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Perween Hasan (2007). <i>Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-381-0</bdi></a>. <q>He also wrote to Sultan Ibrahim Sharqi of the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur imploring him to invade Bengal and rid them of Raja Ganesh, but the Raja was able to deal successfully with the invader.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+and+Mosques%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Architecture+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-381-0&rft.au=Perween+Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard (31 July 1996). <i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760</i>. University of California Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204-1760&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press.&rft.date=1996-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2005" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chung (2005). <i>India and China Twenty Centuries of Civilization Interaction and Vibrations</i>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Its my northeast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itsmynortheast.com/2011/06/a-forgotten-chapter-of-history-panbari-mosque/#comment-502">the original</a> on 4 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1980) [First published 1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/217/mode/1up"><i>The Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI (3rd ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664485">664485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.place=Bombay&rft.series=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People&rft.pages=217&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdelhisultanate0006rcma%2Fpage%2F217%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196695-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196695_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcharyya1966">Acharyya 1966</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu197025-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu197025_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasu197025_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasu1970">Basu 1970</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakespear201231–32_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakespear2012">Shakespear 2012</a>, p. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196696-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcharyya196696_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcharyya1966">Acharyya 1966</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/10736-gold-tanka-of-bengal-sultan-rukn-Al-din-barbak-shah">"Gold Tanka of Bengal Sultan Rukn Al-Din Barbak Shah"</a>. <i>Mintage World</i>. 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5083-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5083-240-0"><bdi>978-93-5083-240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Durgeshnandini&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.isbn=978-93-5083-240-0&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Bankim+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPobpAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DShah%2BIsmail%2BGhazi%2Bmandaran%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaladanpress.org/index.php/scholar-column-mainmenu-36/arakan/1135-bader-maqams-or-the-shrines-of-badr-al-din-auliya-part-ii.html">"Bader Maqams or the shrines of Badr Al-Din-Auliya (Part II) - Kaladan Press Network"</a>. <i>www.kaladanpress.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kaladanpress.org&rft.atitle=Bader+Maqams+or+the+shrines+of+Badr+Al-Din-Auliya+%28Part+II%29+-+Kaladan+Press+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaladanpress.org%2Findex.php%2Fscholar-column-mainmenu-36%2Farakan%2F1135-bader-maqams-or-the-shrines-of-badr-al-din-auliya-part-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjan2004" class="citation book cs1">Ranjan, Patnaik (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIzXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Religious History of Orissa</i></a>. Indian Publishers' Distributors. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7341-339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7341-339-1"><bdi>978-81-7341-339-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+History+of+Orissa&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Indian+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7341-339-1&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Patnaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIzXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwarul1980" class="citation book cs1">Anwarul, Haque (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ"><i>Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751</i></a>. Punthi Pustak. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Administration+in+Orissa%2C+1568-1751&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Punthi+Pustak&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Anwarul&rft.aufirst=Haque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo8eAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul" class="citation web cs1">Sirajul, Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">"Ilyas Shah"</a>. <i>Banglapedia Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241202205855/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=Ilyas+Shah&rft.aulast=Sirajul&rft.aufirst=Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIliyas_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prajñā-bhāratī</i>. Vol. 6. K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute. 1992. pp. 175–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2000). <i>Numismatic Digest</i>. Vol. 21–22. Numismatic Society of Bombay. pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton1996p64-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton1996p64_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton1996p64_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton1996p64_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64">64–</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislambenga00eato%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Hammer2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Joshua Hammer (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/">"The Hidden City of Myanmar"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219143126/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+City+of+Myanmar&rft.date=2019-12&rft.au=Joshua+Hammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fhidden-city-myanmar-180973486%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan1987-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan1987_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayed_Mahmudul_Hasan1987" class="citation book cs1">Sayed Mahmudul Hasan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Muslim monuments of Bangladesh</i></a>. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092413/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+monuments+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Islamic+Foundation+Bangladesh&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Sayed+Mahmudul+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C"><i>Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report</i></a>. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Census+of+Bangladesh%2C+1974%3A+District+census+report&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Bureau+of+Statistics%2C+Statistics+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Planning%2C+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcE7C3wpNgX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosne_Ara_Motahar1999" class="citation conference cs1">Hosne Ara Motahar (1999). "Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective". In Sharif Uddin Ahmed (ed.). <i>Sylhet: History and Heritage</i>. Bangladesh Itihas Samiti. p. 715. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-31-0478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-31-0478-6"><bdi>978-984-31-0478-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Museum+Establishment+and+Heritage+Preservation%3A+Sylhet+Perspective&rft.btitle=Sylhet%3A+History+and+Heritage&rft.pages=715&rft.pub=Bangladesh+Itihas+Samiti&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-984-31-0478-6&rft.au=Hosne+Ara+Motahar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury1917" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury" title="Achyut Charan Choudhury">Choudhury, Achyut Charan</a> (1917). <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/bn:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AE" class="extiw" title="s:bn:পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের ইতিবৃত্ত - উত্তরাংশ.pdf/২৮৮">Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho</a></i> <bdi lang="bn">শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ</bdi> (in Bengali). Calcutta: Katha. p. 288 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srihattar+Itibritta%3A+Uttarrangsho+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%3A+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Katha&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Achyut+Charan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRila_Mukherjee2011" class="citation book cs1">Rila Mukherjee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34"><i>Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism</i></a>. Primus Books. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-20-7"><bdi>978-93-80607-20-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092412/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>The <i>Sri Rajmala</i> indicates that the periodic invasions of Tripura by the Bengal sultans were part of the same strategy [to control the sub-Himalayan routes from the south-eastern delta]. Mines of coarse gold were found in Tripura.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagic+Passageways%3A+The+Northern+Bay+of+Bengal+Before+Colonialism&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-20-7&rft.au=Rila+Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xeqhnYtrKcC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerween_Hasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Perween Hasan (2007). <i>Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-381-0</bdi></a>. <q>[Husayn Shah] reduced the kingdoms of ... Tripura in the east to vassalage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+and+Mosques%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Architecture+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-381-0&rft.au=Perween+Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah">"Iliyas Shah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iliyas+Shah&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIliyas_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerween_Hasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Perween Hasan (2007). <i>Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-381-0</bdi></a>. <q>[Ilyas Shah] extended his domain in every direction by defeating the local Hindu <i>rajas</i> (kings)—in the south to Jajnagar (Orissa).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+and+Mosques%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Architecture+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-381-0&rft.au=Perween+Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103102347/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">"Bengal"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">the original</a> on 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H Munro (2015). <i>Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements and Coin Substitutes</i>. Routledge. p. 176. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32191-0">978-1-317-32191-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habib2011-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Habib2011_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habib2011_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_Habib2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA185"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2791-1"><bdi>978-81-317-2791-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212706/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+History+of+Medieval+India%2C+1200%E2%80%931500&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2791-1&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8kO4J3mXUAC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee2011-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee2011_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRila_Mukherjee2011" class="citation book cs1">Rila Mukherjee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30"><i>Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-20-7"><bdi>978-93-80607-20-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Some of them [items exported from Bengal to China] were probably re-exports. The Bengal ports possibly functioned as entrepots in Western routes in the trade with China.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagic+Passageways%3A+The+Northern+Bay+of+Bengal+Before+Colonialism&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-20-7&rft.au=Rila+Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xeqhnYtrKcC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapan_RaychaudhuriIrfan_Habib1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tapan_Raychaudhuri" title="Tapan Raychaudhuri">Tapan Raychaudhuri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a>, eds. (1982). <i>The Cambridge Economic History of India</i>. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22692-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22692-9"><bdi>978-0-521-22692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22692-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Dolores_ElizaldeWang_Jianlang2017" class="citation book cs1">María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>China's Development from a Global Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-0417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Development+from+a+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores+Elizalde&rft.au=Wang+Jianlang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjI9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._N._Nanda2005" class="citation book cs1">J. N. Nanda (2005). <i>Bengal: the unique state</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+the+unique+state&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-149-2&rft.au=J.+N.+Nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markovits2004-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markovits2004_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markovits2004_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Markovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Claude Markovits, ed. (2004) [1994 as Histoire de L'Inde Moderne]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA37"><i>A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-004-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-004-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trade_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhury,_Sushil2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chaudhury, Sushil (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Trade_and_Commerce">"Trade and Commerce"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Commerce&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Chaudhury%2C+Sushil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTrade_and_Commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Conti,_Nicolo_de">"Conti, Nicolo de"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conti%2C+Nicolo+de&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DConti%2C_Nicolo_de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Frederick,_Caeser">"Frederick, Caeser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frederick%2C+Caeser&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFrederick%2C_Caeser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Coins">"Coins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coins&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCoins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA47"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106124647/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpedia-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bpedia_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Karim2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abdul Karim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasia_Madrasa">"Ghiyasia Madrasa"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghiyasia+Madrasa&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Abdul+Karim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGhiyasia_Madrasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton1993-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eaton1993_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Maxwell_Eaton1993" class="citation book cs1">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08077-5"><bdi>978-0-520-08077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08077-5&rft.au=Richard+Maxwell+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislambenga00eato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobania2003-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sobania2003_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobania2003_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._W._Sobania2003" class="citation book cs1">N. W. Sobania (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00soba"><i>Culture and Customs of Kenya</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00soba/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31486-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31486-5"><bdi>978-0-313-31486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Kenya&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31486-5&rft.au=N.+W.+Sobania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00soba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaBrakel2016-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaBrakel2016_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaBrakel2016_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin_MaJaap_van_Brakel2016" class="citation book cs1">Lin Ma; Jaap van Brakel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPjSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>Fundamentals of Comparative and Intercultural Philosophy</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6017-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-6017-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223950/https://books.google.com/books?id=vPjSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Comparative+and+Intercultural+Philosophy&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6017-8&rft.au=Lin+Ma&rft.au=Jaap+van+Brakel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPjSCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Dolores_ElizaldeWang_Jianlang2017" class="citation book cs1">María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>China's Development from a Global Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-0417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Development+from+a+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores+Elizalde&rft.au=Wang+Jianlang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjI9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglapedia.org-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia.org_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia.org_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah">"Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghiyasuddin+Azam+Shah&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGhiyasuddin_Azam_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopichLeitich2013-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich2013_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._TopichKeith_A._Leitich2013" class="citation book cs1">William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17"><i>The History of Myanmar</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1"><bdi>978-0-313-35725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Myanmar&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35725-1&rft.au=William+J.+Topich&rft.au=Keith+A.+Leitich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIuaa5yKv-sC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtak1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ptak, Roderich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/trade-and-diplomacy-in-indiachina-relations-a-study-of-bengal-during-the-fifteenth-century-by-ray-haraprasad-pp-ix-221-3-maps-new-delhi-radiant-publishers-london-sangam-books-1993-rs-200/BE39CDDE8F973EED2E7AC4BA9A22D6AD">"Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal During the Fifteenth Century. By Haraprasad Ray. pp. ix, 221, 3 maps. New Delhi, Radiant Publishers; London, Sangam Books, 1993. Rs 200"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">300–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300015637">10.1017/S1356186300015637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164048218">164048218</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101193711/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/trade-and-diplomacy-in-indiachina-relations-a-study-of-bengal-during-the-fifteenth-century-by-ray-haraprasad-pp-ix-221-3-maps-new-delhi-radiant-publishers-london-sangam-books-1993-rs-200/BE39CDDE8F973EED2E7AC4BA9A22D6AD">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Trade+and+Diplomacy+in+India-China+Relations%3A+A+Study+of+Bengal+During+the+Fifteenth+Century.+By+Haraprasad+Ray.+pp.+ix%2C+221%2C+3+maps.+New+Delhi%2C+Radiant+Publishers%3B+London%2C+Sangam+Books%2C+1993.+Rs+200.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186300015637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164048218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ptak&rft.aufirst=Roderich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Ftrade-and-diplomacy-in-indiachina-relations-a-study-of-bengal-during-the-fifteenth-century-by-ray-haraprasad-pp-ix-221-3-maps-new-delhi-radiant-publishers-london-sangam-books-1993-rs-200%2FBE39CDDE8F973EED2E7AC4BA9A22D6AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nehru1985-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nehru1985_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawaharlal_Nehru1985" class="citation book cs1">Jawaharlal Nehru (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BSjQhakjAAC"><i>The discovery of India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562359-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562359-8"><bdi>978-0-19-562359-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223949/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BSjQhakjAAC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+discovery+of+India&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562359-8&rft.au=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BSjQhakjAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi</i></a>. Anthem Press. 2011. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-821-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-821-9"><bdi>978-0-85728-821-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+China%3A+Interactions+through+Buddhism+and+Diplomacy%3A+A+Collection+of+Essays+by+Professor+Prabodh+Chandra+Bagchi&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-821-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrA1DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sagepub.com-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sagepub.com_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sagepub.com_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch2016" class="citation journal cs1">Church, Sally K. (2016). "The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097194580400700101">10.1177/097194580400700101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161549135">161549135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Giraffe+of+Bengal%3A+A+Medieval+Encounter+in+Ming+China&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097194580400700101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161549135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Sally+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RielloBiedermann2017-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RielloBiedermann2017_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_RielloZoltán_BiedermannAnne_Gerritsen2017" class="citation book cs1">Giorgio Riello; Zoltán Biedermann; Anne Gerritsen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Global Gifts: The Material Culture of Diplomacy in Early Modern Eurasia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41550-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41550-7"><bdi>978-1-108-41550-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Gifts%3A+The+Material+Culture+of+Diplomacy+in+Early+Modern+Eurasia&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41550-7&rft.au=Giorgio+Riello&rft.au=Zolt%C3%A1n+Biedermann&rft.au=Anne+Gerritsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJNADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Dolores_ElizaldeWang_Jianlang2017" class="citation book cs1">María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>China's Development from a Global Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-0417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022222947/https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Development+from+a+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores+Elizalde&rft.au=Wang+Jianlang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjI9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan2013-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan2013_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Mojlum_Khan2013" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Mojlum Khan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal</i></a>. Kube Publishing Limited. pp. 5–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84774-062-5"><bdi>978-1-84774-062-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014104/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Heritage+of+Bengal%3A+The+Lives%2C+Thoughts+and+Achievements+of+Great+Muslim+Scholars%2C+Writers+and+Reformers+of+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84774-062-5&rft.au=Muhammad+Mojlum+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2s9BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The">"Iranians, The"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranians%2C+The&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIranians%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abumusa-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abumusa_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abumusa_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Musa_Mohammad_Arif_Billah2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">"Persian"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Abu+Musa+Mohammad+Arif+Billah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabar1989-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabar1989_125-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Grabar1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Oleg Grabar</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0NCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09050-7"><bdi>978-90-04-09050-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022223953/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0NCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqarnas%3A+An+Annual+on+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09050-7&rft.au=Oleg+Grabar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0NCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama">"ESKANDAR-NĀMA"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519181117/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ESKANDAR-N%C4%80MA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feskandar-nama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf">"The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+development+of+Bengali+literature+during+Muslim+rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.edgehill.ac.uk%2Fsacs%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F07%2FDocument-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature">"Sufi Literature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufi+Literature&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DSufi_Literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HasanGrabar2007-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HasanGrabar2007_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerween_HasanOleg_Grabar2007" class="citation book cs1">Perween Hasan; Oleg Grabar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC"><i>Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-381-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+and+Mosques%3A+The+Early+Muslim+Architecture+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-381-0&rft.au=Perween+Hasan&rft.au=Oleg+Grabar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUunyz4qFZwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880">"Royalty, aesthetics and the story of mosques"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 17 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030930/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Royalty%2C+aesthetics+and+the+story+of+mosques&rft.date=2008-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews-detail-36880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer" class="citation web cs1">Hammer, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/">"The Hidden City of Myanmar"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130222525/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+City+of+Myanmar&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fhidden-city-myanmar-180973486%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2019" class="citation web cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (30 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential">"Gujarat's medieval cities were once the biggest in the world – as a viral video reminds us"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108003030/https://scroll.in/article/917929/medieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Gujarat%27s+medieval+cities+were+once+the+biggest+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+as+a+viral+video+reminds+us&rft.date=2019-03-30&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F917929%2Fmedieval-cities-in-gujarat-were-once-the-biggest-in-the-world-their-culture-deeply-influential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from History Database of the Global Environment. K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on p. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Estimates prior to 1950: (b) "The World at Six Billion", 1999. Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) "Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950–2100", 2013. Archived 19 November 2016, at the Wayback Machine 2014: (d) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf">http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102043800/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf">Archived</a> 2 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014. 2015: (e) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf">http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gaur,_City">"Gaur, City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaur%2C+City&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGaur%2C_City&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedailystar.net-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar.net_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar.net_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar.net_136-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/badshah-ka-takth-and-the-gem-bengal-kusumba-mosque-1840753">"Badshah-ka Takth and the gem of Bengal, Kusumba Mosque"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 16 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219145658/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/badshah-ka-takth-and-the-gem-bengal-kusumba-mosque-1840753">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Badshah-ka+Takth+and+the+gem+of+Bengal%2C+Kusumba+Mosque&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fin-focus%2Fnews%2Fbadshah-ka-takth-and-the-gem-bengal-kusumba-mosque-1840753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/">"Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Historic+Mosque+City+of+Bagerhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211080917/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/">"Lost Myanmar Empire Is Stage for Modern Violence"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. 26 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world/">the original</a> on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Lost+Myanmar+Empire+Is+Stage+for+Modern+Violence&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2F150625-myanmar-burma-rohingya-refugees-archaeology-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tomb_Architecture">"Tomb Architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tomb+Architecture&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTomb_Architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/architect-marina-tabassum-on-her-aga-khan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592">"Architect Marina Tabassum on her Aga Khan Award-winning design for the Bait Ur Rouf mosque in Dhaka"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 6 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229061654/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/architect-marina-tabassum-on-her-aga-khan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Architect+Marina+Tabassum+on+her+Aga+Khan+Award-winning+design+for+the+Bait+Ur+Rouf+mosque+in+Dhaka&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Farts-culture%2Farchitect-marina-tabassum-on-her-aga-khan-award-winning-design-for-the-bait-ur-rouf-mosque-in-dhaka-1.160592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespear2012" class="citation book cs1">Shakespear, Leslie (26 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA5E8UJ7TpkC"><i>History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and North-Eastern Frontier</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04607-7"><bdi>978-1-108-04607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Upper+Assam%2C+Upper+Burmah+and+North-Eastern+Frontier&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-108-04607-7&rft.aulast=Shakespear&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA5E8UJ7TpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1970" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Nirmal Kumar (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8UBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies</i></a>. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assam+in+the+Ahom+Age%2C+1228-1826%3A+Being+Politico-economic+and+Socio-cultural+Studies&rft.pub=Sanskrit+Pustak+Bhandar&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Nirmal+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8UBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharyya1966" class="citation book cs1">Acharyya, Nagendra Nath (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century: A Critical and Comprehensive History of Assam During the First Four Centuries of Ahom Rule, Based on Original Assamese Sources, Available Both in India and England</i></a>. Dutta Baruah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medieval+Assam%2C+from+the+Thirteenth+to+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+A+Critical+and+Comprehensive+History+of+Assam+During+the+First+Four+Centuries+of+Ahom+Rule%2C+Based+on+Original+Assamese+Sources%2C+Available+Both+in+India+and+England&rft.pub=Dutta+Baruah&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Acharyya&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7cKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bengal_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bengal_Sultanate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYegar2002" class="citation book cs1">Yegar, Moshe (2002). <i>Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0356-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Integration+and+Secession%3A+The+Muslim+Communities+of+the+Southern+Philippines%2C+Southern+Thailand%2C+and+Western+Burma%2FMyanmar&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2&rft.aulast=Yegar&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hussain, Syed Ejaz (2003). The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205–1576. Manohar. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-482-3">978-81-7304-482-3</a>.</li> <li><i>The Grammar of Sultanate Mosque in Bengal Architecture</i>, Nujaba Binte Kabir (2012)</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bengal_Sultanate&params=24_52_0_N_88_8_0_E_region:IN_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°52′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°8′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.86667°N 88.13333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.86667; 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