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Pakistan and Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan_and_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 In other regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_historical_references:_Pashtun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_historical_references:_Pashtun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient historical references: Pashtun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_historical_references:_Pashtun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_historical_references:_Afghan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_historical_references:_Afghan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle historical references: Afghan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_historical_references:_Afghan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History and origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Linguistic origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diverse_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diverse_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Diverse origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diverse_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Greek origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hephthalite_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hephthalite_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hephthalite origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hephthalite_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology_and_oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology_and_oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Anthropology and oral traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology_and_oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Israelites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Israelites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Israelites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Definitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Durrani_and_Ghilji_Pashtuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durrani_and_Ghilji_Pashtuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Durrani and Ghilji Pashtuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durrani_and_Ghilji_Pashtuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jirga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jirga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Jirga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jirga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pashto_literature_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pashto_literature_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Pashto literature and poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pashto_literature_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Media and arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pashtuns</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjtoene" title="Pasjtoene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pasjtoene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بشتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بشتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixtuns" title="Paixtuns – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paixtuns" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_paxta" title="Etnia paxta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Etnia paxta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%9Ftunlar" title="Puştunlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Puştunlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پوشتون‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوشتون‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পশতুন জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশতুন জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun-l%C3%A2ng" title="Pashtun-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pashtun-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пуштуны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пуштуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пуштуны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пуштуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%89%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пущуни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пущуни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tuni" title="Paštuni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paštuni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixtus" title="Paixtus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paixtus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пуштунсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пуштунсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tunov%C3%A9" title="Paštunové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paštunové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun" title="Pashtun – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunere" title="Pashtunere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pashtunere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschtunen" title="Paschtunen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paschtunen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1tud" title="Puštud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puštud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD" title="Παστούν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παστούν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_past%C3%BAn" title="Pueblo pastún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo pastún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Dtunoj" title="Paŝtunoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŝtunoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxtun" title="Paxtun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paxtun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پشتون‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پشتون‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachtounes" title="Pachtounes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pachtounes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisti%C3%BAnaigh" title="Paistiúnaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paistiúnaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_paxto" title="Pobo paxto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo paxto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="પશ્તૂન લોકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પશ્તૂન લોકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%88%ED%88%B0%EC%9D%B8" title="파슈툰인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파슈툰인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պուշթուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուշթուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पठान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पठान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tunci" title="Paštunci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paštunci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Pashtun" title="Suku Pashtun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunes" title="Pashtunes – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pashtunes" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Пуштунтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пуштунтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%C3%BAnar" title="Pastúnar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pastúnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun" title="Pashtun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פתאנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פתאנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პუშტუნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუშტუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пуштундар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пуштундар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%9Ft%C3%BBn" title="Peştûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peştûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пуштундар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пуштундар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1tuni" title="Puštuni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Puštuni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1t%C5%ABnai" title="Puštūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puštūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastuk" title="Pastuk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pastuk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastona_(vahoaka)" title="Pastona (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pastona (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="പഷ്തൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഷ്തൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पठाण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पठाण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პუშტუნეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პუშტუნეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="البشتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البشتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun" title="Pashtun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%91%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပထန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပထန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjtoen" title="Pasjtoen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pasjtoen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पठान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पठान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="パシュトゥーン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パシュトゥーン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Пуштунаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пуштунаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjtunere" title="Pasjtunere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pasjtunere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjtunarar" title="Pasjtunarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pasjtunarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtunlar" title="Pushtunlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pushtunlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਠਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਠਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پشتون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پشتون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="پښتانه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پښتانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasztuni" title="Pasztuni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasztuni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%C3%B3s" title="Pastós – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pastós" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пуштуны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пуштуны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пуштуннар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пуштуннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun%C3%ABt" title="Pashtunët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pashtunët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pashtuns" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BA%D8%A7%DA%BB" title="پٺاڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پٺاڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tuni" title="Paštuni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paštuni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەشتوونەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەشتوونەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Паштуни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паштуни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tuni" title="Paštuni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paštuni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tut" title="Paštut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paštut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuner" title="Pashtuner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pashtuner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Pastun" title="Mga Pastun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Pastun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பஷ்தூன் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஷ்தூன் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipactunen" title="Ipactunen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ipactunen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пуштуннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пуштуннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ชาวปาทาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวปาทาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Паштунҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паштунҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%9Ftunlar" title="Peştunlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peştunlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%9Ftunlar" title="Puştunlar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Puştunlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1pashi%CC%B1tun" title="A̱pashi̱tun – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱pashi̱tun" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пуштуни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пуштуни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پشتون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پشتون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Pakistan and Afghanistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ethnic Afghan" redirects here. For the citizens of the modern state of Afghanistan, see <a href="/wiki/Pathan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pathan (disambiguation)">Pathan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pathan" and "Pakhtoon" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pathan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pathan (disambiguation)">Pathan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Pashtun language, see <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pashtuns</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ps">پښتانه</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="2400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Number of Pashtun Tribal and religious men in Southern Afghanistan</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60-70 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">43,633,946 (<a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 census</a>) [only includes those who speak Pashto as mother tongue]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000,000 [estimations, 40-50% of the population]<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,200,000 (2018) [primarily non-Pashto speaking estimates] 21,677 (2011) [Pashto speakers]<a href="#cite_note-Ali2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">169,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-Pashto-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">138,554 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Pashtuns_in_USA-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,400 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-Pbt-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31,700 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,800 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,662 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> in its different dialects: <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern Pashto</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Iranic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic peoples">Iranic peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Pashtuns (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpʌʃˌtʊn/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɑːʃˌtʊn/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpæʃˌtuːn/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: پښتانه, romanized: Pəx̌tānə́;<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>), also known as Pakhtuns,<a href="#cite_note-Minahan-18">[18]</a> or Pathans,<a href="#cite_note-22">[a]</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic peoples">eastern Iranic ethnic group</a><a href="#cite_note-Minahan-18">[18]</a> primarily residing in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell2011-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-Pashtun-29">[28]</a> They historically were also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghans</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[b]</a> until 1964<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The Pashtuns speak the <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto language</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language family</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> serves as the second language of Pashtuns in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> while those in Pakistan speak Urdu and English.<a href="#cite_note-2012Hakala-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In India, the majority of those of Pashtun descent have lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead speak Hindi and other regional languages.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2017-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-45">[43]</a> There are an estimated 350–400 <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes and clans</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Pashtun_origin" title="Theories of Pashtun origin">variety of origin theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Romano-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Javed_Burki" title="Shahid Javed Burki">Shahid Javed Burki</a> estimated the total Pashtun population to be situated between 60 to 70 million, with 15 million in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Others who accepted the 15 million figure include British academic Tim Willasey-Wilsey<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> as well Abubakar Siddique, a journalist specialized in Afghan affairs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Although this figure is disputed due to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> They are the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">ethnic group in Pakistan</a> and one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> constituting around 18.24% of the total Pakistani population and around 47% of the total Afghan population.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, significant and historical communities of the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Pashtun diaspora</a> exist in the northern region of <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> as well as in major Indian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CanfieldPaleczek-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pashtun_people" title="Category:Pashtun people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtuns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Discrimination against Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtuns" title="List of Pashtuns">List of Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Empires and dynasties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymani" title="Taymani">Taymanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Pashtuns" title="Template:Pashtuns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtuns" title="Template talk:Pashtuns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtuns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtuns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Pashtun diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns_of_Kashmir" title="Pashtuns of Kashmir">Pashtuns of Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Punjab" title="Pathans of Punjab">Pathans of Punjab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Sindh" title="Pathans of Sindh">Pathans of Sindh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan_and_Afghanistan">Pakistan and Afghanistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnic groups in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a></div> Pashtuns are spread over a wide geographic area, south of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amu river">Amu river</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. They can be found all over Pakistan and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell2011-28">[27]</a> Big cities with a Pashtun majority include <a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khost" title="Khost">Khost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashkar_Gah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashkar Gah">Lashkar Gah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardan" title="Mardan">Mardan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mingora" title="Mingora">Mingora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, among others. Pashtuns also live in <a href="/wiki/Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad">Abbottabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunduz" title="Kunduz">Kunduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali" title="Mianwali">Mianwali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, the financial capital of Pakistan, is home to the world's largest urban community of Pashtuns, larger than <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, the country's political capital also serves as the major urban center of Pashtuns with more than 20% of the city's population belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> speaking community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_India" title="Pathans in India">Pathans in India</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns_of_Kashmir" title="Pashtuns of Kashmir">Pashtuns of Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Punjab" title="Pathans of Punjab">Pathans of Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Sindh" title="Pathans of Sindh">Pathans of Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat" title="Pathans of Gujarat">Pathans of Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Pathans of Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Madhya Pradesh">Pathans of Madhya Pradesh</a></div> Pashtuns in India are often referred to as Pathans (the Hindustani word for Pashtun) both by themselves and other ethnic groups of the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morton-Jack2015-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Some Indians claim descent from Pashtun soldiers who settled in India by marrying local women during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Indian_Pathans-63">[61]</a> Many Pathans chose to live in the Republic of India after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> and Khan Mohammad Atif, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lucknow" title="University of Lucknow">University of Lucknow</a>, estimates that "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan".<a href="#cite_note-Alavi2008-64">[62]</a> Historically, Pashtuns have settled in various cities of India before and during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>. These include Bombay (now called <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>), <a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad" title="Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CanfieldPaleczek-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khyber-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-7">[7]</a> The settlers are descended from both Pashtuns of present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> before 1947). In some regions in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, they are sometimes referred to as Kabuliwala.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> significant Pashtun diaspora communities exist.<a href="#cite_note-India-census-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Pathans-63">[61]</a> While speakers of Pashto in the country only number 21,677 as of 2011, estimates of the ethnic or ancestral Pashtun population in India range from 3,200,000<a href="#cite_note-Ali2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-TNI2018-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya2018-69">[67]</a> to 11,482,000<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> to as high as double their population in Afghanistan (approximately 30 million).<a href="#cite_note-Alavi2008A-71">[69]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/220px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/330px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg/440px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980_borders_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Pashtun-inhabited areas in Pakistan and Afghanistan (including the southern borders of the former Soviet Union, the northeastern borders of Iran, and the northwestern borders of India disputed with Pakistan), in early 1980s.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> is named after the <a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohilla</a> community of Pashtun ancestry; the area came to be governed by the <a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Royal House of Rampur</a>, a Pashtun dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Frey2020-72">[70]</a> They also live in the states of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in central India and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in eastern India that each have a population of over a million with Pashtun ancestry;<a href="#cite_note-Joshua-73">[71]</a> both <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> were primary locations of Pashtun migrants from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> during the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> There are also populations over 100,000 each in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Joshua-73">[71]</a> Bombay (now called <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> both have a Pashtun population of over 1 million, whilst <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> have an estimate of around 100,000. The Pashtuns in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> include the khan siblings <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_(actor)" title="Feroz Khan (actor)">Feroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Khan" title="Sanjay Khan">Sanjay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Khan_(director)" title="Akbar Khan (director)">Akbar Khan</a>, whose father settled in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> During the 19th century, when the British were recruiting peasants from British India as indentured servants to work in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and other places, Rohillas were sent to <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, to work in the sugarcane fields and perform manual labour.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Many stayed and formed communities of their own. Some of them <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> with the other South Asian Muslim nationalities to form a common Indian Muslim community in tandem with the larger Indian community, losing their distinctive heritage. Some Pashtuns travelled as far as <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan (Australia)">Australia</a> during the same era.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Today, the Pashtuns are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">central India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2015-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swarup-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alavi20082-80">[78]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, many of them <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">migrated to Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2015-78">[76]</a> The majority of Indian Pashtuns are <a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking communities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Green20172-81">[79]</a> who have assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">local society</a> over the course of generations.<a href="#cite_note-Green20172-81">[79]</a> Pashtuns have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics, the entertainment industry and sports.<a href="#cite_note-Alavi20082-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> Pashtuns are also found in smaller numbers in the eastern and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Records as early as the mid-1600s report <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani Pashtuns</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> After the short reign of the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Ghilji Pashtuns in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> defeated the last independent Ghilji ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a>. In order to secure Durrani control in southern Afghanistan, Nader Shah deported <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a> and large numbers of the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji Pashtuns</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran Province</a> in northern Iran. The remnants of this once sizable exiled community, although assimilated, continue to claim Pashtun descent.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> During the early 18th century, in the course of a very few years, the number of Durrani Pashtuns in Iranian Khorasan, greatly increased.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Later the region became part of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> itself. The second Durrani king of Afghanistan, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Contemporary to Durrani rule in the east, <a href="/wiki/Azad_Khan_Afghan" title="Azad Khan Afghan">Azad Khan Afghan</a>, an ethnic Ghilji Pashtun, formerly second in charge of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> during <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid rule</a>, gained power in the western regions of Iran and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> for a short period.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> According to a sample survey in 1988, 75 percent of all Afghan refugees in the <a href="/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="South Khorasan Province">southern part of the Iranian Khorasan Province</a> were Durrani Pashtuns.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_regions">In other regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Overseas Pakistani</a></div> Indian and Pakistani Pashtuns have utilised the British/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> links of their respective countries, and modern communities have been established starting around the 1960s mainly in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> but also in other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">commonwealth countries</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). Some Pashtuns have also settled in the Middle East, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. For example, about 300,000 Pashtuns migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a> between 1976 and 1981, representing 35% of Pakistani immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-89">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Pakistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a> around the world includes Pashtuns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_historical_references:_Pashtun">Ancient historical references: Pashtun</h3></div> A tribe called <a href="/wiki/Pakthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakthas">Pakthās</a>, one of the tribes that fought against <a href="/wiki/Sudas" title="Sudas">Sudas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dasarajna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasarajna">Dasarajna</a>, or "Battle of the Ten Kings", are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Mandala_7" title="Mandala 7">the seventh mandala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, a text of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> hymns dated between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 and 1200 BCE:<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Together came the Pakthas (पक्थास), the Bhalanas, the Alinas, the Sivas, the Visanins. Yet to the Trtsus came the Ārya's Comrade, through love of spoil and heroes' war, to lead them.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rigveda, Book 7, Hymn 18, Verse 7</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a> connects them with a tribe mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (Pactyans) in 430 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>:<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Other Indians dwell near the town of Caspatyrus[Κασπατύρῳ] and the Pactyic [Πακτυϊκῇ] country, north of the rest of India; these live like the Bactrians; they are of all Indians the most warlike, and it is they who are sent for the gold; for in these parts all is desolate because of the sand.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 102, Section 1</cite></div></blockquote> These Pactyans lived on the eastern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">Satrapy</a> as early as the 1st millennium BCE, present-day Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> also mentions a tribe of known as Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται).<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holdich" title="Thomas Holdich">Thomas Holdich</a> has linked them with the <a href="/wiki/Afridi" title="Afridi">Afridi</a> tribe:<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Sattagydae, Gandarii, Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 91, Section 4</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Markwart" title="Josef Markwart">Joseph Marquart</a> made the connection of the Pashtuns with names such as the Parsiētai (Παρσιῆται), Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) that were cited by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> 150 CE:<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The northern regions of the country are inhabited by the Bolitai, the western regions by the Aristophyloi below whom live the Parsioi (Πάρσιοι). The southern regions are inhabited by the Parsiētai (Παρσιῆται), the eastern regions by the Ambautai. The towns and villages lying in the country of the Paropanisadai are these: Parsiana Zarzaua/Barzaura Artoarta Baborana Kapisa niphanda"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ptolemy, 150 CE, 6.18.3-4</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the Greek geographer, in the <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a> (written between 43 BC to 23 AD) makes mention of the Scythian tribe Pasiani (Πασιανοί), which has also been identified with Pashtuns given that Pashto is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern-Iranian</a> language, much like the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian languages</a>:<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sagar1992-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Onomasiological-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Most of the Scythians...each separate tribe has its peculiar name. All, or the greatest part of them, are nomades. The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the Iaxartes (Syr Darya)"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Strabo, The Geography, Book XI, Chapter 8, Section 2</cite></div></blockquote> This is considered a different rendering of Ptolemy's Parsioi (Πάρσιοι).<a href="#cite_note-Onomasiological-105">[103]</a> Johnny Cheung,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> reflecting on Ptolemy's Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) and Strabo's Pasiani (Πασιανοί) states: "Both forms show slight phonetic substitutions, viz. of υ for ι, and the loss of r in Pasianoi is due to perseveration from the preceding Asianoi. They are therefore the most likely candidates as the (linguistic) ancestors of modern day Pashtuns."<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_historical_references:_Afghan">Middle historical references: Afghan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> until the advent of modern Afghanistan in the 18th century, the Pashtuns were often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">"Afghans"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Etymological" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymological">etymological</a> view supported by numerous noted scholars is that the name Afghan evidently derives from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvaka" title="Aśvaka">Aśvakan</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Assakenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Assakenoi">Assakenoi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Aśvakan literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "<a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalrymen</a>" (from <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bva" class="mw-redirect" title="Aśva">aśva</a> or aspa, the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> words for "<a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>").<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> This view was propounded by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Christian Lassen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._W._McCrindle" title="J. W. McCrindle">J. W. McCrindle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-r0-113">[111]</a> M. V. de Saint Martin,<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">É. Reclus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-r1-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-r2-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-r3-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg/220px-Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg/330px-Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg/440px-Bactrian_document_Northern_Afghanistan_4th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bactrian document in the Greek script from the 4th century mentioning the word Afghan (αβγανανο): "To Ormuzd Bunukan from Bredag Watanan, the chief of the Afghans"</figcaption></figure> The earliest mention of the name Afghan (Abgân) is by <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> during the 3rd century CE,<a href="#cite_note-Abgan-121">[119]</a> In the 4th century the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as a reference to a particular people is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> documents found in Northern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Barkhuis-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bactrian_documents_from_northern_Af-123">[121]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"To Ormuzd Bunukan, from Bredag Watanan ... greetings and homage from ... ), the ( sotang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) [ the glorious ) <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">yabghu of Hephthal</a>, the chief of the Afghans, ' the judge of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tukharistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gharchistan" title="Gharchistan">Gharchistan</a> . Moreover, ' a letter [ has come hither ] from you, so I have heard how [ you have ] written ' ' to me concerning ] my health . I arrived in good health, ( and ) ( afterwards ( ? ) ' ' I heard that a message ] was sent thither to you ( saying ) thus : ... look after the farming but the order was given to you thus. You should hand over the grain and then request it from the citizens store: I will not order, so.....I Myself order And I in Respect of winter sends men thither to you then look after the farming, To Ormuzd Bunukan, Greetings"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>the Bactrian documents, 4th century</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"because [you] (pl.), the clan of the Afghans, said thus to me:...And you should not have denied? the men of Rob<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> [that] the Afghans took (away) the horses"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>the Bactrian documents, 4th century, Sims-Williams 2007b, pp. 90-91</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"[To ...]-bid the Afghan... Moreover, they are in [War]nu(?) because of the Afghans, so [you should] impose a penalty on Nat Kharagan ... ...lord of Warnu with ... ... ...the Afghan... ... "<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>the Bactrian documents, 4th century, Sims-Williams 2007b, pp. 90-91</cite></div></blockquote> The name Afghan is later recorded in the 6th century CE in the form of "Avagāṇa" [अवगाण]<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> by the Indian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varāha Mihira</a> in his <a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Brihat-samhita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhat-127">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"It would be unfavourable to the people of Chola, the Afghans (Avagāṇa), the white Huns and the Chinese."<a href="#cite_note-Bhat-127">[125]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Varāha Mihira, 6th century CE, chapt. 11, verse 61</cite></div></blockquote> The word Afghan also appeared in the 982 <a href="/wiki/Hudud_ul-%27alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudud ul-'alam">Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam</a>, where a reference is made to a village, Saul, which was probably located near <a href="/wiki/Gardez" title="Gardez">Gardez</a>, Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Vogelsang-128">[126]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Saul, a pleasant village on a mountain. In it live Afghans".<a href="#cite_note-Vogelsang-128">[126]</a></blockquote> The same book also speaks of a king in Ninhar (<a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a>), who had Muslim, Afghan and Hindu wives.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In the 11th century, Afghans are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>'s Tarikh-ul Hind ("History of the Indus"), which describes groups of rebellious Afghans in the tribal lands west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in what is today Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Vogelsang-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Al-Utbi, the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> chronicler, in his <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_Yamini" title="Tarikh Yamini">Tarikh-i Yamini</a> recorded that many Afghans and Khiljis (possibly the modern <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a>) enlisted in the army of <a href="/wiki/Sabuktigin" title="Sabuktigin">Sabuktigin</a> after <a href="/wiki/Jayapala" title="Jayapala">Jayapala</a> was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-Farishta-2-131">[129]</a> Al-Utbi further stated that Afghans and Ghiljis made a part of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud Ghaznavi</a>'s army and were sent on his expedition to <a href="/wiki/Tocharistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharistan">Tocharistan</a>, while on another occasion Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked and punished a group of opposing Afghans, as also corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Abulfazl_Beyhaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abulfazl Beyhaqi">Abulfazl Beyhaqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> It is recorded that Afghans were also enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Kingdom</a> (1148–1215).<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Khilji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilji dynasty">Khilji dynasty</a> in 1290, Afghans have been well known in northern India. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, when visiting Afghanistan following the era of the Khilji dynasty, also wrote about the Afghans.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Kuh Sulayman</a>. It is told that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Solomon">prophet Sulayman [Solomon]</a> ascended this mountain and having looked out over India, which was then covered with darkness, returned without entering it."<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, 1333</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Ferishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferishta">Ferishta</a>, a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Muslim_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim historians">Muslim historian</a> writing about the history of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim rule in the subcontinent</a>, stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He [Khalid bin Abdullah son of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Walid">Khalid bin Walid</a>] retired, therefore, with his family, and a number of Arab retainers, into the Sulaiman Mountains, situated between Multan and Peshawar, where he took up his residence, and gave his daughter in marriage to one of the Afghan chiefs, who had become a proselyte to Mahomedism. From this marriage many children were born, among whom were two sons famous in history. The one <a href="/wiki/Lodi_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Lodi (Pashtun tribe)">Lodhi</a>, the other <a href="/wiki/Sur_(Pashtun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur (Pashtun)">Sur</a>; who each, subsequently, became head of the tribes which to this day bear their name. I have read in the Mutla-ul-Anwar, a work written by a respectable author, and which I procured at <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, a town of <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, that the Afghans are <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copts</a> of the race of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a>; and that when the prophet Moses got the better of that infidel who was overwhelmed in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, many of the Copts became converts to the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish faith</a>; but others, stubborn and self-willed, refusing to embrace the true faith, leaving their country, came to India, and eventually settled in the Sulimany mountains, where they bore the name of Afghans.<a href="#cite_note-Ferishta-33">[32]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origins">History and origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Pashtun_origin" title="Theories of Pashtun origin">Theories of Pashtun origin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">History of Balochistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian subcontinent">History of Indian subcontinent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg/220px-Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg/330px-Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Afghanistan_region_during_500_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakthas">Pactyan people</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in 500 BCE</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Pashtun ethnic group is unclear. There are many conflicting theories amongst historians and the Pashtuns themselves. Modern scholars believe that Pashtuns do not all share the same origin. The early ancestors of modern-day Pashtuns may have belonged to old <a href="/wiki/Iranian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian tribes">Iranian tribes</a> that spread throughout the eastern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-Pashtun-29">[28]</a> historians have also come across references to various ancient peoples called <a href="/wiki/Pakthas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakthas">Pakthas</a> (Pactyans) between the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd</a> and the 1st millennium BC,<a href="#cite_note-Nath-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heredotus-138">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Lal_Kashmiri" title="Mohan Lal Kashmiri">Mohan Lal</a> stated in 1846 that "the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a> is so obscure, that no one, even among the oldest and most clever of the tribe, can give satisfactory information on this point."<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Others have suggested that a single origin of the Pashtuns is unlikely but rather they are a tribal confederation.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Looking for the origin of Pashtuns and the Afghans is something like exploring the source of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon</a>. Is there one specific beginning? And are the Pashtuns originally identical with the Afghans? Although the Pashtuns nowadays constitute a clear ethnic group with their own language and culture, there is no evidence whatsoever that all modern Pashtuns share the same ethnic origin. In fact it is highly unlikely."<a href="#cite_note-Vogelsang-128">[126]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Willem_Vogelsang" title="Willem Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a>, 2002</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_origin">Linguistic origin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/170px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/255px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg/340px-Saka_warrior_Termez_Achaeological_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> warrior in <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></figcaption></figure> Pashto is generally classified as an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern Iranian</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> It shares features with the <a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji language</a>, which is the closest existing language to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> but also shares features with the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khotanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese language">Khotanese Saka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> It is suggested by some that Pashto may have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> region and is connected to a <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a> akin to Khotanese.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In fact major linguist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">Georg Morgenstierne</a> has described Pashto as a <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a> dialect and many others have observed the similarities between Pashto and other Saka languages as well, suggesting that the original Pashto speakers might have been a <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Furthermore, Pashto and <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>, another Scythian-descending language, share cognates in their vocabulary which other Eastern Iranian languages lack<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Cheung suggests a common isogloss between Pashto and Ossetian which he explains by an undocumented Saka dialect being spoken close to reconstructed Old Pashto which was likely spoken north of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus</a> at that time.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Others however have suggested a much older Iranic ancestor given the affinity to <a href="/wiki/Old_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Avestan">Old Avestan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diverse_origin">Diverse origin</h3></div> According to one school of thought, Pashtun are descended from a variety of ethnicities, including <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dards" class="mw-redirect" title="Dards">Dards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tartars</a>, Huns (<a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghals</a> (Mughals), and anyone else who has crossed the region where these Pashtun live. Further they are also, and probably most surprisingly, of <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Some Pashtun tribes claim descent from <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, including some claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Sayyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyids">Sayyids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISBN_Olaf_Caroe-153">[151]</a> One historical account connects the Pashtuns to a possible <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> past but this lacks supporting evidence.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bellew" title="Henry Walter Bellew">Henry Walter Bellew</a>, who wrote extensively on Afghan culture, noted that some people claim that the <a href="/wiki/Bangash" title="Bangash">Bangash</a> Pashtuns are connected to <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_origin">Greek origin</h3></div> According to Firasat et al. 2007, a proportion of Pashtuns may descend from Greeks, but they also suggest that Greek ancestry may also have come from Greek slaves brought by <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The Greek ancestry of the Pashtuns may also be traced on the basis of a homologous group. And Hoplogroup J2 is from the Semitic population, and this Hoplogroup is found in 6.5% of Greeks and Pashtuns and 55.6% of the Israelite population.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> A number of genetic studies on Pashtuns have lately been undertaken by academics from various institutions and research institutes. The Greek heritage of Pakistani Pashtuns has been researched in. In this study, the Pashtuns, Kalash, and Burusho to be descended from Alexander's soldiers considered.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bellew" title="Henry Walter Bellew">Henry Walter Bellew</a> (1834 – 1892) was of the view that the Pashtuns likely have mixed <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Pashtun descent from Rajputs">Greek and Indian Rajput roots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quddus1987-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> expanded influence on the Pashtuns until 305 BCE when they gave up dominating power to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> as part of an alliance treaty.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Some groups from <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> believe to be descended from <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a> who arrived with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greek_ancestry-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hephthalite_origin">Hephthalite origin</h3></div> According to some accounts the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> tribe has been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Markwart" title="Josef Markwart">Josef Markwart</a> claimed the Khalaj to be remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-iri1-164">[162]</a> The Hephthalites may have been Indo-Iranian,<a href="#cite_note-iri1-164">[162]</a> although the view that they were of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Gaoju</a> origin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–137-165">[163]</a> "seems to be most prominent at present".<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The Khalaj may originally have been Turkic-speaking and only federated with Iranian Pashto-speaking tribes in Medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> However, according to linguist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Sims-Williams</a>, archaeological documents do not support the suggestion that the Khalaj were the successors of the Hephthalites,<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> while according to historian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky" title="Vladimir Minorsky">V. Minorsky</a>, the Khalaj were "perhaps only politically associated with the Hephthalites."<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">Georg Morgenstierne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> tribe who were known as the "Abdali" before the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> 1747,<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> might be connected to with the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>;<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aydogdy_Kurbanov" title="Aydogdy Kurbanov">Aydogdy Kurbanov</a> endorses this view who proposes that after the collapse of the Hephthalite confederacy, Hephthalite likely assimilated into different local populations.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a> volume 3, Issue 1, the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> tribe of Afghanistan are the descendants of Hephthalites.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology_and_oral_traditions">Anthropology and oral traditions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Israelites">Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_Israelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites">Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites</a></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> lend credence to the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> of the Pashtun tribes themselves. For example, according to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, the theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites is traced to <a href="/wiki/Nimat_Allah_al-Harawi" title="Nimat Allah al-Harawi">Nimat Allah al-Harawi</a>, who compiled a history for <a href="/wiki/Khan_Jahan_Lodi" title="Khan Jahan Lodi">Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jehangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehangir">Jehangir</a> in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Houtsma-150-174">[172]</a> The 13th century <a href="/wiki/Tabaqat-i_Nasiri" title="Tabaqat-i Nasiri">Tabaqat-i Nasiri</a> discusses the settlement of immigrant Bani Israel at the end of the 8th century CE in the <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor region</a> of Afghanistan, settlement attested by Jewish inscriptions in Ghor. Historian André Wink suggests that the story "may contain a clue to the remarkable theory of the Jewish origin of some of the Afghan tribes which is persistently advocated in the Persian-Afghan chronicles."<a href="#cite_note-Wink-175">[173]</a> These references to Bani Israel agree with the commonly held view by Pashtuns that when the twelve tribes of Israel were dispersed, the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Joseph" title="Tribe of Joseph">tribe of Joseph</a>, among other Hebrew tribes, settled in the Afghanistan region.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-library-176">[174]</a> This oral tradition is widespread among the Pashtun tribes. There have been many legends over the centuries of descent from the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> after groups converted to Christianity and Islam. Hence the tribal name <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> in Pashto translates to the "son of Joseph". A similar story is told by many historians, including the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> and 16th century <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Ferishta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferishta-33">[32]</a> However, the similarity of names can also be traced to the presence of Arabic through Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Stanizai2020-177">[175]</a> This theory of Pashtuns Jewish origin has been largely denied and is said that Its biblical claims are anecdotal, its historical documentation is inconsistent, its geographic claims are incoherent, and its linguistic assertions are implausible.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> One conflicting issue in the belief that the Pashtuns descend from the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> is that the Ten Lost Tribes were exiled by the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Maghzan-e-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghzan-e-Afghani">Maghzan-e-Afghani</a> says they were permitted by the ruler to go east to Afghanistan. This inconsistency can be explained by the fact that Persia acquired the lands of the ancient Assyrian Empire when it conquered the Empire of the Medes and Chaldean <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, which had conquered Assyria decades earlier. But no ancient author mentions such a transfer of Israelites further east, or no ancient extra-Biblical texts refer to the Ten Lost Tribes at all.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> Some Afghan historians have maintained that Pashtuns are <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Pashtun_descent_from_the_Israelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Pashtun descent from the Israelites">linked to the ancient Israelites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Lal_(Zutshi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Lal (Zutshi)">Mohan Lal</a> quoted <a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Mountstuart Elphinstone</a> who wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Afghan historians proceed to relate that the children of Israel, both in <a href="/wiki/Ghor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghor">Ghore</a> and in Arabia, preserved their knowledge of the unity of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a> and the purity of their religious belief, and that on the appearance of the last and greatest of the prophets (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) the Afghans of Ghore listened to the invitation of their Arabian brethren, the chief of whom was <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khauled</a>...if we consider the easy way with which all rude nations receive accounts favourable to their own antiquity, I fear we much class the descents of the Afghans from the Jews with that of the Romans and the British from the Trojans, and that of the Irish from the Milesians or Brahmins."<a href="#cite_note-Lal-180">[178]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mountstuart Elphinstone, 1841</cite></div></blockquote> This theory has been criticised for not being substantiated by historical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Stanizai2020-177">[175]</a> Zaman Stanizai criticises this theory:<a href="#cite_note-Stanizai2020-177">[175]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The 'mythified' misconception that the Pashtuns are the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel is a fabrication popularized in 14th-century India. A claim that is full of logical inconsistencies and historical incongruities, and stands in stark contrast to the conclusive evidence of the Indo-Iranian origin of Pashtuns supported by the incontrovertible DNA sequencing that the genome analysis revealed scientifically."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#cite_note-Stanizai2020-177">[175]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to genetic studies Pashtuns have a greater <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a*-M198</a> modal halogroup than Jews:<a href="#cite_note-pmid22510847-181">[179]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Our study demonstrates genetic similarities between Pathans from Afghanistan and Pakistan, both of which are characterized by the predominance of haplogroup R1a1a*-M198 (>50%) and the sharing of the same modal haplotype...Although Greeks and Jews have been proposed as ancestors to Pathans, their genetic origin remains ambiguous...Overall, Ashkenazi Jews exhibit a frequency of 15.3% for haplogroup R1a1a-M198"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective", European Journal of Human Genetics</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg/220px-Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg/330px-Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg/440px-Sher_Ali_Khan_and_company_of_Afghanistan_in_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="3068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Afghanistan">Afghan Amir</a> <a href="/wiki/Sher_Ali_Khan" title="Sher Ali Khan">Sher Ali Khan</a> (in the center with his son) and his delegation in <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, in 1869</figcaption></figure> Their modern past stretches back to the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>. The Hotak rulers rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> and seized control over much of Persia from 1722 to 1729.<a href="#cite_note-Browne-182">[180]</a> This was followed by the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> who was a former high-ranking military commander under <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> and founder of the Durrani Empire, which covered most of what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir region">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Indian Punjab</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Kohistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a> provinces of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Last-Afghan-empire-183">[181]</a> After the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a> in the first half of the 19th century under <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a> took control of the empire. Specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Mohamedzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamedzai">Mohamedzais</a> held Afghanistan's monarchy from around 1826 to the end of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a>'s reign in 1973. During the so-called "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">Great Game</a>" of the 19th century, rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> empires was useful to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan in resisting foreign control and retaining a degree of autonomy (see the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a>). However, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> (1880–1901), <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtun regions</a> were <a href="/wiki/Politically" class="mw-redirect" title="Politically">politically</a> divided by the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a> – areas that would become western Pakistan fell within British India as a result of the border. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg/220px-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg/330px-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg/440px-Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan_and_Gandhi_in_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a>, also referred to as "the Red shirts" movement, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a>, standing with <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> In the 20th century, many politically active Pashtun leaders living under British rule of undivided India supported <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rajesh-185">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Wali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a> (both members of the <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a>), and were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> method of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Brit-Ghaffar-Khan-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Many Pashtuns also worked in the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> to fight for an independent Pakistan through non violent resistance, including <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a> who was a close associate of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iloveindia-188">[186]</a> The Pashtuns of Afghanistan attained complete independence from British <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">political intervention</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan#Third_Anglo-Afghan_War_and_Independence" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a>. By the 1950s a popular call for <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a> began to be heard in Afghanistan and the new state of Pakistan. This led to bad relations between the two nations. The Afghan monarchy ended when <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Afghanistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">seized control of Afghanistan</a> from his cousin <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a> in 1973 on a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun Nationalist</a> agenda, which opened doors for a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> by neighbors. In April 1978, <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Daoud Khan was assassinated</a> along with his family and relatives in a bloody coup orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> commanders in exile in neighboring Pakistan began recruiting for a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> - the Marxist government which was also dominated by Pashtun <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalqists</a> who held <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Nationalist</a> views including <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Aslam_Watanjar" title="Mohammad Aslam Watanjar">Mohammad Aslam Vatanjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Tanai" title="Shahnawaz Tanai">Shahnawaz Tanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Mohammad_Gulabzoy" title="Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy">Mohammad Gulabzoy</a> and many more. In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> intervened in its southern neighbor Afghanistan in order to defeat a rising insurgency. The Afghan mujahideen were funded by the United States, Saudi Arabia, China and others, and included some Pashtun commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nabi_Mohammadi" title="Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi">Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yunus_Khalis" title="Mohammad Yunus Khalis">Mohammad Yunus Khalis</a>. In the meantime, millions of Pashtuns joined the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_diaspora" title="Afghan diaspora">Afghan diaspora</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Iran</a>, and from there tens of thousands proceeded to Europe, North America, Oceania and other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-wider.unu.edu-189">[187]</a> The Afghan government and <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">military</a> would remain predominantly Pashtun until the fall of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah's</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1978-1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1978-1992)">Republic of Afghanistan</a> in April 1992.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_(50632321483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_%2850632321483%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_%2850632321483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_%2850632321483%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_%2850632321483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_%2850632321483%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_the_Taliban_Negotiation_Team_%2850632321483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7076" data-file-height="4717" /></a><figcaption>American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Zalmay Khalilzad</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> officials <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Ishaqzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai">Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Abbas_Stanikzai" title="Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai">Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suhail_Shaheen" title="Suhail Shaheen">Suhail Shaheen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg/220px-Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg/330px-Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg/440px-Imran_Khan_WEF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, Pakistani cricketer-turned-politician and former Prime Minister, belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Niazi" title="Niazi">Niazi</a> tribe.</figcaption></figure> Many high-ranking government officials in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> were Pashtuns, including: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Wardak" title="Abdul Rahim Wardak">Abdul Rahim Wardak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Azimi" title="Abdul Salam Azimi">Abdul Salam Azimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_ul-Haq_Ahady" title="Anwar ul-Haq Ahady">Anwar ul-Haq Ahady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amirzai_Sangin" title="Amirzai Sangin">Amirzai Sangin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Farooq_Wardak" title="Ghulam Farooq Wardak">Ghulam Farooq Wardak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ishaq_Aloko" title="Mohammad Ishaq Aloko">Mohammad Ishaq Aloko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Zakhilwal" title="Omar Zakhilwal">Omar Zakhilwal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Mohammad_Karimi" title="Sher Mohammad Karimi">Sher Mohammad Karimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Rasoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Zalmay Rasoul">Zalmay Rasoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yousef_Pashtun" title="Yousef Pashtun">Yousef Pashtun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors of Afghanistan">list of current governors of Afghanistan</a> also include large percentage of Pashtuns. <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a> serves as acting Defense Minister, <a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> as acting Interior Minister, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> as acting Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Gul_Agha_Ishakzai" title="Gul Agha Ishakzai">Gul Agha Ishakzai</a> as acting Finance Minister, and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a> as acting Prime Minister. A number of other ministers are also Pashtuns. The Afghan <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a>, which was represented by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">King Zahir Shah</a>, are referred to <a href="/wiki/Mohammadzai" title="Mohammadzai">Mohammadzais</a>. Other prominent Pashtuns include the 17th-century poets <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a>, and in contemporary era <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#Terminology" title="Astronaut">Afghan Astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Mohmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Ahad Mohmand">Abdul Ahad Mohmand</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Zalmay Khalilzad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a> among many others. Many Pashtuns of Pakistan and India have adopted non-Pashtun cultures, mainly by abandoning Pashto and using languages such as <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindko language">Hindko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hakala2012-191">[189]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Mohammad</a> (first <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a>, from 1947 to 1951, and third <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a>, from 1951 to 1955),<a href="#cite_note-express-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-pakistanherald-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-samaatv-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kakazai-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge,_Kumarasingham-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>, who was the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a> who was the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a>, father of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons program</a>. Many more held high government posts, such as <a href="/wiki/Asfandyar_Wali_Khan" title="Asfandyar Wali Khan">Asfandyar Wali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Khan_Achakzai" title="Mahmood Khan Achakzai">Mahmood Khan Achakzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirajul Haq">Sirajul Haq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ahmad_Sherpao" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftab Ahmad Sherpao">Aftab Ahmad Sherpao</a>, who are presidents of their respective political parties in Pakistan. Others became famous in sports (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansoor_Ali_Khan_Pataudi" title="Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi">Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Younis_Khan" title="Younis Khan">Younis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Afridi" title="Shahid Afridi">Shahid Afridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Pathan" title="Irfan Pathan">Irfan Pathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khan" title="Jahangir Khan">Jahangir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jansher_Khan" title="Jansher Khan">Jansher Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Khan" title="Hashim Khan">Hashim Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khan_(cricketer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Khan (cricketer)">Rashid Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Afridi" title="Shaheen Afridi">Shaheen Afridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Shah_(cricketer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naseem Shah (cricketer)">Naseem Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misbah-ul-Haq" title="Misbah-ul-Haq">Misbah Ul Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mujeeb_Ur_Rahman" title="Mujeeb Ur Rahman">Mujeeb Ur Rahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Wasim_(cricketer,_born_2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Wasim (cricketer, born 2001)">Mohammad Wasim</a>) and literature (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Shinwari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a>). <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, who became the youngest <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> recipient in <a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>, is a Pakistani Pashtun. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film stars in India have Pashtun ancestry; some of the most notable ones are <a href="/wiki/Aamir_Khan" title="Aamir Khan">Aamir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shahrukh Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Khan_(Indian_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feroz Khan (Indian actor)">Feroz Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kader_Khan" title="Kader Khan">Kader Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan" title="Saif Ali Khan">Saif Ali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan" title="Soha Ali Khan">Soha Ali Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ali_Khan" title="Sara Ali Khan">Sara Ali Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zarine_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarine Khan">Zarine Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Devasher2022-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-pathan-198">[196]</a> In addition, one of India's former presidents, <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain" title="Zakir Husain">Zakir Husain</a>, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Afridi_(Pashtun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afridi (Pashtun)">Afridi</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yunus_(diplomat)" title="Mohammad Yunus (diplomat)">Mohammad Yunus</a>, India's former ambassador to Algeria and advisor to <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, is of Pashtun origin and related to the legendary Bacha Khan.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In the late 1990s, Pashtuns were the primary ethnic group in the ruling regime i.e. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (Taliban regime).<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Taliban-207">[205]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> that was fighting against the Taliban also included a number of Pashtuns. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Abdullah">Abdullah Abdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Afghan_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Qadir (Afghan leader)">Abdul Qadir</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Afghan_leader)" title="Abdul Haq (Afghan leader)">Abdul Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rasul_Sayyaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rasul Sayyaf">Abdul Rasul Sayyaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asadullah_Khalid" title="Asadullah Khalid">Asadullah Khalid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gul_Agha_Sherzai" title="Gul Agha Sherzai">Gul Agha Sherzai</a>. The Taliban regime was ousted in late 2001 during the US-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">War in Afghanistan</a> and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hamid_Karzai" title="Presidency of Hamid Karzai">Karzai administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> This was followed by the Ghani administration and the reconquest of Afghanistan by the Taliban (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan). The long wars in Afghanistan have led to Pashtuns gaining a reputation for being exceptional fighters.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Some activists and intellectuals are trying to rebuild Pashtun intellectualism and its pre-war culture.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> The majority of Pashtuns from Afghanistan belong to <a href="/wiki/R1a" class="mw-redirect" title="R1a">R1a</a>, with a frequency of 50-65%.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_from_a_Y-chromosome_per-211">[209]</a> Subclade R1a-Z2125 occurs at a frequency of 40%.<a href="#cite_note-nagy-212">[210]</a> This subclade is predominantly found in Tajiks, Turkmen, Uzbeks and in some populations in the Caucasus and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">Haplogroup G-M201</a> reaches 9% in Afghan Pashtuns and is the second most frequent haplogroup in Pashtuns from southern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_from_a_Y-chromosome_per-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Haplogroup L and Haplogroup J2 occurs at an overall frequency of 6%.<a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan_from_a_Y-chromosome_per-211">[209]</a> According to a Mitochondrial DNA analysis of four ethnic groups of Afghanistan, the majority of mtDNA among Afghan Pashtuns belongs to West Eurasian lineages, and share a greater affinity with West Eurasian and Central Asian populations rather than to populations of South Asia or East Asia. The haplogroup analysis indicates the Pashtuns and Tajiks in Afghanistan share ancestral heritage. Among the studied ethnic groups, the Pashtuns have the greatest mtDNA diversity.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani Pashtuns is haplogroup R which is found at a rate of 28-50%. Haplogroup J2 was found in 9% to 24% depending on the study and Haplogroup E has been found at a frequency of 4% to 13%. Haplogroup L occurs at a rate of 8%. Certain Pakistani Pashtun groups exhibit high levels of R1b.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Overall Pashtun groups are genetically diverse, and the Pashtun ethnic group is not a single genetic population. Different Pashtun groups exhibit different genetic backgrounds, resulting in considerable heterogeneity.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Y haplogroup and mtdna haplogroup samples were taken from Jadoon, Yousafzai, Sayyid, Gujar and Tanoli men living in <a href="/wiki/Swabi_District" title="Swabi District">Swabi District</a>, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. Jadoon men have predominantly East Asian origin paternal ancestry with West Eurasian maternal ancestry and a lesser amount of South Asian maternal ancestry according to a Y and mtdna haplogroup test indicating local females marrying immigrant males during the medieval period. Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority of Jadoon men, the same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in the Sayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers among Tanolis, Gujars and <a href="/wiki/Yousafzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousafzai">Yousafzais</a>. There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> 76.32% of Jadoon men carry O3-M122 while 0.75% of Tanolis, 0.81% of Gujars and 2.82% of Yousafzais carry O3-M122.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> 56.25% of the Jadoons in another test carried West Eurasian maternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">Haplogroup H (mtDNA)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Dental morphology of the Swabi Jadoons was also analyzed and compared to other groups in the regions like Yousufzais and Sayyids.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> The most prominent views amongst Pashtuns as to who exactly qualifies as a Pashtun are:<a href="#cite_note-Conflict-226">[224]</a> <ol><li>Those who are well-versed in <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> and use it significantly. The Pashto language is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a></li> <li>Adherence to the code of <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conflict-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> The cultural definition requires Pashtuns to adhere to Pashtunwali codes.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a></li> <li>Belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribe</a> through <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal descent</a>, based on an important orthodox law of Pashtunwali which mainly requires that only those who have a Pashtun father are Pashtun. This definition places less emphasis on the language.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes">Tribes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg/220px-CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg/330px-CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg/440px-CIA_Afghanistan_ethnic_groups_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10200" data-file-height="6392" /></a><figcaption>A map of Pashtun tribes<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></figcaption></figure> A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the intricate system of <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> The tribal system has several levels of organisation: the tribe they are in is from <a href="/wiki/Qais_Abdur_Rashid#Descendants" title="Qais Abdur Rashid">four 'greater' tribal groups</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Sarbani" title="Sarbani">Sarbani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bettani" title="Bettani">Bettani</a>, the Gharghashti, and the <a href="/wiki/Karlani" title="Karlani">Karlani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> The tribe is then divided into kinship groups called khels, which in turn is divided into smaller groups (pllarina or plarganey), each consisting of several extended families called kahols.<a href="#cite_note-Jirga-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Durrani_and_Ghilji_Pashtuns">Durrani and Ghilji Pashtuns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a></div> The Durranis and Ghiljis (or Ghilzais) are the two largest groups of Pashtuns, with approximately two-thirds of Afghan Pashtuns belonging to these confederations.<a href="#cite_note-USMA-235">[233]</a> The Durrani tribe has been more urban and politically successful, while the Ghiljis are more numerous, more rural, and reputedly tougher. In the 18th century, the groups collaborated at times and at other times fought each other. With a few gaps, Durranis ruled modern Afghanistan continuously until the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> of 1978; the new <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">communist rulers</a> were Ghilji.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Tribal allegiances are stronger among the Ghilji, while governance of the Durrani confederation is more to do with cross-tribal structures of land ownership.<a href="#cite_note-USMA-235">[233]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">Pashto dialects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto grammar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg/258px-Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg/387px-Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg/516px-Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto-speaking</a> areas in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> of most Pashtuns.<a href="#cite_note-T&F-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_1983-239">[237]</a> It is one of the two <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pashto-language-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-socioling-241">[239]</a> In Pakistan, although being the second-largest language being spoken,<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> it is often neglected officially in the education system.<a href="#cite_note-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> This has been criticised as adversely impacting the economic advancement of Pashtuns,<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> as students do not have the ability to comprehend what is being taught in other languages fully.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Robert Nichols remarks:<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The politics of writing Pashto language textbooks in a nationalist environment promoting integration through Islam and Urdu had unique effects. There was no lesson on any twentieth century Pakhtun, especially Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the anti-British, pro-Pakhtun nationalist. There was no lesson on the Pashtun state-builders in nineteenth and twentieth century Afghanistan. There was little or no sampling of original Pashto language religious or historical material.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors, Chapter 8, page 278</cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/256px-Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/384px-Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg/512px-Pashto-speakers_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The map of Pashto speaking areas of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> Pashto is categorised as an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> language,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-Pashto-253">[251]</a> but a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto.<a href="#cite_note-BensonKosonen20132-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto morphology</a> in relation to verbs is complex compared to other Iranian languages.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> In this respect <a href="/wiki/David_Neil_MacKenzie" title="David Neil MacKenzie">MacKenzie</a> states:<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If we compare the archaic structure of Pashto with the much simplified morphology of Persian, the leading modern Iranian language, we see that it stands to its 'second cousin' and neighbour in something like the same relationship as Icelandic does to English.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Neil MacKenzie</cite></div></blockquote> Pashto has a large number of <a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">dialects</a>: generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a> groups;<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Tarino or Waṇetsi</a> as distinct group.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> As Elfenbein notes: "Dialect differences lie primarily in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">phonology</a> and lexicon: the morphology and syntax are, again with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a>, quite remarkably uniform".<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> Ibrahim Khan provides the following classification on the letter ښ: the Northern Western dialect (e.g. spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilzai</a>) having the phonetic value /ç+/, the North Eastern (spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusafzais</a> etc.) having the sound /x/, the South Western (spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdalis</a> etc.) having /ʂ/ and the South Eastern (spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Kakar" title="Kakar">Kakars</a> etc.) having /ʃ/.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2021-262">[260]</a> He illustrates that the Central dialects, which are spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Karlani" title="Karlani">Karlāṇ tribes</a>, can also be divided on the North /x/ and South /ʃ/ distinction but provides that in addition these Central dialects have had a vowel shift which makes them distinct: for instance /ɑ/ represented by <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">aleph</a> the non-Central dialects becoming /ɔː/ in <a href="/wiki/Banuchi" title="Banuchi">Banisi</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2021-262">[260]</a> The first Pashto alphabet was developed by <a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> In 1958, a meeting of Pashtun scholars and writers from both Afghanistan and Pakistan, held in Kabul, standardised the present <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie_1959_231–235-264">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Tribal_and_religious_leaders_in_southern_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Pashtuns prefer wearing their traditional clothes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashtuns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pashtuns.jpg/220px-Pashtuns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pashtuns.jpg/330px-Pashtuns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pashtuns.jpg/440px-Pashtuns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Local clothes used by Pashtun children</figcaption></figure> Pashtun culture is based on Pashtunwali, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the understanding of Pashto language. The Kabul dialect is used to standardize the present <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie_1959_231–235-264">[262]</a> Poetry is also an important part of Pashtun culture and it has been for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Pre-Islamic traditions, dating back to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>'s defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> in 330 BC, possibly survived in the form of <a href="/wiki/Attan" title="Attan">traditional dances</a>, while literary styles and music reflect influence from the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian tradition</a> and regional <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> fused with localised variants and interpretation. Like other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, Pashtuns celebrate <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic holidays</a>. Contrary to the Pashtuns living in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan" title="Nowruz in Afghanistan">Nowruz in Afghanistan</a> is celebrated as the Afghan New Year by all Afghan ethnicities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jirga">Jirga</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></div> Another prominent Pashtun institution is the <a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">lóya jirgá</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: لويه جرګه) or 'grand council' of elected <a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">elders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-266">[264]</a> Most decisions in tribal life are made by members of the <a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">jirgá</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: جرګه), which has been the main institution of authority that the largely egalitarian Pashtuns willingly acknowledge as a viable governing body.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-267">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg/220px-Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg/330px-Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg/440px-Mosque_in_Kandahar-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani">tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar City</a>, which also serves as the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Mosque">Congregational Mosque</a> and contains the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Cloak" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of the Cloak">sacred cloak</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> wore.</figcaption></figure> Before Islam there were various different beliefs which were practiced by Pashtuns such as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArnoldNettl2000-269">[267]</a> The overwhelming majority of Pashtuns adhere to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and belong to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of thought. Small <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> communities exist in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Paktia. The Shias belong to the <a href="/wiki/Turi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turi (tribe)">Turi</a> tribe while the <a href="/wiki/Bangash" title="Bangash">Bangash</a> tribe is approximately 50% Shia and the rest Sunni, who are mainly found in and around <a href="/wiki/Parachinar" title="Parachinar">Parachinar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangu_District,_Pakistan" title="Hangu District, Pakistan">Hangu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orakzai_District" title="Orakzai District">Orakzai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg/220px-Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg/330px-Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg/440px-Afghan_men_praying_in_Kunar-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Men doing Islamic <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> (praying) outside in the open in the <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar Province</a> of Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> A legacy of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> activity may be found in some Pashtun regions, especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as evident in songs and dances. Many Pashtuns are prominent <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a>, Islamic scholars, such as Maulana Aazam an author of more than five hundred books including Tafasee of the Quran as Naqeeb Ut Tafaseer, Tafseer Ul Aazamain, Tafseer e Naqeebi and Noor Ut Tafaseer etc., as well as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Muhsin_Khan" title="Muhammad Muhsin Khan">Muhammad Muhsin Khan</a> who has helped translate the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Qur%27an_(Hilali-Khan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble Qur'an (Hilali-Khan)">Noble Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Al-Bukhari</a> and many other books to the English language.<a href="#cite_note-Noble_Quran-271">[269]</a> Many Pashtuns want to reclaim their identity from being lumped in with the Taliban and international terrorism, which is not directly linked with Pashtun culture and history.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Little information is available on non-Muslim as there is limited data regarding <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a> groups and minorities, especially since many of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> Pashtuns migrated from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> and later, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)">rise of the Taliban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tariq_Ali-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Trimbur-274">[272]</a> There are also Hindu Pashtuns, sometimes known as the Sheen Khalai, who have moved predominantly to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> A small Pashtun Hindu community, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sheen_Khalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheen Khalai">Sheen Khalai</a> meaning 'blue skinned' (referring to the color of Pashtun women's facial <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>), migrated to Unniara, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haider2018-277">[275]</a> Prior to 1947, the community resided in the <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loralai" title="Loralai">Loralai</a> and Maikhter regions of the British Indian province of <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thebetterindia-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haider2018-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-hind-279">[277]</a> They are mainly members of the Pashtun <a href="/wiki/Kakar" title="Kakar">Kakar</a> tribe. Today, they continue to speak Pashto and celebrate Pashtun culture through the <a href="/wiki/Attan" title="Attan">Attan</a> dance.<a href="#cite_note-thebetterindia-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haider2018-277">[275]</a> There is also a minority of Pashtun Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/Tirah" title="Tirah">Tirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orakzai_District" title="Orakzai District">Orakzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malakand_District" title="Malakand District">Malakand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a>. Due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, some Pashtun Sikhs were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a> from their ancestral villages to settle in cities like <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib" title="Nankana Sahib">Nankana Sahib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eusufzye2018-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sikhs-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sikh_Pashtuns-282">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pashto_literature_and_poetry">Pashto literature and poetry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto literature and poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg/220px-Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg/330px-Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg/440px-Mahmud_Tarzi_in_1920-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Tarzi" title="Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi">Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi</a>, became the pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Afghanistan">Afghan journalism</a> for publishing the first newspaper <a href="/wiki/Seraj_al_Akhbar" title="Seraj al Akhbar">Seraj al Akhbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a></figcaption></figure> The majority of Pashtuns use <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native tongue</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-284">[282]</a> and spoken by up to 60 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Penzl-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-286">[284]</a> It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto-Arabic script</a> and is divided into two main dialects, the southern "Pashto" and the northern "Pukhto". The language has ancient origins and bears similarities to <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Avestan-287">[285]</a> Its closest modern relatives may include <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> Pashto may have ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighbouring languages including such as <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>. Modern borrowings come primarily from the English language.<a href="#cite_note-Pashto_Dictionary-289">[287]</a> The earliest describes Sheikh Mali's conquest of <a href="/wiki/Swat_(princely_state)" title="Swat (princely state)">Swat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCLA-290">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a> is believed to have written a number of Pashto books while fighting with the Mughals. Pashtun scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Abdul Hai Habibi</a> and others believe that the earliest Pashto work dates back to <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a>, and they use the writings found in <a href="/wiki/Pata_Khazana" title="Pata Khazana">Pata Khazana</a> as proof. Amir Kror Suri, son of Amir Polad Suri, was an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk hero</a> and king from the <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor</a> region in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> However, this is disputed by several European experts due to lack of strong evidence. The advent of poetry helped transition Pashto to the modern period. Pashto literature gained significant prominence in the 20th century, with poetry by <a href="/wiki/Ameer_Hamza_Shinwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameer Hamza Shinwari">Ameer Hamza Shinwari</a> who developed Pashto Ghazals.<a href="#cite_note-Shinwari_Baba-293">[291]</a> In 1919, during the expanding of mass media, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a> published Seraj-al-Akhbar, which became the first Pashto newspaper in Afghanistan. In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Roshan_Khan" title="Khan Roshan Khan">Khan Roshan Khan</a> wrote Tawarikh-e-Hafiz Rehmatkhani which contains the family trees and Pashtun tribal names. Some notable poets include <a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Khan" title="Abdul Ghani Khan">Abdul Ghani Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Khan_Khattak" title="Afzal Khan Khattak">Afzal Khan Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yousafzai</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Tarzi" title="Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi">Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Shinwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanif_Baktash" title="Hanif Baktash">Hanif Baktash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pareshan_Khattak" title="Pareshan Khattak">Pareshan Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rahman_Baba-295">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_arts">Media and arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_music" title="Pashto music">Pashto music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_cinema" title="Pashto cinema">Pashto cinema</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a> has expanded in the last decade, with a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_television_channels" title="List of Pashto-language television channels">Pashto TV channels</a> becoming available. Two of the popular ones are the Pakistan-based <a href="/wiki/AVT_Khyber" title="AVT Khyber">AVT Khyber</a> and Pashto One. Pashtuns around the world, particularly those in Arab countries, watch these for entertainment purposes and to get latest news about their native areas.<a href="#cite_note-ATVKhyber-296">[294]</a> Others are Afghanistan-based <a href="/wiki/Shamshad_TV" title="Shamshad TV">Shamshad TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Afghanistan" title="Radio Television Afghanistan">Radio Television Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOLOnews" title="TOLOnews">TOLOnews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemar_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemar TV">Lemar TV</a>, which has a special children's show called <a href="/wiki/Baghch-e-Simsim" title="Baghch-e-Simsim">Baghch-e-Simsim</a>. International news sources that provide Pashto programs include <a href="/wiki/BBC_Pashto" title="BBC Pashto">BBC Pashto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America#Languages" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. Producers based in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> have created <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_films" title="List of Pashto-language films">Pashto-language films</a> since the 1970s. Pashtun performers remain avid participants in various physical forms of expression including dance, sword fighting, and other physical feats. Perhaps the most common form of artistic expression can be seen in the various forms of Pashtun dances. One of the most prominent dances is <a href="/wiki/Attan" title="Attan">Attan</a>, which has ancient roots. A rigorous exercise, Attan is performed as musicians play various native instruments including the <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a> (drums), <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tablas</a> (percussions), <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rubab</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bowed</a> <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a>), and toola (wooden flute). With a rapid circular motion, dancers perform until no one is left dancing, similar to <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlevi">whirling dervishes</a>. Numerous other dances are affiliated with various tribes notably from Pakistan including the Khattak Wal Atanrh (eponymously named after the <a href="/wiki/Khattak" title="Khattak">Khattak</a> tribe), Mahsood Wal Atanrh (which, in modern times, involves the juggling of loaded rifles), and Waziro Atanrh among others. A sub-type of the Khattak Wal Atanrh known as the Braghoni involves the use of up to three swords and requires great skill. Young women and girls often entertain at weddings with the Tumbal (<a href="/wiki/Dayereh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayereh">Dayereh</a>) which is an instrument.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sport in Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Afghanistan" title="Sport in Afghanistan">Sport in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg/170px-Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg/255px-Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg/340px-Shahid_Afridi_2010-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Afridi" title="Shahid Afridi">Shahid Afridi</a>, former captain of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team" title="Pakistan national cricket team">Pakistan national cricket team</a></figcaption></figure> Both the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team" title="Pakistan national cricket team">Pakistan national cricket team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team" title="Afghanistan national cricket team">Afghanistan national cricket team</a> have Pashtun players.<a href="#cite_note-EWC-298">[296]</a> One of the most popular sports among Pashtuns is <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, which was introduced to South Asia during the early 18th century with the arrival of the British. Many Pashtuns have become prominent international <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricketers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Afridi" title="Shahid Afridi">Shahid Afridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majid_Khan_(cricketer,_born_1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Majid Khan (cricketer, born 1946)">Majid Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misbah-ul-Haq" title="Misbah-ul-Haq">Misbah-ul-Haq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Younis_Khan" title="Younis Khan">Younis Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar_Gul" title="Umar Gul">Umar Gul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Junaid_Khan_(cricketer)" title="Junaid Khan (cricketer)">Junaid Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fakhar_Zaman_(cricketer)" title="Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)">Fakhar Zaman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Rizwan_(cricketer)" title="Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)">Mohammad Rizwan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Usman_Shinwari" title="Usman Shinwari">Usman Shinwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Shah_(cricketer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naseem Shah (cricketer)">Naseem Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Afridi" title="Shaheen Afridi">Shaheen Afridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_(cricketer)" title="Iftikhar Ahmed (cricketer)">Iftikhar Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Wasim_(cricketer,_born_2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Wasim (cricketer, born 2001)">Mohammad Wasim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasir_Shah" title="Yasir Shah">Yasir Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> Australian cricketer <a href="/wiki/Fawad_Ahmed" title="Fawad Ahmed">Fawad Ahmed</a> is of Pakistani Pashtun origin who has played for the Australian national team.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Makha" class="mw-redirect" title="Makha">Makha</a> is a traditional archery sport in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, played with a long arrow (gheshai) having a saucer shaped metallic plate at its distal end, and a long bow.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> In Afghanistan, some Pashtuns still participate in the ancient sport of <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a> in which horse riders attempt to place a goat or calf carcass in a goal circle.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div> Pashtun women are known to be modest and honorable because of their modest dressing.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> The lives of Pashtun women vary from those who reside in the ultra-conservative rural areas to those found in urban centres.<a href="#cite_note-Women's_Rights-312">[310]</a> At the village level, the female village leader is called "qaryadar". Her duties may include witnessing women's ceremonies, mobilising women to practice religious festivals, preparing the female dead for burial, and performing services for deceased women. She also arranges marriages for her own family and arbitrates conflicts for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-313">[311]</a> Though many Pashtun women remain tribal and illiterate, some have completed universities and joined the regular employment world.<a href="#cite_note-Women's_Rights-312">[310]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_(1)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_Cropped.jpg/175px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Malala_Yousafzai_%281%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>, Pakistani activist for female education and the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate</figcaption></figure> The decades of war and the rise of the Taliban <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">caused considerable hardship</a> among Pashtun women, as many of their rights have been curtailed by a rigid interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. The difficult lives of Afghan female refugees gained considerable notoriety with the iconic image <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Girl" title="Afghan Girl">Afghan Girl</a> (Sharbat Gula) depicted on the June 1985 cover of <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Sharbat_Gula-314">[312]</a> Modern social reform for Pashtun women began in the early 20th century, when Queen <a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a> of Afghanistan made rapid reforms to improve women's lives and their position in the family. She was the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan. Credited with having been one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists. Her advocacy of social reforms for women led to a protest and contributed to the ultimate demise of <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">King Amanullah</a>'s reign in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a> remained an important issue during the 1970s, as feminist leader <a href="/wiki/Meena_Keshwar_Kamal" title="Meena Keshwar Kamal">Meena Keshwar Kamal</a> campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Afghanistan">women's rights</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan" title="Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan">Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan</a> (RAWA) in the 1977.<a href="#cite_note-RAWA-316">[314]</a> Pashtun women these days vary from the traditional housewives who live in seclusion to urban workers, some of whom seek or have attained parity with men.<a href="#cite_note-Women's_Rights-312">[310]</a> But due to numerous social hurdles, the literacy rate remains considerably lower for them than for males.<a href="#cite_note-Afghan_women_literacy-317">[315]</a> Abuse against women is present and increasingly being challenged by women's rights organisations which find themselves struggling with conservative religious groups as well as government officials in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. According to a 1992 book, "a powerful ethic of forbearance severely limits the ability of traditional Pashtun women to mitigate the suffering they acknowledge in their lives."<a href="#cite_note-Paxtun_Women-318">[316]</a> Further challenging the status quo, <a href="/wiki/Vida_Samadzai" title="Vida Samadzai">Vida Samadzai</a> was selected as Miss Afghanistan in 2003, a feat that was received with a mixture of support from those who back the individual rights of women and those who view such displays as anti-traditionalist and un-Islamic. Some have attained political office in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> A number of Pashtun women are found as TV hosts, journalists and actors.<a href="#cite_note-Khyber-65">[63]</a> In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a> (Mumtaz Jehan), the <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> of India, entered the <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film industry.<a href="#cite_note-Devasher2022-197">[195]</a> Bollywood blockbusters of the 1970s and 1980s starred <a href="/wiki/Parveen_Babi" title="Parveen Babi">Parveen Babi</a>, who hailed from the lineage of Gujarat's historical Pathan community: the royal <a href="/wiki/Babi_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Babi Dynasty">Babi Dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> Other Indian actresses and models, such as <a href="/wiki/Zarine_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarine Khan">Zarine Khan</a>, continue to work in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-pathan-198">[196]</a> During the 1980s many Pashtun women served in the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghan communist regime's Military</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khatol_Mohammadzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatol Mohammadzai">Khatol Mohammadzai</a> served paratrooper during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a> and was later promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghan Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigar_Johar" title="Nigar Johar">Nigar Johar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Three-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-star rank">three-star general</a> in the Pakistan Army, another Pashtun female became a fighter <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Female_Pilots-322">[320]</a> Pashtun women often have their legal rights curtailed in favour of their husbands or male relatives. For example, though women are officially <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">allowed to vote</a> in Pakistan, some have been kept away from <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot boxes</a> by males.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Women-323">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtuns" title="List of Pashtuns">List of Pashtuns</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: पठान / <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پٹھان (paṭhān)<a href="#cite_note-Hindi-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindi3-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fürer-Haimendorf-1985-21">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: افغان (Afğân) or <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>: αβγανο (Abgân)<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams_19-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habibi-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Abgan-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferishta-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-lib-34">[33]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Note: population statistics for Pashtuns (including those without a notation) in foreign countries were derived from various census counts, the UN, the CIA's <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241005130123/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf">"TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX, and RURAL/URBAN - 2023 Census"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+11+%3A+POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+SEX%2C+and+RURAL%2FURBAN+-+2023+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fnational%2Ftable_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurki2021" class="citation web cs1">Burki, Shahid Javed (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319894/the-wandering-pashtuns">"The wandering Pashtuns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. <q>Afghanistan's current population of 38 million, the Pashtun account for less than a majority — 15 million — or 39 per cent of the total.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+wandering+Pashtuns&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Burki&rft.aufirst=Shahid+Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2319894%2Fthe-wandering-pashtuns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillasey-Wilsey2023" class="citation web cs1">Willasey-Wilsey, Tim (10 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatewayhouse.in/tangled-history-the-pashtun/">"Tangled history: the Pashtun"</a>. Gateway House. <q>There are 15 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan where they are the biggest and dominant ethnicity (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateway+House&rft.atitle=Tangled+history%3A+the+Pashtun&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft.aulast=Willasey-Wilsey&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Ftangled-history-the-pashtun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2012" class="citation web cs1">Siddique, Abubakar (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observatori.org/paises/pais_87/documentos/ABUBAKAR_SIDDIQUE.pdf">"Afghanistan's Ethnic Divides"</a> (PDF). CIDOB Policy Research Project. <q>There are some 15 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIDOB+Policy+Research+Project&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Ethnic+Divides&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.observatori.org%2Fpaises%2Fpais_87%2Fdocumentos%2FABUBAKAR_SIDDIQUE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali2018-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2018_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2018_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2018" class="citation news cs1">Ali, Arshad (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-khan-abdul-gaffar-khan-s-great-granddaughter-seeks-citizenship-for-phastoons-in-india-2584887">"Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a>. Retrieved 2 November 2023. <q>Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Khan+Abdul+Gaffar+Khan%27s+great+granddaughter+seeks+citizenship+for+%27Phastoons%27+in+India&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Arshad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-khan-abdul-gaffar-khan-s-great-granddaughter-seeks-citizenship-for-phastoons-in-india-2584887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/281681-protect-islamabad">"Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a>. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=Frontier+Gandhi%27s+granddaughter+urges+Centre+to+grant+citizenship+to+Pathans&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F281681-protect-islamabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hindu-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041209153349/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm">"Pakhtoons in Kashmir"</a>. The Hindu. 20 July 1954. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/20/stories/2004072001220900.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2012. <q>Over a lakh Pakhtoons living in Jammu and Kashmir as nomad tribesmen without any nationality became Indian subjects on July 17. Batches of them received certificates to this effect from the Kashmir Prime Minister, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, at village Gutligabh, 17 miles from Srinagar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Pakhtoons+in+Kashmir&rft.date=1954-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2004%2F07%2F20%2Fstories%2F2004072001220900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_&_Census_Commissioner,_India_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs,_Government_of_India" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"LANGUAGE INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)"</a> (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2018. <q>AFGHANI/KABULI/PASHTO 21,677</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LANGUAGE+INDIA%2C+STATES+AND+UNION+TERRITORIES+%28Table+C-16%29&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft.au=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue-Pashto-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue-Pashto_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pbt/">"Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (2022)"</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Southern+Pashto%3A+Iran+%282022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpbt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pashtuns_in_USA-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Pashtuns_in_USA_10-0">^</a> 42% of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/20/kabul.htm">200,000</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan American">Afghan-Americans</a> = 84,000 and 15% of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP8&prodType=table">363,699</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani American">Pakistani-Americans</a> = 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2009" class="citation news cs1">Maclean, William (10 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL861250">"Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Support+for+Taliban+dives+among+British+Pashtuns&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlatestCrisis%2FidUSL861250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pbt-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Pbt_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pbt/">"Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Tajikistan (2017)"</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Southern+Pashto%3A+Tajikistan+%282017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpbt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601">"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions"</a>. Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census&rft.atitle=Knowledge+of+languages+by+age+and+gender%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+census+divisions+and+census+subdivisions&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810021601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116110211/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_P1.doc">"Perepis.ru"</a>. perepis2002.ru (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/TOM_04_P1.doc">the original</a> on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perepis2002.ru&rft.atitle=Perepis.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2FTOM_04_P1.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.id.com.au/australia/language">"Language used at home"</a>. profile.id.com.au. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profile.id.com.au&rft.atitle=Language+used+at+home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.id.com.au%2Faustralia%2Flanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Ibrahim (7 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal3/index.php/path/article/view/178">"Tarīno and Karlāṇi dialects"</a>. Pashto. 50 (661). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0555-8158">0555-8158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pashto&rft.atitle=Tar%C4%ABno+and+Karl%C4%81%E1%B9%87i+dialects&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=661&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft.issn=0555-8158&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhyber.org%2Fpacademy%2Fjournal3%2Findex.php%2Fpath%2Farticle%2Fview%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2014" class="citation book cs1">David, Anne Boyle (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/125873">Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects</a>. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-231-8"><bdi>978-1-61451-231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Grammar+of+Pashto+and+its+Dialects&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-231-8&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Anne+Boyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F125873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT318">Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846607" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846607"><bdi>9781598846607</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=9781598846607&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOQkpcVcd9AC%26pg%3DPT318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindi-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindi_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_William_Spain1963" class="citation book cs1">James William Spain (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8YNAAAAIAAJ&q=pathan+hindi+word">The Pathan Borderland</a>. Mouton. p. 40. Retrieved 1 January 2012. <q>The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pathan+Borderland&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1963&rft.au=James+William+Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8YNAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpathan%2Bhindi%2Bword&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindi3-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindi3_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pathan">Pathan</a>. World English Dictionary. Retrieved 1 January 2012. <q>Pathan (pəˈtɑːn) — n a member of the Pashto-speaking people of Afghanistan, Western Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion [C17: from Hindi]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathan&rft.pub=World+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FPathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fürer-Haimendorf-1985-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Fürer-Haimendorf-1985_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Fürer-Haimendorf1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_F%C3%BCrer-Haimendorf" title="Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf">von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRSOnRfPAq0C&pg=PA126">Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent</a>. Handbuch der Orientalistik/2,7. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/E._J._Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="E. J. Brill">E. J. Brill</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07120-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07120-2"><bdi>90-04-07120-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/240120731">240120731</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+populations+and+cultures+of+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik%2F2%2C7&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F240120731&rft.isbn=90-04-07120-2&rft.aulast=von+F%C3%BCrer-Haimendorf&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRSOnRfPAq0C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindisfarneTapper1991" class="citation book cs1">Lindisfarne, Nancy; Tapper, Nancy (23 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHk0b9iUWWIC&dq=Pashtun+nomad+ethnic+group&pg=PA29">Bartered Brides: Politics, Gender and Marriage in an Afghan Tribal Society</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38158-1"><bdi>978-0-521-38158-1</bdi></a>. <q>As for the Pashtun nomads, passing the length of the region, they maintain a complex chain of transactions involving goods and information. Most important, each nomad household has a series of 'friends' in Uzbek, Aymak and Hazara villages along the route, usually debtors who take cash advances, animals and wool from them, to be redeemed in local produce and fodder over a number of years. Nomads regard these friendships as important interest-bearing investments akin to the lands some of them own in the same villages; recently villagers have sometimes withheld their dues, but relations between the participants are cordial, in spite of latent tensions and backbiting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartered+Brides%3A+Politics%2C+Gender+and+Marriage+in+an+Afghan+Tribal+Society&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991-05-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38158-1&rft.aulast=Lindisfarne&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Tapper%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHk0b9iUWWIC%26dq%3DPashtun%2Bnomad%2Bethnic%2Bgroup%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2002" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barnett R. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laG03iJF7t8C&dq=Pashtun+nomads&pg=PA33">The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System</a>. Yale University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09519-7"><bdi>978-0-300-09519-7</bdi></a>. <q>In some parts of Afghanistan, Pashtun nomads favored by the state often clashed with non- Pashtun (especially Hazara) peasants. Much of their pasture was granted to them by the state after being expropriated from conquered non-Pashtun communities. The nomads appear to have lost these pastures as the Hazaras gained autonomy in the recent war.___Nomads depend on peasants for their staple food, grain, while peasants rely on nomads for animal products, trade goods, credit, and information...Nomads are also ideally situated for smuggling. For some Baluch and Pashtun nomads, as well as settled tribes in border areas, smuggling has been a source of more income than agriculture or pastoralism. Seasonal migration patterns of nomads have been disrupted by war and state formation throughout history, and the Afghan-Soviet war was no exception.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragmentation+of+Afghanistan%3A+State+Formation+and+Collapse+in+the+International+System&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09519-7&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barnett+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaG03iJF7t8C%26dq%3DPashtun%2Bnomads%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiza2013" class="citation book cs1">Baiza, Yahia (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dauAAAAAQBAJ&dq=Pashtun+nomads&pg=PA100">Education in Afghanistan: Developments, Influences and Legacies Since 1901</a>. Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12082-6"><bdi>978-1-134-12082-6</bdi></a>. <q>A typical issue that continues to disturb social order in Afghanistan even at the present time (2012) concerns the Pashtun nomads and grazing lands. Throughout the period 1929 78, governments supported the desire of the Pashtun nomads to take their cattle to graze in Hazara regions. Kishtmand writes that when Daoud visited Hazaristan in the 1950s. where the majority of the population are Hazaras, the local people com- plained about Pashtun nomads bringing their cattle to their grazing lands and destroying their harvest and land. Daoud responded that it was the right of the Pashtuns to do so and that the land belonged to them (Kishtmand 2002: 106).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Afghanistan%3A+Developments%2C+Influences+and+Legacies+Since+1901&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-134-12082-6&rft.aulast=Baiza&rft.aufirst=Yahia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdauAAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPashtun%2Bnomads%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClunanTrinkunas2010" class="citation book cs1">Clunan, Anne; Trinkunas, Harold A. (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vd9fwi22dWAC&dq=Pashtun+Pastoral+community&pg=PA101">Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7012-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-7012-5</bdi></a>. <q>In 1846, the British sought to segregate settled areas on the frontier from the pastoral Pashtun communities found in the surrounding hills." British au- thorities made no attempt "to advance into the highlands, or even to secure the main passages through the mountains such as the Khyber Pass."2" In addition, the Close Border Policy tried to contract services from more resistant hill tribes in an attempt to co-opt them. In exchange for their cooperation, the tribes would receive a stipend for their services.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ungoverned+Spaces%3A+Alternatives+to+State+Authority+in+an+Era+of+Softened+Sovereignty&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7012-5&rft.aulast=Clunan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Trinkunas%2C+Harold+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvd9fwi22dWAC%26dq%3DPashtun%2BPastoral%2Bcommunity%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanuaziziWeiner1988" class="citation book cs1">Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1 August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&dq=Pashtun+Pastoral+community&pg=PA95">The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2448-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2448-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-2448-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Hazaras, who rebelled and fought an extended war against the Afghan government, were stripped of their control over the Hindu Kush pastures and the pastures were given to the Pashtun pastoralists. This had a devastating impact on the Hazara's society and economy. These pastures had been held in common by the vari- ous regional Hazara groups and so had provided important bases for large "tribal" affiliations to be maintained. With the loss of their sum- mer pastures the units of practical Hazara affiliation declined. Also, Hazara leaders were killed or deported, and their lands were confis- cated. These activities of the Afghan government, carried on as a deliberate policy, sometimes exacerbated by other outrages effected by the Pashtun pastoralists, emasculated the Hazaras.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ethnic+Politics%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Iran%2C+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2448-6&rft.aulast=Banuazizi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6cmuTfzvZEC%26dq%3DPashtun%2BPastoral%2Bcommunity%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell2011-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell2011_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell2011_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Caldwell2011" class="citation book cs1">Dan Caldwell (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSvp3VTGRecC&pg=PA36">Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7666-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-7666-0</bdi></a>. <q>A majority of Pashtuns live south of the Hindu Kush (the 500-mile mountain range that covers northwestern Pakistan to central and eastern Pakistan) and with some Persian speaking ethnic groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vortex+of+Conflict%3A+U.S.+Policy+Toward+Afghanistan%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Iraq&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7666-0&rft.au=Dan+Caldwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSvp3VTGRecC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-Pashtun-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit-Pashtun_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit-Pashtun_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445546/Pashtun">"Pashtun"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pashtun&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F445546%2FPashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sims-Williams_19-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_19_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khalilicollections.org/portfolio/bactrian-documents-from-northern-afghanistan-part-ii/">"Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan. Vol II: Letters and Buddhist"</a>. Khalili Collections: 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khalili+Collections&rft.atitle=Bactrian+Documents+from+Northern+Afghanistan.+Vol+II%3A+Letters+and+Buddhist&rft.pages=19&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khalilicollections.org%2Fportfolio%2Fbactrian-documents-from-northern-afghanistan-part-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habibi-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Habibi_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm">"Afghan and Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Abdul Hai Habibi</a>. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abdul+Hai+Habibi&rft.atitle=Afghan+and+Afghanistan&rft.date=1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamahabibi.com%2FEnglish%2520Articles%2FAfghan_and_Afghanistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Abgan-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Abgan_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/129450/History?anchor=ref261360">"History of Afghanistan"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Afghanistan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F7798%2FAfghanistan%2F129450%2FHistory%3Fanchor%3Dref261360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferishta-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferishta_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferishta_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferishta_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Qasim_Hindu_Shah_(Firishta)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah</a> (Firishta). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211200506/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=10">"History of the Mohamedan Power in India"</a>. Persian Literature in Translation. <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=10">the original</a> on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Persian+Literature+in+Translation&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Mohamedan+Power+in+India&rft.au=Muhammad+Qasim+Hindu+Shah+%28Firishta%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D06901021%26ct%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-lib-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Brit-lib_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702122855/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/afghanglossary/afghanglossary.html">"Afghanistan: Glossary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/afghanglossary/afghanglossary.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+Glossary&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Freshelp%2Ffindhelpregion%2Fasia%2Fafghanistan%2Fafghanistancollection%2Fafghanglossary%2Fafghanglossary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2008" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Guiyou (30 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5RxDwAAQBAJ&dq=term+afghan+other+ethnic+groups&pg=PA5">The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature [3 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-736-1"><bdi>978-1-56720-736-1</bdi></a>. <q>In Afghanistan, up until the 1970s, the common reference to Afghan meant Pashtun. . . . The term Afghan as an inclusive term for all ethnic groups was an effort begun by the "modernizing" King Amanullah (1909-1921). . . .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+Literature+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-736-1&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Guiyou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5RxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dterm%2Bafghan%2Bother%2Bethnic%2Bgroups%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Afghanistan">"Constitution of the Kingdom of Afghanistan - Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Afghanistan+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2021" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, John A. (10 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_hLEAAAQBAJ&dq=term+afghan+other+ethnic+groups&pg=PT110">Afghanistan Graveyard of Empires: Why the Most Powerful Armies of Their Time Found Only Defeat or Shame in This Land Of Endless Wars</a>. Aries Consolidated LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-387-68356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-387-68356-7"><bdi>978-1-387-68356-7</bdi></a>. <q>The largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is that of Pashtuns, who were historically known as the Afghans. The term Afghan is now intended to indicate people of other ethnic groups as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Graveyard+of+Empires%3A+Why+the+Most+Powerful+Armies+of+Their+Time+Found+Only+Defeat+or+Shame+in+This+Land+Of+Endless+Wars&rft.pub=Aries+Consolidated+LLC&rft.date=2021-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-387-68356-7&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_hLEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dterm%2Bafghan%2Bother%2Bethnic%2Bgroups%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodetti2019" class="citation news cs1">Bodetti, Austin (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages">"What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?"</a>. The New Arab.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=What+will+happen+to+Afghanistan%27s+national+languages%3F&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Bodetti&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Findepth%2F2019%2F7%2F11%2Fwhat-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiovenda2019" class="citation book cs1">Chiovenda, Andrea (12 November 2019). Crafting Masculine Selves: Culture, War, and Psychodynamics in Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-007355-8"><bdi>978-0-19-007355-8</bdi></a>. <q>Niamatullah knew Persian very well, as all the educated Pashtuns generally do in Afghanistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+Masculine+Selves%3A+Culture%2C+War%2C+and+Psychodynamics+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-007355-8&rft.aulast=Chiovenda&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012Hakala-41"><a href="#cite_ref-2012Hakala_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakala2012" class="citation web cs1">Hakala, Walter N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf">"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+as+a+Key+to+Understanding+Afghanistan%27s+Cultures&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Walter+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fasia_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaddiqa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Saddiqa, Ayesha (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326269319">"The Role of Pashto (as L1) and Urdu (as L2) in English Language Learning"</a>. Linguistics and Literature Review. 4 (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29145%2F2018%2Fllr%2F040101">10.29145/2018/llr/040101</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2221-6510">2221-6510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+and+Literature+Review&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Pashto+%28as+L1%29+and+Urdu+%28as+L2%29+in+English+Language+Learning&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29145%2F2018%2Fllr%2F040101&rft.issn=2221-6510&rft.aulast=Saddiqa&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F326269319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Hindu Society and English Rule". <a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Review" title="The Westminster Review">The Westminster Review</a>. 108 (213–214). The Leonard Scott Publishing Company: 154. 1877. <q>Hindustani had arisen as a lingua franca from the intercourse of the Persian-speaking Pathans with the Hindi-speaking Hindus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Westminster+Review&rft.atitle=Hindu+Society+and+English+Rule&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=213%E2%80%93214&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2017-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Green2017_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nile (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29413-4"><bdi>978-0-520-29413-4</bdi></a>. <q>Many of the communities of ethnic Pashtuns (known as Pathans in India) that had emerged in India over the previous centuries lived peaceably among their Hindu neighbors. Most of these Indo-Afghans lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead spoke Hindi and Punjabi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Islam%3A+From+Conversion+to+the+Taliban&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29413-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthy2013" class="citation web cs1">Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/">"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection"</a>. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Retrieved 13 March 2018. <q>Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabul+Diary%3A+Discovering+the+Indian+connection&rft.pub=Gateway+House%3A+Indian+Council+on+Global+Relations&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Fkabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romano-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Romano_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2003" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Amy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000roma">A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000roma/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-3863-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-3863-8"><bdi>0-8239-3863-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8239-3863-8&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalatlaso0000roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Saleem_Shahzad2006" class="citation news cs1">Syed Saleem Shahzad (20 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=891&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=181&no_cache=1">"Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies"</a>. Jamestown. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Profiles+of+Pakistan%27s+Seven+Tribal+Agencies&rft.date=2006-10-20&rft.au=Syed+Saleem+Shahzad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fprograms%2Fgta%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D891%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D181%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/who-are-the-pashtun-195409">"Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 14 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Pashtun+People+of+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwho-are-the-pashtun-195409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurki2021" class="citation web cs1">Burki, Shahid Javed (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319894/the-wandering-pashtuns">"The wandering Pashtuns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. <q>Afghanistan's current population of 38 million, the Pashtun account for less than a majority — 15 million — or 39 per cent of the total.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+wandering+Pashtuns&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Burki&rft.aufirst=Shahid+Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2319894%2Fthe-wandering-pashtuns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillasey-Wilsey2023" class="citation web cs1">Willasey-Wilsey, Tim (10 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatewayhouse.in/tangled-history-the-pashtun/">"Tangled history: the Pashtun"</a>. Gateway House. <q>There are 15 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan where they are the biggest and dominant ethnicity (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateway+House&rft.atitle=Tangled+history%3A+the+Pashtun&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft.aulast=Willasey-Wilsey&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Ftangled-history-the-pashtun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2012" class="citation web cs1">Siddique, Abubakar (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observatori.org/paises/pais_87/documentos/ABUBAKAR_SIDDIQUE.pdf">"Afghanistan's Ethnic Divides"</a> (PDF). CIDOB Policy Research Project. <q>There are some 15 million Pashtuns in Afghanistan (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIDOB+Policy+Research+Project&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Ethnic+Divides&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.observatori.org%2Fpaises%2Fpais_87%2Fdocumentos%2FABUBAKAR_SIDDIQUE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20200517105822/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/undataforum/hybrid%2Dcensus%2Dto%2Dgenerate%2Dspatially%2Ddisaggregated%2Dpopulation%2Destimates/">"Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimate"</a>. United Nations world data form. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/undataforum/hybrid-census-to-generate-spatially-disaggregated-population-estimates/">the original</a> on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+world+data+form&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Census+to+Generate+Spatially-disaggregated+Population+Estimate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fundataforum%2Fhybrid-census-to-generate-spatially-disaggregated-population-estimates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/#people-and-society">"Pakistan - The World Factbook"</a>. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Pakistan+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan">"Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fafghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. cia.gov. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=South+Asia+%3A%3A+Pakistan+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-pakistan.html">"What Languages Are Spoken In Pakistan?"</a>. World atlas. 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+atlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+In+Pakistan%3F&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanfieldPaleczek-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanfieldPaleczek_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanfieldPaleczek_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfieldRasuly-Paleczek2010" class="citation book cs1">Canfield, Robert L.; Rasuly-Paleczek, Gabriele (4 October 2010). Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small. Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92750-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92750-8"><bdi>978-1-136-92750-8</bdi></a>. <q>By the late-eighteenth century perhaps 100,000 "Afghan" or "Puthan" migrants had established several generations of political control and economic consolidation within numerous Rohilkhand communities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Authority+and+Power+in+Central+Asia%3A+New+Games+Great+and+Small&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92750-8&rft.aulast=Canfield&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Rasuly-Paleczek%2C+Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2022" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui, Niloufer A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhOUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Under the Gun</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009242523" title="Special:BookSources/9781009242523"><bdi>9781009242523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Gun&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781009242523&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Niloufer+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhOUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pashtun">"Pashtun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2020. <q>Pashtun, also spelled Pushtun or Pakhtun, Hindustani Pathan, Persian Afghan, Pashto-speaking people residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pashtun&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton-Jack2015-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Morton-Jack2015_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Morton-Jack2015" class="citation book cs1">George Morton-Jack (24 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cczSCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11765-5"><bdi>978-1-107-11765-5</bdi></a>. <q>'Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+on+the+Western+Front+South+Asia+Edition&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11765-5&rft.au=George+Morton-Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcczSCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017055301/http://islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm">"Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs ... How Well Do You Know Them?"</a>. Islamic Voice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicvoice.com/may.2003/cseries.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memons%2C+Khojas%2C+Cheliyas%2C+Moplahs+...+How+Well+Do+You+Know+Them%3F&rft.pub=Islamic+Voice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicvoice.com%2Fmay.2003%2Fcseries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Pathan">"Pathan"</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathan&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FPathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian_Pathans-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Pathans_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Pathans_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514122925/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml">"Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India"</a>. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khyber.org&rft.atitle=Study+of+the+Pathan+Communities+in+Four+States+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Farticles%2F2007%2FStudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Alavi2008-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Alavi2008_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi2008" class="citation web cs1">Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan/story-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html">"Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan"</a>. Hindustan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Indian+Pathans+to+broker+peace+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Shams+Ur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Findian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan%2Fstory-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khyber-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khyber_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khyber_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleem2007" class="citation web cs1">Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229013803/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml">"Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India"</a>. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khyber.org&rft.atitle=Study+of+the+Pathan+Communities+in+Four+States+of+India&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft.aulast=Haleem&rft.aufirst=Safia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Farticles%2F2007%2FStudy_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-32377276">"The 'Kabuliwala' Afghans of Kolkata"</a>. BBC News. 23 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+%27Kabuliwala%27+Afghans+of+Kolkata&rft.date=2015-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-32377276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-India-census-67"><a href="#cite_ref-India-census_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193939/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">"Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001"</a>. Census of India. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abstract+of+speakers%27+strength+of+languages+and+mother+tongues+%E2%80%93+2001&rft.pub=Census+of+India&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_Data_2001%2FCensus_Data_Online%2FLanguage%2FStatement1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNI2018-68"><a href="#cite_ref-TNI2018_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/281681-protect-islamabad">"Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a>. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontier+Gandhi%27s+granddaughter+urges+Centre+to+grant+citizenship+to+Pathans&rft.pub=The+News+International&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F281681-protect-islamabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya2018-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya2018_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2018" class="citation web cs1">Bhattacharya, Ravik (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/frontier-gandhi-khan-abdul-gaffar-khans-granddaughter-urges-centre-to-grant-citizenship-to-pathans-5064372/">"Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontier+Gandhi%27s+granddaughter+urges+Centre+to+grant+citizenship+to+Pathans&rft.pub=The+Indian+Express&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Ravik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Ffrontier-gandhi-khan-abdul-gaffar-khans-granddaughter-urges-centre-to-grant-citizenship-to-pathans-5064372%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/21537/IN">"Pashtun in India"</a>. Joshua Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Pashtun+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F21537%2FIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alavi2008A-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Alavi2008A_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi2008" class="citation web cs1">Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan/story-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html">"Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan"</a>. Hindustan Times. <q>Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. Famous Indian Pathans include Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace," Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Pathans+to+broker+peace+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Hindustan+Times&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Shams+Ur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Findian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan%2Fstory-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey2020-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Frey2020_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2020" class="citation book cs1">Frey, James (16 September 2020). The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents. Hackett Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-905-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-905-7"><bdi>978-1-62466-905-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Rebellion%2C+1857%E2%80%931859%3A+A+Short+History+with+Documents&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-905-7&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joshua-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joshua_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joshua_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/21537/IN">"Pashtun, Pathan in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Project" title="Joshua Project">Joshua Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pashtun%2C+Pathan+in+India&rft.pub=Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F21537%2FIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnigan2018" class="citation web cs1">Finnigan, Christopher (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2018/10/29/the-kabuliwala-represents-a-dilemma-between-the-territorial-ethos-of-the-nation-state-and-the-migratory-history-of-the-world-professor-shah-mahmoud-hanifi/">""The Kabuliwala represents a dilemma between the state and migratory history of the world" – Shah Mahmoud Hanifi"</a>. London School of Economics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Kabuliwala+represents+a+dilemma+between+the+state+and+migratory+history+of+the+world%22+%E2%80%93+Shah+Mahmoud+Hanifi&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.aulast=Finnigan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fsouthasia%2F2018%2F10%2F29%2Fthe-kabuliwala-represents-a-dilemma-between-the-territorial-ethos-of-the-nation-state-and-the-migratory-history-of-the-world-professor-shah-mahmoud-hanifi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/922791">"Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70"</a>. Dawn. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Bollywood+actor+Firoz+Khan+dies+at+70&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F922791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061105072533/http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html">"Afghans of Guyana"</a>. Wahid Momand. Afghanland.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afghanland.com/culture/guyana.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wahid+Momand&rft.atitle=Afghans+of+Guyana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafghanland.com%2Fculture%2Fguyana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14256/AS">"Northern Pashtuns in Australia"</a>. Joshua Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Northern+Pashtuns+in+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14256%2FAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan2015-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2015_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2015_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasim_Khan2015" class="citation book cs1">Jasim Khan (27 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jgHCwAAQBAJ">Being Salman</a>. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 34, 35, 37, 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-094-2"><bdi>978-81-8475-094-2</bdi></a>. <q>Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Salman&rft.pages=34%2C+35%2C+37%2C+38-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-094-2&rft.au=Jasim+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jgHCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swarup-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Swarup_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarup2011" class="citation news cs1">Swarup, Shubhangi (27 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/the-kingdom-of-khan/">"The Kingdom of Khan"</a>. Open. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604000833/http://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/the-kingdom-of-khan/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Khan&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.aulast=Swarup&rft.aufirst=Shubhangi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenthemagazine.com%2Fart-culture%2Fthe-kingdom-of-khan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alavi20082-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alavi20082_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alavi20082_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi2008" class="citation web cs1">Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan/story-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html">"Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan"</a>. Hindustan Times. <q>Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace", Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Pathans+to+broker+peace+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Hindustan+Times&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Shams+Ur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Findian-pathans-to-broker-peace-in-afghanistan%2Fstory-W6Z4o4Dm0ETTz7tPBoHT1I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green20172-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green20172_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green20172_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNile_Green2017" class="citation book cs1">Nile Green (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6swDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban</a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29413-4"><bdi>978-0-520-29413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Islam%3A+From+Conversion+to+the+Taliban&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29413-4&rft.au=Nile+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6swDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindfuhr2013" class="citation book cs1">Windfuhr, Gernot (13 May 2013). Iranian Languages. Routledge. pp. 703–731. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79704-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79704-1"><bdi>978-1-135-79704-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Languages&rft.pages=703-731&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79704-1&rft.aulast=Windfuhr&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dorrani-1">"DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=DORR%C4%80N%C4%AA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdorrani-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gilzi-">"ḠILZĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <q>Nāder Shah also defeated the last independent Ḡalzay ruler of Qandahār, Shah Ḥosayn Hotak, Shah Maḥmūd's brother in 1150/1738. Shah Ḥosayn and large numbers of the Ḡalzī were deported to Mazandarān (Marvī, pp. 543-52; Lockhart, 1938, pp. 115-20). The remnants of this once sizable exiled community, although assimilated, continue to claim Ḡalzī Pashtun descent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A0ILZ%C4%AA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgilzi-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dorrani-1">"DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <q>raided in Khorasan, and "in the course of a very few years greatly increased in numbers"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=DORR%C4%80N%C4%AA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdorrani-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrympleAnand2017" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPVrDgAAQBAJ&q=Timur+Shah+Durrani+born+mashhad&pg=PT74">Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-8885-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-8885-8"><bdi>978-1-4088-8885-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koh-i-Noor%3A+The+History+of+the+World%27s+Most+Infamous+Diamond&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-8885-8&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Anand%2C+Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPVrDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DTimur%2BShah%2BDurrani%2Bborn%2Bmashhad%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-khan-afgan-d">"ĀZĀD KHAN AFḠĀN"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=%C4%80Z%C4%80D+KHAN+AF%E1%B8%A0%C4%80N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazad-khan-afgan-d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dorrani-1">"DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <q>According to a sample survey in 1988, nearly 75 percent of all Afghan refugees in the southern part of Persian Khorasan were Dorrānī, that is, about 280,000 people (Papoli-Yazdi, p. 62).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=DORR%C4%80N%C4%AA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdorrani-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2002" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA27">Pakistan: nationalism without a nation?</a>. Zed Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-117-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-117-5"><bdi>1-84277-117-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+nationalism+without+a+nation%3F&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84277-117-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2avL3aZzSEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> p. 2 "Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture" By D. R. Bhandarkar </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv07018.htm">"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 7: HYMN XVIII. Indra"</a>. www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Rig+Veda%3A+Rig-Veda%2C+Book+7%3A+HYMN+XVIII.+Indra.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frigveda%2Frv07018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/A._A._Macdonell" class="mw-redirect" title="A. A. Macdonell">Macdonell, A.A.</a> and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Map of the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a>, showing Pactyans territory in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan...<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/oriental_empire.jpg">Link</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=3:chapter=102:section=1">"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 102, section 1"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Herodotus%2C+The+Histories%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+102%2C+section+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D102%3Asection%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055843/http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html">"The History of Herodotus Chapter 7, Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by George Rawlinson"</a>. Piney.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus+Chapter+7%2C+Written+440+B.C.E%2C+Translated+by+George+Rawlinson&rft.pub=Piney.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piney.com%2FHeredotus7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/hh3090.htm">"The History of Herodotus Book 3, Chapter 91, Verse 4; Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by G. C. Macaulay"</a>. sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus+Book+3%2C+Chapter+91%2C+Verse+4%3B+Written+440+B.C.E%2C+Translated+by+G.+C.+Macaulay&rft.pub=sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fcla%2Fhh%2Fhh3090.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=3:chapter=91:section=4">"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 91, section 4"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Herodotus%2C+The+Histories%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+91%2C+section+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D91%3Asection%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDani2007" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yduAAAAMAAJ">History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages</a>. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2020-0"><bdi>978-969-35-2020-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pakistan%3A+Pakistan+through+ages&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Sang-e+Meel+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-969-35-2020-0&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldich2019" class="citation book cs1">Holdich, Thomas (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnC-wwEACAAJ&q=Holdich++gates+of+india">The Gates of India, Being an Historical Narrative</a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 28, 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-530-94119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-530-94119-6"><bdi>978-0-530-94119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gates+of+India%2C+Being+an+Historical+Narrative&rft.pages=28%2C+31&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.isbn=978-0-530-94119-6&rft.aulast=Holdich&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnC-wwEACAAJ%26q%3DHoldich%2B%2Bgates%2Bof%2Bindia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemyHumbachZiegler1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ptolemy; Humbach, Helmut; Ziegler, Susanne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfkQAQAAIAAJ">Geography, book 6 : Middle East, Central and North Asia, China. Part 1. Text and English/German translations</a> (in Greek). Reichert. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-061-4"><bdi>978-3-89500-061-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography%2C+book+6+%3A+Middle+East%2C+Central+and+North+Asia%2C+China.+Part+1.+Text+and+English%2FGerman+translations&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-061-4&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft.au=Humbach%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfkQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquart" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marquart, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/UntersuchungenZurGeschichteVonEran21905">Untersuchungen zur geschichte von Eran II (1905)</a> (in German). p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zur+geschichte+von+Eran+II+%281905%29&rft.pages=177&rft.aulast=Marquart&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUntersuchungenZurGeschichteVonEran21905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=11:chapter=8:section=2">"Strabo, Geography, BOOK XI., CHAPTER VIII., section 2"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+BOOK+XI.%2C+CHAPTER+VIII.%2C+section+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D11%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagar1992-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Sagar1992_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA91">Foreign Influence on Ancient India</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172110284" title="Special:BookSources/9788172110284"><bdi>9788172110284</bdi></a>. <q>According to Strabo (c. 54 B.C., A.D. 24), who refers to the authority of <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Artemita" title="Apollodorus of Artemita">Apollodorus of Artemia</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], the Greeks of Bactria became masters of Ariana, a vague term roughly indicating the eastern districts of the Persian empire, and of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9788172110284&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1">Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-early-inner-asia/90634C2E365B2AE442EDCA51E5335033">The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243049">10.1017/CHOL9780521243049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>. <q>All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243049&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-early-inner-asia%2F90634C2E365B2AE442EDCA51E5335033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onomasiological-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Onomasiological_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Onomasiological_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumbachFaiss2012" class="citation book cs1">Humbach, Helmut; Faiss, Klaus (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMACuwAACAAJ&q=Herodotus+Scythians+and+Ptolemy%E2%80%99s+Central+Asia">Herodotus's Scythians and Ptolemy's Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies</a>. Reichert Verlag. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-887-0"><bdi>978-3-89500-887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%27s+Scythians+and+Ptolemy%27s+Central+Asia%3A+Semasiological+and+Onomasiological+Studies&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-887-0&rft.aulast=Humbach&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Faiss%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMACuwAACAAJ%26q%3DHerodotus%2BScythians%2Band%2BPtolemy%25E2%2580%2599s%2BCentral%2BAsia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlikuzai2013" class="citation book cs1">Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=Strabo+pashtuns&pg=PA142">A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes</a>. Trafford Publishing. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-1441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4907-1441-7"><bdi>978-1-4907-1441-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Afghanistan+in+25+Volumes&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2013-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4907-1441-7&rft.aulast=Alikuzai&rft.aufirst=Hamid+Wahed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZJcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DStrabo%2Bpashtuns%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung" class="citation web cs1">Cheung, Johnny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32353626">"Cheung2017-On the Origin of the Terms "Afghan" & "Pashtun" (Again) - Gnoli Memorial Volume.pdf"</a>. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheung2017-On+the+Origin+of+the+Terms+%22Afghan%22+%26+%22Pashtun%22+%28Again%29+-+Gnoli+Memorial+Volume.pdf&rft.pages=39&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32353626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoranoProvasiRossi2017" class="citation book cs1">Morano, Enrico; Provasi, Elio; Rossi, Adriano Valerio (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32353626">"On the Origin of Terms Afghan and Pashtun"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJihtAEACAAJ">Studia Philologica Iranica: Gherardo Gnoli Memorial Volume</a>. Scienze e lettere. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6687-115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6687-115-6"><bdi>978-88-6687-115-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+Terms+Afghan+and+Pashtun&rft.btitle=Studia+Philologica+Iranica%3A+Gherardo+Gnoli+Memorial+Volume&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Scienze+e+lettere&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-88-6687-115-6&rft.aulast=Morano&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft.au=Provasi%2C+Elio&rft.au=Rossi%2C+Adriano+Valerio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32353626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pashtun">"Pashtun | people"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2020. <q>Pashtun...bore the exclusive name of Afghan before that name came to denote any native of the present land area of Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pashtun+%7C+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> * "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle). <ul><li>"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture Abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).</li> <li>cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, Asva, or Asvaka, a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society).</li> <li>"Afghans are Assakani of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>; this word being the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashvaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvaka">Ashvaka</a> meaning 'horsemen'" (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).</li> <li>Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a cavalier, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>" (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra</a> (1977) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99">Ancient India</a> (Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-436-4"><bdi>978-8-12080-436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-8-12080-436-4&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Indische Alterthumskunde, Vol I, fn 6; also Vol II, p 129, et al. </li> <li id="cite_note-r0-113"><a href="#cite_ref-r0_113-0">^</a> "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J. W. McCrindle). </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Etude Sur la Geog Grecque & c, pp 39-47, M. V. de Saint Martin. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1891, p 83, Élisée Reclus - Geography. </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-116"><a href="#cite_ref-r1_116-0">^</a> "Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan). </li> <li id="cite_note-r2-117"><a href="#cite_ref-r2_117-0">^</a> cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, Asva, or Asvaka, a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "Afghans are Assakani of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>; this word being the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashvaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvaka">Ashvaka</a> meaning 'horsemen' " (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood). </li> <li id="cite_note-r3-119"><a href="#cite_ref-r3_119-0">^</a> Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a cavalier, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>" (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell). </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> See few more references on Asvaka = Afghan: The Numismatic Chronicle, 1893, p 100, Royal Numismatic Society (Great Britain); Awq, 1983, p 5, Giorgio Vercellin; Der Islam, 1960, p 58, Carl Heinrich Becker, Maymūn ibn al-Qāsim Tabarānī; Journal of Indian History: Golden Jubilee Volume, 1973, p 470, Trivandrum, India (City), University of Kerala. Dept. of History; Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations, 1970, p 17, Chandra Chakraberty; Stile der Portugiesischen lyrik im 20 jahrhundert, p 124, Winfried Kreutzen.; See: Works, 1865, p 164, Dr H. H. Wilson; The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1891, p 83; Chants populaires des Afghans, 1880, p clxiv, James Darmesteter; Nouvelle geographie universelle v. 9, 1884, p.59, Elisée Reclus; Alexander the Great, 2004, p.318, Lewis Vance Cummings (Biography & Autobiography); Nouveau dictionnaire de géographie universelle contenant 1o La géographie physique ... 2o La .., 1879, Louis Rousselet, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vivien_de_Saint-Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin">Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin</a>; An Ethnic Interpretation of Pauranika Personages, 1971, p 34, Chandra Chakraberty; Revue internationale, 1803, p 803; Journal of Indian History: Golden Jubilee Volume, 1973, p 470, Trivandrum, India (City). University of Kerala. Dept. of History; Edinburgh University Publications, 1969, p 113, University of Edinburgh; Shi jie jian wen, 1930, p 68 by Shi jie zhi shi chu ban she. Cf also: Advanced History of Medieval India, 1983, p 31, Dr J. L. Mehta; Asian Relations, 1948, p 301, Asian Relations Organization ("Distributed in the United States by: Institute of Pacific Relations, New York."); Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1892, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society - Geography; The geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India, 1971, p 87, Nundo Lal Dey; Nag Sen of Milind Paṅhö, 1996, p 64, P. K. Kaul - Social Science; The Sultanate of Delhi, 1959, p 30, Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava; Journal of Indian History, 1965, p 354, University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore - India; Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales, 1858, p 313, fn 3, Stanislas Julien Xuanzang - Buddhism. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abgan-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Abgan_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoelle-KarimiConrad_J._SchetterReinhard_Schlagintweit2002" class="citation book cs1">Noelle-Karimi, Christine; Conrad J. Schetter; Reinhard Schlagintweit (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eo3tAAAAMAAJ">Afghanistan -a country without a state?</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, United States: IKO. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88939-628-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88939-628-3"><bdi>3-88939-628-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 September 2010. <q>The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the 3rd century, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+-a+country+without+a+state%3F&rft.place=University+of+Michigan%2C+United+States&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=IKO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-88939-628-3&rft.aulast=Noelle-Karimi&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Conrad+J.+Schetter&rft.au=Reinhard+Schlagintweit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deo3tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barkhuis-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Barkhuis_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh2020" class="citation book cs1">Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&q=bunukan&pg=PA144">Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History</a>. Barkhuis. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-93194-01-4"><bdi>978-94-93194-01-4</bdi></a>. <q>[ To Ormuzd Bunukan, ... greetings and homage from ... ), Pithe ( sot ] ang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) [ the glorious ) yabghu of [ Heph ] thal, the chief ... of the Afghans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunnic+Peoples+in+Central+and+South+Asia%3A+Sources+for+their+Origin+and+History&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-93194-01-4&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1niel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfrnVDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbunukan%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bactrian_documents_from_northern_Af-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Bactrian_documents_from_northern_Af_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams2000" class="citation book cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000). Bactrian documents from northern Afghanistan. Oxford: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874780-92-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-874780-92-7"><bdi>1-874780-92-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bactrian+documents+from+northern+Afghanistan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Nour+Foundation+in+association+with+Azimuth+Editions+and+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-874780-92-7&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> A small kingdom in Bactria </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507190602/http://sanskritdictionary.com/avag%C4%81%E1%B9%87a/20082/1">"Sanskritdictionary.com: Definition of avagāṇa"</a>. sanskritdictionary.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritdictionary.com/avag%C4%81%E1%B9%87a/20082/1">the original</a> on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sanskritdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Sanskritdictionary.com%3A+Definition+of+avag%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdictionary.com%2Favag%25C4%2581%25E1%25B9%2587a%2F20082%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation">"Afghan"</a>. Ch. M. Kieffer. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a> Online Edition. 15 December 1983. Retrieved 27 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ch.+M.+Kieffer&rft.atitle=Afghan&rft.date=1983-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhat-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhat_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarāhamihiraBhat1981" class="citation book cs1">Varāhamihira; Bhat, M. Ramakrishna (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rboQwAACAAJ">Bṛhat Saṁhitā of Varāhamihira: with english translation, exhaustive notes and literary comments</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0098-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%E1%B9%9Bhat+Sa%E1%B9%81hit%C4%81+of+Var%C4%81hamihira%3A+with+english+translation%2C+exhaustive+notes+and+literary+comments&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0098-4&rft.au=Var%C4%81hamihira&rft.au=Bhat%2C+M.+Ramakrishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rboQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogelsang-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vogelsang_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogelsang_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogelsang_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogelsang_128-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang2002" class="citation book cs1">Vogelsang, Willem (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA18">The Afghans</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19841-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19841-5"><bdi>0-631-19841-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afghans&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-631-19841-5&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kfJ6MlMsJQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorskyBosworth2015" class="citation book cs1">Minorsky, V. V.; Bosworth, C. E. (31 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zB1CQAAQBAJ&q=hudud+alam">Hudud al-'Alam 'The Regions of the World' - A Persian Geography 372 A.H. (982 AD)</a>. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909724-75-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909724-75-4"><bdi>978-1-909724-75-4</bdi></a>. <q>Ninhar, a place of which the king makes a show of Islam, and has many wives, (namely) over thirty Muslim, Afghan, and Hindu (wives).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hudud+al-%27Alam+%27The+Regions+of+the+World%27+-+A+Persian+Geography+372+A.H.+%28982+AD%29&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Gibb+Memorial+Trust&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-909724-75-4&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.+V.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zB1CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhudud%2Balam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> A Glossary Of The Tribes And Castes Of The Punjab And North-West Frontier Province Vol. 3 By H.A. Rose, Denzil Ibbetson Sir Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1997, Page 211, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85297-70-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-85297-70-3">81-85297-70-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85297-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85297-70-5">978-81-85297-70-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farishta-2-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Farishta-2_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092123/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13">"AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferishta">Ferishta</a>, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13">the original</a> on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012. <q>The Afghans and Khiljis who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Subooktugeen, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghizny</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ferishta%2C+History+of+the+Rise+of+Mohammedan+Power+in+India%2C+Volume+1%3A+Section+15&rft.atitle=AMEER+NASIR-OOD-DEEN+SUBOOKTUGEEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D06901021%26ct%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> R. Khanam, Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: P-Z, Volume 3 - Page 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1993" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150">E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936</a>. BRILL. pp. 150–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09796-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09796-1"><bdi>90-04-09796-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam+1913-1936&rft.pages=150-51&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09796-1&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEl6N2tQeawC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Battuta2004" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Battuta (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180">Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354</a> (reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34473-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34473-5"><bdi>0-415-34473-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Asia+and+Africa%2C+1325-1354&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-34473-5&rft.au=Ibn+Battuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKqn_CWTxYEC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924023825/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol/00">"Old Iranian Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/aveol-0-X.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Iranian+Online&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcola%2Fcenters%2Flrc%2Feieol%2Faveol-0-X.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pashtun">"Pashtun | people"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2020. <q>...though most scholars believe it more likely that they arose from an intermingling of ancient Aryans from the north or west with subsequent invaders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pashtun+%7C+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nath-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Nath_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath2002" class="citation book cs1">Nath, Samir (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGBaXO54-HwC&pg=PA273">Dictionary of Vedanta</a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7890-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7890-056-4"><bdi>81-7890-056-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Vedanta&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7890-056-4&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGBaXO54-HwC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heredotus-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Heredotus_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055843/http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html">The History of Herodotus</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">George Rawlinson</a>. The History Files. 4 February 1998 [original written 440 BC]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piney.com/Heredotus7.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.pub=The+History+Files&rft.date=1998-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.piney.com%2FHeredotus7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1846" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Mohan (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00bant">Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul</a>. Vol. 1. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00bant/page/n7">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7787-9335-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7787-9335-4"><bdi>0-7787-9335-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Amir+Dost+Mohammed+Khan%3B+of+Kabul&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1846&rft.isbn=0-7787-9335-4&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistan00bant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō"</a>. <q>(69) Paṣ̌tō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch. It shares with Munǰī the change of *δ > l, but this tendency extends also to Sogdian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encolypedia+Iranica%2C+AFGHANISTAN+vi.+Pa%E1%B9%A3%CC%8Ct%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-vi-pasto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie2009" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (2009). The World's Major Languages. <q>Pashto belongs to the North-Eastern group within the Iranian Languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Afghanistan volume 28. Historical Society of Afghanistan. 1975. <q>Pashto originally belonged to the north - eastern branch of the Iranic languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+volume+28&rft.pub=Historical+Society+of+Afghanistan.&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaghmarFrye2001" class="citation journal cs1">Waghmar, Burzine; Frye, Richard N. (2001). "Bactrian History and Language: An Overview". Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute. 64: 40–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+K.+R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.atitle=Bactrian+History+and+Language%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=40-48&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Waghmar&rft.aufirst=Burzine&rft.au=Frye%2C+Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō"</a>. <q>It shares with Munǰī the change of *δ > l, but this tendency extends also to Sogdian. The Waṇ. dialect shares with Munǰī the change of -t- > -y-/0. If we want to assume that this agreement points to some special connection, and not to a secondary, parallel development, we should have to admit that one branch of pre-Paṣ̌tō had already, before the splitting off of Waṇ., retained some special connection with Munǰī, an assumption unsupported by any other facts. Apart from l <*δ the only agreement between Paṣ̌tō and Munǰī appears to be Pṣ̌t. zə; Munǰī zo/a "I." Note also Pṣ̌t. l but Munǰī x̌ < θ (Pṣ̌t. plan "wide", cal(w)or "four", but Munǰī paҳəy, čfūr, Yidḡa čšīr < *čəҳfūr). Paṣ̌tō has dr-, wr- < *θr-, *fr- like Khotanese Saka (see above 23). An isolated, but important, agreement with Sangl. is the remarkable change of *rs/z > Pṣ̌t. ҳt/ǧd; Sangl. ṣ̌t/ẓ̌d (obəҳta "juniper;" Sangl. wəṣ̌t; (w)ūǧd "long;" vəẓ̌dük) (see above 25). But we find similar development also in Shugh. ambaҳc, vūγ̌j. The most plausible explanation seems to be that *rs (with unvoiced r) became *ṣ̌s and, with differentiation *ṣ̌c, and *rz, through *ẓ̌z > ẓ̌j (from which Shugh. ҳc, γ̌j). Pṣ̌t. and Sangl. then shared a further differentiation into ṣ̌t, ẓ̌d ( > Pṣ̌t. ҳt, ğd).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encolypedia+Iranica%2C+AFGHANISTAN+vi.+Pa%E1%B9%A3%CC%8Ct%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-vi-pasto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">"Encolypedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō"</a>. <q>It is, however, possible that the original home of Paṣ̌tō may have been in Badaḵšān, somewhere between Munǰī and Sangl. and Shugh., with some contact with a Saka dialect akin to Khotanese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encolypedia+Iranica%2C+AFGHANISTAN+vi.+Pa%E1%B9%A3%CC%8Ct%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-vi-pasto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Indo-Iranica. Kolkata, India: Iran Society. 1946. pp. 173–174. <q>... and their language is most closely related to on the one hand with Saka on the other with Munji-Yidgha</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Iranica&rft.place=Kolkata%2C+India&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Iran+Society&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBečka1969" class="citation book cs1">Bečka, Jiří (1969). A Study in Pashto Stress. Academia. p. 32. <q>Pashto in its origin, is probably a Saka dialect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+in+Pashto+Stress&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Be%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Jonny (2007). Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Iranian+Verb&rft.pub=%28Leiden+Indo-European+Etymological+Dictionary+Series%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Jonny (2007). Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+dictionary+of+the+Iranian+verb&rft.pub=%28Leiden+Indo-European+Etymological+Dictionary+Series%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">"Enyclopedia Iranica, AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṣ̌tō"</a>. <q>But it seems that the Old Iranic ancestor dialect of Paṣ̌tō must have been close to that of the Gathas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enyclopedia+Iranica%2C+AFGHANISTAN+vi.+Pa%E1%B9%A3%CC%8Ct%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-vi-pasto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcheson2023" class="citation book cs1">Acheson, Ben (30 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QaW5EAAAQBAJ">The Pashtun Tribes in Afghanistan: Wolves Among Men</a>. Pen and Sword Military. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-6924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-6924-3"><bdi>978-1-3990-6924-3</bdi></a>. <q>Given the range of raiders and residents that the area has seen over the centuries, it is easy to see why today's Pashtuns could be descended from Persians, Greeks, Turks, Bactrians, Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Mongols, Moghuls or anyone else who has crossed the region over the years.__More unexpected are the alleged Pashtun ties to Israel (Israelites).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pashtun+Tribes+in+Afghanistan%3A+Wolves+Among+Men&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-3990-6924-3&rft.aulast=Acheson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQaW5EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/who-are-the-pashtun-195409">"Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 9 October 2023. <q>Many scholars believe that the Pashtun people are descended from several ancestral groups. Likely the foundational population were of eastern Iranian (Persian) origin and brought the Indo-European language east with them. They probably mixed with other peoples, including possibly the Hephthalites or White Huns, 'Arabs', Mughals, and others who passed through the area.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Pashtun+People+of+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwho-are-the-pashtun-195409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBN_Olaf_Caroe-153"><a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_Olaf_Caroe_153-0">^</a> Caroe, Olaf. 1984. The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)." Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarmazid" class="citation web cs1">Barmazid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barmazid.com/2016/11/copts-theory-of-pashtun-origin.html">"Theory of Coptic origin of Pashtuns"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Coptic+origin+of+Pashtuns&rft.au=Barmazid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barmazid.com%2F2016%2F11%2Fcopts-theory-of-pashtun-origin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellew1891" class="citation book cs1">Bellew, Henry Walter (8 March 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAkEAAAAMAAJ&dq=bangash+ismail+samani&pg=PA105">An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891)</a>. p. 105. <q>By Some, the Bangash ancestor, Ismail, is connected with the Sultan Ismail, founder of the Saimani dynasty, which succeddeded to that of the Suffari (founded by Yacub Bin Leith or Lais) 875 A.D.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+Into+the+Ethnography+of+Afghanistan+Prepared+for+and+Presented+to+the+9th+International+Congress+of+Orientalists+%28London%2C+Sept.+1891%29&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1891-03-08&rft.aulast=Bellew&rft.aufirst=Henry+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfAkEAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dbangash%2Bismail%2Bsamani%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirasatKhaliqMohyuddinPapaioannou2007" class="citation journal cs1">Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588664">"Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201726">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588664">2588664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17047675">17047675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Y-chromosomal+evidence+for+a+limited+Greek+contribution+to+the+Pathan+population+of+Pakistan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-126&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2588664%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17047675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201726&rft.aulast=Firasat&rft.aufirst=Sadaf&rft.au=Khaliq%2C+Shagufta&rft.au=Mohyuddin%2C+Aisha&rft.au=Papaioannou%2C+Myrto&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A&rft.au=Ayub%2C+Qasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2588664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangBevilacquaFigueroaPremaratne2013" class="citation book cs1">Huang, De-Shuang; Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio; Figueroa, Juan Carlos; Premaratne, Prashan (20 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZa5BQAAQBAJ&dq=greek+origin+of+Pashtun&pg=PA409">Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28-31, 2013, Proceedings</a>. Springer. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39479-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39479-9"><bdi>978-3-642-39479-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Haplogroup J2 is from the Semitic population as well as the population shar- ing the common African ancestor. This Haplogroup was found 6.5 % in both the Greek and Pashtun population while 55.6% in the Israel population. The Israel popu- lation however did not result in exact match for haplotype of the 9 or 7 markers tested. Very few exact matches were found only with the 5 markers test. However the 7 marker test had many exact matches from the Greek population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Computing+Theories%3A+9th+International+Conference%2C+ICIC+2013%2C+Nanning%2C+China%2C+July+28-31%2C+2013%2C+Proceedings&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft.isbn=978-3-642-39479-9&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=De-Shuang&rft.au=Bevilacqua%2C+Vitoantonio&rft.au=Figueroa%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Premaratne%2C+Prashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZa5BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgreek%2Borigin%2Bof%2BPashtun%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangBevilacquaFigueroaPremaratne2013" class="citation book cs1">Huang, De-Shuang; Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio; Figueroa, Juan Carlos; Premaratne, Prashan (20 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZa5BQAAQBAJ&dq=pashtun+from+greek+ancestry&pg=PA403">Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28-31, 2013, Proceedings</a>. Springer. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39479-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39479-9"><bdi>978-3-642-39479-9</bdi></a>. <q>A number of genetic studies of the Pashtuns have been conducted recently by researchers of various universities and research groups. The Greek ancestry of the Pashtuns of Pakistan has been investigated in [1]. In this study, the claim of the three populations of the region, i.e. the Pashtuns, the Kalash and the Burusho, to have des- cended from the soldiers of Alexander, has been considered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Computing+Theories%3A+9th+International+Conference%2C+ICIC+2013%2C+Nanning%2C+China%2C+July+28-31%2C+2013%2C+Proceedings&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft.isbn=978-3-642-39479-9&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=De-Shuang&rft.au=Bevilacqua%2C+Vitoantonio&rft.au=Figueroa%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Premaratne%2C+Prashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZa5BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpashtun%2Bfrom%2Bgreek%2Bancestry%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quddus1987-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Quddus1987_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuddus1987" class="citation book cs1">Quddus, Syed Abdul (1987). The Pathans. <a href="/wiki/Ferozsons" title="Ferozsons">Ferozsons</a>. p. 28. <q>Grierson finds a form Paithan in use in the East Gangetic Valley to denote a Muslim Rajput. Bellew, one of the greatest authorities on Pathans, notes that several characteristics are common to both the Rajputs and the Afghans and suggests that Sarban, one of the ancestors of the Afghans, was a corruption of the word Suryabans (solar race) from which many Rajputs claim descent. The great Muslim historian Masudi writes that Qandahar was a separate kingdom with a non- Muslim ruler and states that it is a country of Rajputs. It would be pertinent to mention here that at the time of Masudi most of the Afghans were concentrated in Qandahar and adjacent areas and had not expanded to the north. Therefore, it is highly significant that Masudi should call Qandahar a Rajput country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pathans&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Ferozsons&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Quddus&rft.aufirst=Syed+Abdul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Khaled (31 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620193512/http://www.khyber.org/tribes/info/Pathans_and_Hindu_Rajputs.shtml">"Pathans and Hindu Rajputs"</a>. Khyber. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2018. <q>In a nutshell, Bellew's thesis is that all Afghan tribal names can be traced to Greek and Rajput names, which posits the further possibility of a great Greek mixing with the ancient border tribes of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathans+and+Hindu+Rajputs&rft.pub=Khyber&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Ftribes%2Finfo%2FPathans_and_Hindu_Rajputs.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Hatch_Dupree_/_Aḥmad_ʻAlī_Kuhzād1972" class="citation web cs1">Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031416/http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php">"An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (64 BC – 24 AD). American International School of Kabul. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php">the original</a> on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. <q>Alexander took these away from the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a> and established settlements of his own, but <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus Nicator</a> gave them to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Sandrocottus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strabo+%2864+BC+%E2%80%93+24+AD%29&rft.atitle=An+Historical+Guide+to+Kabul+%E2%80%93+The+Name&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Nancy+Hatch+Dupree+%2F+A%E1%B8%A5mad+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+Kuhz%C4%81d&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisk.org%2Faisk%2FNHDAHGTK05.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greek_ancestry-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Greek_ancestry_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansoorMazharKhaliq2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mansoor A, Mazhar K, Khaliq S, et al. (April 2004). "Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan". Hum Genet. 114 (5): 484–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-004-1094-x">10.1007/s00439-004-1094-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14986106">14986106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5715518">5715518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum+Genet&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+the+Greek+ancestry+of+populations+from+northern+Pakistan&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=484-90&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5715518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14986106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-004-1094-x&rft.aulast=Mansoor&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Mazhar%2C+K&rft.au=Khaliq%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky" class="citation journal cs1">Minorsky, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613145756/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml">"The Khalaj West of the Oxus"</a>. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (2): 417–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00087607">10.1017/S0041977X00087607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162589866">162589866</a>. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. <q>The fact is that the important Ghilzai tribe occupies now the region round Ghazni, where the Khalaj used to live and that historical data all point, to the transformation of the Turkish Khalaj into Afghan Ghilzai.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Khalaj+West+of+the+Oxus&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=417-437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00087607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162589866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Farticles%2F2005%2FTheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-iri1-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iri1_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iri1_164-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan">ḴALAJ i. TRIBE</a>" - <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>, 15 December 2010 (Pierre Oberling) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–137-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_la_Vaissière2003119–137_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003">de la Vaissière 2003</a>, pp. 119–137. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_la_Vaissière2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 135 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRezakhani2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). "The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present." </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonasli2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bonasli, Sonel (2016). "The Khalaj and their language". Endangered Turkic Languages II A. Aralık: 273–275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Turkic+Languages+II+A&rft.atitle=The+Khalaj+and+their+language&rft.pages=273-275&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bonasli&rft.aufirst=Sonel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky" class="citation web cs1">Minorsky, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613145756/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2005/TheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml">"The Khalaj West of the Oxus [excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417–437]"</a>. Khyber.ORG. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khyber.ORG&rft.atitle=The+Khalaj+West+of+the+Oxus+%5Bexcerpts+from+%22The+Turkish+Dialect+of+the+Khalaj%22%2C+Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London%2C+Vol+10%2C+No+2%2C+pp+417%E2%80%93437%5D&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Farticles%2F2005%2FTheKhalajWestoftheOxus.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunion2017" class="citation book cs1">Runion, Meredith L. (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EY6NDgAAQBAJ&q=sadozai+or+durrani&pg=PR24">The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610697781" title="Special:BookSources/9781610697781"><bdi>9781610697781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Afghanistan%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=9781610697781&rft.aulast=Runion&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEY6NDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsadozai%2Bor%2Bdurrani%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstierne1979" class="citation journal cs1">Morgenstierne, Georg (1979). "The Linguistic Stratification of Afghanistan". Afghan Studies. 2: 23–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afghan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Linguistic+Stratification+of+Afghanistan&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=23-33&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Morgenstierne&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurbano" class="citation journal cs1">Kurbano, Aydogdy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/01_Text.pdf">"THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS"</a> (PDF). Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin (PhD Thesis): 242. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/01_Text.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>The Hephthalites may also have participated in the origin of the Afghans. The Afghan tribe Abdal is one of the big tribes that has lived there for centuries. Renaming the Abdals to Durrani occurred in 1747, when descendants from the Sadozai branch Zirak of this tribe, Ahmad-khan Abdali, became the shah of Afghanistan. In 1747 the tribe changed its name to "Durrani" when Ahmad khan became the first king of Afghanistan and accepted the title "Dur-i-Duran" (the pearl of pearls, from Arabian: "durr" – pearl). </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+History+and+Cultural+Studies+of+the+Free+University%2C+Berlin&rft.atitle=THE+HEPHTHALITES%3A+ARCHAEOLOGICAL+AND+HISTORICAL+ANALYSIS&rft.pages=242&rft.aulast=Kurbano&rft.aufirst=Aydogdy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefubium.fu-berlin.de%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Ffub188%2F8366%2F01_Text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherYarshater1968" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&dq=the+cambridge+history+of+iran+pashtun+hephthalites&pg=PA216">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9"><bdi>978-0-521-20092-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=William+Bayne&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26dq%3Dthe%2Bcambridge%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Biran%2Bpashtun%2Bhephthalites%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houtsma-150-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma-150_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1987" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA150">E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</a>. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=Martijn+Theodoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEl6N2tQeawC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Wink_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Andre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&q=%22Tabaqat-i+Nasiri%22+israel&pg=PA95">Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries Vol 1</a>. Brill. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041738" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041738"><bdi>978-0391041738</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%3A+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam%2C+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries+Vol+1&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0391041738&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC%26q%3D%2522Tabaqat-i%2BNasiri%2522%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish-library-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Jewish-library_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreck" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oreck, Alden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Afghanistan.html">"The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. 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Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribe of Israel?. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33774%2Fcoe-2020-vntk7-v4">10.33774/coe-2020-vntk7-v4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234658271">234658271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Pashtuns+the+Lost+Tribe+of+Israel%3F&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33774%2Fcoe-2020-vntk7-v4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234658271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stanizai&rft.aufirst=Zaman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/engage/api-gateway/coe/assets/orp/resource/item/5f7f53929aea2200186f7d9f/original/are-pashtuns-the-lost-tribe-of-israel.pdf">"Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribes of Israel?"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+Pashtuns+the+Lost+Tribes+of+Israel%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fengage%2Fapi-gateway%2Fcoe%2Fassets%2Forp%2Fresource%2Fitem%2F5f7f53929aea2200186f7d9f%2Foriginal%2Fare-pashtuns-the-lost-tribe-of-israel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Rory (17 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/israel-lost-tribes-pashtun">"Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel"</a>. The Observer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Pashtun+clue+to+lost+tribes+of+Israel&rft.date=2010-01-17&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F17%2Fisrael-lost-tribes-pashtun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lal-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Lal_180-0">^</a> Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul, Volume 1. By Mohan Lal (1846), pg.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22510847-181"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22510847_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacauGaydenRegueiroChennakrishnaiah2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Regueiro, Maria; Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa; Bukhari, Areej; Underhill, Peter A.; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L.; Herrera, Rene J. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3449065">"Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-men-were-men/564691/0">the original</a> on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2013. <q>She's a Pathan girl who speaks Hindi and Urdu well and was spectacular in the screen test. It was pure luck.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=When+men+were+men&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Mangal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fwhen-men-were-men%2F564691%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Vishwamitra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jx1XJp6wOFAC&pg=PA60">Famous Indians of the 21st century</a>. Pustak Mahal. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0829-7"><bdi>978-81-223-0829-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Indians+of+the+21st+century&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-223-0829-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Vishwamitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djx1XJp6wOFAC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFārūqī1999" class="citation book cs1">Fārūqī, Z̤iāʼulḥasan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&pg=PA8">Dr. Zakir Hussain, quest for truth (by Ziāʼulḥasan Fārūqī)</a>. APH Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-056-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-056-8"><bdi>81-7648-056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Zakir+Hussain%2C+quest+for+truth+%28by+Zi%C4%81%CA%BCul%E1%B8%A5asan+F%C4%81r%C5%ABq%C4%AB%29&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7648-056-8&rft.aulast=F%C4%81r%C5%ABq%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Z%CC%A4i%C4%81%CA%BCul%E1%B8%A5asan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzNnwUasQ3wC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohri1999" class="citation book cs1">Johri, P.K (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAYxGg0w8xMC&pg=PA267">Educational thought</a>. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-2175-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-2175-0"><bdi>81-261-2175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educational+thought&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-261-2175-0&rft.aulast=Johri&rft.aufirst=P.K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAYxGg0w8xMC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030703101955/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600431000.htm">"To Islamabad and the Frontier"</a>. The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/05/26/stories/2003052600431000.htm">the original</a> on 3 July 2003. Retrieved 1 August 2007. <q>Ruled now by parties of the religious right, the Frontier province emerges soon after one proceeds westwards from Islamabad. I was lucky to find Ajmal Khan Khattak in his humble home in Akora Khattak, beyond the Indus. Once Badshah Khan's young lieutenant, Mr. Khattak spent years with him in Afghanistan and offered a host of memories. And I was able to meet Badshah Khan's surviving children, Wali Khan, the famous political figure of the NWFP, and his half-sister, Mehr Taj, whose husband Yahya Jan, a schoolmaster who became a Minister in the Frontier, was the brother of the late Mohammed Yunus, who had made India his home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=To+Islamabad+and+the+Frontier&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2F2003%2F05%2F26%2Fstories%2F2003052600431000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarbari1983" class="citation book cs1">Darbari, Raj (1983). Commonwealth and Nehru. Vision Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-2175-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-2175-0"><bdi>81-261-2175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+and+Nehru&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=81-261-2175-0&rft.aulast=Darbari&rft.aufirst=Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Pathan unarmed: opposition & memory in the North West Frontier (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). James Currey. <q>He was visiting his cousin Mohammed Yunus, a Pathan who had chosen to move to Delhi at Partition and become a well-known figure in the Congress regime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pathan+unarmed%3A+opposition+%26+memory+in+the+North+West+Frontier+%28Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa%29&rft.pub=James+Currey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia of Muslim Biography. A.P.H. Pub. 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Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=One+Year+Later%3A+Taliban+Reprise+Repressive+Rule%2C+but+Struggle+to+Build+a+State&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2022%2F08%2Fone-year-later-taliban-reprise-repressive-rule-struggle-build-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Taliban-207"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Taliban_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruickshank" class="citation web cs1">Cruickshank, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/afghan_culture_03.shtml">"Afghanistan: At the Crossroads of Ancient Civilisations"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+At+the+Crossroads+of+Ancient+Civilisations&rft.aulast=Cruickshank&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Frecent%2Fsept_11%2Fafghan_culture_03.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728004043/http://www.scis.org/SA_L2_A4_teacher_resource_2_10_p115.pdf">"Afghan Government 2009"</a> (PDF). scis.org. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 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Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leaving+Afghanistan%27s+%27Bagarm+Airfield%27+Was+a+Grave+Military+Mistake%3A+Trump&rft.date=2023-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaama.com%2Fleaving-afghanistans-bagarm-airfield-was-a-grave-military-mistake-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/redeeming-the-pashtun-the-ultimate-warriors/">"Redeeming the Pashtun, the ultimate warriors"</a>. Macleans.ca. 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Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4238%2Fgmr.15027167">10.4238/gmr.15027167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27420957">27420957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics+and+Molecular+Research&rft.atitle=HVSI+polymorphism+indicates+multiple+origins+of+mtDNA+in+the+Hazarewal+population+of+Northern+Pakistan&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4238%2Fgmr.15027167&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27420957&rft.aulast=Akbae&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+H.&rft.au=Nadeem%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Hemphill%2C+B.E.&rft.au=Muhammad%2C+K.&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+W.&rft.au=Ilyas%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneticsmr.org%2Farticles%2Fhvsi-polymorphism-indicates-multiple-origins-of-mtdna-in-the-hazarewal-population-of-northern-pakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubairAhmadHemphillTariq2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zubair, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Tariq, Muhammad; Shah, Muzafar (25 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Identification-of-Genetic-Lineage-Dental-Morphology/20/1/3734/html">"Identification of Genetic Lineage of Peshawar and Nowshera Tribes through Dental Morphology"</a>. 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Zoological Society of Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17582%2Fjournal.pjz%2F20190927080941">10.17582/journal.pjz/20190927080941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Genetic+Lineage+of+Peshawar+and+Nowshera+Tribes+through+Dental+Morphology&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17582%2Fjournal.pjz%2F20190927080941&rft.aulast=Zubair&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Habib&rft.au=Hemphill%2C+Brian+E.&rft.au=Tariq%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Shah%2C+Muzafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearcherslinks.com%2Fcurrent-issues%2FIdentification-of-Genetic-Lineage-Dental-Morphology%2F20%2F1%2F3734%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conflict-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conflict_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conflict_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC">Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</a>. BRILL. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20145-3"><bdi>978-90-04-20145-3</bdi></a>. <q>Barfield (2007: 11) depicts Pashtun identity as sort of Venn diagram where those claiming Pashtun descent belong to the largest circle, those using the Pashto language appear as a smaller subset, and those adhering to the Pashtun code of conduct are the most authentic Pashtun of all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20145-3&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakala2011" class="citation book cs1">Hakala, Walter (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/17296">Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</a>. 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United Nations. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jirga+%E2%80%93+A+Traditional+Mechanism+of+Conflict+Resolution+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wardak&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpan1.un.org%2Fintradoc%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2FAPCITY%2FUNPAN017434.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USMA-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USMA_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USMA_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021132110/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/tribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies/">"Tribal Dynamics of the Afghanistan and Pakistan Insurgencies"</a>. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 15 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctc.usma.edu/tribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies/">the original</a> on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combating+Terrorism+Center+at+West+Point&rft.atitle=Tribal+Dynamics+of+the+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan+Insurgencies&rft.date=2009-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctc.usma.edu%2Ftribal-dynamics-of-the-afghanistan-and-pakistan-insurgencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2017" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Aaron B. (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZUtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">Our Latest Longest War: Losing Hearts and Minds in Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226265650" title="Special:BookSources/9780226265650"><bdi>9780226265650</bdi></a>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939195" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939195"><bdi>9780415939195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415939195&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Ann+Mills%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004085316/http://people.ku.edu/~mmth/Sample_Pashto_Phonology_I_Term_Paper.pdf">"The Phonology of Pashto"</a> (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ku.edu/~mmth/Sample_Pashto_Phonology_I_Term_Paper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Pashto&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ku.edu%2F~mmth%2FSample_Pashto_Phonology_I_Term_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson_1983-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_1983_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Michael (1983). "Four Varieties of Pashto". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 103 (3): 595–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602038">10.2307/602038</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602038">602038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Four+Varieties+of+Pashto&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=595-8&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pashto-language-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Pashto-language_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445534/Pashto-language">"Pashto language"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pashto+language&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F445534%2FPashto-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-socioling-241"><a href="#cite_ref-socioling_241-0">^</a> Modarresi, Yahya: "Iran, Afghanistan and Tadjikistan, 1911–1916." In: Sociolinguistics, Vol. 3, Part. 3. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill (eds.). Berlin, De Gryuter: 2006. p. 1915. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-018418-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-018418-4">3-11-018418-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1914">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf">Population by Mother Tongue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010134307/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Population Census – <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Hallberg, Daniel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712204446/http://www-01.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/32847_SSNP04.pdf">Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan</a> (PDF). Vol. 4. Quaid-i-Azam University & Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 36 to 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8023-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/969-8023-14-3"><bdi>969-8023-14-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/32847_SSNP04.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan&rft.pages=36+to+37&rft.pub=Quaid-i-Azam+University+%26+Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=969-8023-14-3&rft.aulast=Hallberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fsociolx%2Fpubs%2F32847_SSNP04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mashaalradio.org/content/article/25466375.html">"د کرښې پرغاړه (په پاکستان کې د مورنیو ژبو حیثیت)"</a>. mashaalradio.org. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mashaalradio.org&rft.atitle=%D8%AF+%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%9A%DB%90+%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87+%28%D9%BE%D9%87+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%A9%DB%90+%D8%AF+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%AA%29&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mashaalradio.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F25466375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHywel_Coleman2010" class="citation report cs1">Hywel Coleman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104060039/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm">TEACHING AND LEARNING IN PAKISTAN: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=TEACHING+AND+LEARNING+IN+PAKISTAN%3A+THE+ROLE+OF+LANGUAGE+IN+EDUCATION&rft.pub=British+Council%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hywel+Coleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Fpakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohmand2014" class="citation news cs1">Mohmand, Mureeb (27 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/700836/the-decline-of-pashto">"The decline of Pashto"</a>. The Express Tribune. <q>...because of the state's patronage, Urdu is now the most widely-spoken language in Pakistan. But the preponderance of one language over all others eats upon the sphere of influence of other, smaller languages, which alienates the respective nationalities and fuels aversion towards the central leadership...If we look to our state policies regarding the promotion of Pashto and the interests of the Pakhtun political elite, it is clear that the future of the Pashto language is dark. And when the future of a language is dark, the future of the people is dark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+decline+of+Pashto&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Mohmand&rft.aufirst=Mureeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F700836%2Fthe-decline-of-pashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Lynn. "Socio-Economic Profile of Kurram Agency". Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, NWFP. 1991: 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+and+Development+Department%2C+Peshawar%2C+NWFP&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Profile+of+Kurram+Agency&rft.volume=1991&rft.pages=82&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter_and_Raza" class="citation journal cs1">Carter and Raza. "Socio-Economic Profile of South Waziristan Agency". Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, NWFP. 1990: 69. <q>Sources say that this is mainly because the Pushto text books in use in the settled areas of N.W.F.P. are written in the Yusufzai dialect, which is not the dialect in use in the Agency</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+and+Development+Department%2C+Peshawar%2C+NWFP&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Profile+of+South+Waziristan+Agency&rft.volume=1990&rft.pages=69&rft.au=Carter+and+Raza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/793981-education-in-pashto-language-stressed">"Education in Pashto language stressed"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 18 March 2021. <q>Khpalwaak Pakhtunistan Ghurzang on Sunday demanded the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government to introduce Pashto as a medium of instruction for the Pakhtun children as that was needed for their socio-economic development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Education+in+Pashto+language+stressed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F793981-education-in-pashto-language-stressed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport2021" class="citation web cs1">Report, Dawn (22 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1608698">"Govt urged to declare Pashto as medium of instruction in schools"</a>. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 18 March 2021. <q>Besides Peshawar, literary and cultural organisations in Swat, Malakand, Buner, Swabi, Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Karak and tribal districts organised events to mark the importance of mother tongue.They were of the view that Pashto curriculum from 1st grade to 12th grade was already evolved but it was yet to be implemented.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Govt+urged+to+declare+Pashto+as+medium+of+instruction+in+schools&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft.aulast=Report&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1608698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallberg" class="citation journal cs1">Hallberg, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/21/84/102184639558058261191157258320075530940/32847_SSNP04.pdf">"Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan"</a> (PDF). National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguisitics. 4: 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/21/84/102184639558058261191157258320075530940/32847_SSNP04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>A brief interview with the principal of the high school in Madyan, along with a number of his teachers, helps to underscore the importance of Pashto in the school domain within Pashtoon territory. He reported that Pashto is used by teachers to explain things to students all the way up through tenth class. The idea he was conveying was that students do not really have enough ability in Urdu to operate totally in that language. He also expressed the thought that Pashto-speaking students in the area really do not learn Urdu very well in public school and that they are thus somewhat ill prepared to meet the expectation that they will know how to use Urdu and English when they reach the college level. He likened the education system to a wall that has weak bricks at the bottom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Pakistan+Studies+Quaid-i-Azam+University+and+Summer+Institute+of+Linguisitics&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=36&rft.aulast=Hallberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Freapdata%2F10%2F21%2F84%2F102184639558058261191157258320075530940%2F32847_SSNP04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/17296">Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</a>. Brill. 9 December 2011. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21765-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21765-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21765-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F17296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-Pashto-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-Pashto_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122024645/http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">"AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">G. Morgenstierne</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">the original</a> on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2010. <q>Paṧtō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G.+Morgenstierne&rft.atitle=AFGHANISTAN+vi.+Pa%E1%B9%A7to&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-vi-pasto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BensonKosonen20132-254"><a href="#cite_ref-BensonKosonen20132_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_BensonKimmo_Kosonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Carol Benson; Kimmo Kosonen (13 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdREAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-218-1"><bdi>978-94-6209-218-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Issues+in+Comparative+Education%3A+Inclusive+Teaching+and+Learning+in+Non-Dominant+Languages+and+Cultures&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=978-94-6209-218-1&rft.au=Carol+Benson&rft.au=Kimmo+Kosonen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdREAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhsan_M_Entezar2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehsan M Entezar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdTJgCSPsGwC&q=pashto+purification&pg=PA89">Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture</a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-9302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-9302-9"><bdi>978-1-4257-9302-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+101%3A+Understanding+Afghan+Culture&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4257-9302-9&rft.au=Ehsan+M+Entezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdTJgCSPsGwC%26q%3Dpashto%2Bpurification%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2014" class="citation book cs1">David, Anne Boyle (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zK7zMgEACAAJ">Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects</a>. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-303-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-303-2"><bdi>978-1-61451-303-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Grammar+of+Pashto+and+Its+Dialects&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-303-2&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Anne+Boyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzK7zMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Pashto". The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. 2003. pp. 116–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203412336-14">10.4324/9780203412336-14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41233-6"><bdi>978-0-203-41233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pashto&rft.btitle=The+Major+Languages+of+South+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=116-130&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203412336-14&rft.isbn=978-0-203-41233-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. <a href="//www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2236-16" class="extiw" title="ethnologuefamily:2236-16">Language Family Trees</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wane1241">"Waneci, Glottolog: wane1241"</a>. glottolog.org. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Waneci%2C+Glottolog%3A+wane1241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fwane1241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wne">"Waneci, ISO 639-3 wne"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Waneci%2C+ISO+639-3+wne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fwne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (1997). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. p. 736. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-019-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa%3A+%28including+the+Caucasus%29&rft.pages=736&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-019-4&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan2021-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2021_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2021_262-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Ibrahim (7 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pashto.org.pk/index.php/path/article/view/178">"Tarīno and Karāṇi dialects"</a>. Pashto. 50 (661).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pashto&rft.atitle=Tar%C4%ABno+and+Kar%C4%81%E1%B9%87i+dialects&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=661&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pashto.org.pk%2Findex.php%2Fpath%2Farticle%2Fview%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2014" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Abubakar (2014). The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Hurst. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-292-5"><bdi>978-1-84904-292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pashtun+Question%3A+The+Unresolved+Key+to+the+Future+of+Pakistan+and+Afghanistan&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-292-5&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKenzie_1959_231–235-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_1959_231–235_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_1959_231–235_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1959" class="citation journal cs1">MacKenzie, D.N. (1959). "A Standard Pashto". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 22 (1/3): 231–235. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609426">609426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=A+Standard+Pashto&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=231-235&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F609426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/pashto/index.html">"Pashto"</a>. Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Languages+of+the+Central+Asian+Region&rft.atitle=Pashto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelcar.indiana.edu%2Fmaterials%2Flanguage-portal%2Fpashto%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-266"><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm">"Q&A: What is a loya jirga?"</a>. BBC News. 1 July 2002. Retrieved 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+What+is+a+loya+jirga%3F&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1782079.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-267"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/press/2002/04/qna-loyagirga.htm">"Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process"</a>. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q+%26+A+on+Afghanistan%27s+Loya+Jirga+Process&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fpress%2F2002%2F04%2Fqna-loyagirga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fieldsupport.dliflc.edu/products/pak_pashto/pw_co/pashto.pdf">https://fieldsupport.dliflc.edu/products/pak_pashto/pw_co/pashto.pdf</a> "it is believed that millennia ago they emerged from Kandahar in Afghanistan and the Sulaiman Mountains in Pakistan. They then began expanding into what is known as the NWFP today. They are believed to have mainly practiced the Buddhist and Zoroastrian religions." </li> <li id="cite_note-ArnoldNettl2000-269"><a href="#cite_ref-ArnoldNettl2000_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldNettl2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Alison; Nettl, Bruno (2000). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 785. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824049461" title="Special:BookSources/9780824049461"><bdi>9780824049461</bdi></a>. <q>Before the emergence of Islam, the Pakhtuns were followers of Hinduism and Buddhism and considered music sacred, employing it in many religious rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia&rft.pages=785&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780824049461&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Nettl%2C+Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/14/world/asia/sunni-militants-claim-deadly-attack-at-market-in-pakistan.html">"Sunni Militants Claim Deadly Attack at Market in Pakistan"</a>. The New York Times. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sunni+Militants+Claim+Deadly+Attack+at+Market+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2015-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsunni-militants-claim-deadly-attack-at-market-in-pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble_Quran-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Noble_Quran_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Muhsin_Khan" class="citation web cs1">Muhammad Muhsin Khan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628232824/http://firstedition.com.my/the%20noble%20quran.htm">"The Noble Quran (in 9 VOLUMES), Arabic-English"</a>. firstedition.com.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstedition.com.my/the%20noble%20quran.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firstedition.com.my&rft.atitle=The+Noble+Quran+%28in+9+VOLUMES%29%2C+Arabic-English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstedition.com.my%2Fthe%2520noble%2520quran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2006" class="citation news cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6198382.stm">"Pashtuns want an image change"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pashtuns+want+an+image+change&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F6198382.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tariq_Ali-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Tariq_Ali_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli,_Tariq2003" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Tariq (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashoffundament00alit">The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, jihads and modernity</a>. Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashoffundament00alit/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-457-1"><bdi>978-1-85984-457-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 April 2008. <q>The friends from Peshawar would speak of Hindu and Sikh Pashtuns who had migrated to India. In the tribal areas – the no man's land between Afghanistan and Pakistan – quite a few Hindus stayed on and were protected by the tribal codes. The same was true in Afghanistan itself (till the mujahidin and the Taliban arrived).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+clash+of+fundamentalisms%3A+crusades%2C+jihads+and+modernity&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-457-1&rft.au=Ali%2C+Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashoffundament00alit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Trimbur-274"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Trimbur_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimbur,_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Trimbur, John (10 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calltowrite0000trim">The call to write</a>. Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-20305-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-20305-2"><bdi>978-0-321-20305-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 April 2008. <q>Sikh Pashtuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+call+to+write&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft.isbn=978-0-321-20305-2&rft.au=Trimbur%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalltowrite0000trim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidar2018" class="citation news cs1">Haidar, Suhasini (3 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece">"Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots"</a>. The Hindu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tattooed+%27blue-skinned%27+Hindu+Pushtuns+look+back+at+their+roots&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft.aulast=Haidar&rft.aufirst=Suhasini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots%2Farticle22645932.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ur8WAQAAMAAJ&q=hindu+pashtuns">Himāl: The South Asian Magazine</a>. Himal, Incorporated. 2002. p. 91. <q>Most Hindus and Sikhs left Afghanistan during the 1992-1996 fighting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Him%C4%81l%3A+The+South+Asian+Magazine&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Himal%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dur8WAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhindu%2Bpashtuns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haider2018-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haider2018_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haider2018_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haider2018_277-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2018" class="citation news cs1">Haider, Suhasini (3 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots/article22645932.ece">"Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tattooed+%27blue-skinned%27+Hindu+Pushtuns+look+back+at+their+roots&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Suhasini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftattooed-blue-skinned-hindu-pushtuns-look-back-at-their-roots%2Farticle22645932.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thebetterindia-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thebetterindia_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thebetterindia_278-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/155394/hindu-pashtun-shilpi-batra-sheenkhalai-afghanistan/">"India's Forgotten Links to Afghanistan"</a>. thebetterindia. 8 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thebetterindia&rft.atitle=India%27s+Forgotten+Links+to+Afghanistan&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebetterindia.com%2F155394%2Fhindu-pashtun-shilpi-batra-sheenkhalai-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hind-279"><a href="#cite_ref-hind_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Naimat (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1697086/pakistan">"70 years on, one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu-Muslim brotherhood"</a>. Arab News. <q>The meat-eating Hindu Pashtuns are a little known tribe in India even today, with a distinct culture carried forward from Afghanistan and Balochistan which includes blue tattoos on the faces of the women, traditional Pashtun dancing and clothes heavily adorned with coins and embroidery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=70+years+on%2C+one+Pashtun+town+still+safeguards+its+old+Hindu-Muslim+brotherhood&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Naimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.pk%2Fnode%2F1697086%2Fpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eusufzye2018-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Eusufzye2018_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusufzye2018" class="citation web cs1">Eusufzye, Khan Shehram (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/03/11/two-identities-twice-the-pride-the-pashtun-sikhs-of-nankana-saheb/amp/">"Two identities, twice the pride: The Pashtun Sikhs of Nankana Saheb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Today" title="Pakistan Today">Pakistan Today</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2020. <q>One can sense a diminutive yet charming cultural amalgamation in certain localities within the town with the settling of around 250 Pashtun Sikh families in the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Two+identities%2C+twice+the+pride%3A+The+Pashtun+Sikhs+of+Nankana+Saheb&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Eusufzye&rft.aufirst=Khan+Shehram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2018%2F03%2F11%2Ftwo-identities-twice-the-pride-the-pashtun-sikhs-of-nankana-saheb%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> Ruchi Kumar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/decline-afghanistan-hindu-sikh-communities-161225082540860.html">The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities</a>, Al Jazeera, 2017-01-01, "the culture among Afghan Hindus is predominantly Pashtun" Beena Sarwar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalmag.com/finding-lost-heritage/">Finding lost heritage</a>, Himal, 2016-08-03, "Singh also came across many non turban-wearing followers of Guru Nanak in Pakistan, all of Pashtun origin and from the Khyber area." Sonia Dhami, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indicanews.com/2020/01/05/sikh-religious-heritage-my-visit-to-lehenda-punjab-part-two-by-sonia-dhami/">Sikh Religious Heritage – My visit to Lehenda Punjab</a>, Indica News, 2020-01-05, "Nankana Sahib is also home to the largest Sikh Pashtun community, many of whom have migrated from the North West Frontier Provinces, renamed Khyber-Pakhtunwa." Neha, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siasat.com/pak-misusing-durand-line-facilitate-terrorists-says-pashtun-1626604/">Pak misusing Durand Line to facilitate terrorists, says Pashtun</a>, Siasat Daily, 2019-09-20, "The members of the Pashtun and Afghan Sikh community living in Europe and UK have gathered in Geneva" Sabrina Toppa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/despite-border-tensions-indian-sikhs-celebrate-festival-in-pakistan-25905">Despite border tensions, Indian Sikhs celebrate festival in Pakistan</a>, TRT World, 2019-04-16, "Hasanabdal is home to around 200 Sikh families that have primarily moved from Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, including Pakistan's former tribal areas. The majority are Pashtun Sikhs who abandoned their homes and took refuge near Sikhism's historical sites." </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikhs-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikhs_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1193942">"Tirah Sikhs glad at getting status of tribal elders"</a>. Dawn. Pakistan. 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Tirah+Sikhs+glad+at+getting+status+of+tribal+elders&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1193942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikh_Pashtuns-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikh_Pashtuns_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022122735/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsOct2008/sprepoct.htm">"The Frontier Singhs"</a>. Newsline Publications (Pvt.) Ltd. October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsOct2008/sprepoct.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009. <q>There is a small Sikh community in the largely ungoverned Orakzai tribal region, while a few live in Kurram's regional headquarters of Parachinar. They consider themselves "sons of the soil" – Pashtuns to be more specific – and are identified as such. "We are proud to be Pashtuns," says Sahib Singh. "Pashto is our tongue, our mother tongue – and we are proud of it."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Frontier+Singhs&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsline.com.pk%2FNewsOct2008%2Fsprepoct.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715124008/http://www.bl.uk/collections/afghan/chronology1881to1919.html">"Chronology: the reigns of Abdur Rahman Khan and Habibullah, 1881–1919"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collections/afghan/chronology1881to1919.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology%3A+the+reigns+of+Abdur+Rahman+Khan+and+Habibullah%2C+1881%E2%80%931919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollections%2Fafghan%2Fchronology1881to1919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_284-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Nicholas Sims-Williams</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/articles/eastern-iranian-languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719014711/http://iranica.com/articles/eastern-iranian-languages">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010. "The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yaz-1ghulami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto." </li> <li id="cite_note-Penzl-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Penzl_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenzlSloan2009" class="citation book cs1">Penzl, Herbert; Sloan, Ismail (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvRePgAACAAJ">A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan</a>. Ishi Press International. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-72-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-72-5"><bdi>978-0-923891-72-5</bdi></a>. <q>Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40 million to 60 million ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Pashto+a+Descriptive+Study+of+the+Dialect+of+Kandahar%2C+Afghanistan&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Ishi+Press+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-923891-72-5&rft.aulast=Penzl&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Sloan%2C+Ismail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvRePgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omniglot-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Omniglot_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm">"Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation"</a>. Omniglot. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pashto+language%2C+alphabet+and+pronunciation&rft.pub=Omniglot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fpashto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Avestan-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Avestan_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9356220">"Avestan language"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avestan+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9356220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan,_James2014" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (10 February 2014). "Pamiri". Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia : An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-018-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-018-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879947835">879947835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pamiri&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia+%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879947835&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-018-8&rft.au=Minahan%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pashto_Dictionary-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Pashto_Dictionary_289-0">^</a> Awde, Nicholas and Asmatullah Sarwan. 2002. Pashto: Dictionary & Phrasebook, New York: Hippocrene Books Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0972-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0972-X">0-7818-0972-X</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA-290"><a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-network.net/Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html">"History of Pushto language"</a>. UCLA Language Materials Project. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Pushto+language&rft.pub=UCLA+Language+Materials+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-network.net%2FEthnic-Groups%2Fpashtu-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Afghan Monarchs: Sher Shah Suri, Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan, Amir Kror Suri. London: General Books. 2010. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-156-38425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-156-38425-1"><bdi>978-1-156-38425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Monarchs%3A+Sher+Shah+Suri%2C+Amanullah+Khan%2C+Habibullah+Khan%2C+Amir+Kror+Suri&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-156-38425-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhrjAAAAMAAJ">Afghanistan</a>. Vol. 20–22. Historical Society of Afghanistan. 1967. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Historical+Society+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhrjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shinwari_Baba-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Shinwari_Baba_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927155949/http://www.khyber.org/people/literary/AmirHamzaShinwariBaba.shtml">"Amir Hamza Shinwari Baba"</a>. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khyber.org&rft.atitle=Amir+Hamza+Shinwari+Baba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Fpeople%2Fliterary%2FAmirHamzaShinwariBaba.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412113451/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html">"Classical Dari and Pashto Poets"</a>. Afghanistan Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classical+Dari+and+Pashto+Poets&rft.pub=Afghanistan+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-web.com%2Fculture%2Fpoetry%2Fcpoets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman_Baba-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_Baba_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417172354/http://www.pashto.org/content/view/12/26/">"Rahman Baba: Poet of the Pashtuns"</a>. Pashto.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pashto.org/content/view/12/26/">the original</a> on 17 April 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rahman+Baba%3A+Poet+of+the+Pashtuns&rft.pub=Pashto.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pashto.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F12%2F26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATVKhyber-296"><a href="#cite_ref-ATVKhyber_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105030355/http://www.avtkhyber.tv/website/about.htm">"Link"</a>. avtkhyber.tv. <a href="/wiki/AVT_Khyber" title="AVT Khyber">AVT Khyber</a>. 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Cheltenham: SportsBooks. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-89980-751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-89980-751-2"><bdi>978-1-89980-751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Cricket&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=SportsBooks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-89980-751-2&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/43652.html">"Younis Khan Profile"</a>. espn cricinfo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=espn+cricinfo&rft.atitle=Younis+Khan+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fpakistan%2Fcontent%2Fplayer%2F43652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/504/umar-gul#!#profile">"Umar Gul Profile"</a>. CricBuzz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CricBuzz&rft.atitle=Umar+Gul+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricbuzz.com%2Fprofiles%2F504%2Fumar-gul%23%21%23profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brecorder.com/2017/12/02/384328/fakhar-zaman-junaid-khan-reveal-their-pathan-aggression/">"Fakhar Zaman, Junaid Khan reveal their Pathan aggression"</a>. Business Recorder. 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Recorder&rft.atitle=Fakhar+Zaman%2C+Junaid+Khan+reveal+their+Pathan+aggression&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brecorder.com%2F2017%2F12%2F02%2F384328%2Ffakhar-zaman-junaid-khan-reveal-their-pathan-aggression%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12343/11479807/pakistans-fakhar-zaman-aims-to-win-world-cup-and-break-into-test-team">"Pakistan's Fakhar Zaman aims to win World Cup and break into Test team"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+have+a+right+to+%E2%80%93+Muhammad+Dawood+Azami%3A+Pashto&rft.pub=BBC+World+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fpeople%2Ffeatures%2Fihavearightto%2Ffour_b%2Freport-azami.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns" class="extiw" title="commons:Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pathan" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pathan">Pathan</a>".</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (1 March 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86356-438-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86356-438-0">0-86356-438-0</a>.</li> <li>Ahmad, Jamil. 2012. "The Wandering Falcon." Riverhead Trade. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-616-6">978-1-59448-616-6</a>. A loosely connected collection of short stories focused on life in the Pashtun tribal regions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_S._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar S. Ahmed">Ahmed, Akbar S</a>. 1976. "Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology." London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. "Pukhtun economy and society." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</li> <li>Banuazizi, Ali and <a href="/wiki/Myron_Weiner" title="Myron Weiner">Myron Weiner</a> (eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2608-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2608-8">0-8156-2608-8</a>.</li> <li>Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2448-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2448-4">0-8156-2448-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthn.d." class="citation web cs1">Barth, Frederik (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdoc.nccu.edu.tw/teasyllabus/113721265905/Barth%20Pathan%20Identity.pdf">"Pathan Identity and its Maintenance"</a> (PDF). National Chengchi University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://newdoc.nccu.edu.tw/teasyllabus/113721265905/Barth%20Pathan%20Identity.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Chengchi+University&rft.atitle=Pathan+Identity+and+its+Maintenance&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdoc.nccu.edu.tw%2Fteasyllabus%2F113721265905%2FBarth%2520Pathan%2520Identity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Caroe" title="Olaf Caroe">Caroe, Olaf</a>. 1984. The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints). Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577221-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577221-0">0-19-577221-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a>. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-35-0554-9" title="Special:BookSources/969-35-0554-9">969-35-0554-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocherty2008" class="citation book cs1">Docherty, Paddy (2008). The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion. Union Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5696-2"><bdi>978-1-4027-5696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khyber+Pass%3A+A+History+of+Empire+and+Invasion&rft.pub=Union+Square+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5696-2&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Dupree_(professor)" title="Louis Dupree (professor)">Dupree, Louis</a>. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577634-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577634-8">0-19-577634-8</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006C1P4M/">Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSEPAAAAYAAJ&q=An+account+of+the+Kingdom+of+Caubul+and+its+dependencies">online version</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodson,_Larry_P.2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodson, Larry P. (2001). Afghanistan's Endless War:State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98111-6"><bdi>978-0-295-98111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Endless+War%3AState+Failure%2C+Regional+Politics%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Taliban&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98111-6&rft.au=Goodson%2C+Larry+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtuns" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Habibi, Abdul Hai</a>. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58736-169-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58736-169-8">1-58736-169-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkirk,_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopkirk, Peter">Hopkirk, Peter</a>. 1984. "<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game:_The_Struggle_for_Empire_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia">The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia</a>" Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-022-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-022-3">1-56836-022-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Spain" title="James W. Spain">Spain, James W.</a> (1962; 2nd edition 1972). "The Way Of The Pathans." Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-636099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-636099-7">978-0-19-636099-7</a>.</li> <li>Wardak, Ali <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf">"Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007192558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN017434.pdf">Archived</a> 7 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2003, online at <a href="/wiki/UNPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNPAN">UNPAN</a> (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance).</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalak_people" title="Dalak people">Dalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_groups_of_Afghanistan" title="Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_people" title="Pashayi people">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Afghanistan" title="Armenians in Afghanistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Afghanistan" title="Indians in Afghanistan">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Afghanistan" title="Pakistanis in Afghanistan">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Afghanistan" title="Russians in Afghanistan">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnic groups in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract#Bagri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetran" title="Khetran">Khetran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bateri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bateri people (page does not exist)">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Broqpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burusho_people" title="Burusho people">Burusho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damia_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damia people (page does not exist)">Damia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domaa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domaa people (page does not exist)">Domaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people_in_Pakistan" title="British people in Pakistan">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gowro_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gowro people (page does not exist)">Gabaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gawar_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gawar people (page does not exist)">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gawri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gawri people (page does not exist)">Gawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani_people" title="Indus Kohistani people">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkoti_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkoti people (page does not exist)">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolai people (page does not exist)">Kolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakhi people">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makrani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makrani people (page does not exist)">Makrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memons" class="mw-redirect" title="Memons">Memons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthanis">Rajasthanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu speakers">Urdu speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata_people" title="Kata people">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(Afghanistan)" title="Kom people (Afghanistan)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumo" title="Mumo">Mumo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_people" title="Palula people">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarikoli people">Sariquli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormur" title="Ormur">Ormur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareen" title="Tareen">Spin Tareen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_people" title="Rajasthani people">Rajasthani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thari_people" title="Thari people">Thari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvi_(caste)" title="Salvi (caste)">Salvi Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shumashti_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shumashti people (page does not exist)">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgal_people" title="Jadgal people">Jadgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_people" title="Kutchi people">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_people" title="Lasi people">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghwar_Bhil" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghwar Bhil">Meghwar Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_people" title="Torwali people">Torwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Pakistan" title="Kyrgyz in Pakistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Pakistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_peoples" title="Template talk:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baloch_tribes" title="List of Baloch tribes">Baloch tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_people" title="Bashkardi people">Bashkardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_people" title="Kumzari people">Kumzaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shehni" title="Shehni">Shehnis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyli_Lurs" title="Feyli Lurs">Feyli Lurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadavand_tribe" title="Hadavand tribe">Hadavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanvand" title="Hasanvand">Hasanvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lurs" title="Southern Lurs">Southern Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)" title="Mamasani (tribe)">Mamasanis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jaszs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Chinese Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshoris" title="Oroshoris">Oroshoris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha–Munji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Persians" title="Arab-Persians">Arab-Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basseri" title="Basseri">Basseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_Persians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistani Persians">Sistanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_people" title="Semnani people">Semnanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talyshs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iranians in the United Arab Emirates">Iranians in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Qatar" title="Iranians in Qatar">Iranians in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihuh" title="Shihuh">Shihuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109234">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954250z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954250z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX550306">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551087605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/26363/">Victoria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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[\"CITEREFFirasatKhaliqMohyuddinPapaioannou2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherYarshater1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoundation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFārūqī1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Morton-Jack2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodson,_Larry_P.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrima1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaidar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakala2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakala2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHaleem2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallberg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoldich2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoutsma1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoutsma1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuangBevilacquaFigueroaPremaratne2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHumbachFaiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHywel_Coleman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Battuta2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkramMehmoodRakhaAkhtar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2002\"] = 1,\n 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2,\n [\"CITEREFWindfuhr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousafzai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubairAhmadHemphillTariq2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubairHemphillSchurrTariq2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Fürer-Haimendorf1985\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 18,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 124,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Pashtun People\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Afghanistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 10,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 8,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Iranian peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Nq\"] = 1,\n [\"Pashtun nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Pashtuns\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","9.1"],["type","260","9.1"],["dataWrapper 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