CINXE.COM
Freedom to Learn | American Historical Association
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0' /> <meta http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible' content='IE=edge' /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <title>Freedom to Learn | American Historical Association</title> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <meta name="dc.title" content="Freedom to Learn | American Historical Association"> <meta name="dc.description" content="The AHA’s Freedom to Learn initiative educates historians and others on how to advocate publicly for honest history education, responds directly to the bills themselves, and creates resources."> <meta name="dc.relation" content="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/"> <meta name="dc.source" content="https://www.historians.org/"> <meta name="dc.language" content="en_US"> <meta name="description" content="The AHA’s Freedom to Learn initiative educates historians and others on how to advocate publicly for honest history education, responds directly to the bills themselves, and creates resources."> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="AHA"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Freedom to Learn | American Historical Association"> <meta property="og:description" content="The AHA’s Freedom to Learn initiative educates historians and others on how to advocate publicly for honest history education, responds directly to the bills themselves, and creates resources."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/alexis-brown-omeaHbEFlN4-unsplash.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/alexis-brown-omeaHbEFlN4-unsplash.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1920"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1280"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Freedom to Learn | American Historical Association"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The AHA’s Freedom to Learn initiative educates historians and others on how to advocate publicly for honest history education, responds directly to the bills themselves, and creates resources."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/alexis-brown-omeaHbEFlN4-unsplash-1200x800.jpg"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pro.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AHA » Feed" href="https://www.historians.org/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='adsanity-default-css-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/adsanity/dist/css/widget-default.css?ver=1.9.3' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='wpseopress-local-business-style-inline-css'> span.wp-block-wpseopress-local-business-field{margin-right:8px} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--fl-heading-text: #1c2f42;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-text: #484e57;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent: #266099;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent-hover: #266099;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-content-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='https://pro.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/css/all.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-2132-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/2132-layout.css?ver=de4d701d7932583864702666e6c577ce' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='yoko-sso-frontend-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-sso-cp/assets/css/frontend.css?ver=1.0.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-magnificpopup-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/css/jquery.magnificpopup.min.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='icon-1614826904-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/icons/icon-1614826904/style.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-bundle-9394dec04e79630f32ff0f35f405cb9b-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/9394dec04e79630f32ff0f35f405cb9b-layout-bundle.css?ver=2.8.6-1.4.11.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='linearicons-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/fonts/linearicons/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='base-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/css/base.min.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-automator-skin-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-theme/skin-6793a900622b3.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-looks-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/css/elements.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-utility-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/css/utility.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/style.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-google-fonts-663d6ae92031a9e1fcfd32203fe90c26-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C500%7CBaskervville%3A400&ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2132" /> <style type="text/css"> ol.footnotes>li {list-style-type:decimal;} ol.footnotes { color:#666666; } ol.footnotes li { font-size:80%; } </style> <style id="y0x-cache-css">body:not(.fl-builder-edit) [class*="xsso-show-for-"]{display:none}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator,body.logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author,body.logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber,body.logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-advertiser .xsso-show-for-advertiser,body.logged-in.xsso-role-advertiser .xsso-show-for-advertiser{display:block}body.sso-loading::after{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100vw;height:100vh;content:'';background-color:white;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yok0x-sso/assets/img/loader.gif");background-size:150px 200px;z-index:9999}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span{display:none;opacity:0.000000001;transition:.1s opacity}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span:first-child{display:inline-block}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .login-link{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:inline-block;opacity:1}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .login-link{display:inline-block;opacity:1}</style> <style> .algolia-search-highlight { background-color: #fffbcc; border-radius: 2px; font-style: normal; } </style> <style>.breadcrumb {list-style:none;margin:0;padding-inline-start:0;}.breadcrumb li {margin:0;display:inline-block;position:relative;}.breadcrumb li::after{content:' / ';margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;}.breadcrumb li:last-child::after{display:none}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { /* .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-logo, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu ul.sub-menu { display: block !important; } */ .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-logo > .fl-module-content { margin-bottom: 20px; } } blockquote { border-color: #70C9BF !important; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; margin-bottom: 10px; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta p { margin: 0; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta p:last-of-type::before { display: none; } ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input { border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10); background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); padding: 8px 12px 8px 46px; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='20' height='20' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M8 3.99988C5.79086 3.99988 4 5.79074 4 7.99988C4 10.209 5.79086 11.9999 8 11.9999C10.2091 11.9999 12 10.209 12 7.99988C12 5.79074 10.2091 3.99988 8 3.99988ZM2 7.99988C2 4.68617 4.68629 1.99988 8 1.99988C11.3137 1.99988 14 4.68617 14 7.99988C14 9.29571 13.5892 10.4956 12.8907 11.4764L17.7071 16.2928C18.0976 16.6833 18.0976 17.3165 17.7071 17.707C17.3166 18.0975 16.6834 18.0975 16.2929 17.707L11.4765 12.8906C10.4957 13.5891 9.29583 13.9999 8 13.9999C4.68629 13.9999 2 11.3136 2 7.99988Z' fill='white'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 20px; background-position: center left 12px; } ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input, ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input::placeholder { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0.15px; } @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input { padding: 0; background-position: center; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input::placeholder { font-size: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) a { flex-direction: column; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) > a > span:not(.heroicon), .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) > div > a > span:not(.heroicon) { display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) span.fl-menu-toggle, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) span.fl-menu-toggle::after { display: none; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-menu ul.menu > li { padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; } } @media print { body.fl-theme-builder-header .fl-page::before { margin: 10px auto; height: 30px; } h1 { font-size: 20px; } h2 { font-size: 20px; } h3 { font-size: 18px; } h4 { font-size: 13px; } h5 { font-size: 13px; } h6 { font-size: 13px; } p, a, li { font-size: 8px !important; } .fl-module-fl-post-content h1, .fl-module-fl-post-content h2, .fl-module-fl-post-content h3, .fl-module-fl-post-content h4, .fl-module-fl-post-content h5, .fl-module-fl-post-content h6 { margin: 20px 0 20px; } .fl-module-fl-post-content > .fl-module-content { margin: 0 20px; } .banner .content-col { height: 100%; min-height: 100%; } .fl-col > .fl-col-content { padding: 5px 0 !important; } .meta-box > .fl-col-content { gap: 0 !important; } .meta-box .fl-col-group > .fl-col .fl-module { justify-content: flex-start !important; } .fl-module-fl-post-content img { width: 50% !important; } .seopress-user-consent { display: none !important; } } .invert .ahr .river-featured > .fl-col-content > .fl-col-group, .invert.ahr.river-featured > .fl-col-content > .fl-col-group { background: #651252 !important; } .card-meta p:first-of-type { margin-bottom:0; } /* Fixes for presidential address */ body.single-presidential-address .banner .breadcrumb p { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.70) !important; } body.single-presidential-address .banner .title .fl-heading { color: #F2F9FF; } body.single-presidential-address .banner .share-buttons a { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.70); } body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info .fl-heading, body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info p, body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info li { color: #70C9BF; } /* Default Button on Dark Bg */ body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page river-featured.invert .button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:visited, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .wp-block-button__link { background-color: #70C9BF !important; border-color: #70C9BF !important; color: #1C2F42; } body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .river-featured.invert a.button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert input[type=button]:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert input[type=submit]:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:visited:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .wp-block-button__link:hover { color: #1C2F42; background-color: #C1FFF8 !important; border-color: #C1FFF8 !important; } </style> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T7R72C9N');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Baskervville:ital@0;1&family=Raleway:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/7750e4f5a9.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="boomKWobaisc_FEVfYV-Wizb9wyHMKSU2ICGYxocZPo" /> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-2132 page-child parent-pageid-2122 fl-builder fl-builder-2-8-6 fl-themer-1-4-11-2 fl-theme-1-7-16 use-lock-icons fl-theme-builder-part fl-theme-builder-part-pre-footer-cta fl-theme-builder-singular fl-theme-builder-singular-single-page-sidebar fl-theme-builder-footer fl-theme-builder-footer-footer fl-theme-builder-header fl-theme-builder-header-header has-featured-image visible-banner fl-framework-base fl-preset-default fl-full-width fl-scroll-to-top fl-search-active" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T7R72C9N" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --><script id="y0x-cache-buster">const y0xGated=false;const y0xLoggedIn=document.cookie.search("yok0x_sso_")!==-1;window.addEventListener('load',function(){var body=document.querySelector("body");if(y0xLoggedIn){if(y0xGated){var ssoCacheId="";try{ssoCacheId=document.cookie.split("; ").filter(function(ck){return ck.search("yok0x_sso_")===0})[0].split("=")[1].substr(-10)}catch(error){console.log(error)} if(document.location.search&&document.location.search.search("yokoSso")===-1){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"&yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}else if(!document.location.search){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"?yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}} body.classList.add("xsso-logged-in")}else{body.classList.add("xsso-logged-out")}},false)</script><a aria-label="Skip to content" class="fl-screen-reader-text" href="#fl-main-content">Skip to content</a><div class="fl-page"> <header class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2553 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2553" data-type="header" data-sticky="1" data-sticky-on="all" data-sticky-breakpoint="medium" data-shrink="0" data-overlay="0" data-overlay-bg="transparent" data-shrink-image-height="50px" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-opq45vdm0jei fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-desktop fl-visible-large header side-navigation bg-gradient invert" data-node="opq45vdm0jei"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-fqornik8c9m2" data-node="fqornik8c9m2"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-o4pye35au9w7 fl-col-bg-color nav-content-col" data-node="o4pye35au9w7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-jm2zl61ne5bh nav-logo" data-node="jm2zl61ne5bh"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2551 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/AHA-logo.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="182" title="AHA-logo" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-qdiz7mvbx8e0 nav-menu" data-node="qdiz7mvbx8e0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-accordion-collapse"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="menu fl-menu-accordion fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-2611" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><form aria-label="Search" method="get" role="search" action="https://www.historians.org/" title="Type and press Enter to search."> <input aria-label="Search" type="search" class="fl-search-input form-control" name="s" placeholder="Search" value="" onfocus="if (this.value === 'Search') { this.value = ''; }" onblur="if (this.value === '') this.value='Search';" /> </form> </li><li id="menu-item-1827" class="home menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home"><a href="https://www.historians.org/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-home"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M2.25 12l8.954-8.955c.44-.439 1.152-.439 1.591 0L21.75 12M4.5 9.75v10.125c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125H9.75v-4.875c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V21h4.125c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.75M8.25 21h8.25"></path></svg></span><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1828" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/why-study-history/">Why Study History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/everything-has-a-history/">Everything Has a History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2412" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/engage-with-history/">Engage with History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-2132 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/">Freedom to Learn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/">Teaching History with Integrity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-88310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/history-public-policy/">History & Public Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/">AHA Advocacy</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1829" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-resource-library/">AHA Resource Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2415" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/">K–12 Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/undergraduate-education/">Undergraduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/graduate-education/">Graduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/current-events-in-historical-context/">Current Events in Historical Context</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/vetted-resources/">Vetted Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/teaching-things/">Teaching Things</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2423" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-historical-collections/">AHA Historical Collections</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1830" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2426" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-online/">AHA Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-85651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-regional-conferences/">AHA Regional Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/institutes-workshops/">Institutes & Workshops</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/congressional-briefings/">Congressional Briefings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-events-calendar/">AHA Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1831" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2431" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/awards-grants/">Awards & Grants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/affiliated-societies/">Affiliated Societies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/where-historians-work/">Where Historians Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/directories/">Directories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/">Professional & Career Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/standards-and-guidelines-for-the-discipline/">Standards & Guidelines for the Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/calls-for-opportunities/">Calls for Opportunities</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1832" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-news-announcements/">AHA News & Announcements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2438" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/">American Historical Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/">Perspectives on History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/history-in-focus/">History in Focus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-booklets/">AHA Booklets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-87104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/data-on-the-historical-discipline/">Data on the Historical Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2442" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/for-the-press/">For the Press</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68679" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1833" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2443" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/why-join-the-aha/">Why Join the AHA</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-benefits/">Individual Member Benefits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-rates/">Individual Member Rates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/institutional-membership/">Institutional Membership</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1834" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-76687" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5628" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-congressional-charter/">Congressional Charter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-staff/">AHA Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/governance/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-history/">AHA History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/advertising/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/merchandise/">Merchandise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5629" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2741" class="bottom-navigation menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><style id='fl-builder-layout-2739-inline-css'> .fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu {}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{display: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .sub-menu {background-color: #ffffff;-webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-ms-box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-has-submenu-container a{padding-right: 28px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle{width: 28px;height: 28px;margin: -14px 0 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-vertical.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-vertical.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle{width: 28px;height: 28px;margin: -14px 0 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu li:first-child{border-top: none;}@media ( max-width: 768px ) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li{ display: inline-block; }.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li {border-left: 1px solid transparent;border-top: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li.fl-active > .sub-menu {display: block;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li:first-child{border: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;border-left: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{position: absolute;top: 100%;left: 0;z-index: 10;visibility: hidden;opacity: 0;text-align:left;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{top: 0;left: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .mega-menu.fl-active .hide-heading > .sub-menu,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .mega-menu-disabled.fl-active .hide-heading > .sub-menu {display: block !important;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-logo,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-search-item {display: none;}} @media ( min-width: 769px ) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li{ display: inline-block; }.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li{border-left: 1px solid transparent;border-top: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li:first-child{border: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;border-left: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{position: absolute;top: 100%;left: 0;z-index: 10;visibility: hidden;opacity: 0;text-align:left;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{top: 0;left: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu:hover > .sub-menu,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu.focus > .sub-menu{display: block;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu.fl-menu-submenu-right .sub-menu{left: inherit;right: 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu.fl-menu-submenu-right .sub-menu{top: 0;left: inherit;right: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu.fl-active > .fl-has-submenu-container .fl-menu-toggle{-webkit-transform: none;-ms-transform: none;transform: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-menu-toggle{display: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.sub-menu {padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.sub-menu a {}}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.fl-menu-horizontal li.mega-menu > ul.sub-menu > li > .fl-has-submenu-container a:hover {color: ;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu, .fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li {font-size: 16px;line-height: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu {text-align: center;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu {justify-content: center;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu a {padding-top: 14px;padding-right: 14px;padding-bottom: 14px;padding-left: 14px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu .sub-menu > li {font-size: 16px;line-height: 1;}@media(max-width: 768px) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li.fl-has-submenu ul.sub-menu {padding-left: 15px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .sub-menu {background-color: transparent;}} .fl-node-d493flb6an8z > .fl-module-content {margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media ( max-width: 992px ) { .fl-node-d493flb6an8z.fl-module > .fl-module-content {margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}} </style> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2739 fl-builder-template fl-builder-module-template fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2739"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-d493flb6an8z header bottom-navigation" data-node="d493flb6an8z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-navigation-buttons" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-53371" class="button logged-in account menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=mainloginwelcome.htm">MY AHA</a></li><li id="menu-item-68746" class="button logged-in communities menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://communities.historians.org/home"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span> AHA Communities</a></li><li id="menu-item-2734" class="button logged-out log-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.historians.org/xsso/login?redirectURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fwhy-history-matters%2Fteaching-history-with-integrity%2Ffreedom-to-learn%2F%3Fysso_log_in%3Dtrue">Log In</a></li><li id="menu-item-53714" class="button logged-in log-out menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="">Log Out</a></li><li id="menu-item-69825" class="button ghost-button donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-c038ktagv2u6 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-medium fl-visible-mobile header bg-dark invert" data-node="c038ktagv2u6"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-8af2nckiey7q fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="8af2nckiey7q"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-83jrycfqitw6 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="83jrycfqitw6"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-qyhel1d9bc6g nav-logo" data-node="qyhel1d9bc6g"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2551 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/AHA-logo.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="182" title="AHA-logo" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-n061krbovu7l fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="n061krbovu7l"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-64ys0qpa59wz nav-menu" data-node="64ys0qpa59wz"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-always"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger" aria-label="Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-2611" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><form aria-label="Search" method="get" role="search" action="https://www.historians.org/" title="Type and press Enter to search."> <input aria-label="Search" type="search" class="fl-search-input form-control" name="s" placeholder="Search" value="" onfocus="if (this.value === 'Search') { this.value = ''; }" onblur="if (this.value === '') this.value='Search';" /> </form> </li><li id="menu-item-1827" class="home menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home"><a href="https://www.historians.org/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-home"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M2.25 12l8.954-8.955c.44-.439 1.152-.439 1.591 0L21.75 12M4.5 9.75v10.125c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125H9.75v-4.875c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V21h4.125c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.75M8.25 21h8.25"></path></svg></span><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1828" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/why-study-history/">Why Study History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/everything-has-a-history/">Everything Has a History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2412" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/engage-with-history/">Engage with History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-2132 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/">Freedom to Learn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-page-parent"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/">Teaching History with Integrity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-88310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/history-public-policy/">History & Public Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/">AHA Advocacy</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1829" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-resource-library/">AHA Resource Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2415" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/">K–12 Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/undergraduate-education/">Undergraduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/graduate-education/">Graduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/current-events-in-historical-context/">Current Events in Historical Context</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/vetted-resources/">Vetted Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/teaching-things/">Teaching Things</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2423" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-historical-collections/">AHA Historical Collections</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1830" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2426" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-online/">AHA Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-85651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-regional-conferences/">AHA Regional Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/institutes-workshops/">Institutes & Workshops</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/congressional-briefings/">Congressional Briefings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-events-calendar/">AHA Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1831" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2431" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/awards-grants/">Awards & Grants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/affiliated-societies/">Affiliated Societies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/where-historians-work/">Where Historians Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/directories/">Directories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/">Professional & Career Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/standards-and-guidelines-for-the-discipline/">Standards & Guidelines for the Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/calls-for-opportunities/">Calls for Opportunities</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1832" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-news-announcements/">AHA News & Announcements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2438" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/">American Historical Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/">Perspectives on History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/history-in-focus/">History in Focus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-booklets/">AHA Booklets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-87104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/data-on-the-historical-discipline/">Data on the Historical Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2442" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/for-the-press/">For the Press</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68679" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1833" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2443" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/why-join-the-aha/">Why Join the AHA</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-benefits/">Individual Member Benefits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-rates/">Individual Member Rates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/institutional-membership/">Institutional Membership</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1834" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-76687" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5628" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-congressional-charter/">Congressional Charter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-staff/">AHA Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/governance/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-history/">AHA History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/advertising/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/merchandise/">Merchandise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5629" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2741" class="bottom-navigation menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2739 fl-builder-template fl-builder-module-template fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2739"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-d493flb6an8z header bottom-navigation" data-node="d493flb6an8z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-navigation-buttons-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-53371" class="button logged-in account menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=mainloginwelcome.htm">MY AHA</a></li><li id="menu-item-68746" class="button logged-in communities menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://communities.historians.org/home"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span> AHA Communities</a></li><li id="menu-item-2734" class="button logged-out log-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.historians.org/xsso/login?redirectURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fwhy-history-matters%2Fteaching-history-with-integrity%2Ffreedom-to-learn%2F%3Fysso_log_in%3Dtrue">Log In</a></li><li id="menu-item-53714" class="button logged-in log-out menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="">Log Out</a></li><li id="menu-item-69825" class="button ghost-button donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-24 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="24" data-type="part"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-603eecffde0d0 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-bottom banner default-banner" data-node="603eecffde0d0"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-603eecffded02" data-node="603eecffded02"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-603eecffded8f fl-col-bg-color text-center content-col max-750 centered" data-node="603eecffded8f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-qnmw2k9yzl7g leadin" data-node="qnmw2k9yzl7g"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h6 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Teaching History with Integrity</span> </h6> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-603eed06638e0 title" data-node="603eed06638e0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Freedom to Learn</span> </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-mx9hdsflgriu" data-node="mx9hdsflgriu"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-a7ipzv01wyxl fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols print-remove" data-node="a7ipzv01wyxl"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-cr5ga061z3ph fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="cr5ga061z3ph"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-clxwba7k38hs fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="clxwba7k38hs"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-6042e55408917 breadcrumb" data-node="6042e55408917"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org" href="https://www.historians.org"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/" href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span itemprop="name">Why History Matters</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/" href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/"><span itemprop="name">Teaching History with Integrity</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><span itemprop="name">Freedom to Learn</span><meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li></ol></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-2lq8xedtacr1 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="2lq8xedtacr1"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-o6u2tkv47hpb share-buttons" data-node="o6u2tkv47hpb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <!-- AddToAny BEGIN --> <div class="a2a_kit"> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_x"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"><i class="fa-solid fa-share-nodes"></i></a> </div> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> <!-- AddToAny END --></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-content-full container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fl-content col-md-12"> <article class="fl-post post-2132 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="fl-post-2132" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2132 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2132"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-i9jobk4u7xna fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="i9jobk4u7xna"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-k9e48oigwctb fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="k9e48oigwctb"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-om0fya18zbhi fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-featured river-content-image" data-node="om0fya18zbhi"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-grq7ua3fb0t1 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width fl-col-group-responsive-reversed" data-node="grq7ua3fb0t1"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-50lfmo3hetj6 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="50lfmo3hetj6"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-63z04kon9dwb" data-node="63z04kon9dwb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Advocating for History</span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-yuntl0825w37" data-node="yuntl0825w37"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA’s Freedom to Learn initiative educates historians and others on how to advocate publicly for honest history education, responds directly to the bills themselves, and creates resources to help teachers directly affected by these bills think about how to maintain the integrity of their history courses.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ni21zjyt58g6 fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="ni21zjyt58g6"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-7dptzqoyv485 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="7dptzqoyv485"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-q9og2peas1xn" data-node="q9og2peas1xn"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ojnldqz7hai3 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols content-heading-content" data-node="ojnldqz7hai3"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-5wejtqop1k6d" data-node="5wejtqop1k6d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-cd4m9tefprg3 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="cd4m9tefprg3"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-j2m9hix5ctwd fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="j2m9hix5ctwd"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-wthng34yfl71" data-node="wthng34yfl71"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Freedom to Learn Letters</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-rvg5kna93bhj fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="rvg5kna93bhj"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-fjkbgoyhi24p" data-node="fjkbgoyhi24p"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The freedom to learn our nation’s history is under siege. In many states, legislators have introduced “divisive concepts” bills that seek to limit history education in ways that would make it virtually impossible for teachers to help students to thoughtfully consider slavery and racism in American historical development. Some of these proposals have already become law. While most of this legislation is aimed at public primary and secondary education, many also specifically include or have implications for public higher education.</p> <p>The AHA has sent letters to legislators in the following states.</p> <p>Read <a href="https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/january-2024/legislative-advocacy-letters-behind-the-scenes-at-the-aha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">"Legislative Advocacy Letters: Behind the Scenes at the AHA"</a> in <em>Perspectives on History</em> to learn how we carefully research and craft each letter.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-hdf8nu57j4gl" data-node="hdf8nu57j4gl"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-qsz2nruw9o5p fl-col-bg-color" data-node="qsz2nruw9o5p"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-accordion fl-node-2nwl5ust7ayb" data-node="2nwl5ust7ayb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-accordion fl-accordion-medium fl-accordion-collapse"> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-0" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-0" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-0">Alabama</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-0" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-0" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-0" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-alabama-senate-opposing-divisive-concepts-bill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Alabama Senate Opposing "Divisive Concepts" Bill (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-alabama-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Alabama Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-1" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-1" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-1" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-1">Alaska</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-1" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-1" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-1" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-alaska-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Alaska Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-2" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-2" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-2" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-2">Arizona</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-2" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-2" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-2" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-arizona-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education-february-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Arizona Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-3" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-3" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-3" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-3">California</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-3" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-3" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-3" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-opposing-placentia-yorba-linda-unified-school-district-resolution-january-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter Opposing Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District Resolution (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-4" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-4" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-4" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-4">Florida</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-4" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-4" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-4" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-sends-letter-to-florida-legislature-opposing-harmful-k-12-teacher-training-bill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Florida Legislature Opposing Harmful K-12 Teacher Training Bill</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-statement-on-floridas-african-american-history-standards" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Statement on Florida's African American History Standards (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-statement-opposing-exclusion-of-lgbtq-history-in-florida/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Statement Opposing Exclusion of LGBTQ+ History in Florida (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-florida-senate-opposing-restrictive-education-bill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Florida Senate Opposing Restrictive Education Bill (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-statement-opposing-florida-house-bill-999/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Statement Opposing Florida House Bill 999 (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-florida-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education-february-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Florida Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-5" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-5" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-5" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-5">Georgia</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-5" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-5" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-5" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-georgia-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education-february-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Georgia Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-6" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-6" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-6" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-6">Indiana</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-6" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-6" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-6" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-indiana-legislature-opposing-intellectual-diversity-tenure-bill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Indiana Legislature Opposing “Intellectual Diversity” Tenure Bill (2024)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-indiana-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education-february-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Indiana Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-7" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-7" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-7" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-7">Iowa</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-7" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-7" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-7" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-sends-letter-to-iowa-house-of-representatives-opposing-bill-on-k-12-social-studies-curriculum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Iowa House of Representatives Opposing Bill on K-12 Social Studies Curriculum (2024)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-8" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-8" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-8" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-8">Kansas</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-8" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-8" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-8" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-kansas-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Kansas Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-9" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-9" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-9" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-9">Kentucky</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-9" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-9" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-9" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-kentucky-legislature-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Kentucky Legislature Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-10" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-10" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-10" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-10">Maryland</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-10" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-10" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-10" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-maryland-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Maryland Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-11" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-11" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-11" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-11">Missouri</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-11" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-11" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-11" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-missouri-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education-february-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Missouri Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-12" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-12" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-12" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-12">Nebraska</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-12" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-12" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-12" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-nebraska-legislature-opposing-bill-to-eliminate-tenure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Nebraska Legislature Opposing Bill to Eliminate Tenure (2024)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-nebraska-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Nebraska Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-13" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-13" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-13" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-13">North Carolina</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-13" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-13" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-13" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-north-carolina-house-of-representatives-opposing-bill-to-eliminate-tenure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to North Carolina House of Representatives Opposing Bill to Eliminate Tenure (2023)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-14" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-14" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-14" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-14">Ohio</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-14" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-14" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-14" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/action-alert-opposing-ohio-senate-bill-1/">Action Alert Opposing Ohio Senate Bill 1</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-submits-testimony-opposing-ohio-sb-83/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Testimony Opposing Ohio SB 83 (2023 & 2024)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-submits-testimony-opposing-ohio-learning-standards-legislation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Testimony Opposing Ohio Learning Standards Legislation (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-ohio-senate-opposing-higher-education-bill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Ohio Senate Opposing Higher Education Bill (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-ohio-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Ohio Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-objecting-to-social-studies-curriculum-legislation-in-ohio/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter Objecting to Social Studies Curriculum Legislation in Ohio (2021)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-15" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-15" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-15" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-15">Oklahoma</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-15" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-15" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-15" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/action-alert-oklahoma-academic-standards-for-social-studies/">Action Alert—Oklahoma Academic Standards for Social Studies (2025)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-urges-oklahoma-retain-current-social-studies-standards/">AHA Urges Oklahoma Retain Current Social Studies Standards (2024)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-statement-on-oklahoma-mandate-for-religious-content-in-public-schools/">Statement on Oklahoma Mandate for Religious Content in Public Schools (2024)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-oklahoma-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Oklahoma Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-opposing-oklahoma-bill-that-would-limit-teaching-of-race-and-slavery-in-america/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter Opposing Oklahoma Bill That Would Limit Teaching of Race and Slavery in America (2021)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-16" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-16" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-16" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-16">South Carolina</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-16" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-16" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-16" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-south-carolina-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to South Carolina Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-17" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-17" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-17" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-17">South Dakota</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-17" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-17" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-17" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-opposing-proposed-south-dakota-social-studies-standards/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter Opposing Proposed South Dakota Social Studies Standards (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-south-dakota-board-of-education-opposing-social-studies-standards-revision-process/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to South Dakota Board of Education Opposing Social Studies Standards Revision Process (2022)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-south-dakota-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to South Dakota Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-18" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-18" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-18" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-18">Tennessee</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-18" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-18" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-18" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letters-to-tennessee-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letters to Tennessee Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-19" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-19" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-19" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-19">Texas</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-19" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-19" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-19" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-and-advocacy/aha-advocacy/aha-letter-to-texas-house-of-representatives-opposing-legislation-to-eliminate-tenure-(april-2023)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter to Texas House of Representatives Opposing Legislation to Eliminate Tenure (2023)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-opposing-proposed-legislation-on-history-education-in-texas/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter Opposing Proposed Legislation on History Education in Texas (2021)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-objecting-to-texas-house-bill-3979/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Letter Objecting to Texas House Bill 3979 (2021)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-statement-on-threats-to-historical-integrity-in-texas/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Statement on Threats to Historical Integrity in Texas (July 2021)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-20" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-20" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-20" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-20">Virginia</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-20" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-20" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-20" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-virginia-board-of-education-urging-adoption-of-proposed-history-standards/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AHA Letter to Virginia Board of Education Urging Adoption of Proposed History Standards (2022)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-collaboration-on-proposed-virginia-history-and-social-science-draft-standards/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AHA Collaborates on Proposed Virginia History and Social Science Draft Standards (December 2022)</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-item "> <div class="fl-accordion-button" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-21" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-21" tabindex="0"> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-label-21" class="fl-accordion-button-label" tabindex="0" aria-controls="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-21">West Virginia</a> <a href="#" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-icon-21" class="fl-accordion-button-icon" tabindex="-1"><i class="fl-accordion-button-icon fl-accordion-button-icon-right fas fa-plus" title="Expand"><span class="sr-only">Expand</span></i></a> </div> <div class="fl-accordion-content fl-clearfix" id="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-panel-21" aria-labelledby="fl-accordion-2nwl5ust7ayb-tab-21" aria-hidden="true"> <p><a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-letter-to-west-virginia-legislature-opposing-legislation-restricting-history-education/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AHA Letter to West Virginia Legislature Opposing Legislation Restricting History Education (2022)</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-hme51als9cij fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="hme51als9cij"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-9qetvkla85z3" data-node="9qetvkla85z3"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ubaxy6ws2gfo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols section-intro" data-node="ubaxy6ws2gfo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ibd02w6ftomk fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-bottom fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="ibd02w6ftomk"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-j6s23zqn8byp fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="j6s23zqn8byp"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-rvutksho4y20" data-node="rvutksho4y20"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Initiatives</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-86pfvr4c7l9x" data-node="86pfvr4c7l9x"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-l34uhbo5wfr0 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="l34uhbo5wfr0"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-hvapu3sy8bti fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="hvapu3sy8bti"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-30ecxbt7hisv fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="30ecxbt7hisv"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-qjwfptdazs09" data-node="qjwfptdazs09"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-10389 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-scaled.jpg" alt="IMG_2317" itemprop="image" height="1800" width="2400" title="IMG_2317" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-scaled.jpg 2400w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-600x450.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/IMG_2317-2048x1536.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-6q5d7zg9vxei" data-node="6q5d7zg9vxei"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Advocacy</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-6rfwz5v0scng" data-node="6rfwz5v0scng"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The American Historical Association is unique among history organizations with the breadth and depth of our advocacy efforts.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-zy5lbgie4utv simple-button" data-node="zy5lbgie4utv"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-7wjmbuxtfp1c fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="7wjmbuxtfp1c"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-38yjoipuwmvn" data-node="38yjoipuwmvn"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-45662 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01.jpg" alt="TexasStateCapitol-2010-01" itemprop="image" height="1600" width="2400" title="TexasStateCapitol-2010-01" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01.jpg 2400w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TexasStateCapitol-2010-01-2048x1366.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-rldwoefg8chm" data-node="rldwoefg8chm"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA State History Standards Support</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-13sqdta6nby5" data-node="13sqdta6nby5"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>As part of its mission to promote historical thinking in public life and professional integrity in history education, the American Historical Association monitors and offers guidance on state-level academic frameworks.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-4na6j3ew9mxr simple-button" data-node="4na6j3ew9mxr"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/aha-state-history-standards-support/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-2byd1e7c9hx8" data-node="2byd1e7c9hx8"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-d59xhbayil3m fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="d59xhbayil3m"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-lod4qpufgzk2 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="lod4qpufgzk2"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-icrxhkd2bs8o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="icrxhkd2bs8o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-f3yrhjsagcox" data-node="f3yrhjsagcox"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-81454 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash.jpg" alt="Three metal school lockers in a row, one dark blue, one orange, one gray." itemprop="image" height="1280" width="1920" title="laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/laura-rivera-nT9cQNZ67qI-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-7guwk0a6dcir" data-node="7guwk0a6dcir"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/" title="Teaching History with Integrity" target="_self" > <span class="fl-heading-text">Teaching History with Integrity</span> </a> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-zdagi1c2458s" data-node="zdagi1c2458s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA leads or participates in several initiatives to support history educators facing intensifying controversies about what we teach and how we teach it. Historians, including both scholars and educators, play a crucial role in public deliberations about how to engage students in truthful and rigorous inquiry in history classrooms.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-ikjn7ag3eloy simple-button" data-node="ikjn7ag3eloy"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news/joint-statement-on-legislative-efforts-to-restrict-education-about-racism-in-american-history/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-3iaqu6z02mvx fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="3iaqu6z02mvx"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-zk30up7wxfhs" data-node="zk30up7wxfhs"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-81456 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/brianna-lengacher-aihI4_1lTTg-unsplash.jpg" alt="Five yellow chairs with metal legs around a yellow chair with metal legs in a classroom in front of a whiteboard on a blue wall." itemprop="image" height="1280" width="1920" title="2024_Stock_YellowChairs" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/brianna-lengacher-aihI4_1lTTg-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/brianna-lengacher-aihI4_1lTTg-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/brianna-lengacher-aihI4_1lTTg-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/brianna-lengacher-aihI4_1lTTg-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/brianna-lengacher-aihI4_1lTTg-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-c7mp2wnlh6ix" data-node="c7mp2wnlh6ix"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5v41a8z2pcg9" data-node="5v41a8z2pcg9"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Americans care about how their history is taught, but they don't always agree. Since its inception, the American Historical Association has taken a keen interest in how these disagreements shape the practice of history teaching in American classrooms. Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education is the AHA’s multi-stage effort to provide a research-based grounding for ongoing civic deliberations about the teaching of US history in American classrooms.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-9xitrd762wa1 simple-button" data-node="9xitrd762wa1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/mapping-the-landscape-of-secondary-us-history-education/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-pma9xgsc4vyn fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="pma9xgsc4vyn"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-04r2q6oyexw7 fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="04r2q6oyexw7"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-9mjlwxso7qh0 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-featured river-content-image" data-node="9mjlwxso7qh0"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-rt0xs7ymdwzl fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width fl-col-group-responsive-reversed" data-node="rt0xs7ymdwzl"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-r25oytcen1vj fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="r25oytcen1vj"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-hlenbyizqtpf" data-node="hlenbyizqtpf"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text"><i>American Lesson Plan: Teaching US History in Secondary Schools</i></span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-ec8pand14hqw" data-node="ec8pand14hqw"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA’s 2024 report shares findings from the most comprehensive study of secondary US history education undertaken in the 21st century. AHA researchers appraised standards and legislation in all 50 states, conducted a survey of over 3,000 middle and high school US history educators, interviewed over 200 teachers and administrators, and reviewed thousands of pages of instructional materials from small towns to sprawling suburbs to big cities. The report provides empirical evidence and rigorous analysis to inform current debates over how history is taught in our schools.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-pe8qdj7b16rf ghost-button" data-node="pe8qdj7b16rf"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/american-lesson-plan/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Read the Report</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-cnky1djs0bzo fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="cnky1djs0bzo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-yb7n4a5k3tch fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="yb7n4a5k3tch"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-1lj5qky7b3u2" data-node="1lj5qky7b3u2"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-g9tq13kh8p4o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols section-intro" data-node="g9tq13kh8p4o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ltps5xwgubvo fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-bottom fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="ltps5xwgubvo"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-1wlshpkx9ncf fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width content-col" data-node="1wlshpkx9ncf"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-2vql9uk0s3fg" data-node="2vql9uk0s3fg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA News</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-rhajtsb4wq1n fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width button-col" data-node="rhajtsb4wq1n"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-m2jw1p6c7zkd" data-node="m2jw1p6c7zkd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-right"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-news-announcements/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">View All News</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-r9bsf2v0jhny" data-node="r9bsf2v0jhny"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-3fkubozhdw24 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="3fkubozhdw24"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-13rfx8dnabju fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="13rfx8dnabju"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5x2i47djnveb fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="5x2i47djnveb"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-28nio53pf6mu" data-node="28nio53pf6mu"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-17056 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash.jpg" alt="kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash" itemprop="image" height="1280" width="1920" title="kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/kelli-tungay-2LJ4rqK2qfU-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-s7px2g0i5o8h" data-node="s7px2g0i5o8h"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Joint Statement on Legislative Efforts to Restrict Education about Racism in American History</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-ehk3fawo5stl" data-node="ehk3fawo5stl"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>In June 2021, the American Association of University Professors, the American Historical Association, the Association of American Colleges & Universities, and PEN America authored a joint statement stating their “firm opposition” to legislation, introduced in at least 20 states, that would restrict the discussion of “divisive concepts” in public education institutions.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-1ti3blyhu7js simple-button" data-node="1ti3blyhu7js"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news/joint-statement-on-legislative-efforts-to-restrict-education-about-racism-in-american-history/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-gwn6mqsdixuf fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="gwn6mqsdixuf"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-jsoavu2ket84" data-node="jsoavu2ket84"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-10366 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Capitol-storm.jpg" alt="Capitol dome below gray stormy skies" itemprop="image" height="339" width="800" title="Capitol storm" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Capitol-storm.jpg 800w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Capitol-storm-600x254.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Capitol-storm-768x325.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-2kq0pa7cj1dw" data-node="2kq0pa7cj1dw"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">AHA Condemns Report of Advisory 1776 Commission</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-jctz3og6qurp" data-node="jctz3og6qurp"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>In January 2021, the AHA issued a <a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Report-of-1776-Commission-Statement.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">statement</a> condemning the report from “The President’s Advisory 1776 Commission.” “Written hastily in one month after two desultory and tendentious ‘hearings,’” the AHA writes, “without any consultation with professional historians of the United States, the report fails to engage a rich and vibrant body of scholarship that has evolved over the last seven decades.”</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-dhf28796izso simple-button" data-node="dhf28796izso"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news/aha-statement-condemning-report-of-advisory-1776-commission/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Read the Statement</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-m9gkohcqxa5w" data-node="m9gkohcqxa5w"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-g97n08bqcz3s fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols grid-cards grid-cards-images two-cards" data-node="g97n08bqcz3s"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-t2fmc7wo0pa3 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top" data-node="t2fmc7wo0pa3"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-uie13t6qsjxk fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="uie13t6qsjxk"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-mwvy1fn2hs6l" data-node="mwvy1fn2hs6l"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-6127 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1.jpg" alt="Stock_2024_LaptopMike" itemprop="image" height="500" width="793" title="Stock_2024_LaptopMike" srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1.jpg 793w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1-600x378.jpg 600w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/shutterstock_1931610188-1-768x484.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-5bri174zfnjp" data-node="5bri174zfnjp"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">For the Press</span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-j6m9cfdpoh4z" data-node="j6m9cfdpoh4z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Access press releases issued by the AHA and other resources for the media.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-zr2ial8ygxcq simple-button" data-node="zr2ial8ygxcq"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/for-the-press/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-slga6cwzvuhy fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width card" data-node="slga6cwzvuhy"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-utc02an7v1px" data-node="utc02an7v1px"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-png"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-27285 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/November-cover(0).png" alt="Perspectives on History Perspectives on History November 2022 Cover." itemprop="image" height="1908" width="1481" title="Perspectives on History Perspectives on History November 2022 Cover." srcset="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/November-cover(0).png 1481w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/November-cover(0)-466x600.png 466w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/November-cover(0)-931x1200.png 931w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/November-cover(0)-768x989.png 768w, https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/November-cover(0)-1192x1536.png 1192w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1481px) 100vw, 1481px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-ukv05eniswcg" data-node="ukv05eniswcg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h5 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text"><i>Perspectives on History</i></span> </h5> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-9cle7g2torzd" data-node="9cle7g2torzd"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Read articles on legislative and educational issues in the AHA's newsmagazine, <em>Perspectives on History</em><em>.</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-qp2a8okvu4bx simple-button" data-node="qp2a8okvu4bx"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-qc0p5lx1fub8 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="qc0p5lx1fub8"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-0ozk7rgwudpq" data-node="0ozk7rgwudpq"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-y6i5zpg90stv fl-col-bg-color" data-node="y6i5zpg90stv"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-cta fl-node-41975ja8drok" data-node="41975ja8drok"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-cta-wrap fl-cta-stacked fl-cta-center"> <div class="fl-cta-text"> <h4 class="fl-cta-title">Support the AHA's Advocacy Efforts</h4> <div class="fl-cta-text-content"><p>The AHA is unique among history organizations with the breadth and depth of our advocacy efforts. Our advocacy work is more critical now than ever before, and we need your help. If you believe in the importance of honest history education, please <a href="https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/membership" target="_blank" rel="noopener">join the AHA as a member</a> or <a href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">donate to the AHA's Operating Fund</a> to support our advocacy work.</p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-cta-button"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/support-aha/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-tm1buxq9n2lz fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="tm1buxq9n2lz"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-3fi2r8myst1a" data-node="3fi2r8myst1a"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ex9ol03kg8nu fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols content-heading-content" data-node="ex9ol03kg8nu"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-pfe5gsqxw40h" data-node="pfe5gsqxw40h"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-zxbyegk385ti fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="zxbyegk385ti"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ijn2lu91pr3s fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="ijn2lu91pr3s"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-h8bw0todc3p6" data-node="h8bw0todc3p6"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Acknowledgments</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-43hefgpkixwc fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="43hefgpkixwc"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-o8aizbk6dt30" data-node="o8aizbk6dt30"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA is grateful to the Agentives Fund, Lumina Foundation, and the Teagle Foundation for their support of various elements of this initiative. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this work do not necessarily represent those of the supporting agencies.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .fl-post-content --> </article> <!-- .fl-post --> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- .fl-page-content --> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-116 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="116" data-type="part"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-6168a570baf16 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer-cta" data-node="6168a570baf16"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-6168a570bbe38" data-node="6168a570bbe38"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6168a570bbec7 fl-col-bg-color text-center max-700 centered" data-node="6168a570bbec7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-6168a57e8563d title" data-node="6168a57e8563d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Join the AHA</span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-6168a59b41a36" data-node="6168a59b41a36"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA brings together historians from all specializations and all work contexts, embracing the breadth and variety of activity in history today.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-6168a5be67254" data-node="6168a5be67254"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="/membership/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Become a Member</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><footer class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-104 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="104" data-type="footer" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPFooter"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-6168ab9d33be3 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer footer-main bg-light" data-node="6168ab9d33be3"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-1dlyf2juehsa" data-node="1dlyf2juehsa"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-d4yiuhtg786c fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols" data-node="d4yiuhtg786c"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-jod8thrwpcmf fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="jod8thrwpcmf"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-l8qvtjbpsrgo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="l8qvtjbpsrgo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-fbk4uzai285y" data-node="fbk4uzai285y"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2951 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AHA-logo-blue.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="174" title="AHA-logo-blue" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-t7z6sdbvcyfg" data-node="t7z6sdbvcyfg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>400 A Street SE<br /> Washington, DC 20003</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon fl-node-kedpmq3ihl4v" data-node="kedpmq3ihl4v"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-wrap"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="tel:2025442422" target="_self" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="fl-icon-text-kedpmq3ihl4v"> <i class="linicon-telephone" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Give us a call!</span> </a> </span> <div id="fl-icon-text-kedpmq3ihl4v" class="fl-icon-text"> <a href="tel:2025442422" target="_self" class="fl-icon-text-link fl-icon-text-wrap"> <p>202.544.2422</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon fl-node-go0zfeq3w71s" data-node="go0zfeq3w71s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-wrap"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/" target="_self" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="fl-icon-text-go0zfeq3w71s"> <i class="linicon-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Send us an email!</span> </a> </span> <div id="fl-icon-text-go0zfeq3w71s" class="fl-icon-text"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/" target="_self" class="fl-icon-text-link fl-icon-text-wrap"> <p>Contact Us</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-gacjydn76vwb" data-node="gacjydn76vwb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Payments: PO Box 347214,<br /> Pittsburgh PA 15251-4214</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon-group fl-node-ucetqh8wzx5k" data-node="ucetqh8wzx5k"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-group"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AHAhistorians" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ahahistorians/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-historical-association" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/historiansorg" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Youtube</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6dzbtmc7x1p4 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="6dzbtmc7x1p4"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-0d9w8kliabn1" data-node="0d9w8kliabn1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-a" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/">Why History Matters</a></li><li id="menu-item-1839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/">Teaching & Learning</a></li><li id="menu-item-1840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/">Events</a></li><li id="menu-item-1841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/">Community & Careers</a></li><li id="menu-item-1842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/">News & Publications</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ir85vsj7yz1o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="ir85vsj7yz1o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-c4md5fb6eta0" data-node="c4md5fb6eta0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-b" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/">About Us</a></li><li id="menu-item-1844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/">Membership</a></li><li id="menu-item-1845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/utilities.dll/openpage?wrp=mainlogin.htm">Login</a></li><li id="menu-item-1846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="/?s">Search</a></li><li id="menu-item-1847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-1xgawuzk5psn fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="1xgawuzk5psn"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-872sq1059c4m" data-node="872sq1059c4m"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-c" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy"><a href="https://www.historians.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-1850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-76681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/disclosure-statement/">Disclosure Statement</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-yjbqv8uklc36 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="yjbqv8uklc36"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-fu86mgiv4dxa" data-node="fu86mgiv4dxa"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6l9amn0s3r4f fl-col-bg-color" data-node="6l9amn0s3r4f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-oms18duxp35z" data-node="oms18duxp35z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-9v2aykgc5izw fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer footer-sub bg-light" data-node="9v2aykgc5izw"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-693ul5chbsr4 fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="693ul5chbsr4"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-7lbsmi3acvxy fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width fl-col-has-cols" data-node="7lbsmi3acvxy"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-x946itgjcfkv fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="x946itgjcfkv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-0aed6vjf8qmo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="0aed6vjf8qmo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5pi1jg9w4rkf" data-node="5pi1jg9w4rkf"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>© 2025 American Historical Association. All right reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6yiz8k5w3v1o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="6yiz8k5w3v1o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-jsch06d5u84t" data-node="jsch06d5u84t"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><a href="https://www.yokoco.com/referral/?site=AHA">Website by Yoko Co</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div><!-- .fl-page --> <a href="#" role="button" id="fl-to-top"><span class="sr-only">Scroll To Top</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><script type="text/javascript">var algolia = {"debug":false,"application_id":"717YPXIXJL","search_api_key":"76c370e5f7d83139101f45fa1a4f2073","powered_by_enabled":true,"query":"","autocomplete":{"sources":[],"input_selector":"input[name='s']:not(.no-autocomplete):not(#adminbar-search)"},"indices":{"searchable_posts":{"name":"aha_production_searchable_posts","id":"searchable_posts","enabled":true,"replicas":[]}}};</script><script id="adsanity_raw-js-extra"> var adsanity_raw = {"rest_url":"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ads\/","home_url":"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/"}; </script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/adsanity-rotating-ad-widget/public/dist/js/adsanity-raw-public.js?ver=1.6.4" id="adsanity_raw-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/2132-layout.js?ver=3d79585933a2d94ac601da26c7173d6a" id="fl-builder-layout-2132-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-sso-cp/assets/js/app.js?ver=1.0.1" id="yoko-sso-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.magnificpopup.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="jquery-magnificpopup-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jquery-fitvids-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/051bef1886e36f5739af4a57abfc88a1-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.6-1.4.11.2" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-051bef1886e36f5739af4a57abfc88a1-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/js/mobile-search.js?ver=1.0.1" id="mobile_search-js"></script> <script id="fl-automator-js-extra"> var themeopts = {"medium_breakpoint":"992","mobile_breakpoint":"768","scrollTopPosition":"800"}; </script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/theme.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="fl-automator-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/js/main.js?ver=1734458585" id="yoko-main-js"></script> <script async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.8" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script id="y0x-sso-userdata" defer>jQuery(document).ready(function($){function setCookie(cname,cvalue,exhours=1){const d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+(exhours*60*60*1000));let expires="expires="+d.toUTCString();document.cookie=cname+"="+cvalue+";"+expires+";path=/"} const parseCookie=str=>str.split(';').map(v=>v.split('=')).reduce((acc,v)=>{if(v[0]&&v[1]){acc[decodeURIComponent(v[0].trim())]=decodeURIComponent(v[1].trim())} return acc},{});const decodeUrlString=(str)=>{return decodeURIComponent(str.replace(/\+/g,"%20"))} const cookies=parseCookie(document.cookie);if(typeof y0xLoggedIn!=='undefined'&&y0xLoggedIn){if(document.referrer.search('//'+location.host)===-1){try{$.ajax({url:'/wp-json/sso/v1/is-logged-in',success:function(serverLoggedIn){if(!serverLoggedIn){window.location.href=window.location.href+'?ssoLogout'}},cache:false})}catch(error){}} if(cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"]){const userdata=cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"].split('&').reduce(function(prev,cur){const data=cur.split('=');prev[data[0]]=data[1];return prev},{});for(var idx in userdata){if(userdata[idx]){const outputs=document.querySelectorAll('.sso-'+idx+'').forEach(function(output){output.setHTML(decodeUrlString(userdata[idx]))});if(idx==="roles"){let roles=userdata[idx].split(encodeURIComponent(',')),body=document.querySelector("body");for(var ridx in roles){if(roles[ridx]){body.classList.add('xsso-role-'+roles[ridx])}}}}}}} $('.intent-login').click(function(e){e.preventDefault();var ts=Date.now(),destination;if(this.tagName.toLowerCase()==='a'){destination=$(this).attr('href');if(destination.indexOf("?")===-1){destination=destination+"?ts="+ts}else{destination=destination+"&ts="+ts} window.location.href=destination} else if($(this).is('form')){var $form=$(this);$('<input>').attr({type:'hidden',name:'ts',value:ts}).appendTo($form);$form.submit()}})})</script><!-- /**********************************/ --> <!-- /*** WEBSITE CREATED BY YOKO CO ***/ --> <!-- /********* WWW.YOKOCO.COM *********/ --> <!-- /**********************************/ --><script>(function($){$(function(){new FLBuilderMenu({id:'d493flb6an8z',type:'horizontal',mobile:'expanded',mobileBelowRow:false,mobileFlyout:false,breakPoints:{large:1200,medium:992,small:768},mobileBreakpoint:'mobile',postId:'2739',mobileStacked:false,});});})(jQuery);</script></body> </html>