CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0' /> <meta http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible' content='IE=edge' /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <title>Membership - AHA</title> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <meta name="dc.title" content="Membership - AHA"> <meta name="dc.description" content="Why Join the AHA? Our members support a diverse range of AHA efforts to advocate on behalf of historians and students of history, connect and collaborate with each other over shared historical interests, and benefit from numerous professional resources and programs. The AHA proudly serves thousands of historians, representing all…"> <meta name="dc.relation" content="https://www.historians.org/membership/"> <meta name="dc.source" content="https://www.historians.org/"> <meta name="dc.language" content="en_US"> <meta name="description" content="Why Join the AHA? Our members support a diverse range of AHA efforts to advocate on behalf of historians and students of history, connect and collaborate with each other over shared historical interests, and benefit from numerous professional resources and programs. The AHA proudly serves thousands of historians, representing all…"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.historians.org/membership/"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="AHA"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:title" content="Membership - AHA"> <meta property="og:description" content="Why Join the AHA? Our members support a diverse range of AHA efforts to advocate on behalf of historians and students of history, connect and collaborate with each other over shared historical interests, and benefit from numerous professional resources and programs. The AHA proudly serves thousands of historians, representing all…"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/jeb-buchman-NjrjrdJE8As-unsplash.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/jeb-buchman-NjrjrdJE8As-unsplash.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1920"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="865"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Membership - AHA"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Why Join the AHA? Our members support a diverse range of AHA efforts to advocate on behalf of historians and students of history, connect and collaborate with each other over shared historical interests, and benefit from numerous professional resources and programs. The AHA proudly serves thousands of historians, representing all…"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/jeb-buchman-NjrjrdJE8As-unsplash-1200x541.jpg"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pro.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link href='https://fonts.gstatic.com' crossorigin rel='preconnect' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AHA » Feed" href="https://www.historians.org/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='adsanity-default-css-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/adsanity/dist/css/widget-default.css?ver=1.9.3' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='wpseopress-local-business-style-inline-css'> span.wp-block-wpseopress-local-business-field{margin-right:8px} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--fl-heading-text: #1c2f42;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-body-text: #484e57;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent: #266099;--wp--preset--color--fl-accent-hover: #266099;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-topbar-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-header-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-link: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-nav-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-content-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-widgets-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-bg: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-text: #757575;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-link: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--color--fl-footer-hover: #2b7bb9;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-1813-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/1813-layout.css?ver=f8c085c2960dab5d6a79699695de9ceb' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='yoko-sso-frontend-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-sso-cp/assets/css/frontend.css?ver=1.0.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-css' href='https://pro.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.4/css/all.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-magnificpopup-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/css/jquery.magnificpopup.min.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='icon-1614826904-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/icons/icon-1614826904/style.css?ver=2.8.6' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-layout-bundle-1ecb1cab994ccffbe6576ed5b836bd35-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/1ecb1cab994ccffbe6576ed5b836bd35-layout-bundle.css?ver=2.8.6-1.4.11.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='linearicons-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/fonts/linearicons/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='base-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/css/base.min.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-automator-skin-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-theme/skin-6793a900622b3.css?ver=1.7.16' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-looks-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/css/elements.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-utility-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/css/utility.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-child-theme-css' href='https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/style.css?ver=1734458585' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fl-builder-google-fonts-663d6ae92031a9e1fcfd32203fe90c26-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C500%7CBaskervville%3A400&ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1813" /> <style type="text/css"> ol.footnotes>li {list-style-type:decimal;} ol.footnotes { color:#666666; } ol.footnotes li { font-size:80%; } </style> <style id="y0x-cache-css">body:not(.fl-builder-edit) [class*="xsso-show-for-"]{display:none}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator,body.logged-in.xsso-role-administrator .xsso-show-for-administrator{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-editor .xsso-show-for-editor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author,body.logged-in.xsso-role-author .xsso-show-for-author{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor,body.logged-in.xsso-role-contributor .xsso-show-for-contributor{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber,body.logged-in.xsso-role-subscriber .xsso-show-for-subscriber{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-member .xsso-show-for-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member,body.logged-in.xsso-role-non-member .xsso-show-for-non-member{display:block}body.xsso-logged-in.xsso-role-advertiser .xsso-show-for-advertiser,body.logged-in.xsso-role-advertiser .xsso-show-for-advertiser{display:block}body.sso-loading::after{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100vw;height:100vh;content:'';background-color:white;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yok0x-sso/assets/img/loader.gif");background-size:150px 200px;z-index:9999}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span{display:none;opacity:0.000000001;transition:.1s opacity}body:not(.logged-in) .xsso-container > span:first-child{display:inline-block}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .login-link{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-in .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:inline-block;opacity:1}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .logged-in-content{display:none}body:not(.logged-in).xsso-logged-out .xsso-container .login-link{display:inline-block;opacity:1}</style> <style> .algolia-search-highlight { background-color: #fffbcc; border-radius: 2px; font-style: normal; } </style> <style>.breadcrumb {list-style:none;margin:0;padding-inline-start:0;}.breadcrumb li {margin:0;display:inline-block;position:relative;}.breadcrumb li::after{content:' / ';margin-left:5px;margin-right:5px;}.breadcrumb li:last-child::after{display:none}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cropped-AHA-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { /* .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-logo, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu ul.sub-menu { display: block !important; } */ .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-logo > .fl-module-content { margin-bottom: 20px; } } blockquote { border-color: #70C9BF !important; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; margin-bottom: 10px; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta p { margin: 0; } .perspectives-article .feed-card .card-meta p:last-of-type::before { display: none; } ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input { border-radius: 6px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.10); background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); padding: 8px 12px 8px 46px; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='20' height='20' viewBox='0 0 20 20' fill='none'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M8 3.99988C5.79086 3.99988 4 5.79074 4 7.99988C4 10.209 5.79086 11.9999 8 11.9999C10.2091 11.9999 12 10.209 12 7.99988C12 5.79074 10.2091 3.99988 8 3.99988ZM2 7.99988C2 4.68617 4.68629 1.99988 8 1.99988C11.3137 1.99988 14 4.68617 14 7.99988C14 9.29571 13.5892 10.4956 12.8907 11.4764L17.7071 16.2928C18.0976 16.6833 18.0976 17.3165 17.7071 17.707C17.3166 18.0975 16.6834 18.0975 16.2929 17.707L11.4765 12.8906C10.4957 13.5891 9.29583 13.9999 8 13.9999C4.68629 13.9999 2 11.3136 2 7.99988Z' fill='white'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 20px; background-position: center left 12px; } ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input, ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input::placeholder { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 0.15px; } @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input { padding: 0; background-position: center; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li.search input.fl-search-input::placeholder { font-size: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 1440px) { .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) a { flex-direction: column; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) > a > span:not(.heroicon), .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) > div > a > span:not(.heroicon) { display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) span.fl-menu-toggle, .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) ul.menu > li:not(.button, .search, .bottom-navigation) span.fl-menu-toggle::after { display: none; } .header.side-navigation:not(.toggled) .nav-menu ul.menu > li { padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; } } @media print { body.fl-theme-builder-header .fl-page::before { margin: 10px auto; height: 30px; } h1 { font-size: 20px; } h2 { font-size: 20px; } h3 { font-size: 18px; } h4 { font-size: 13px; } h5 { font-size: 13px; } h6 { font-size: 13px; } p, a, li { font-size: 8px !important; } .fl-module-fl-post-content h1, .fl-module-fl-post-content h2, .fl-module-fl-post-content h3, .fl-module-fl-post-content h4, .fl-module-fl-post-content h5, .fl-module-fl-post-content h6 { margin: 20px 0 20px; } .fl-module-fl-post-content > .fl-module-content { margin: 0 20px; } .banner .content-col { height: 100%; min-height: 100%; } .fl-col > .fl-col-content { padding: 5px 0 !important; } .meta-box > .fl-col-content { gap: 0 !important; } .meta-box .fl-col-group > .fl-col .fl-module { justify-content: flex-start !important; } .fl-module-fl-post-content img { width: 50% !important; } .seopress-user-consent { display: none !important; } } .invert .ahr .river-featured > .fl-col-content > .fl-col-group, .invert.ahr.river-featured > .fl-col-content > .fl-col-group { background: #651252 !important; } .card-meta p:first-of-type { margin-bottom:0; } /* Fixes for presidential address */ body.single-presidential-address .banner .breadcrumb p { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.70) !important; } body.single-presidential-address .banner .title .fl-heading { color: #F2F9FF; } body.single-presidential-address .banner .share-buttons a { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.70); } body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info .fl-heading, body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info p, body.single-presidential-address .post-banner .meta-info li { color: #70C9BF; } /* Default Button on Dark Bg */ body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page river-featured.invert .button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:visited, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .wp-block-button__link { background-color: #70C9BF !important; border-color: #70C9BF !important; color: #1C2F42; } body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .river-featured.invert a.button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert input[type=button]:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert input[type=submit]:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .fl-builder-content .river-featured.invert a.fl-button:visited:hover, body.fl-theme-builder-header-header-ph .fl-page .river-featured.invert .wp-block-button__link:hover { color: #1C2F42; background-color: #C1FFF8 !important; border-color: #C1FFF8 !important; } </style>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T7R72C9N');</script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Baskervville:ital@0;1&family=Raleway:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/7750e4f5a9.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="boomKWobaisc_FEVfYV-Wizb9wyHMKSU2ICGYxocZPo" /> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-1813 page-parent fl-builder fl-builder-2-8-6 fl-themer-1-4-11-2 fl-theme-1-7-16 use-lock-icons fl-theme-builder-part fl-theme-builder-part-pre-footer-cta fl-theme-builder-singular fl-theme-builder-singular-single-page-sidebar fl-theme-builder-footer fl-theme-builder-footer-footer fl-theme-builder-header fl-theme-builder-header-header has-featured-image visible-banner fl-framework-base fl-preset-default fl-full-width fl-scroll-to-top fl-search-active" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T7R72C9N" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script id="y0x-cache-buster">const y0xGated=false;const y0xLoggedIn=document.cookie.search("yok0x_sso_")!==-1;window.addEventListener('load',function(){var body=document.querySelector("body");if(y0xLoggedIn){if(y0xGated){var ssoCacheId="";try{ssoCacheId=document.cookie.split("; ").filter(function(ck){return ck.search("yok0x_sso_")===0})[0].split("=")[1].substr(-10)}catch(error){console.log(error)} if(document.location.search&&document.location.search.search("yokoSso")===-1){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"&yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}else if(!document.location.search){body.classList.add('sso-loading');setTimeout(function(){document.location.href=document.location.href+"?yokoSso="+ssoCacheId},200)}} body.classList.add("xsso-logged-in")}else{body.classList.add("xsso-logged-out")}},false)</script><a aria-label="Skip to content" class="fl-screen-reader-text" href="#fl-main-content">Skip to content</a><div class="fl-page"> <header class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2553 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2553" data-type="header" data-sticky="1" data-sticky-on="all" data-sticky-breakpoint="medium" data-shrink="0" data-overlay="0" data-overlay-bg="transparent" data-shrink-image-height="50px" role="banner" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-opq45vdm0jei fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-desktop fl-visible-large header side-navigation bg-gradient invert" data-node="opq45vdm0jei"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-fqornik8c9m2" data-node="fqornik8c9m2"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-o4pye35au9w7 fl-col-bg-color nav-content-col" data-node="o4pye35au9w7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-jm2zl61ne5bh nav-logo" data-node="jm2zl61ne5bh"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2551 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/AHA-logo.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="182" title="AHA-logo" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-qdiz7mvbx8e0 nav-menu" data-node="qdiz7mvbx8e0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-accordion-collapse"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="menu fl-menu-accordion fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-2611" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><form aria-label="Search" method="get" role="search" action="https://www.historians.org/" title="Type and press Enter to search."> <input aria-label="Search" type="search" class="fl-search-input form-control" name="s" placeholder="Search" value="" onfocus="if (this.value === 'Search') { this.value = ''; }" onblur="if (this.value === '') this.value='Search';" /> </form> </li><li id="menu-item-1827" class="home menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home"><a href="https://www.historians.org/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-home"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M2.25 12l8.954-8.955c.44-.439 1.152-.439 1.591 0L21.75 12M4.5 9.75v10.125c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125H9.75v-4.875c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V21h4.125c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.75M8.25 21h8.25"></path></svg></span><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1828" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/why-study-history/">Why Study History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/everything-has-a-history/">Everything Has a History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2412" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/engage-with-history/">Engage with History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/">Freedom to Learn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/">Teaching History with Integrity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-88310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/history-public-policy/">History & Public Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/">AHA Advocacy</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1829" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-resource-library/">AHA Resource Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2415" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/">K–12 Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/undergraduate-education/">Undergraduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/graduate-education/">Graduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/current-events-in-historical-context/">Current Events in Historical Context</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/vetted-resources/">Vetted Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/teaching-things/">Teaching Things</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2423" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-historical-collections/">AHA Historical Collections</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1830" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2426" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-online/">AHA Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-85651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-regional-conferences/">AHA Regional Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/institutes-workshops/">Institutes & Workshops</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/congressional-briefings/">Congressional Briefings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-events-calendar/">AHA Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1831" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2431" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/awards-grants/">Awards & Grants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/affiliated-societies/">Affiliated Societies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/where-historians-work/">Where Historians Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/directories/">Directories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/">Professional & Career Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/standards-and-guidelines-for-the-discipline/">Standards & Guidelines for the Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/calls-for-opportunities/">Calls for Opportunities</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1832" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-news-announcements/">AHA News & Announcements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2438" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/">American Historical Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/">Perspectives on History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/history-in-focus/">History in Focus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-booklets/">AHA Booklets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-87104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/data-on-the-historical-discipline/">Data on the Historical Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2442" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/for-the-press/">For the Press</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68679" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1813 current_page_item current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1833" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1813 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2443" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/why-join-the-aha/">Why Join the AHA</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-benefits/">Individual Member Benefits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-rates/">Individual Member Rates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/institutional-membership/">Institutional Membership</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1834" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-76687" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5628" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-congressional-charter/">Congressional Charter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-staff/">AHA Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/governance/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-history/">AHA History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/advertising/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/merchandise/">Merchandise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5629" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2741" class="bottom-navigation menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><style id='fl-builder-layout-2739-inline-css'> .fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu {}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{display: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .sub-menu {background-color: #ffffff;-webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-ms-box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow: 0 1px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-has-submenu-container a{padding-right: 28px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle{width: 28px;height: 28px;margin: -14px 0 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-horizontal.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-vertical.fl-toggle-arrows .fl-menu-toggle,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-vertical.fl-toggle-none .fl-menu-toggle{width: 28px;height: 28px;margin: -14px 0 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu li:first-child{border-top: none;}@media ( max-width: 768px ) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li{ display: inline-block; }.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li {border-left: 1px solid transparent;border-top: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li.fl-active > .sub-menu {display: block;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li:first-child{border: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;border-left: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{position: absolute;top: 100%;left: 0;z-index: 10;visibility: hidden;opacity: 0;text-align:left;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{top: 0;left: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .mega-menu.fl-active .hide-heading > .sub-menu,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .mega-menu-disabled.fl-active .hide-heading > .sub-menu {display: block !important;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-logo,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu-search-item {display: none;}} @media ( min-width: 769px ) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li{ display: inline-block; }.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li{border-left: 1px solid transparent;border-top: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li:first-child{border: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li li{border-top: 1px solid transparent;border-left: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{position: absolute;top: 100%;left: 0;z-index: 10;visibility: hidden;opacity: 0;text-align:left;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu .sub-menu{top: 0;left: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu:hover > .sub-menu,.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu.focus > .sub-menu{display: block;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu.fl-menu-submenu-right .sub-menu{left: inherit;right: 0;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu .fl-has-submenu .fl-has-submenu.fl-menu-submenu-right .sub-menu{top: 0;left: inherit;right: 100%;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-has-submenu.fl-active > .fl-has-submenu-container .fl-menu-toggle{-webkit-transform: none;-ms-transform: none;transform: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .fl-menu-toggle{display: none;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.sub-menu {padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.sub-menu a {}}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z ul.fl-menu-horizontal li.mega-menu > ul.sub-menu > li > .fl-has-submenu-container a:hover {color: ;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu, .fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu > li {font-size: 16px;line-height: 1;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu {text-align: center;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu {justify-content: center;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu a {padding-top: 14px;padding-right: 14px;padding-bottom: 14px;padding-left: 14px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .menu .sub-menu > li {font-size: 16px;line-height: 1;}@media(max-width: 768px) {.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .menu li.fl-has-submenu ul.sub-menu {padding-left: 15px;}.fl-node-d493flb6an8z .fl-menu .sub-menu {background-color: transparent;}} .fl-node-d493flb6an8z > .fl-module-content {margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media ( max-width: 992px ) { .fl-node-d493flb6an8z.fl-module > .fl-module-content {margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}} </style> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2739 fl-builder-template fl-builder-module-template fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2739"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-d493flb6an8z header bottom-navigation" data-node="d493flb6an8z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-navigation-buttons" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-53371" class="button logged-in account menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=mainloginwelcome.htm">MY AHA</a></li><li id="menu-item-68746" class="button logged-in communities menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://communities.historians.org/home"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span> AHA Communities</a></li><li id="menu-item-2734" class="button logged-out log-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.historians.org/xsso/login?redirectURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fmembership%2F%3Fysso_log_in%3Dtrue">Log In</a></li><li id="menu-item-53714" class="button logged-in log-out menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="">Log Out</a></li><li id="menu-item-69825" class="button ghost-button donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-c038ktagv2u6 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center fl-visible-medium fl-visible-mobile header bg-dark invert" data-node="c038ktagv2u6"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-8af2nckiey7q fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="8af2nckiey7q"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-83jrycfqitw6 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="83jrycfqitw6"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-qyhel1d9bc6g nav-logo" data-node="qyhel1d9bc6g"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2551 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/AHA-logo.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="182" title="AHA-logo" data-no-lazy="1" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-n061krbovu7l fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="n061krbovu7l"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-64ys0qpa59wz nav-menu" data-node="64ys0qpa59wz"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu fl-menu-responsive-toggle-always"> <button class="fl-menu-mobile-toggle hamburger" aria-label="Menu"><span class="fl-menu-icon svg-container"><svg version="1.1" class="hamburger-menu" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-top" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-middle" y="205" width="512" height="102"/> <rect class="fl-hamburger-menu-bottom" y="410" width="512" height="102"/> </svg> </span></button> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-main-navigation-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-arrows"><li id="menu-item-2611" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><form aria-label="Search" method="get" role="search" action="https://www.historians.org/" title="Type and press Enter to search."> <input aria-label="Search" type="search" class="fl-search-input form-control" name="s" placeholder="Search" value="" onfocus="if (this.value === 'Search') { this.value = ''; }" onblur="if (this.value === '') this.value='Search';" /> </form> </li><li id="menu-item-1827" class="home menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home"><a href="https://www.historians.org/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-home"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M2.25 12l8.954-8.955c.44-.439 1.152-.439 1.591 0L21.75 12M4.5 9.75v10.125c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125H9.75v-4.875c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125V21h4.125c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V9.75M8.25 21h8.25"></path></svg></span><span>Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-68669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1828" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-bookmark"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M17.593 3.322c1.1.128 1.907 1.077 1.907 2.185V21L12 17.25 4.5 21V5.507c0-1.108.806-2.057 1.907-2.185a48.507 48.507 0 0111.186 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Why History Matters</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/why-study-history/">Why Study History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/everything-has-a-history/">Everything Has a History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2412" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/engage-with-history/">Engage with History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/freedom-to-learn/">Freedom to Learn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/teaching-history-with-integrity/">Teaching History with Integrity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-88310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/history-public-policy/">History & Public Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/aha-advocacy/">AHA Advocacy</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1829" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-pencil-square"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"></path></svg></span><span>Teaching & Learning</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2424" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-resource-library/">AHA Resource Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2415" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/k-12-education/">K–12 Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/undergraduate-education/">Undergraduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/graduate-education/">Graduate Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/current-events-in-historical-context/">Current Events in Historical Context</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/vetted-resources/">Vetted Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-82053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/teaching-things/">Teaching Things</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2423" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/aha-historical-collections/">AHA Historical Collections</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1830" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-calendar-days"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M6.75 3v2.25M17.25 3v2.25M3 18.75V7.5a2.25 2.25 0 012.25-2.25h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 7.5v11.25m-18 0A2.25 2.25 0 005.25 21h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0021 18.75m-18 0v-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 9h13.5A2.25 2.25 0 0121 11.25v7.5m-9-6h.008v.008H12v-.008zM12 15h.008v.008H12V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H12v-.008zM9.75 15h.008v.008H9.75V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H9.75v-.008zM7.5 15h.008v.008H7.5V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008H7.5v-.008zm6.75-4.5h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008V15zm0 2.25h.008v.008h-.008v-.008zm2.25-4.5h.008v.008H16.5v-.008zm0 2.25h.008v.008H16.5V15z"></path></svg></span><span>Events</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2426" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-online/">AHA Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-85651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-regional-conferences/">AHA Regional Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/institutes-workshops/">Institutes & Workshops</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2429" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/congressional-briefings/">Congressional Briefings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/aha-events-calendar/">AHA Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1831" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Community & Careers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2431" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/awards-grants/">Awards & Grants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/affiliated-societies/">Affiliated Societies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/where-historians-work/">Where Historians Work</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2434" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/directories/">Directories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/">Professional & Career Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/professional-career-resources/standards-and-guidelines-for-the-discipline/">Standards & Guidelines for the Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/calls-for-opportunities/">Calls for Opportunities</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1832" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-document-text"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M19.5 14.25v-2.625a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375h-1.5A1.125 1.125 0 0113.5 7.125v-1.5a3.375 3.375 0 00-3.375-3.375H8.25m0 12.75h7.5m-7.5 3H12M10.5 2.25H5.625c-.621 0-1.125.504-1.125 1.125v17.25c0 .621.504 1.125 1.125 1.125h12.75c.621 0 1.125-.504 1.125-1.125V11.25a9 9 0 00-9-9z"></path></svg></span><span>News & Publications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-news-announcements/">AHA News & Announcements</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2438" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/">American Historical Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/perspectives-on-history/">Perspectives on History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/american-historical-review/history-in-focus/">History in Focus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2441" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/aha-booklets/">AHA Booklets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-87104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/data-on-the-historical-discipline/">Data on the Historical Discipline</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2442" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/for-the-press/">For the Press</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68679" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1813 current_page_item current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1833" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1813 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-users"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M15 19.128a9.38 9.38 0 002.625.372 9.337 9.337 0 004.121-.952 4.125 4.125 0 00-7.533-2.493M15 19.128v-.003c0-1.113-.285-2.16-.786-3.07M15 19.128v.106A12.318 12.318 0 018.624 21c-2.331 0-4.512-.645-6.374-1.766l-.001-.109a6.375 6.375 0 0111.964-3.07M12 6.375a3.375 3.375 0 11-6.75 0 3.375 3.375 0 016.75 0zm8.25 2.25a2.625 2.625 0 11-5.25 0 2.625 2.625 0 015.25 0z"></path></svg></span><span>Membership</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2443" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/why-join-the-aha/">Why Join the AHA</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2444" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-benefits/">Individual Member Benefits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-rates/">Individual Member Rates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/institutional-membership/">Institutional Membership</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-68681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children fl-has-submenu"><div class="fl-has-submenu-container"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a><span class="fl-menu-toggle"></span></div><ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1834" class="single-tab menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/"><span class="heroicon heroicon-information-circle"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.25 11.25l.041-.02a.75.75 0 011.063.852l-.708 2.836a.75.75 0 001.063.853l.041-.021M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0zm-9-3.75h.008v.008H12V8.25z"></path></svg></span><span>About</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-76687" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5628" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-congressional-charter/">Congressional Charter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-staff/">AHA Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/governance/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/aha-history/">AHA History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/advertising/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/merchandise/">Merchandise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5629" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-2741" class="bottom-navigation menu-item menu-item-type-gs_sim menu-item-object-gs_sim"><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-2739 fl-builder-template fl-builder-module-template fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="2739"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-d493flb6an8z header bottom-navigation" data-node="d493flb6an8z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-navigation-buttons-1" class="menu fl-menu-horizontal fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-53371" class="button logged-in account menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=mainloginwelcome.htm">MY AHA</a></li><li id="menu-item-68746" class="button logged-in communities menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://communities.historians.org/home"><span class="heroicon heroicon-user-group"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M18 18.72a9.094 9.094 0 003.741-.479 3 3 0 00-4.682-2.72m.94 3.198l.001.031c0 .225-.012.447-.037.666A11.944 11.944 0 0112 21c-2.17 0-4.207-.576-5.963-1.584A6.062 6.062 0 016 18.719m12 0a5.971 5.971 0 00-.941-3.197m0 0A5.995 5.995 0 0012 12.75a5.995 5.995 0 00-5.058 2.772m0 0a3 3 0 00-4.681 2.72 8.986 8.986 0 003.74.477m.94-3.197a5.971 5.971 0 00-.94 3.197M15 6.75a3 3 0 11-6 0 3 3 0 016 0zm6 3a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0zm-13.5 0a2.25 2.25 0 11-4.5 0 2.25 2.25 0 014.5 0z"></path></svg></span> AHA Communities</a></li><li id="menu-item-2734" class="button logged-out log-in menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.historians.org/xsso/login?redirectURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fmembership%2F%3Fysso_log_in%3Dtrue">Log In</a></li><li id="menu-item-53714" class="button logged-in log-out menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="">Log Out</a></li><li id="menu-item-69825" class="button ghost-button donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=donations.htm">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-24 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="24" data-type="part"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-603eecffde0d0 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-bottom banner default-banner" data-node="603eecffde0d0"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-603eecffded02" data-node="603eecffded02"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-603eecffded8f fl-col-bg-color text-center content-col max-750 centered" data-node="603eecffded8f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-qnmw2k9yzl7g leadin" data-node="qnmw2k9yzl7g"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h6 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Join our Community</span> </h6> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-603eed06638e0 title" data-node="603eed06638e0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h1 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Membership</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-odine9gy84wa subtitle" data-node="odine9gy84wa"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA brings together historians from all specializations and all work contexts, embracing the breadth and variety of activity in history today.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button-group fl-node-hn743z1blr5s invert" data-node="hn743z1blr5s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-group fl-button-group-layout-horizontal fl-button-group-width-"> <div class="fl-button-group-buttons" role="group" aria-label=""> <div id="fl-button-group-button-hn743z1blr5s-0" class="fl-button-group-button fl-button-group-button-hn743z1blr5s-0"><div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-full fl-button-center"> <a href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/memberdll.dll/info?wrp=membershipapp.htm" target="_blank" class="fl-button" rel="noopener" > <span class="fl-button-text">Become a Member</span> </a> </div> </div><div id="fl-button-group-button-hn743z1blr5s-1" class="fl-button-group-button fl-button-group-button-hn743z1blr5s-1"><div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-full fl-button-center"> <a href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/utilities.dll/openpage?wrp=mainlogin.htm&REDIRECTURL=../dues.dll/list" target="_blank" class="fl-button" rel="noopener" > <span class="fl-button-text">Renew</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-mx9hdsflgriu" data-node="mx9hdsflgriu"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-a7ipzv01wyxl fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols print-remove" data-node="a7ipzv01wyxl"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-cr5ga061z3ph fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="cr5ga061z3ph"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-clxwba7k38hs fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="clxwba7k38hs"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-6042e55408917 breadcrumb" data-node="6042e55408917"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemprop="item" itemid="https://www.historians.org" href="https://www.historians.org"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><span itemprop="name">Membership</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ol></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-2lq8xedtacr1 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="2lq8xedtacr1"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-html fl-node-o6u2tkv47hpb share-buttons" data-node="o6u2tkv47hpb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-html">  <div class="a2a_kit"> <a class="a2a_button_facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a class="a2a_button_x"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i></a> <a class="a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"><i class="fa-solid fa-share-nodes"></i></a> </div> <script async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js"></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fl-main-content" class="fl-page-content" itemprop="mainContentOfPage" role="main"> <div class="fl-content-full container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fl-content col-md-12"> <article class="fl-post post-1813 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="fl-post-1813" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-1813 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="1813"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-y5xoulwqt89b fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="y5xoulwqt89b"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-dzsx9pmgwec1" data-node="dzsx9pmgwec1"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-pwj7atu842qe fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols content-heading-content" data-node="pwj7atu842qe"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-o8p7ctsdy2u4 fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="o8p7ctsdy2u4"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-y9tnzm0sj5qo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="y9tnzm0sj5qo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-zkq2a01osfgn" data-node="zkq2a01osfgn"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h3 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Why Join the AHA?</span> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-frawc1iznxb9 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="frawc1iznxb9"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-t37pu1b6oiqh" data-node="t37pu1b6oiqh"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Our members support a diverse range of AHA efforts to advocate on behalf of historians and students of history, connect and collaborate with each other over shared historical interests, and benefit from numerous professional resources and programs. The AHA proudly serves thousands of historians, representing all geographical, chronological, and topical specializations and professional settings, and we also welcome anyone interested in history, no matter their educational or professional backgrounds.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-vz81sb534xlk ghost-button" data-node="vz81sb534xlk"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/why-join-the-aha/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-18jfora5kcev fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="18jfora5kcev"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-g8e63q4ri2tm fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="g8e63q4ri2tm"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-f1iz5g6wvkyp fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-contained river-image-content" data-node="f1iz5g6wvkyp"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-bhio9vs7ceaw fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="bhio9vs7ceaw"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-npf65e2iabol fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="npf65e2iabol"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-28vhszftyrnk fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="28vhszftyrnk"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-yxvtil8k5md3" data-node="yxvtil8k5md3"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Individual Member Benefits</span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-hvd2uylc70b3" data-node="hvd2uylc70b3"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Membership in the AHA supports our work on behalf of the discipline, offers you access to valuable publications, resources, and discounts, and connects you to a diverse and vibrant network of over 11,000 historians.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-kfojzxagcein ghost-button" data-node="kfojzxagcein"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-benefits/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Explore Member Benefits</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-97zmyb5hcvek fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="97zmyb5hcvek"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-rx547bql6aiy fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="rx547bql6aiy"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-gkudoha8j3vy fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-contained river-image-content" data-node="gkudoha8j3vy"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-ve671brfmlju fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width fl-col-group-responsive-reversed" data-node="ve671brfmlju"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ko5uri0slcj9 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="ko5uri0slcj9"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-7sg8q5ejnrbc" data-node="7sg8q5ejnrbc"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Individual Member Rates</span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-3a07towhr8li" data-node="3a07towhr8li"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA offers many options for membership to best fit your situation. Our membership is offered in one- or three-year terms, expiring from the date you enroll.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-8zs4xwtp51gn ghost-button" data-node="8zs4xwtp51gn"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/individual-member-rates/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-290f4aspwcht fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="290f4aspwcht"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-1ar03cgvk82x" data-node="1ar03cgvk82x"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-crop-square fl-photo-align-center" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-jpg"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-17211 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/Copy-of-DSC_9793-square-92f7b4c2f89bd87845f12fd9299e6217-1ar03cgvk82x.jpg" alt="AHA Awards Ceremony - Thursday, January 3, 2018" itemprop="image" height="1200" width="1200" title="American Historical Association - 2019 Annual Meeting - Chicago - AHA Awards Ceremony" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-r05plg2euhny fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="r05plg2euhny"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-qk904rx8hfai" data-node="qk904rx8hfai"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-m3qwj4cni9yf fl-col-bg-color" data-node="m3qwj4cni9yf"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-cta fl-node-yoe19rt6jq2z" data-node="yoe19rt6jq2z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-cta-wrap fl-cta-stacked fl-cta-center"> <div class="fl-cta-text"> <h4 class="fl-cta-title">Institutional Membership</h4> <div class="fl-cta-text-content"><p>The AHA provides indispensable resources and community-building opportunities for history departments and historical institutions across the United States and abroad.</p> </div> </div> <div class="fl-cta-button"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/institutional-membership/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Learn More</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-zqfw0g82yu3t fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="zqfw0g82yu3t"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-gcaf9b5p2nhv fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center" data-node="gcaf9b5p2nhv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-1dvm7ie54sfw fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols river-contained river-image-content" data-node="1dvm7ie54sfw"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-qd13ox9i0pue fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="qd13ox9i0pue"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-v5fcqxbe0nrm fl-col-bg-photo fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-image-col" data-node="v5fcqxbe0nrm"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"></div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-15qn4liv0mwz fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width river-content-col" data-node="15qn4liv0mwz"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-8z1hml7kq5su" data-node="8z1hml7kq5su"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h4 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Donate</span> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-q5tvyhgz3l8s" data-node="q5tvyhgz3l8s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-x0ov9dr6j7ka" data-node="x0ov9dr6j7ka"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The American Historical Association, founded in 1884, is the largest association of historians in the world. We promote the critical role of historical thinking in public life, lead the discipline, and advocate for historians everywhere. Together, and with your support, we can continue our important work.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-4hbiedpnt789 ghost-button" data-node="4hbiedpnt789"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/donate/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Donate Now</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-116 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="116" data-type="part"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-photo fl-node-6168a570baf16 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer-cta" data-node="6168a570baf16"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-6168a570bbe38" data-node="6168a570bbe38"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6168a570bbec7 fl-col-bg-color text-center max-700 centered" data-node="6168a570bbec7"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-6168a57e8563d title" data-node="6168a57e8563d"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <h2 class="fl-heading"> <span class="fl-heading-text">Join the AHA</span> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-6168a59b41a36" data-node="6168a59b41a36"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>The AHA brings together historians from all specializations and all work contexts, embracing the breadth and variety of activity in history today.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-button fl-node-6168a5be67254" data-node="6168a5be67254"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-button-wrap fl-button-width-auto fl-button-left"> <a href="/membership/" target="_self" class="fl-button"> <span class="fl-button-text">Become a Member</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><footer class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-104 fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="104" data-type="footer" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPFooter"><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-6168ab9d33be3 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer footer-main bg-light" data-node="6168ab9d33be3"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-1dlyf2juehsa" data-node="1dlyf2juehsa"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-d4yiuhtg786c fl-col-bg-color fl-col-has-cols" data-node="d4yiuhtg786c"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-jod8thrwpcmf fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-top fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="jod8thrwpcmf"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-l8qvtjbpsrgo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="l8qvtjbpsrgo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-photo fl-node-fbk4uzai285y" data-node="fbk4uzai285y"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-photo fl-photo-align-left" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <div class="fl-photo-content fl-photo-img-svg"> <a href="https://www.historians.org" target="_self" itemprop="url"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="fl-photo-img wp-image-2951 size-full" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/AHA-logo-blue.svg" alt="AHA logo" itemprop="image" height="80" width="174" title="AHA-logo-blue" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-t7z6sdbvcyfg" data-node="t7z6sdbvcyfg"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>400 A Street SE<br /> Washington, DC 20003</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon fl-node-kedpmq3ihl4v" data-node="kedpmq3ihl4v"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-wrap"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="tel:2025442422" target="_self" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="fl-icon-text-kedpmq3ihl4v"> <i class="linicon-telephone" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Give us a call!</span> </a> </span> <div id="fl-icon-text-kedpmq3ihl4v" class="fl-icon-text"> <a href="tel:2025442422" target="_self" class="fl-icon-text-link fl-icon-text-wrap"> <p>202.544.2422</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon fl-node-go0zfeq3w71s" data-node="go0zfeq3w71s"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-wrap"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/" target="_self" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="fl-icon-text-go0zfeq3w71s"> <i class="linicon-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Send us an email!</span> </a> </span> <div id="fl-icon-text-go0zfeq3w71s" class="fl-icon-text"> <a href="https://www.historians.org/about/contact-us/" target="_self" class="fl-icon-text-link fl-icon-text-wrap"> <p>Contact Us</p> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-gacjydn76vwb" data-node="gacjydn76vwb"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>Payments: PO Box 347214,<br /> Pittsburgh PA 15251-4214</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-module fl-module-icon-group fl-node-ucetqh8wzx5k" data-node="ucetqh8wzx5k"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-icon-group"> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AHAhistorians" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ahahistorians/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-instagram" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-historical-association" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-linkedin-in" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> </a> </span> <span class="fl-icon"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/historiansorg" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > <i class="fab fa-youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Youtube</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6dzbtmc7x1p4 fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="6dzbtmc7x1p4"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-0d9w8kliabn1" data-node="0d9w8kliabn1"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-a" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/why-history-matters/">Why History Matters</a></li><li id="menu-item-1839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/teaching-learning/">Teaching & Learning</a></li><li id="menu-item-1840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/events/">Events</a></li><li id="menu-item-1841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/community-careers/">Community & Careers</a></li><li id="menu-item-1842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/news-publications/">News & Publications</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-ir85vsj7yz1o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="ir85vsj7yz1o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-c4md5fb6eta0" data-node="c4md5fb6eta0"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-b" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/">About Us</a></li><li id="menu-item-1844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-1813 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.historians.org/membership/">Membership</a></li><li id="menu-item-1845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://secure.historians.org/members/services/cgi-bin/utilities.dll/openpage?wrp=mainlogin.htm">Login</a></li><li id="menu-item-1846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="/?s">Search</a></li><li id="menu-item-1847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-1xgawuzk5psn fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="1xgawuzk5psn"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-menu fl-node-872sq1059c4m" data-node="872sq1059c4m"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-menu"> <div class="fl-clear"></div> <nav aria-label="Menu" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation-column-c" class="menu fl-menu-vertical fl-toggle-none"><li id="menu-item-1849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy"><a href="https://www.historians.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li id="menu-item-1850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility</a></li><li id="menu-item-76681" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.historians.org/disclosure-statement/">Disclosure Statement</a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-yjbqv8uklc36 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="yjbqv8uklc36"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-full-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-fu86mgiv4dxa" data-node="fu86mgiv4dxa"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6l9amn0s3r4f fl-col-bg-color" data-node="6l9amn0s3r4f"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-separator fl-node-oms18duxp35z" data-node="oms18duxp35z"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-separator"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-9v2aykgc5izw fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center footer footer-sub bg-light" data-node="9v2aykgc5izw"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-693ul5chbsr4 fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="693ul5chbsr4"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-7lbsmi3acvxy fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width fl-col-has-cols" data-node="7lbsmi3acvxy"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-x946itgjcfkv fl-col-group-nested fl-col-group-equal-height fl-col-group-align-center fl-col-group-custom-width" data-node="x946itgjcfkv"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-0aed6vjf8qmo fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="0aed6vjf8qmo"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5pi1jg9w4rkf" data-node="5pi1jg9w4rkf"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p>© 2025 American Historical Association. All right reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fl-col fl-node-6yiz8k5w3v1o fl-col-bg-color fl-col-small fl-col-small-full-width fl-col-small-custom-width" data-node="6yiz8k5w3v1o"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-jsch06d5u84t" data-node="jsch06d5u84t"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <p><a href="https://www.yokoco.com/referral/?site=AHA">Website by Yoko Co</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <a href="#" role="button" id="fl-to-top"><span class="sr-only">Scroll To Top</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a><script type="text/javascript">var algolia = {"debug":false,"application_id":"717YPXIXJL","search_api_key":"76c370e5f7d83139101f45fa1a4f2073","powered_by_enabled":true,"query":"","autocomplete":{"sources":[],"input_selector":"input[name='s']:not(.no-autocomplete):not(#adminbar-search)"},"indices":{"searchable_posts":{"name":"aha_production_searchable_posts","id":"searchable_posts","enabled":true,"replicas":[]}}};</script><script id="adsanity_raw-js-extra"> var adsanity_raw = {"rest_url":"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ads\/","home_url":"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/"}; </script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/adsanity-rotating-ad-widget/public/dist/js/adsanity-raw-public.js?ver=1.6.4" id="adsanity_raw-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/1813-layout.js?ver=e1dc30c5a5433912e6ac968143a94f0b" id="fl-builder-layout-1813-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/yoko-sso-cp/assets/js/app.js?ver=1.0.1" id="yoko-sso-frontend-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="imagesloaded-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="jquery-throttle-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.magnificpopup.min.js?ver=2.8.6" id="jquery-magnificpopup-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/bb-plugin/js/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=1.2" id="jquery-fitvids-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/051bef1886e36f5739af4a57abfc88a1-layout-bundle.js?ver=2.8.6-1.4.11.2" id="fl-builder-layout-bundle-051bef1886e36f5739af4a57abfc88a1-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/js/mobile-search.js?ver=1.0.1" id="mobile_search-js"></script> <script id="fl-automator-js-extra"> var themeopts = {"medium_breakpoint":"992","mobile_breakpoint":"768","scrollTopPosition":"800"}; </script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/bb-theme/js/theme.min.js?ver=1.7.16" id="fl-automator-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/themes/yoko-AHA-child/assets/js/main.js?ver=1734458585" id="yoko-main-js"></script> <script async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.8" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script src="https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/bb-plugin/cache/2739-layout-partial.js?ver=38028d524df7f4e4f939c0a2442a115f" id="fl-builder-layout-2739-js"></script> <script id="y0x-sso-userdata" defer>jQuery(document).ready(function($){function setCookie(cname,cvalue,exhours=1){const d=new Date();d.setTime(d.getTime()+(exhours*60*60*1000));let expires="expires="+d.toUTCString();document.cookie=cname+"="+cvalue+";"+expires+";path=/"} const parseCookie=str=>str.split(';').map(v=>v.split('=')).reduce((acc,v)=>{if(v[0]&&v[1]){acc[decodeURIComponent(v[0].trim())]=decodeURIComponent(v[1].trim())} return acc},{});const decodeUrlString=(str)=>{return decodeURIComponent(str.replace(/\+/g,"%20"))} const cookies=parseCookie(document.cookie);if(typeof y0xLoggedIn!=='undefined'&&y0xLoggedIn){if(document.referrer.search('//'+location.host)===-1){try{$.ajax({url:'/wp-json/sso/v1/is-logged-in',success:function(serverLoggedIn){if(!serverLoggedIn){window.location.href=window.location.href+'?ssoLogout'}},cache:false})}catch(error){}} if(cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"]){const userdata=cookies["yok0x_sso_userdata"].split('&').reduce(function(prev,cur){const data=cur.split('=');prev[data[0]]=data[1];return prev},{});for(var idx in userdata){if(userdata[idx]){const outputs=document.querySelectorAll('.sso-'+idx+'').forEach(function(output){output.setHTML(decodeUrlString(userdata[idx]))});if(idx==="roles"){let roles=userdata[idx].split(encodeURIComponent(',')),body=document.querySelector("body");for(var ridx in roles){if(roles[ridx]){body.classList.add('xsso-role-'+roles[ridx])}}}}}}} $('.intent-login').click(function(e){e.preventDefault();var ts=Date.now(),destination;if(this.tagName.toLowerCase()==='a'){destination=$(this).attr('href');if(destination.indexOf("?")===-1){destination=destination+"?ts="+ts}else{destination=destination+"&ts="+ts} window.location.href=destination} else if($(this).is('form')){var $form=$(this);$('<input>').attr({type:'hidden',name:'ts',value:ts}).appendTo($form);$form.submit()}})})</script>   <script>(function($){$(function(){new FLBuilderMenu({id:'d493flb6an8z',type:'horizontal',mobile:'expanded',mobileBelowRow:false,mobileFlyout:false,breakPoints:{large:1200,medium:992,small:768},mobileBreakpoint:'mobile',postId:'2739',mobileStacked:false,});});})(jQuery);</script></body> </html>