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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_phonemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_phonemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonant phonemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_phonemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_phonemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_phonemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowel phonemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_phonemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gemination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Allophones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Syllables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_grammatical_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_grammatical_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Typical grammatical features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_grammatical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigrinya language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya" title="Tigrinya – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ትግርኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትግርኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिग्रीन्या भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तिग्रीन्या भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التغرينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التغرينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tigrinya" title="Idioma tigrinya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tigri%C3%B1a" title="Idioma tigriña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tigriña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তিগ্রিনিয়া ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিগ্রিনিয়া ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya-g%C3%AD" title="Tigrinya-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tigrinya-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Тыгрынья – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыгрынья" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Тыгрынья – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыгрынья" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тигриня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тигриня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrigneg" title="Tigrigneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tigrigneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya" title="Tigrinya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraj%C5%A1tina" title="Tigrajština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tigrajština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinsk_(sprog)" title="Tigrinsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tigrinsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_(Sprache)" title="Tigrinya (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tigrinya (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinja_keel" title="Tigrinja keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tigrinja keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τιγκρινιακή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιγκρινιακή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tigri%C3%B1a" title="Idioma tigriña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tigriña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraja_lingvo" title="Tigraja lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tigraja lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinyera" title="Tigrinyera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tigrinyera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زبان تیگرینیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تیگرینیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrigna_bhasa" title="Tigrigna bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tigrigna bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrigna" title="Tigrigna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tigrigna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tigrinis" title="An Tigrinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tigrinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tigri%C3%B1a" title="Lingua tigriña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tigriña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%83%90%EC%96%B4" title="티그리냐어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티그리냐어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिग्रीन्या भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिग्रीन्या भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinja_jezik" title="Tigrinja jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tigrinja jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tigrinya language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tigrinya" title="Bahasa Tigrinya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADgrinja" title="Tígrinja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tígrinja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tigrina" title="Lingua tigrina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tigrina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תיגרינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיגרינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitigrinya" title="Kitigrinya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitigrinya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Тигринья (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тигринья (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tigr%C3%AEnya" title="Zimanê tigrînya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tigrînya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тигринья тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тигринья тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tigrinya" title="Lingua Tigrinya – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinja" title="Tigrinja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tigrinja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigraj%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tigrajų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tigrajų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tigrinn-a" title="Lengua tigrinn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tigrinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinia_(lingua)" title="Tigrinia (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tigrinia (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_nyelv" title="Tigrinya nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tigrinya nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тигрињски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тигрињски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tigrinia" title="Fiteny tigrinia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tigrinia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ടിഗ്രീന്യ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിഗ്രീന്യ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिग्रिन्या भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिग्रिन्या भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტიგრინია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიგრინია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه تيجرينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه تيجرينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تیگرینیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تیگرینیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tigrinya" title="Bahasa Tigrinya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_(taal)" title="Tigrinya (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tigrinya (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="ティグリニャ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティグリニャ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya" title="Tigrinya – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinja_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tigrinja (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tigrinja (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinja" title="Tigrinja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tigrinja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਟਿਗਰੀਨਿਆ ਬੋਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਿਗਰੀਨਿਆ ਬੋਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیگرینیا زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیگرینیا زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تيګرينيا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تيګرينيا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tigrigna" title="Lenga Tigrigna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tigrigna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tigrinia" title="Język tigrinia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tigrinia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tigr%C3%ADnia" title="Língua tigrínia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tigrínia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tigrinya" title="Limba tigrinya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Тигринья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тигринья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_leid" title="Tigrinya leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tigrinya leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tigrinya language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri%C5%88a" title="Tigriňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tigriňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Tigrinjščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tigrinjščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Тигрин҄ьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тигрин҄ьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Tigrinya" title="Af-Tigrinya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زمانی تیگرینیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تیگرینیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Тигриња (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тигриња (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinja" title="Tigrinja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tigrinja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinska" title="Tigrinska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tigrinska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tigrinya" title="Wikang Tigrinya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="திகுரிஞா மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திகுரிஞா மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тигринья теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тигринья теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาทือกรึญญา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทือกรึญญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ቋንቋ ትግርኛ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቋንቋ ትግርኛ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_dili" title="Tigrinya dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tigrinya dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Тигринья – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тигринья" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیگرینیا زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیگرینیا زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%86%DB%95" title="تىگرىنىيەچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىگرىنىيەچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tigrinya" title="Tiếng Tigrinya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tigrinya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Tigrinya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ትግርኛ</span></span><br /><span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">Təgrəñña</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigrinya_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tigrinya_text.svg/150px-Tigrinya_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tigrinya_text.svg/225px-Tigrinya_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tigrinya_text.svg/300px-Tigrinya_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="102" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ti-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">[tɨɡrɨɲːä]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/Ti-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B.oga\/Ti-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ti-\u1275\u130d\u122d\u129b.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Ti-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B.oga/Ti-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ti-%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B.oga" title="File:Ti-ትግርኛ.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9.7 million (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-E27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">North</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tigrinya</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a> (Tigrinya alphabet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ti">ti</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=449">tir</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tir" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tir">tir</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tigr1271">tigr1271</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg/320px-Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg/480px-Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg/640px-Eritrea_Ethiopia_locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Countries where Tigrinya holds official status:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> Eritrea</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Ethiopia</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church,_Schiebroek,_Rotterdam_(2021)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church%2C_Schiebroek%2C_Rotterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg/220px-Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church%2C_Schiebroek%2C_Rotterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church%2C_Schiebroek%2C_Rotterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg/330px-Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church%2C_Schiebroek%2C_Rotterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church%2C_Schiebroek%2C_Rotterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg/440px-Tigrinya_notices_at_an_Eritrean_Orthodox_Church%2C_Schiebroek%2C_Rotterdam_%282021%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="2823" /></a><figcaption>Tigrinya notices at an Eritrean Orthodox Church, Schiebroek, Rotterdam</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tigrinya</b> (<span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ትግርኛ</span></span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">Təgrəñña</i></span>), sometimes spelled <b>Tigrigna</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Semitic_languages" title="Ethio-Semitic languages">Ethio-Semitic</a> language commonly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a> peoples respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_literature">History and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it differs markedly from the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> (Classical Ethiopic) language, for instance in having phrasal verbs, and in using a word order that places the main verb last instead of first in the sentence, there is a strong influence of Geʽez on Tigrinya literature, especially with terms relating to Christian life, Biblical names, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ge'ez, because of its status in Eritrean and Ethiopian culture, and possibly also its simple structure, acted as a literary medium until relatively recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in the district of Logosarda, <a href="/wiki/Debub_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Region">Debub Region</a> in Southern Eritrea, which dates from the 13th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Eritrea, during <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#British_administration_and_federalisation" title="History of Eritrea">British administration</a>, the Ministry of Information put out a weekly newspaper in Tigrinya that cost 5 cents and sold 5,000 copies weekly. At the time, it was reported to be the first of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tigrinya (along with Arabic) was one of Eritrea's official languages during its short-lived <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Eritrean_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Eritrean Federation">federation with Ethiopia</a>. In 1958, it was replaced by the Southern Ethiopic language <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> prior to its annexation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">whose?</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon Eritrea's independence in 1991, Tigrinya retained the status of working language in the country. Eritrea was the only state in the world to officially recognize Tigrinya until 2020, when Ethiopia made changes to recognize Tigrinya on a national level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speakers">Speakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no general name for the people who speak Tigrinya. In Eritrea, Tigrinya speakers are officially known as the <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">Bəher-Təgrəñña</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">nation of Tigrinya speakers</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya people</a>. In Ethiopia, a <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrayan">Tigrayan</a>, that is a native of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a>, who also speaks the Tigrinya language, is referred to in Tigrinya as <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">təgraway</i></span> (male), <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">təgrawäyti</i></span> (female), <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">tägaru</i></span> (plural). Bəher roughly means "nation" in the ethnic sense of the word in Tigrinya, <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a>, Amharic and Ge'ez. The <a href="/wiki/Jeberti_people" title="Jeberti people">Jeberti</a> in Eritrea also speak Tigrinya. </p><p>Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">Demographics of Eritrea</a>), and the fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>. It is also spoken by large immigrant communities around the world, in countries including <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Israel, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In Australia, Tigrinya is one of the languages broadcast on public radio via the multicultural <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically.<sup id="cite_ref-leslau_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslau-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No dialect appears to be accepted as a standard. Even though the most spread and used in, for example books, movies and news is the Asmara dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the representation of Tigrinya sounds, this article uses a modification of a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a>, but differs somewhat from the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_phonemes">Consonant phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonant phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigrinya has a fairly typical set of phonemes for an Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there is a set of <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective consonants</a> and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many of the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has preserved the two <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal consonants</a> which were apparently part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Geʽez language">Geʽez language</a> and which, along with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a>]</span>, voiceless <a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">velar ejective fricative</a> or voiceless <a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">uvular ejective fricative</a>, make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from Tigre, which has also maintained the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal consonants</a>. </p><p>The charts below show the phonemes of Tigrinya. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol is different, the orthography is indicated in brackets. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Lab.</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨č⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨’⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ǧ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p̣⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ṭ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨č̣⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qʷ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-x_allophones_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x_allophones-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḵ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-x_allophones_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x_allophones-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḵʷ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ḥ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ʽ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ṣ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-x_allophones_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x_allophones-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨q̱⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷʼ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-x_allophones_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x_allophones-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨q̱ʷ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-x_allophones-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x_allophones_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x_allophones_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x_allophones_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x_allophones_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">[xʷ]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xʼ]</span> and <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">[xʷʼ]</a></span> occur as <a href="#Allophones">allophones</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Clarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Clarity"><span title="The material near this tag does not specify which item it refers to. (May 2024)">of what?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consonant /v/ occurs only in recent borrowings from European languages.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_phonemes">Vowel phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowel phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol is different, the orthography is indicated in brackets. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ə⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemination">Gemination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gemination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">Gemination</a>, the doubling of a consonantal sound, is meaningful in Tigrinya, i.e. it affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is normally accompanied by other marks. But there is a small number of pairs of words which are only differentiable from each other by gemination, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼɐrrɐbɐ/</span>, (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he brought forth</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼɐrɐbɐ/</span>, (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he came closer</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). All the consonants, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a>, can be geminated.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophones">Allophones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span> are pronounced differently when they appear immediately after a vowel and are not <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>. In these circumstances, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> is pronounced as a velar <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span> is pronounced as a fricative, or sometimes as an <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate</a>. This fricative or affricate is more often pronounced further back, in the <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> place of articulation (although it is represented in this article as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xʼ]</span>). All of these possible realizations – <a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">velar ejective fricative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">uvular ejective fricative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">velar ejective affricate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">uvular ejective affricate</a> – are cross-linguistically very rare sounds. </p><p>Since these two sounds are completely conditioned by their environments, they can be considered <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʼ/</span>. This is especially clear from verb roots in which one consonant is realized as one or the other allophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for the verb meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cry</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, which has the triconsonantal root √b-k-y, there are forms such as <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ምብካይ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/məbkaj/</span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to cry</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">በኸየ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɐxɐjɐ/</span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he cried</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), and for the verb meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">steal</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, which has the triconsonantal root √s-r-kʼ, there are forms such as <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ይሰርቁ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jəsɐrkʼu/</span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">they steal</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ይሰርቕ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jəsɐrrəxʼ/</span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he steals</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>What is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables">Syllables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syllables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and one simple consonant) come together within a word, the cluster is broken up with the introduction of an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> vowel <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-ə-</i></span>, and when two consonants (or one geminated consonant) would otherwise end a word, the vowel <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-i</i></span> appears after them, or (when this happens because of the presence of a suffix) <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-ə-</i></span> is introduced before the suffix. For example, </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Root </th> <th><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ከብድ</span></span> √k-b-d </th> <th><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ልብ</span></span> √l-b-b </th></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">-ኢ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-i</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">∅</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ከብዲ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">käbdi</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stomach</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ልቢ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ləbbi</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">heart</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">-አይ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-äy</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">my</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ከብደይ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">käbdäy</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">my stomach</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ልበይ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ləbbäy</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">my heart</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">-ካ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-ka</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">your (masc.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ከብድኻ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">käbdəxa</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">your (masc.) stomach</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td> <td><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ልብኻ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ləbbəxa</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">your (masc.) heart</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">-ን…-ን</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">-n… -n</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">and</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ከብድን ልብን</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">käbdən ləbbən</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stomach and heart</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it has apparently not been systematically investigated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_grammatical_features">Typical grammatical features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Typical grammatical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammatically, Tigrinya is a typical <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic (ES) language</a> in most ways: </p> <ul><li>A Tigrinya <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> is treated as either <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine or feminine</a>. However, most inanimate nouns do not have a fixed gender.</li> <li>Tigrinya nouns have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plural</a>, as well as singular, forms, though the plural is not obligatory when the linguistic or pragmatic context makes the number clear. As in Tigre and Geʼez (as well as Arabic), noun plurals may be formed through internal changes ("broken" plural) as well as through the addition of <a href="/wiki/Affixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixes">suffixes</a>. For example, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ፈረስ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">färäs</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horse</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ኣፍራሰ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ʼafras</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">horses</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">Adjectives</a> behave in most ways like nouns. Most Tigrinya adjectives, like those in Tigre and Ge'ez, have feminine and plural (both genders) forms. For example, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ጽቡቕ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ṣǝbbuq̱</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">good (m.sg.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ጽብቕቲ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ṣǝbbǝq̱ti</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">good (f.sg.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ጽቡቓት</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ṣǝbbuq̱at</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">good (m./f. pl.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li>Within <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> and subject <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> on <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, gender is distinguished in second <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> as well as third. For example, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ተዛረብ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">täzaräb</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">speak! (m.sg.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ተዛረቢ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">täzaräbi</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">speak (f.sg.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possessive</a> adjectives take the form of noun suffixes: <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ገዛ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">gäza</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ገዛይ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">gäza-y</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">my house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ገዛኺ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">gäza-ḵi</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">your (f.sg.) house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li>Verbs are based on consonantal <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>, most consisting of <a href="/wiki/Triliteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral">three consonants</a>: √sbr <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">break</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ሰበረ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">säbärä</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he broke</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ይሰብር</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">yǝsäbbǝr</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">he breaks</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ምስባር</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">mǝsbar</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to break</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li>Within the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> system there is a basic distinction between the perfective form—<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> with suffixes and denoting the past—and the imperfective form—conjugated with prefixes and in some cases suffixes—and denoting the present or future: <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ሰበሩ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">säbär-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">they broke</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ይሰብሩ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">yǝ-säbr-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">they break</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li>As in Ge'ez and Amharic, there is also a separate "gerundive" form of the verb, conjugated with suffixes and used to link verbs within a sentence: <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ገዲፍካ ተዛረብ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">gädifka täzaräb</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stop (that) and speak (m.sg.)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li>Verbs also have a separate <a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">jussive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> form, similar to the imperfective: <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ይስበሩ</span></span> <span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">yǝ-sbär-u</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">let them break</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</li> <li>Through the addition of <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivational</a> morphology (internal changes to verb stems and/or prefixes), verbs may be made <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">passive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexive voice">reflexive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causative_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Causative voice">causative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">frequentative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal (grammar)">reciprocal</a>, or reciprocal causative: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ፈለጡ</span></span> <i>fäläṭ-u</i> 'they knew', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ተፈልጡ</span></span> <i>tä-fälṭ-u</i> 'they were known', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣፈልጡ</span></span> <i>ʼa-fälṭ-u</i> 'they caused to know (they introduced)', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ተፋለጡ</span></span> <i>tä-faläṭ-u</i> 'they knew each other', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣፋለጡ</span></span> <i>ʼa-f-faläṭ-u</i> 'they caused to know each other'.</li> <li>Verbs may take direct <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">prepositional</a> pronoun suffixes: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ፈለጠኒ</span></span> <i>fäläṭä-nni</i> 'he knew me', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ፈለጠለይ</span></span> <i>fäläṭä-lläy</i> 'he knew for me'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a> is expressed through the prefix <i>ay-</i> and, in <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clauses</a>, the suffix <i>-n</i>: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣይፈለጠን</span></span> <i>ʼay-fäläṭä-n</i> 'he didn't know'.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> and the verb of existence in the present are <a href="/wiki/Irregular_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verb">irregular</a>: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣሎ</span></span> <i>ʼallo</i> 'there is, he exists', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">እዩ</span></span> <i>ʼǝyyu</i> 'he is', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">የለን</span></span> or <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">የልቦን</span></span> <i>yällän</i> or <i>yälbon</i> 'there isn't, he doesn't exist', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣይኰነን</span></span> <i>ʼaykʷänän</i> 'he isn't', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ነበረ</span></span> <i>näbärä</i> 'he existed, he was, there was', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ይኸውን</span></span> <i>yǝ-ḵäwwǝn</i> 'he will be', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ይነብር</span></span> <i>yǝ-näbbǝr</i> 'he will exist, there will be'.</li> <li>The verb of existence together with object suffixes for the possessor expresses possession ('have') and obligation ('must'): <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣሎኒ</span></span> <i>ʼallo-nni</i> 'I have, I must' (lit. 'there is (to) me').</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clauses</a> are expressed by a prefix attached to the verb: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ዝፈለጠ</span></span> <i>zǝ-fäläṭä</i> 'who knew'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_sentence" title="Cleft sentence">Cleft sentences</a>, with relative clauses normally following the copula, are very common: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">መን እዩ ዝፈለጠ</span></span> <i>män ʼǝyyu zǝ-fäläṭä</i> 'who knew?' (lit. 'who is he who knew?').</li> <li>There is an <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> marker used on <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a> <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">direct objects</a>. In Tigrinya this is the prefix <i>nǝ-</i>. For example, <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሓጐስ ንኣልማዝ ረኺቡዋ</span></span> <i>ḥagʷäs <b>nǝ</b>’almaz räḵibuwwa</i> 'Hagos met Almaz'.</li> <li>As in other <b>modern</b> Ethiopian Semitic languages, the default <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> in clauses is subject–object–verb, and noun modifiers usually (though not always in Tigrinya) precede their head nouns.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigrinya grammar is unique within the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic">Ethiopian Semitic</a> language family in several ways: </p> <ul><li>For second-person pronouns, there is a separate vocative form, used to get a person's attention: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ንስኻ</span></span> <i>nǝssǝḵa</i> 'you (m.sg.)', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣታ</span></span> <i>ʼatta</i> 'you! (m.sg.)'.</li> <li>There is a definite article, related (as in English) to the demonstrative adjective meaning 'that': <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">እታ ጓል</span></span> <i>ʼǝta gʷal</i> 'the girl'.</li> <li>The gerundive form is used for past tense, as well as for the linking function as in Ge'ez and Amharic: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ተዛሪቡ</span></span> <i>täzaribu</i> '(he) speaking, he spoke'.</li> <li>Yes–no questions are marked by the particle <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ዶ</span></span> <i>do</i> following the questioned word: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ሓፍተይዶ ርኢኺ</span></span> <i>ḥaftäydo rǝʼiḵi</i> 'did you (f.sg.) see my sister?'.</li> <li>The negative circumfix <i>ʼay- -n</i> may mark nouns, pronouns, and adjectives as well as verbs: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣይኣነን</span></span> <i>ʼay-ʼanä-n</i> 'not me', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣይዓብይን</span></span> <i>ʼayʽabǝy-ǝn</i> 'not big'</li> <li>Tigrinya has an unusually complex <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense–aspect–mood</a> system, with many nuances achieved using combinations of the three basic aspectual forms (perfect, imperfect, gerundive) and various auxiliary verbs including the copula (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">እዩ</span></span> <i>ʼǝyyu</i>, etc.), the verb of existence (<span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣሎ</span></span> <i>ʼallo</i>, etc.), and the verbs <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ነበረ</span></span> <i>näbärä</i> 'exist, live', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኮነ</span></span> <i>konä</i> 'become', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ጸንሔ</span></span> <i>s'änḥe</i> 'stay'.</li> <li>Tigrinya has compound prepositions corresponding to the preposition–postposition compounds found in Amharic: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣብ ልዕሊ ዓራት</span></span> <i><b>ʼab lǝʽli</b> ʽarat</i> 'on (top of) the bed', <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ኣብ ትሕቲ ዓራት</span></span> <i><b>ʼab tǝḥti</b> ʽarat</i> 'under the bed'</li> <li>Unlike most Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has only one set of <a href="/wiki/Applicative_voice" title="Applicative voice">applicative</a> suffixes, used both for the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">benefactive</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> and adversative senses: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ተቐሚጣሉ</span></span> <i>täq̱ämmiṭa-<b>llu</b></i> 'she sat down <b>for him'</b> or 'she sat down <b>on it'</b> or 'she sat down <b>to his detriment'</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tigrinya is written in the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a>, originally developed for Geʽez. The Ethiopic script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>: each symbol represents a consonant+vowel syllable, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both the consonant and the vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the table below the columns are assigned to the seven vowels of Tigrinya; they appear in the traditional order. The rows are assigned to the consonants, again in the traditional order. </p><p>For each consonant in an abugida, there is an unmarked symbol representing that consonant followed by a canonical or <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>. For the Ethiopic abugida, this canonical vowel is <i>ä,</i> the first column in the table. However, since the pharyngeal and glottal consonants of Tigrinya (and other Ethiopian Semitic languages) cannot be followed by this vowel, the symbols in the first column for those consonants are pronounced with the vowel <i>a,</i> exactly as in the fourth column. These redundant symbols are falling into disuse in Tigrinya and are shown with a <b>dark gray</b> background in the table. When it is necessary to represent a consonant with no following vowel, the <i>consonant</i>+<i>ə</i> form is used (the symbol in the sixth column). For example, the word <i>ʼǝntay</i> 'what?' is written <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">እንታይ</span></span>, literally ʼǝ-nǝ-ta-yǝ. </p><p>Since some of the distinctions that were apparently made in Ge'ez have been lost in Tigrinya, there are two rows of symbols each for the consonants ‹ḥ›, ‹s›, and ‹sʼ›. In Eritrea, for ‹s› and ‹sʼ›, at least, one of these has fallen into disuse in Tigrinya and is now considered old-fashioned. These less-used series are shown with a dark gray background in the chart. </p><p>The orthography does not mark gemination, so the pair of words <i>qärräbä</i> 'he approached', <i>qäräbä</i> 'he was near' are both written <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ቀረበ</span></span>. Since such <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal pairs">minimal pairs</a> are very rare, this presents no problem to readers of the language. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Tigrinya writing system</b> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th> </th> <th>ä</th> <th>u</th> <th>i</th> <th>a</th> <th>e</th> <th>(ə)</th> <th>o</th> <th>wä</th> <th>wi</th> <th>wa</th> <th>we</th> <th>wə </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">h</i></span> </th> <td style="background:gray">ሀ</td> <td>ሁ</td> <td>ሂ</td> <td>ሃ</td> <td>ሄ</td> <td>ህ</td> <td>ሆ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">l</i></span> </th> <td>ለ</td> <td>ሉ</td> <td>ሊ</td> <td>ላ</td> <td>ሌ</td> <td>ል</td> <td>ሎ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḥ</i></span> </th> <td style="background:gray">ሐ</td> <td>ሑ</td> <td>ሒ</td> <td>ሓ</td> <td>ሔ</td> <td>ሕ</td> <td>ሖ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">m</i></span> </th> <td>መ</td> <td>ሙ</td> <td>ሚ</td> <td>ማ</td> <td>ሜ</td> <td>ም</td> <td>ሞ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">r</i></span> </th> <td>ረ</td> <td>ሩ</td> <td>ሪ</td> <td>ራ</td> <td>ሬ</td> <td>ር</td> <td>ሮ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">s</i></span> </th> <td>ሰ</td> <td>ሱ</td> <td>ሲ</td> <td>ሳ</td> <td>ሴ</td> <td>ስ</td> <td>ሶ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">š</i></span> </th> <td>ሸ</td> <td>ሹ</td> <td>ሺ</td> <td>ሻ</td> <td>ሼ</td> <td>ሽ</td> <td>ሾ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">q</i></span> </th> <td>ቀ</td> <td>ቁ</td> <td>ቂ</td> <td>ቃ</td> <td>ቄ</td> <td>ቅ</td> <td>ቆ</td> <td>ቈ</td> <td>ቊ</td> <td>ቋ</td> <td>ቌ</td> <td>ቍ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q̱</span> </th> <td>ቐ</td> <td>ቑ</td> <td>ቒ</td> <td>ቓ</td> <td>ቔ</td> <td>ቕ</td> <td>ቖ</td> <td>ቘ</td> <td>ቚ</td> <td>ቛ</td> <td>ቜ</td> <td>ቝ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">b</i></span> </th> <td>በ</td> <td>ቡ</td> <td>ቢ</td> <td>ባ</td> <td>ቤ</td> <td>ብ</td> <td>ቦ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">v</i></span> </th> <td>ቨ</td> <td>ቩ</td> <td>ቪ</td> <td>ቫ</td> <td>ቬ</td> <td>ቭ</td> <td>ቮ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">t</i></span> </th> <td>ተ</td> <td>ቱ</td> <td>ቲ</td> <td>ታ</td> <td>ቴ</td> <td>ት</td> <td>ቶ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">č</i></span> </th> <td>ቸ</td> <td>ቹ</td> <td>ቺ</td> <td>ቻ</td> <td>ቼ</td> <td>ች</td> <td>ቾ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">n</i></span> </th> <td>ነ</td> <td>ኑ</td> <td>ኒ</td> <td>ና</td> <td>ኔ</td> <td>ን</td> <td>ኖ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ñ</i></span> </th> <td>ኘ</td> <td>ኙ</td> <td>ኚ</td> <td>ኛ</td> <td>ኜ</td> <td>ኝ</td> <td>ኞ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʼ</i></span> </th> <td style="background:gray">አ</td> <td>ኡ</td> <td>ኢ</td> <td>ኣ</td> <td>ኤ</td> <td>እ</td> <td>ኦ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">k</i></span> </th> <td>ከ</td> <td>ኩ</td> <td>ኪ</td> <td>ካ</td> <td>ኬ</td> <td>ክ</td> <td>ኮ</td> <td>ኰ</td> <td>ኲ</td> <td>ኳ</td> <td>ኴ</td> <td>ኵ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ḵ</i></span> </th> <td>ኸ</td> <td>ኹ</td> <td>ኺ</td> <td>ኻ</td> <td>ኼ</td> <td>ኽ</td> <td>ኾ</td> <td>ዀ</td> <td>ዂ</td> <td>ዃ</td> <td>ዄ</td> <td>ዅ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">w</i></span> </th> <td>ወ</td> <td>ዉ</td> <td>ዊ</td> <td>ዋ</td> <td>ዌ</td> <td>ው</td> <td>ዎ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ʽ</i></span> </th> <td style="background:gray">ዐ</td> <td>ዑ</td> <td>ዒ</td> <td>ዓ</td> <td>ዔ</td> <td>ዕ</td> <td>ዖ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">z</i></span> </th> <td>ዘ</td> <td>ዙ</td> <td>ዚ</td> <td>ዛ</td> <td>ዜ</td> <td>ዝ</td> <td>ዞ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ž</i></span> </th> <td>ዠ</td> <td>ዡ</td> <td>ዢ</td> <td>ዣ</td> <td>ዤ</td> <td>ዥ</td> <td>ዦ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">y</i></span> </th> <td>የ</td> <td>ዩ</td> <td>ዪ</td> <td>ያ</td> <td>ዬ</td> <td>ይ</td> <td>ዮ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">d</i></span> </th> <td>ደ</td> <td>ዱ</td> <td>ዲ</td> <td>ዳ</td> <td>ዴ</td> <td>ድ</td> <td>ዶ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ǧ</i></span> </th> <td>ጀ</td> <td>ጁ</td> <td>ጂ</td> <td>ጃ</td> <td>ጄ</td> <td>ጅ</td> <td>ጆ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">g</i></span> </th> <td>ገ</td> <td>ጉ</td> <td>ጊ</td> <td>ጋ</td> <td>ጌ</td> <td>ግ</td> <td>ጎ</td> <td>ጐ</td> <td>ጒ</td> <td>ጓ</td> <td>ጔ</td> <td>ጕ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṭ</i></span> </th> <td>ጠ</td> <td>ጡ</td> <td>ጢ</td> <td>ጣ</td> <td>ጤ</td> <td>ጥ</td> <td>ጦ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">č̣</i></span> </th> <td>ጨ</td> <td>ጩ</td> <td>ጪ</td> <td>ጫ</td> <td>ጬ</td> <td>ጭ</td> <td>ጮ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p̣</i></span> </th> <td>ጰ</td> <td>ጱ</td> <td>ጲ</td> <td>ጳ</td> <td>ጴ</td> <td>ጵ</td> <td>ጶ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> </th> <td>ጸ</td> <td>ጹ</td> <td>ጺ</td> <td>ጻ</td> <td>ጼ</td> <td>ጽ</td> <td>ጾ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">ṣ</i></span> </th> <td>ፀ</td> <td>ፁ</td> <td>ፂ</td> <td>ፃ</td> <td>ፄ</td> <td>ፅ</td> <td>ፆ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">f</i></span> </th> <td>ፈ</td> <td>ፉ</td> <td>ፊ</td> <td>ፋ</td> <td>ፌ</td> <td>ፍ</td> <td>ፎ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em"><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn">p</i></span> </th> <td>ፐ</td> <td>ፑ</td> <td>ፒ</td> <td>ፓ</td> <td>ፔ</td> <td>ፕ</td> <td>ፖ</td> <td colspan="6" style="background:#cccccc">  </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>ä</th> <th>u</th> <th>i</th> <th>a</th> <th>e</th> <th>(ə)</th> <th>o</th> <th>wä</th> <th>wi</th> <th>wa</th> <th>we</th> <th>wə </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Language_Materials_Project" title="UCLA Language Materials Project">UCLA Language Materials Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-E27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E27_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2024" class="citation web cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir/">"Tigrinya"</a>. <i>Ethnologue, 27th ed</i>. SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%2C+27th+ed.&rft.atitle=Tigrinya&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tigrinya-language">"Tigrinya language"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tigrinya+language&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTigrinya-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tigrinya-language">"Tigrinya language"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tigrinya+language&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTigrinya-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Bible in Tigrinya</i>. United Bible Society. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Tigrinya&rft.pub=United+Bible+Society&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllendorff1960" class="citation book cs1">Ullendorff, Edward (1960). <i>The Ethiopians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ullendorff&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ministry-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ministry_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Information1944" class="citation report cs1">Ministry of Information (1944). The First to be Freed—The record of British military administration in Eritrea and Somalia, 1941–1943 (Report). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+First+to+be+Freed%E2%80%94The+record+of+British+military+administration+in+Eritrea+and+Somalia%2C+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Ministry+of+Information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/tigrinya/ti">"<span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ʾEs Bi ʾEs Təgrəñña</i></span>" <bdi lang="ti">ኤስ ቢ ኤስ ትግርኛ</bdi></a>. <i>SBS Your Language</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+Your+Language&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Tigrinya-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ti-Latn%22%3E%CA%BEEs+Bi+%CA%BEEs+T%C9%99gr%C9%99%C3%B1%C3%B1a%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5+%E1%89%A2+%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%B5+%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Flanguage%2Ftigrinya%2Fti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leslau-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leslau_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslau1941" class="citation book cs1">Leslau, Wolf (1941). <i>Documents Tigrigna (Éthiopien Septentrional): Grammaire et Textes</i>. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+Tigrigna+%28%C3%89thiopien+Septentrional%29%3A+Grammaire+et+Textes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Leslau&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1994" class="citation journal cs1">Buckley, E. (1994). "Tigrinya vowel features and vowel coalescence". <i>University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Tigrinya+vowel+features+and+vowel+coalescence&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman2024" class="citation book cs1">Rehman, Abdel (18 February 2024). "Introduction Pages to the Tigrinya Language". <i>English Tigrigna Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Tigrinya Language</i>. Asmara: Simon Wallenberg Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84356-006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84356-006-7"><bdi>978-1-84356-006-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+Pages+to+the+Tigrinya+Language&rft.btitle=English+Tigrigna+Dictionary%3A+A+Dictionary+of+the+Tigrinya+Language&rft.place=Asmara&rft.pub=Simon+Wallenberg+Press&rft.date=2024-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-84356-006-7&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Abdel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEritrean_People's_Liberation_Front1985" class="citation book cs1">Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1985). <i>Dictionary, English-Tigrigna-Arabic</i>. Rome: EPLF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary%2C+English-Tigrigna-Arabic&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=EPLF&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Eritrean+People%27s+Liberation+Front&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEritrean_People's_Liberation_Front1986" class="citation book cs1">Eritrean People's Liberation Front (1986). <i>Dictionary, Tigrigna-English, mesgebe qalat tigrinya englizenya</i>. Rome: EPLF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary%2C+Tigrigna-English%2C+mesgebe+qalat+tigrinya+englizenya&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=EPLF&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Eritrean+People%27s+Liberation+Front&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirma1983" class="citation book cs1">Girma, Ze'im (1983). <i>Lǝsanä Agʽazi</i>. Asmara: Government Printing Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C7%9Dsan%C3%A4+Ag%26%23x02BD%3Bazi&rft.place=Asmara&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Girma&rft.aufirst=Ze%27im&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2000" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Thomas L. (2000). <i>Tigrinya-English Dictionary</i>. Vol. 1–2. Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881265-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-881265-68-4"><bdi>1-881265-68-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tigrinya-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Springfield%2C+VA&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-881265-68-4&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1996" class="citation book cs1">Mason, John, ed. (1996). <i>Säwasǝw Tǝgrǝñña, Tigrinya Grammar</i>. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-20-2"><bdi>0-932415-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4was%C7%9Dw+T%C7%9Dgr%C7%9D%C3%B1%C3%B1a%2C+Tigrinya+Grammar&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-932415-20-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTäḵlu_Räda1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Täḵlu Räda, Dan'el (1996). <i>Zäbänawi säwasəw qʷanqʷa Təgrəñña</i> <bdi lang="ti">ዘበናዊ ሰዋስው ቋንቋ ትግርኛ</bdi>. Mäx'älä. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99944-994-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99944-994-8-9"><bdi>978-99944-994-8-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Z%C3%A4b%C3%A4nawi+s%C3%A4was%C9%99w+q%CA%B7anq%CA%B7a+T%C9%99gr%C9%99%C3%B1%C3%B1a+%E1%8B%98%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A+%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8D+%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B+%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B&rft.pub=M%C3%A4x%27%C3%A4l%C3%A4&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-99944-994-8-9&rft.aulast=T%C3%A4%E1%B8%B5lu+R%C3%A4da&rft.aufirst=Dan%27el&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Calendar">Ethiopian Calendar</a> year)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahle1998" class="citation book cs1">Sahle, Amanuel (1998). <i>Säwasäsǝw Tǝgrǝñña bǝsäfiḥ</i> [<i>A comprehensive Tigrinya grammar</i>]. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-096-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-096-5"><bdi>1-56902-096-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4was%C3%A4s%C7%9Dw+T%C7%9Dgr%C7%9D%C3%B1%C3%B1a+b%C7%9Ds%C3%A4fi%E1%B8%A5&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56902-096-5&rft.aulast=Sahle&rft.aufirst=Amanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraetorius1974" class="citation book cs1">Praetorius, F. (1974) [1871]. <i>Grammatik der Tigriñasprache in Abessinien</i>. Halle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-05191-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-05191-5"><bdi>3-487-05191-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatik+der+Tigri%C3%B1asprache+in+Abessinien&rft.pub=Halle&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=3-487-05191-5&rft.aulast=Praetorius&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Täxästä Täxlä et al. (1989, Eth. Cal.) <i>Mäzgäbä Qalat Təgrəñña bə-Təgrəñña</i>. Addis Ababa: Nəgd matämiya dərəǧǧət.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllendorff1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Ullendorff, Edward</a> (1985). <i>A Tigrinya Chrestomathy</i>. Stuttgart: F. Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04314-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-04314-4"><bdi>3-515-04314-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tigrinya+Chrestomathy&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=F.+Steiner&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-515-04314-4&rft.aulast=Ullendorff&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoigt1977" class="citation book cs1">Voigt, Rainer Maria (1977). <i>Das Tigrinische Verbalsystem</i>. Berlin: D. Reimer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Tigrinische+Verbalsystem&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=D.+Reimer&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Voigt&rft.aufirst=Rainer+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigrinya+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Fonts for Geʽez script</b>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Serif+Ethiopic?query=MCKL%2F"><i>Noto Serif Ethiopic</i></a> (multiple weights and widths)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/download/"><i>Abyssinica SIL</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/support/character-set-support/">Character set support</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ti:"> Tigrinya edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tigrinya_phrasebook#Q34124" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tigrinya phrasebook">Tigrinya</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geezexperience.com/">Tigrigna online</a>, includes an online English-Tigrinya dictionary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tigrinyatranslate.com/main/">Tigrinya Translate Beta Version</a></li> <li>Sites with Tigrinya text or sound files (all require a Ge'ez Unicode font). <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net/language/204">Christian recordings in Tigrinya</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net">Global Recordings</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filtet.org">Tigrina Learning and Playing Game Board – <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez"><b>ጸወታ ፍልጠት</b></span></span></a>: It provides for playful learning of the Ge'ez script and all languages which are written with it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.erikids.net">[1]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semitic_languages" title="Template talk:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaano-Akkadian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilmun#People,_language_and_religion" title="Dilmun">Dilmunite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kishite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishite language">Kishite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dadanitic" title="Dadanitic">Dadanitic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian#Dumaitic" title="Ancient North Arabian">Dumaitic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hasaitic" title="Hasaitic">Hasaitic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Safaitic#Language" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Dialect groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aramaic#Middle_Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialect<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatran_Aramaic" title="Hatran Aramaic">Ashurian and Hatran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a></i></li> <li><i>Palestinian</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Aramaic" title="Palmyrene Aramaic">Palmyrene</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-<br />Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern</a> <ul><li>Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barwar" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar">Barwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hértevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Qaraqosh" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a> <ul><li>Assyrian</li> <li>Chaldean</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Inter-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Koy_Sanjaq" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Trans-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla_inscription" title="Deir Alla inscription">Deir Alla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samalian_language" title="Samalian language">Samalian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (<a href="/wiki/Modern_South_Arabian_languages" title="Modern South Arabian languages">Mod-<br />ern Arabian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Semitic_languages" title="Ethio-Semitic languages">Ethio-Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahalik_language" title="Dahalik language">Dahalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans-<br />versal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">East Gurage</a> <ul><li>East Gurage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_language" title="Siltʼe language">Siltʼe</a> <ul><li>Inneqor</li> <li>Ulbare</li> <li>Wolane</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N-group <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gafat_language" title="Gafat language">Gafat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tt-group <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesmes_language" title="Mesmes language">Mesmes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">West Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a> <ul><li>Endegen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaha_language" title="Chaha language">Chaha</a></li> <li>Ezha</li> <li>Gumer</li> <li>Gura</li> <li>Gyeto</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old Arabian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadramautic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Minaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijal_Alma_(speech_variety)" title="Rijal Alma (speech variety)">Rijal Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razihi_language" title="Razihi language">Razihi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> or historical languages.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afroasiatic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afroasiatic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Afroasiatic language">Proto-Afroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages" title="Eastern Berber languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Zenati_languages" title="East Zenati languages">East Zenati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzab%E2%80%93Wargla_languages" title="Mzab–Wargla languages">Mzab–Wargla</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Berber_languages" title="Western Berber languages">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Biu–Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Chadic_languages" title="East Chadic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole%E2%80%93Tangale_languages" title="Bole–Tangale languages">Bole–Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bauchi_languages" title="North Bauchi languages">North Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masa_languages" title="Masa languages">Masa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marba_language" title="Marba language">Marba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musey_language" title="Musey language">Musey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a></i> (possibly independent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesme_language" title="Mesme language">Mesme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nget%C3%A9-Herd%C3%A9_language" title="Ngeté-Herdé language">Ngeté-Herdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peve_language" title="Peve language">Peve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullay_languages" title="Dullay languages">Dullay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Highland East Cushitic languages">Highland East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Omo–Tana languages">Omo–Tana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Somali_languages" title="Macro-Somali languages">Macro-Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rendille%E2%80%93Boni_languages" title="Rendille–Boni languages">Rendille–Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromoid_languages" title="Oromoid languages">Oromoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroid_languages" title="Aroid languages">Aroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizoid_languages" title="Dizoid languages">Dizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_languages" title="Mao languages">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Omotic_languages" title="North Omotic languages">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonga_languages" title="Gonga languages">Gonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ometo_languages" title="Ometo languages">Ometo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujargé</a>? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34124#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34124#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tigrinja-Sprache"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4366546-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135329">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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