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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Punctuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Personal pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflexive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Reflexive pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflexive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Demonstrative pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Specifiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Plural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Archaic forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiteness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiteness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Definiteness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiteness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Accusative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Nominalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Conjugation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Gerund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbal_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.1 Verbal use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.2 Adverbial use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Nominal patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominalizing_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominalizing_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Denominalizing suffixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denominalizing_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prefix_yä" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefix_yä"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Prefix yä </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefix_yä-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_noun_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_noun_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Adjective noun complex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_noun_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_Amharic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Amharic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Jewish Amharic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Amharic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastafari_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastafari_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Rastafari movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastafari_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Dictionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amharic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" > 118 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharies" title="Amharies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amharies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="አማርኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አማርኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अम्हारिक भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अम्हारिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأمهرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأمهرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_amharico" title="Idioma amharico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma amharico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1ricu" title="Amáricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amáricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar_dili" title="Amhar dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amhar dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আমহারীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমহারীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Amhar" title="Basa Amhar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Amhar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara-g%C3%AD" title="Amhara-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Amhara-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Амхарская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амхарская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Амхарская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амхарская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Amhariko" title="Tataramon na Amhariko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Amhariko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Амхарски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амхарски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharski_jezik" title="Amharski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amharski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhareg" title="Amhareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amhareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amh%C3%A0ric" title="Amhàric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amhàric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Амхар чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Амхар чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar%C5%A1tina" title="Amharština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amharština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhareg" title="Amhareg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amhareg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharisk_(sprog)" title="Amharisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amharisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharagiella" title="Amharagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Amharagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharische_Sprache" title="Amharische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amharische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_keel" title="Amhara keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amhara keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αμχαρική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμχαρική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_amh%C3%A1rico" title="Idioma amhárico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma amhárico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_lingvo" title="Amhara lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amhara lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharera" title="Amharera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amharera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان امهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان امهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_bhasa" title="Amharic bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Amharic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharique" title="Amharique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amharique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Am%C3%A1iris" title="An Amáiris – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Amáiris" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharish" title="Amharish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Amharish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtharais" title="Amtharais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Amtharais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_amh%C3%A1rica" title="Lingua amhárica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua amhárica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Амхарой мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Амхарой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="અમ્હારિક ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અમ્હારિક ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara-ng%C3%AE" title="Amhara-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Amhara-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="암하라어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암하라어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ամհարերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամհարերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अम्हारी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अम्हारी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Amharšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Amharšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharski_jezik" title="Amharski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amharski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara-linguo" title="Amhara-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amhara-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language" title="Amharic language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Amharic language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Amariko" title="Pagsasao nga Amariko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Amariko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Amhara" title="Bahasa Amhara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Amhara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Амхараг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Амхараг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar%C3%ADska" title="Amharíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amharíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_amarica" title="Lingua amarica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua amarica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמהרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמהרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharikii_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Amharikii kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Amharikii kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ამჰარული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამჰარული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharek" title="Amharek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Amharek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamhari" title="Kiamhari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiamhari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Амхара кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Амхара кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_amhar%C3%AE" title="Zimanê amharî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê amharî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Amharica" title="Lingua Amharica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Amharica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharu_valoda" title="Amharu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amharu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амхар чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Амхар чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar%C5%B3_kalba" title="Amharų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amharų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_amarica" title="Lengua amarica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua amarica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_nyelv" title="Amhara nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amhara nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Амхарски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амхарски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_amharika" title="Fiteny amharika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny amharika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="അംഹാറിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അംഹാറിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अम्हारिक भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अम्हारिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ამჰარული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ამჰარული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%89" title="امهرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امهرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="امهری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="امهری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Amhara" title="Bahasa Amhara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Amhara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhaars" title="Amhaars – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amhaars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आम्हारिक भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आम्हारिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="アムハラ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムハラ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhaarisk" title="Amhaarisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Amhaarisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharisk" title="Amharisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amharisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharisk" title="Amharisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amharisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaric" title="Amaric – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amaric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_tili" title="Amhara tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amhara tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਮਹਾਰੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਹਾਰੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="امہری بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امہری بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="امهري ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امهري ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_am%C3%A0rica" title="Lenga amàrica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga amàrica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhaarsche_Spraak" title="Amhaarsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Amhaarsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_amharski" title="Język amharski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język amharski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_am%C3%A1rica" title="Língua amárica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua amárica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_amharic%C4%83" title="Limba amharică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba amharică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_simi" title="Amhara simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Amhara simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Амхарский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амхарский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱢᱦᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱢᱦᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_amarica" title="Limba amarica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba amarica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamhare" title="Seamhare – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Seamhare" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language" title="Amharic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amharic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar%C4%8Dina" title="Amharčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amharčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhar%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Amharščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amharščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Амхарьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Амхарьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amxaari" title="Amxaari – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Amxaari" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەمھەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەمھەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Амхарски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амхарски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharski_jezik" title="Amharski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amharski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharan_kieli" title="Amharan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amharan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhariska" title="Amhariska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amhariska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Amhariko" title="Wikang Amhariko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Amhariko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அம்காரியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அம்காரியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Амһара теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Амһара теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาอามารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอามารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%9D%E1%88%93%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ቋንቋ ኣምሓርኛ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቋንቋ ኣምሓርኛ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharca" title="Amharca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amharca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Амхарська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амхарська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امہری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امہری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئامخارا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئامخارا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Amhara" title="Tiếng Amhara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Amhara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="阿姆哈拉语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿姆哈拉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%C3%80mh%C3%A1r%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Èdè Àmháríkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Àmháríkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" title="阿姆哈拉文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿姆哈拉文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharu_kalba" title="Amharu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Amharu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="阿姆哈拉语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿姆哈拉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Amharik" title="Bahasa Amharik – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Amharik" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28244#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Amharic" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Amharic%22">"Amharic"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Amharic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Amharic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Amharic%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amharic%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amharic%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Amharic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">አማርኛ (Amarəñña)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Amharic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amharic.svg/150px-Amharic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amharic.svg/225px-Amharic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Amharic.svg/300px-Amharic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="36" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Amharic script, fidäl, from <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">[amarɨɲːa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/Amarigna.ogg\/Amarigna.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Amarigna.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Amarigna.ogg/Amarigna.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Amarigna.ogg" title="File:Amarigna.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">31 million <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 35 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 25 million (2019)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a> Total: 60 million (2019–2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">South</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Transversal</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic–Argobba</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Amharic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a> (Amharic syllabary) <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Ge'ez Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Signed Amharic<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-africanews.com-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_(Ethiopia)" title="Imperial Academy (Ethiopia)">Imperial Academy</a> (former)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=am">am</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=18">amh</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/amh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:amh">amh</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/amha1245">amha1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=12-ACB-a">12-ACB-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Amharic (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æmˈhærɪk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">am-HARR-ik</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑːmˈhɑːrɪk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ahm-HAR-ik</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">native name</a>: አማርኛ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: Amarəñña, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">[amarɨɲːa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/Amarigna.ogg\/Amarigna.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Amarigna.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Amarigna.ogg/Amarigna.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Amarigna.ogg" title="File:Amarigna.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic language</a>, which is a subgrouping within the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>. It is spoken as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amharas</a>, and also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for all other populations residing in major cities and towns in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The language serves as the official <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> of the Ethiopian federal government, and is also the official or working language of several of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Ethiopia's federal regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As of 2020, it has over 33,700,000 mother-tongue speakers and more than 25,100,000 <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> speakers in 2019, making the <a href="/wiki/Languages_by_total_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages by total speakers">total number of speakers</a> over 58,800,000.<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Amharic is the largest, most widely spoken language in Ethiopia, and the first most spoken <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">mother-tongue in Ethiopia</a>. Amharic is also the second most widely spoken Semitic language in the world (after <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-e25-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_world_factbook-12">[12]</a> Amharic is written left-to-right using a system that grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> The segmental <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems#Segmental_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing systems">writing system</a> in which consonant-vowel sequences are written as units is called an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> (አቡጊዳ).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The graphemes are called fidäl (ፊደል), which means "script", "alphabet", "letter", or "character". There is no universally agreed-upon <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> of Amharic into <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. The Amharic examples in the sections below use one system that is common among linguists specializing in Ethiopian Semitic languages. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Amharic has been the official working language of Ethiopia, language of the courts, the language of trade and everyday communications and of the military since the late 12th century. The Amhara nobles supported the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Lalibela_(Emperor_of_Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)">Lalibela</a> in his power struggle against his brothers which led him to make Amharic Lessana Negus as well as fill the <a href="/wiki/Amharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharas">Amhara</a> nobles in the top positions of his Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The appellation of "language of the king" (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: ልሳነ ነጋሢ; "Lǝssanä nägaśi," <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: የነጋሢ ቋንቋ "Yä-nägaśi qʷanqʷa") and its use in the royal court are otherwise traced to the <a href="/wiki/Amharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharas">Amhara</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, together with other regions like <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>. Amharic is an Afro-Asiatic language of the Southwest Semitic group and is related to <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, or Ethiopic, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church; Amharic is written in a slightly modified form of the alphabet used for writing the Geʽez language. There are 34 basic characters, each of which has seven forms depending on which vowel is to be pronounced in the syllable. There are also 49 "wa" letters, which form compound sounds involving "w." All together, the alphabet has some 280 letters. Until 2020 Amharic was the sole official language of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-africanews.com-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The 2007 census reported that Amharic was spoken by 21.6 million native speakers in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-catalog.ihsn.org-22">[22]</a> More recent sources state the number of first-language speakers in 2018 as nearly 32 million, with another 25 million second-language speakers in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-e25-11">[11]</a> Additionally, 3 million emigrants outside of Ethiopia speak the language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jewish">Ethiopian Jewish</a> communities in Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> speak Amharic.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Furthermore, Amharic is considered a <a href="/wiki/Holy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy language">holy language</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> religion and is widely used among its followers worldwide.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_anthem_(since_1992)_in_amharic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg/300px-Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg/450px-Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg/600px-Ethiopian_anthem_%28since_1992%29_in_amharic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/March_Forward,_Dear_Mother_Ethiopia" title="March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia">Ethiopian anthem</a> (since 1992) in Amharic, done on manual typewriter.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_development_theory">Linguistic development theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linguistic development theory">edit</a>]</div> Early <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> populations speaking proto-<a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, proto-<a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> and proto-<a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a> languages would have diverged by the fourth or fifth millennium BC. Shortly afterwards, the proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic groups would have settled in the Ethiopian highlands, with the proto-Semitic speakers crossing the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> into <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. A later return movement of peoples from <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> would have introduced the Semitic languages to Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Levine2728-25">[25]</a> Based on archaeological evidence, the presence of Semitic speakers in the territory date to some time before 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-eoaamhara-26">[26]</a> Linguistic analysis suggests the presence of Semitic languages in Ethiopia as early as 2000 BC. Levine indicates that by the end of that millennium, the core inhabitants of Greater Ethiopia would have consisted of dark-skinned agropastoralists speaking Afro-Asiatic languages of the Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic branches.<a href="#cite_note-Levine2728-25">[25]</a> Other scholars such as Messay Kebede and Daniel E. Alemu argue that migration across the Red Sea was defined by reciprocal exchange, if it even occurred at all, and that Ethio-Semitic-speaking ethnic groups should not be characterized as foreign invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Kebede_2003_1–19-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alemu_2007_56–64-28">[28]</a> Amharic is a South Ethio-Semitic language, along with <a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-:Meyer2011-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Hetzron72p36-31">[31]</a> Due to the social stratification of the time, the Cushitic <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a> adopted the South Ethio-Semitic language and eventually absorbed the Semitic population.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Amharic thus developed with a Cushitic <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> and a Semitic <a href="/wiki/Superstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstratum">superstratum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The northernmost South Ethio-Semitic speakers, or the proto-Amhara, remained in constant contact with their North Ethio-Semitic neighbors, evidenced by linguistic analysis and oral traditions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A 7th century southward shift of the center of gravity of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> and the ensuing integration and Christianization of the proto-Amhara also resulted in a high prevalence of Geʽez sourced lexicon in Amharic.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some time after the 9th century AD, Amharic diverged from its closest relative, <a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a>, probably due to religious differences as the <a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobba</a> adopted Islam.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1983, Lionel Bender proposed that Amharic may have been constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> as early as the 4th century AD to enable communication between Aksumite soldiers speaking Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic languages, but this hypothesis has not garnered widespread acceptance. The preservation in Old Amharic of <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–subject–object word order">VSO word order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">gutturals</a> typical of Semitic languages, Cushitic influences shared with other Ethio-Semitic languages (especially those of the Southern branch), and the number of geographically distinct Cushitic languages that have influenced Amharic at different points in time (e.g. Oromo influence beginning in the 16th century) support a <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">natural evolution</a> of Amharic from a Proto-Ethio-Semitic language with considerable Cushitic influences (similar to Gurage, Tigrinya, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Meyer2011-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants<a href="#cite_note-IPAHandbook-46">[46]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labio- Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β̞</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Amharic <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective consonants">ejective consonants</a> correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a> "<a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Emphatic consonants">emphatic consonants</a>." In the Ethiopianist tradition they are often transcribed with a <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a> below the letter. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amharic_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Amharic_vowel_chart.svg/300px-Amharic_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Amharic_vowel_chart.svg/450px-Amharic_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Amharic_vowel_chart.svg/600px-Amharic_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The vowels of Amharic on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel chart">vowel chart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPAHandbook-46">[46]</a> Vowels in parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of /<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowels<a href="#cite_note-IPAHandbook-46">[46]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a> ⟨ə⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> ⟨ä⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The notation of central vowels in the Ethiopianist tradition is shown in angled brackets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophones">Allophones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allophones">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> /b/ is phonetically realized as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">voiced labial approximant</a> [β̞] medially between <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> in non-<a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> form. The fricative ejective /<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a>/ is heard as a fricative ejective [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a>], but is mostly heard as the affricate sound [<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>]. The <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> is realized as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">trill</a> when geminated and a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar tap">tap</a> otherwise. The <a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">closed central unrounded vowel</a> ⟨ə⟩ /ɨ/ and <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">mid-central vowel</a> ⟨ä⟩ /ə/ are generally fronted to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>], respectively, following <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a>, and generally retracted and rounded to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>], respectively, following <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labialized velar consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPAHandbook-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ge'ez</th> <th>Romanized</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>ከበሮ</td> <td>käbäro</td> <td>[kəβ̞əɾo]</td> <td>drum </td></tr> <tr> <td>ብር</td> <td>bərr</td> <td>[bɨr]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ይህ</td> <td>yəh</td> <td>[jɪh]</td> <td>this </td></tr> <tr> <td>የማን</td> <td>yäman</td> <td>[jɛman]</td> <td>whose </td></tr> <tr> <td>ውስጥ</td> <td>wəsṭ</td> <td>[wʊstʼ]</td> <td>in </td></tr> <tr> <td>ወንድ</td> <td>wänd</td> <td>[wɔnd]</td> <td>man </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic Braille">Amharic Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_Air_aircraft_showing_Ethiopic_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The Ethiopic (or Ge'ez) writing system is visible on the side of this <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Fokker_50" title="Fokker 50">Fokker 50</a>: it reads "Ethiopia's": የኢትዮጵያ ye-ʾityop̣p̣ya.</figcaption></figure> The Amharic script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> of the Amharic writing system are called fidäl.<a href="#cite_note-MajorLanguages-47">[47]</a> It is derived from a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Each character represents a consonant+vowel sequence, but the basic shape of each character is determined by the consonant, which is modified for the vowel. Some consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> are written by more than one series of characters: /<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a>/, and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ (the last one has four distinct letter forms). This is because these fidäl originally represented distinct sounds, but <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">phonological changes</a> merged them.<a href="#cite_note-MajorLanguages-47">[47]</a> The citation form for each series is the consonant+ä form, i.e. the first column of the fidäl. The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_(Unicode_block)" title="Ethiopic (Unicode block)">Amharic script</a> is included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, and glyphs are included in fonts available with major operating systems. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg/220px-Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg/330px-Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg/440px-Amharic_Coca_Cola_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A modern usage of Amharic: the label of a <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> bottle. The script reads ኮካ-ኮላ (koka-kola).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphasyllabary">Alphasyllabary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alphasyllabary">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Chart of Amharic fidäls<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>ä/e [ə]</th> <th>u</th> <th>i</th> <th>a</th> <th>ē</th> <th>ə [ɨ], ∅</th> <th>o</th> <th>ʷä/ue [ʷə]</th> <th>ʷi/ui</th> <th>ʷa/ua</th> <th>ʷē/uē</th> <th>ʷə [ʷɨ/î] </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">h </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/h/ </td> <td>ሀ</td> <td>ሁ</td> <td>ሂ</td> <td>ሃ</td> <td>ሄ</td> <td>ህ</td> <td>ሆ</td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">l </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/l/ </td> <td>ለ</td> <td>ሉ</td> <td>ሊ</td> <td>ላ</td> <td>ሌ</td> <td>ል</td> <td>ሎ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሏ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ḥ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/h/ </td> <td>ሐ</td> <td>ሑ</td> <td>ሒ</td> <td>ሓ</td> <td>ሔ</td> <td>ሕ</td> <td>ሖ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሗ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">m </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/m/ </td> <td>መ</td> <td>ሙ</td> <td>ሚ</td> <td>ማ</td> <td>ሜ</td> <td>ም</td> <td>ሞ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሟ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ś </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/s/ </td> <td>ሠ</td> <td>ሡ</td> <td>ሢ</td> <td>ሣ</td> <td>ሤ</td> <td>ሥ</td> <td>ሦ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሧ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">r </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/r/ </td> <td>ረ</td> <td>ሩ</td> <td>ሪ</td> <td>ራ</td> <td>ሬ</td> <td>ር</td> <td>ሮ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሯ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">s </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/s/ </td> <td>ሰ</td> <td>ሱ</td> <td>ሲ</td> <td>ሳ</td> <td>ሴ</td> <td>ስ</td> <td>ሶ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሷ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">š </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/ʃ/ </td> <td>ሸ</td> <td>ሹ</td> <td>ሺ</td> <td>ሻ</td> <td>ሼ</td> <td>ሽ</td> <td>ሾ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ሿ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">q </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/kʼ/ </td> <td>ቀ</td> <td>ቁ</td> <td>ቂ</td> <td>ቃ</td> <td>ቄ</td> <td>ቅ</td> <td>ቆ</td> <td>ቈ</td> <td>ቊ</td> <td>ቋ</td> <td>ቌ</td> <td>ቍ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">b </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/b/ </td> <td>በ</td> <td>ቡ</td> <td>ቢ</td> <td>ባ</td> <td>ቤ</td> <td>ብ</td> <td>ቦ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ቧ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">v </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/β/ </td> <td>ቨ</td> <td>ቩ</td> <td>ቪ</td> <td>ቫ</td> <td>ቬ</td> <td>ቭ</td> <td>ቮ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ቯ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">t </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/t/ </td> <td>ተ</td> <td>ቱ</td> <td>ቲ</td> <td>ታ</td> <td>ቴ</td> <td>ት</td> <td>ቶ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ቷ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">č </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/tʃ/ </td> <td>ቸ</td> <td>ቹ</td> <td>ቺ</td> <td>ቻ</td> <td>ቼ</td> <td>ች</td> <td>ቾ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ቿ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ḫ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/h/ </td> <td>ኀ</td> <td>ኁ</td> <td>ኂ</td> <td>ኃ</td> <td>ኄ</td> <td>ኅ</td> <td>ኆ</td> <td>ኈ</td> <td>ኊ</td> <td>ኋ</td> <td>ኌ</td> <td>ኍ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">n </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/n/ </td> <td>ነ</td> <td>ኑ</td> <td>ኒ</td> <td>ና</td> <td>ኔ</td> <td>ን</td> <td>ኖ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ኗ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ñ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/ɲ/ </td> <td>ኘ</td> <td>ኙ</td> <td>ኚ</td> <td>ኛ</td> <td>ኜ</td> <td>ኝ</td> <td>ኞ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ኟ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ʼ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/ʔ/ </td> <td>አ</td> <td>ኡ</td> <td>ኢ</td> <td>ኣ</td> <td>ኤ</td> <td>እ</td> <td>ኦ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ኧ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">k </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/k/ </td> <td>ከ</td> <td>ኩ</td> <td>ኪ</td> <td>ካ</td> <td>ኬ</td> <td>ክ</td> <td>ኮ</td> <td>ኰ</td> <td>ኲ</td> <td>ኳ</td> <td>ኴ</td> <td>ኵ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">x </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/h/ </td> <td>ኸ</td> <td>ኹ</td> <td>ኺ</td> <td>ኻ</td> <td>ኼ</td> <td>ኽ</td> <td>ኾ</td> <td>ዀ</td> <td>ዂ</td> <td>ዃ</td> <td>ዄ</td> <td>ዅ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">w </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/w/ </td> <td>ወ</td> <td>ዉ</td> <td>ዊ</td> <td>ዋ</td> <td>ዌ</td> <td>ው</td> <td>ዎ</td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ʽ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/ʔ/ </td> <td>ዐ</td> <td>ዑ</td> <td>ዒ</td> <td>ዓ</td> <td>ዔ</td> <td>ዕ</td> <td>ዖ</td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">z </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/z/ </td> <td>ዘ</td> <td>ዙ</td> <td>ዚ</td> <td>ዛ</td> <td>ዜ</td> <td>ዝ</td> <td>ዞ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ዟ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ž </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/ʒ/ </td> <td>ዠ</td> <td>ዡ</td> <td>ዢ</td> <td>ዣ</td> <td>ዤ</td> <td>ዥ</td> <td>ዦ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ዧ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">y </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/j/ </td> <td>የ</td> <td>ዩ</td> <td>ዪ</td> <td>ያ</td> <td>ዬ</td> <td>ይ</td> <td>ዮ</td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">d </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/d/ </td> <td>ደ</td> <td>ዱ</td> <td>ዲ</td> <td>ዳ</td> <td>ዴ</td> <td>ድ</td> <td>ዶ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ዷ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ǧ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/dʒ/ </td> <td>ጀ</td> <td>ጁ</td> <td>ጂ</td> <td>ጃ</td> <td>ጄ</td> <td>ጅ</td> <td>ጆ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ጇ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">g </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/ɡ/ </td> <td>ገ</td> <td>ጉ</td> <td>ጊ</td> <td>ጋ</td> <td>ጌ</td> <td>ግ</td> <td>ጎ</td> <td>ጐ</td> <td>ጒ</td> <td>ጓ</td> <td>ጔ</td> <td>ጕ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ṭ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/tʼ/ </td> <td>ጠ</td> <td>ጡ</td> <td>ጢ</td> <td>ጣ</td> <td>ጤ</td> <td>ጥ</td> <td>ጦ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ጧ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">č̣ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/tʃʼ/ </td> <td>ጨ</td> <td>ጩ</td> <td>ጪ</td> <td>ጫ</td> <td>ጬ</td> <td>ጭ</td> <td>ጮ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ጯ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">p̣ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/pʼ/ </td> <td>ጰ</td> <td>ጱ</td> <td>ጲ</td> <td>ጳ</td> <td>ጴ</td> <td>ጵ</td> <td>ጶ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ጷ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ṣ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/tsʼ/ </td> <td>ጸ</td> <td>ጹ</td> <td>ጺ</td> <td>ጻ</td> <td>ጼ</td> <td>ጽ</td> <td>ጾ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ጿ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">ṣ́ </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/tsʼ/ </td> <td>ፀ</td> <td>ፁ</td> <td>ፂ</td> <td>ፃ</td> <td>ፄ</td> <td>ፅ</td> <td>ፆ</td> <td colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">f </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/f/ </td> <td>ፈ</td> <td>ፉ</td> <td>ፊ</td> <td>ፋ</td> <td>ፌ</td> <td>ፍ</td> <td>ፎ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ፏ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:2em"> <th style="font-size:0.5em">p </th> <td style="font-size:0.5em">/p/ </td> <td>ፐ</td> <td>ፑ</td> <td>ፒ</td> <td>ፓ</td> <td>ፔ</td> <td>ፕ</td> <td>ፖ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"> </td> <td>ፗ</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>ä/e [ə]</th> <th>u</th> <th>i</th> <th>a</th> <th>ē</th> <th>ə [ɨ], ∅</th> <th>o</th> <th>ʷ/ue [ʷə/ū]</th> <th>ʷi/ui</th> <th>ʷa/ua</th> <th>ʷē/uē</th> <th>ʷə [ʷɨ/ū] </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemination">Gemination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gemination">edit</a>]</div> As in most other <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> is <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">contrastive</a> in Amharic. That is, consonant length can distinguish words from one another; for example, alä 'he said', allä 'there is'; yǝmätall 'he hits', yǝmmättall 'he will be hit'. Gemination is not indicated in Amharic orthography, but Amharic readers typically do not find this to be a problem. This property of the writing system is analogous to the vowels of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>, which are not normally indicated in writing. Ethiopian novelist <a href="/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu" title="Haddis Alemayehu">Haddis Alemayehu</a>, who was an advocate of Amharic <a href="/wiki/Orthography_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthography reform">orthography reform</a>, indicated gemination in his novel <a href="/wiki/Love_to_the_Grave" title="Love to the Grave">Love to the Grave</a> by placing a dot above the characters whose consonants were geminated, but this practice is rare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Punctuation">edit</a>]</div> Punctuation includes the following: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="፠">፠</a> section mark</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="፡">፡</a> <a href="/wiki/Word_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Word separator">word separator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="።">።</a> full stop (period)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="፣">፣</a> comma</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="፤">፤</a> semicolon</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="፥">፥</a> colon</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="፦">፦</a> preface colon (introduces speech from a descriptive prefix)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="፧">፧</a> question mark</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="፨">፨</a> paragraph separator</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Simple Amharic sentences</dt></dl> One may construct simple Amharic sentences by using a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>. Here are a few simple sentences:<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ኢትዮጵያʾItyop̣p̣yaEthiopia</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">አፍሪካʾAfrikaAfrica</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ውስጥwǝsṭin</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ናትnatis</div>ኢትዮጵያ አፍሪካ ውስጥ ናትʾItyop̣p̣ya ʾAfrika wǝsṭ nat{Ethiopia} {Africa} {in} {is}'Ethiopia is in Africa.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ልጁLǝǧ-uthe boy</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ተኝቷልtäññǝtʷall.asleep is</div>ልጁ ተኝቷልLǝǧ-u täññǝtʷall.{the boy} {asleep is}'The boy is asleep.' (-u is a definite article. Lǝǧ is 'boy'. Lǝǧu is 'the boy')<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">አየሩAyyäruthe weather</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ደስdässpleasant</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ይላልyǝlall.feels</div>አየሩ ደስ ይላልAyyäru däss yǝlall.{the weather} pleasant feels'The weather feels pleasant.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">እሱʾƏssuhe</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ወደwädäto</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ከተማkätämacity</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">መጣmäṭṭacame</div>እሱ ወደ ከተማ መጣʾƏssu wädä kätäma mäṭṭahe to city {came}'He came to the city.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Amharic grammar distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and often <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> such as English I, Amharic እኔ ǝne; English she, Amharic እሷ ǝsswa. As in other Semitic languages, the same distinctions appear in three other places in their grammar. <dl><dt>Subject–verb agreement</dt></dl> All Amharic verbs <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subjects</a>; that is, the person, number, and (in the second- and third-person singular) gender of the subject of the verb are marked by <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffixes or prefixes</a> on the verb. Because the affixes that signal subject agreement vary greatly with the particular verb <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, they are normally not considered to be pronouns and are discussed elsewhere in this article under verb <a href="#Conjugation">conjugation</a>. <dl><dt>Object pronoun suffixes</dt></dl> Amharic verbs often have additional morphology that indicates the person, number, and (second- and third-person singular) gender of the object of the verb. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">አልማዝንalmazǝnAlmaz-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">አየኋትayyähʷ-atI saw her</div>አልማዝን አየኋትalmazǝn ayyähʷ-atAlmaz-ACC {I saw her}'I saw Almaz.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> While morphemes such as -at in this example are sometimes described as signaling <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> agreement, analogous to subject agreement, they are more often thought of as object pronoun <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">suffixes</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] because, unlike the markers of subject agreement, they do not vary significantly with the tense/aspect/mood of the verb. For <a href="/wiki/Verb_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb argument">arguments</a> of the verb other than the subject or the object, there are two separate sets of related suffixes, one with a <a href="/wiki/Benefactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefactive">benefactive</a> meaning (to, for), the other with an adversative or locative meaning (against, to the detriment of, on, at). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ለአልማዝläʾalmazfor-Almaz</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">በሩንbärrundoor-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ከፈትኩላትkäffätku-llatI opened for her</div>ለአልማዝ በሩን ከፈትኩላትläʾalmaz bärrun käffätku-llatfor-Almaz door-DEF-ACC {I opened for her}'I opened the door for Almaz.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">በአልማዝbäʾalmazon-Almaz</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">በሩንbärrundoor-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ዘጋሁባትzäggahu-bbatI closed on her</div>በአልማዝ በሩን ዘጋሁባትbäʾalmaz bärrun zäggahu-bbaton-Almaz door-DEF-ACC {I closed on her}'I closed the door on Almaz (to her detriment).'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Morphemes such as -llat and -bbat in these examples will be referred to in this article as prepositional object pronoun suffixes because they correspond to prepositional phrases such as for her and on her, to distinguish them from the direct object pronoun suffixes such as -at 'her'. <dl><dt>Possessive suffixes</dt></dl> Amharic has a further set of morphemes that are suffixed to nouns, signaling <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a>: ቤት bet 'house', ቤቴ bete, my house, ቤቷ; betwa, her house. In each of these four aspects of the grammar, independent pronouns, subject–verb agreement, object pronoun suffixes, and possessive suffixes, Amharic distinguishes eight combinations of person, number, and gender. For first person, there is a two-way distinction between singular (I) and plural (we), whereas for second and third persons, there is a distinction between singular and plural and within the singular a further distinction between masculine and feminine (you m. sg., you f. sg., you pl., he, she, they). Amharic is a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop language</a>: neutral sentences in which no element is emphasized normally omit independent pronouns: ኢትዮጵያዊ ነው ʾityop̣p̣yawi näw 'he's Ethiopian', ጋበዝኳት gabbäzkwat 'I invited her'. The Amharic words that translate he, I, and her do not appear in these sentences as independent words. However, in such cases, the person, number, and (second- or third-person singular) gender of the subject and object are marked on the verb. When the subject or object in such sentences is emphasized, an independent pronoun is used: እሱ ኢትዮጵያዊ ነው ǝssu ʾityop̣p̣yawi näw 'he's Ethiopian', እኔ ጋበዝኳት ǝne gabbäzkwat 'I invited her', እሷን ጋበዝኳት ǝsswan gabbäzkwat 'I invited her'. The table below shows alternatives for many of the forms. The choice depends on what precedes the form in question, usually whether this is a vowel or a consonant, for example, for the first-person singular possessive suffix, አገሬ agär-e 'my country', ገላዬ gäla-ye 'my body'. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Amharic Personal Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">English </th> <th rowspan="3">Independent </th> <th colspan="3">Object pronoun suffixes </th> <th rowspan="3">Possessive suffixes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Direct </th> <th colspan="2">Prepositional </th></tr> <tr> <th>Benefactive </th> <th>Locative/ Adversative </th></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>እኔ ǝne </td> <td>-(ä/ǝ)ñ </td> <td>-(ǝ)llǝñ </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbǝñ </td> <td>-(y)e </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (m. sg.) </td> <td>አንተ antä </td> <td>-(ǝ)h </td> <td>-(ǝ)llǝh </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbǝh </td> <td>-(ǝ)h </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (f. sg.) </td> <td>አንቺ anči </td> <td>-(ǝ)š </td> <td>-(ǝ)llǝš </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbǝš </td> <td>-(ǝ)š </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (polite) </td> <td>እርስዎ ərswo </td> <td>-(ǝ)wo(t) </td> <td>-(ǝ)llǝwo(t) </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbǝwo(t) </td> <td>-wo </td></tr> <tr> <td>he </td> <td>እሱ ǝssu </td> <td>-(ä)w, -t </td> <td>-(ǝ)llät </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbät </td> <td>-(w)u </td></tr> <tr> <td>she </td> <td>እሷ ǝsswa </td> <td>-at </td> <td>-(ǝ)llat </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbat </td> <td>-wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>s/he (polite) </td> <td>እሳቸው ǝssaččäw </td> <td>-aččäw </td> <td>-(ǝ)llaččäw </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbaččäw </td> <td>-aččäw </td></tr> <tr> <td>we </td> <td>እኛ ǝñña </td> <td>-(ä/ǝ)n </td> <td>-(ǝ)llǝn </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbǝn </td> <td>-aččǝn </td></tr> <tr> <td>you (pl.) </td> <td>እናንተ ǝnnantä </td> <td>-aččǝhu </td> <td>-(ǝ)llaččǝhu </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbaččǝhu </td> <td>-aččǝhu </td></tr> <tr> <td>they </td> <td>እነሱ ǝnnässu </td> <td>-aččäw </td> <td>-(ǝ)llaččäw </td> <td>-(ǝ)bbaččäw </td> <td>-aččäw </td></tr></tbody></table> Within second- and third-person singular, there are two additional polite independent pronouns, for reference to people to whom the speaker wishes to show respect. This usage is an example of the so-called <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a> that is made in many languages. The polite pronouns in Amharic are እርስዎ ǝrswo 'you (sg. polite)'. and እሳቸው ǝssaččäw 's/he (polite)'. Although these forms are singular semantically—they refer to one person—they correspond to third-person plural elsewhere in the grammar, as is common in other T–V systems. For the possessive pronouns, however, the polite 2nd person has the special suffix -wo 'your sg. pol.' For possessive pronouns (mine, yours, etc.), Amharic adds the independent pronouns to the preposition yä- 'of': የኔ yäne 'mine', ያንተ yantä 'yours m. sg.', ያንቺ yanči 'yours f. sg.', የሷ yässwa 'hers', etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reflexive_pronouns">Reflexive pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reflexive pronouns">edit</a>]</div> For <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronouns</a> ('myself', 'yourself', etc.), Amharic adds the possessive suffixes to the noun ራስ ras 'head': ራሴ rase 'myself', ራሷ raswa 'herself', etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Like English, Amharic makes a two-way distinction between near ('this, these') and far ('that, those') <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> expressions (pronouns, adjectives, adverbs). Besides number, Amharic – unlike English – also distinguishes between the masculine and the feminine genders in the singular. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 20px;"> <caption>Amharic demonstrative pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Number, Gender </th> <th>Near </th> <th>Far </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Singular </th> <th>Masculine </th> <td>ይህ yǝh(ǝ) </td> <td>ያ ya </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>ይቺ yǝčči, ይህች yǝhǝčč </td> <td>ያቺ yačči </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>እነዚህ ǝnnäzzih </td> <td>እነዚያ ǝnnäzziya </td></tr></tbody></table> There are also separate demonstratives for formal reference, comparable to the formal personal pronouns: እኚህ ǝññih 'this, these (formal)' and እኒያ ǝnniya 'that, those (formal)'. The singular pronouns have combining forms beginning with zz instead of y when they follow a preposition: ስለዚህ sǝläzzih 'because of this; therefore', እንደዚያ ǝndäzziya 'like that'. The plural demonstratives, like the second and third person plural personal pronouns, are formed by adding the plural prefix እነ ǝnnä- to the singular masculine forms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Amharic <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> can be primary or derived. A noun like ǝgǝr 'foot, leg' is primary, and a noun like ǝgr-äñña 'pedestrian' is a derived noun. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> Amharic nouns can have a masculine or feminine <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. There are several ways to express gender. An example is the old suffix -t for femininity. This suffix is no longer productive and is limited to certain patterns and some isolated nouns. Nouns and adjectives ending in -awi usually take the suffix -t to form the feminine form, e.g. ityop̣p̣ya-(a)wi 'Ethiopian (m.)' vs. ityop̣p̣ya-wi-t 'Ethiopian (f.)'; sämay-awi 'heavenly (m.)' vs. sämay-awi-t 'heavenly (f.)'. This suffix also occurs in nouns and adjective based on the pattern qǝt(t)ul, e.g. nǝgus 'king' vs. nǝgǝs-t 'queen' and qǝddus 'holy (m.)' vs. qǝddǝs-t 'holy (f.)'. Some nouns and adjectives take a feminine marker -it: lǝǧ 'child, boy' vs. lǝǧ-it 'girl'; bäg 'sheep, ram' vs. bäg-it 'ewe'; šǝmagǝlle 'senior, elder (m.)' vs. šǝmagǝll-it 'old woman'; ṭoṭa 'monkey' vs. ṭoṭ-it 'monkey (f.)'. Some nouns have this feminine marker without having a masculine opposite, e.g. šärär-it 'spider', azur-it 'whirlpool, eddy'. There are, however, also nouns having this -it suffix that are treated as masculine: säraw-it 'army', nägar-it 'big drum'. The feminine gender is not only used to indicate biological gender, but may also be used to express smallness, e.g. bet-it-u 'the little house' (lit. house-FEM-DEF). The feminine marker can also serve to express tenderness or sympathy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specifiers">Specifiers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Specifiers">edit</a>]</div> Amharic has special words that can be used to indicate the gender of people and animals. For people, wänd is used for masculinity and set for femininity, e.g. wänd lǝǧ 'boy', set lǝǧ 'girl'; wänd hakim 'physician, doctor (m.)', set hakim 'physician, doctor (f.)'. For animals, the words täbat, awra, or wänd (less usual) can be used to indicate masculine gender, and anəst or set to indicate feminine gender. Examples: täbat ṭǝǧǧa 'calf (m.)'; awra doro 'cock (rooster)'; set doro 'hen'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plural">Plural</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Plural">edit</a>]</div> The plural suffix -očč is used to express plurality of nouns. Some <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonological</a> alternations occur depending on the final consonant or vowel. For nouns ending in a consonant, plain -očč is used: bet 'house' becomes bet-očč 'houses'. For nouns ending in a <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowel</a> (-a, -o, -u), the suffix takes the form -ʷočč, e.g. wǝšša 'dog', wǝšša-ʷočč 'dogs'; käbäro 'drum', käbäro-ʷočč 'drums'. Nouns that end in a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> pluralize using -ʷočč or -yočč, e.g. ṣähafi 'scholar', ṣähafi-ʷočč or ṣähafi-yočč 'scholars'. Another possibility for nouns ending in a vowel is to delete the vowel and use plain očč, as in wǝšš-očč 'dogs'. Besides using the normal external plural (-očč), nouns and adjectives can be pluralized by way of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicating</a> one of the radicals. For example, wäyzäro 'lady' can take the normal plural, yielding wäyzär-očč, but wäyzazər 'ladies' is also found (Leslau 1995:173). Some <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>-terms have two plural forms with a slightly different meaning. For example, wändǝmm 'brother' can be pluralized as wändǝmm-očč 'brothers' but also as wändǝmmam-ač 'brothers of each other'. Likewise, ǝhǝt 'sister' can be pluralized as ǝhǝt-očč ('sisters'), but also as ǝtǝmm-am-ač 'sisters of each other'. In <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound words</a>, the plural marker is suffixed to the second noun: betä krǝstiyan 'church' (lit. house of Christian) becomes betä krǝstiyan-očč 'churches'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaic_forms">Archaic forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archaic forms">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amsalu_Aklilu" title="Amsalu Aklilu">Amsalu Aklilu</a> has pointed out that Amharic has inherited a large number of old plural forms directly from Classical Ethiopic (Ge'ez) (Amharic: gǝ'ǝz) (Leslau 1995:172). There are basically two archaic pluralising strategies, called external and internal plural. The external plural consists of adding the suffix -an (usually masculine) or -at (usually feminine) to the singular form. The internal plural employs vowel quality or <a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">apophony</a> to pluralize words, similar to English man vs. men and goose vs. geese. Sometimes combinations of the two systems are found. The archaic plural forms are sometimes used to form new plurals, but this is only considered grammatical in more established cases. <ul><li>Examples of the external plural: mämhǝr 'teacher', mämhǝr-an; ṭäbib 'wise person', ṭäbib-an; kahǝn 'priest', kahǝn-at; qal 'word', qal-at.</li> <li>Examples of the internal plural: dǝngǝl 'virgin', dänagǝl; hagär 'land', ahǝgur.</li> <li>Examples of combined systems: nǝgus 'king', nägäs-t; kokäb 'star', käwakǝb-t; mäṣǝhaf 'book', mäṣahǝf-t.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definiteness">Definiteness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Definiteness">edit</a>]</div> If a noun is definite or specified, this is expressed by a suffix, the article, which is -u or -w for masculine singular nouns and -wa, -itwa or -ätwa for feminine singular nouns. For example: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>masculine sg </th> <th>masculine sg definite </th> <th>feminine sg </th> <th>feminine sg definite </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ቤትbet</div>ቤትbethouse<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ቤቱbet-u</div>ቤቱbet-uthe house<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ሠራተኛsärratäñña</div>ሠራተኛsärratäññamaid<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ሠራተኛዋsärratäñña-wa</div>ሠራተኛዋsärratäñña-wathe maid<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> In singular forms, this article distinguishes between the male and female gender; in plural forms this distinction is absent, and all definites are marked with -u, e.g. bet-očč-u 'houses', gäräd-očč-u 'maids'. As in the plural, <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonological</a> alternations occur depending on the final consonant or vowel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accusative">Accusative</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Accusative">edit</a>]</div> Amharic has an accusative marker, -(ə)n. Its use is related to the definiteness of the object, thus Amharic shows <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">differential object marking</a>. In general, if the object is definite, possessed, or a proper noun, the accusative must be used, but if the direct object is not determined, the accusative marker is generally not used. (Leslau 1995: pp. 181–182 ff.). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ልጁlǝǧ-uchild-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ውሻውንwǝšša-w-ǝndog-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">አባረረabbarrär-ä.drove.away-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3MS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr></div>ልጁ ውሻውን አባረረlǝǧ-u wǝšša-w-ǝn abbarrär-ä.child-M.DEF dog-DEF-ACC drove.away-3MS.SUBJ'The boy drove the dog away.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ውሻዋwǝšša-wadog-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">በግbägsheep</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ነከሰችnäkkäs-äčč.bit-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3FS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr></div>ውሻዋ በግ ነከሰችwǝšša-wa bäg näkkäs-äčč.dog-F.DEF sheep bit-3FS.SUBJ'The dog (F) bit a sheep.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The accusative suffix is usually placed after the first word of the noun phrase: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ይህንYǝh-ǝnthis-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ሰዓትsä'atwatch</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">ገዛgäzz-a.bought-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3MS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr></div>ይህን ሰዓት ገዛYǝh-ǝn sä'at gäzz-a.this-ACC watch bought-3MS.SUBJ'He bought this watch.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominalization">Nominalization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nominalization">edit</a>]</div> Amharic has various ways to derive nouns from other words or other nouns. One way of nominalizing consists of a form of vowel agreement (similar vowels on similar places) inside the three-radical structures typical of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>. For example: <ul><li>CəCäC: – ṭǝbäb 'wisdom'; hǝmäm 'sickness'</li> <li>CəCCaC-e: – wǝffar-e 'obesity'; č'ǝkkan-e 'cruelty'</li> <li>CəCC-ät: – rǝṭb-ät 'moistness'; 'ǝwq-ät 'knowledge'; wəfr-ät 'fatness'.</li></ul> There are also several nominalising suffixes. <ul><li>-ǝnna: – 'relation'; krǝst-ənna 'Christianity'; sənf-ənna 'laziness'; qes-ǝnna 'priesthood'.</li> <li>-e, suffixed to place name X, yields 'a person from X': goǧǧam-e 'someone from <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a>'.</li> <li>-äñña and -täñña serve to express profession, or some relationship with the base noun: ǝgr-äñña 'pedestrian' (from ǝgǝr 'foot'); bärr-äñña 'gate-keeper' (from bärr 'gate').</li> <li>-ǝnnät and -nnät – '-ness'; ityop̣p̣yawi-nnät '<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopianness</a>'; qǝrb-ənnät 'nearness' (from qǝrb 'near').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjugation">Conjugation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conjugation">edit</a>]</div> As in other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, Amharic verbs use a combination of prefixes and suffixes to indicate the subject, distinguishing three persons, two numbers, and (in the second and third persons singular) two genders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gerund">Gerund</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gerund">edit</a>]</div> Along with the infinitive and the present participle, the gerund is one of three <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite verb</a> forms. The infinitive is a nominalized verb, the present participle expresses incomplete action, and the gerund expresses completed action, e.g. ali məsa bälto wädä gäbäya hedä 'Ali, having eaten lunch, went to the market'. There are several usages of the gerund depending on its morpho-syntactic features. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Verbal_use">Verbal use</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Verbal use">edit</a>]</div> The gerund functions as the head of a subordinate clause (see the example above). There may be more than one gerund in one sentence. The gerund is used to form the following tense forms: <ul><li>present perfect nägro -all/näbbär 'He has said'.</li> <li>past perfect nägro näbbär 'He had said'.</li> <li>possible perfect nägro yǝhonall 'He (probably) has said'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adverbial_use">Adverbial use</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Adverbial use">edit</a>]</div> The gerund can be used as an adverb: alfo alfo yǝsǝqall 'Sometimes he laughs'. (From ማለፍ 'to pass') <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Adjectives">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> are words or constructions used to qualify nouns. Adjectives in Amharic can be formed in several ways: they can be based on nominal patterns, or derived from nouns, verbs and other parts of speech. Adjectives can be nominalized by way of suffixing the nominal article (see <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language#Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Nouns</a> above). Amharic has few primary adjectives. Some examples are dägg 'kind, generous', dǝda 'mute, dumb, silent', bič̣a 'yellow'. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominal_patterns">Nominal patterns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nominal patterns">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>CäCCaC – käbbad 'heavy'; läggas 'generous'</dd> <dd>CäC(C)iC – räqiq 'fine, subtle'; addis 'new'</dd> <dd>CäC(C)aCa – säbara 'broken'; ṭämama 'bent, wrinkled'</dd> <dd>CəC(C)əC – bǝlǝh 'intelligent, smart'; dǝbbǝq' 'hidden'</dd> <dd>CəC(C)uC – kǝbur 'worthy, dignified'; ṭǝqur 'black'; qəddus 'holy'</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denominalizing_suffixes">Denominalizing suffixes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Denominalizing suffixes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>-äñña – hayl-äñña 'powerful' (from hayl 'power'); ǝwnät-äñña 'true' (from ǝwnät 'truth')</dd> <dd>-täñña – aläm-täñña 'secular' (from aläm 'world')</dd> <dd>-awi – lǝbb-awi 'intelligent' (from lǝbb 'heart'); mǝdr-awi 'earthly' (from mǝdr 'earth'); haymanot-awi 'religious' (from haymanot 'religion')</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefix_yä">Prefix yä</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prefix yä">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>yä-kätäma 'urban' (lit. 'from the city'); yä-krǝstǝnna 'Christian' (lit. 'of Christianity'); yä-wǝšät 'wrong' (lit. 'of falsehood').</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjective_noun_complex">Adjective noun complex</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Adjective noun complex">edit</a>]</div> The adjective and the noun together are called the 'adjective noun complex'. In Amharic, the adjective precedes the noun, with the verb last; e.g. kǝfu geta 'a bad master'; təlləq bet särra (lit. big house he-built) 'he built a big house'. If the adjective noun complex is <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a>, the definite article is suffixed to the adjective and not to the noun, e.g. tǝllǝq-u bet (lit. big-def house) 'the big house'. In a possessive construction, the adjective takes the definite article, and the noun takes the pronominal possessive suffix, e.g. tǝllǝq-u bet-e (lit. big-def house-my) "my big house". When enumerating adjectives using -nna 'and', both adjectives take the definite article: qonǧo-wa-nna astäway-wa lǝǧ mäṭṭačč (lit. pretty-def-and intelligent-def girl came) "the pretty and intelligent girl came". In the case of an indefinite plural adjective noun complex, the noun is plural and the adjective may be used in singular or in plural form. Thus, 'diligent students' can be rendered tǝgu tämariʷočč (lit. diligent student-PLUR) or təguʷočč tämariʷočč (lit. diligent-PLUR student-PLUR). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> Not much has been published about Amharic dialect differences. All dialects are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>, but certain minor variations are noted.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Amharic">Jewish Amharic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Jewish Amharic">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> who today live mostly in Israel speak a dialect of Amharic called Jewish Amharic (Hebrew: אמהרית מעוברת). It replaced many Christian phrases with Jewish ones. One example is the replacing the phrase "It is good that Mary had pardoned you" with "It is good that god has relieved you peacefully", these phrases are used to congratulate a mother on successful childbirth. Another example is calling a type of <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshopper</a> "Moses's horses" instead of "Mary's horses".<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a> This variety also contains influence from <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> due to the large Beta Israel presence in Israel. Currently Jewish Amharic is declining as the Beta Israel gradually abandon Amharic in favor of Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amharas#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharas">Amharas § Culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amharic_writers" title="List of Amharic writers">List of Amharic writers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Baalu_Girma_writing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Baalu_Girma_writing.png/145px-Baalu_Girma_writing.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Baalu_Girma_writing.png/218px-Baalu_Girma_writing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Baalu_Girma_writing.png/290px-Baalu_Girma_writing.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="450" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baalu_Girma" title="Baalu Girma">Baalu Girma</a> (1939–1984), regarded as one of the greatest novelists, journalists and critiques in Ethiopia, with which one of his six works such as <a href="/wiki/Oromay" title="Oromay">The End</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Haddis_Alemayehu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haddis_Alemayehu.png/139px-Haddis_Alemayehu.png" decoding="async" width="139" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haddis_Alemayehu.png/209px-Haddis_Alemayehu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haddis_Alemayehu.png/278px-Haddis_Alemayehu.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu" title="Haddis Alemayehu">Haddis Alemayehu</a> (1910–2003), foreign minister and novelist, author of <a href="/wiki/Love_to_the_Grave" title="Love to the Grave">Love to the Grave</a>, considered the greatest novel in contemporary Ethiopian literature.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu" title="Haddis Alemayehu">Haddis Alemayehu</a> (1910–2003), foreign minister and novelist, including author of <a href="/wiki/Love_to_the_Grave" title="Love to the Grave">Love to the Grave</a>, considered the greatest novel in Ethiopian literature.The oldest surviving examples of written Amharic date back to the reigns of the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a> and his successors, who commissioned a number of poems known as "የወታደሮች መዝሙር" (<a href="/wiki/Soldier_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldier songs">Soldier songs</a>) glorifying them and their troops. There is a growing body of literature in Amharic in many genres. This literature includes government proclamations and records, educational books, religious material, novels, poetry, <a href="/wiki/Paremiography" title="Paremiography">proverb collections</a>, dictionaries (monolingual and bilingual), technical manuals, medical topics, etc. The Bible was first translated into Amharic by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rumi" title="Abu Rumi">Abu Rumi</a> in the early 19th century, but other <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Amharic" title="Bible translations into Amharic">translations of the Bible into Amharic</a> have been done since. The most famous Amharic novel is <a href="/wiki/Love_to_the_Grave_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Love to the Grave (novel)">Fiqir Iske Meqabir</a> (transliterated various ways) by <a href="/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu" title="Haddis Alemayehu">Haddis Alemayehu</a> (1909–2003), translated into English by Sisay Ayenew with the title Love unto Crypt, published in 2005 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4184-9182-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4184-9182-6">978-1-4184-9182-6</a>). Others include <a href="/wiki/Baalu_Girma" title="Baalu Girma">Baalu Girma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin" title="Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin">Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebede_Michael" title="Kebede Michael">Kebede Michael</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rastafari_movement">Rastafari movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rastafari movement">edit</a>]</div> The word <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> comes from Ras Täfäri, the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">pre-regnal</a> title of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, composed of the Amharic words Ras (literally "Head", an Ethiopian title equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>) and Haile Selassie's pre-regnal name, Tafari.<a href="#cite_note-ChangChen1998-55">[55]</a> Many Rastafarians learn Amharic as a second language, as they consider it to be sacred. After Haile Selassie's 1966 visit to Jamaica, study circles in Amharic were organized in Jamaica as part of the ongoing exploration of Pan-African identity and culture.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">reggae</a> artists in the 1970s, including <a href="/wiki/Ras_Michael" title="Ras Michael">Ras Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Thompson" title="Lincoln Thompson">Lincoln Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misty_in_Roots" title="Misty in Roots">Misty in Roots</a>, have sung in Amharic, thus bringing the language to a wider audience. <a href="/wiki/The_Abyssinians" title="The Abyssinians">The Abyssinians</a>, a reggae group, have also used Amharic, most notably in the song "<a href="/wiki/Satta_Massagana" title="Satta Massagana">Satta Massagana</a>". The title was believed to mean "give thanks"; however, this phrase means "he thanked" or "he praised", as säṭṭä means "he gave", and amässägänä "thanks" or "praise". The correct way to say "give thanks" in Amharic is one word, misgana. The word "satta" has become a common expression in the Rastafari dialect of English, <a href="/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a>, meaning "to sit down and partake".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> Amharic is supported on most major <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions, including Fedora and Ubuntu. The Amharic script is included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_(Unicode_block)" title="Ethiopic (Unicode block)">Ethiopic block</a> (U+1200 – U+137F). Nyala font is included on Windows 7 (see <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and Vista (Amharic <a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a>)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> to display and edit using the Amharic Script. In February 2010, Microsoft released its <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> operating system in Amharic, enabling Amharic speakers to use its operating system in their language. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> added Amharic to its <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Language Tools</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> which allows typing Amharic Script online without an Amharic Keyboard. Since 2004 Wikipedia has had an Amharic language Wiki that uses Ethiopic script. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Help:IPA/Amharic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh">Amharic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Mike (9 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1230482">"Complexities of Ethiopian Sign Language Contact Phenomena & Implications for AAU"</a>. 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Africa News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages//">the original</a> on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One+to+five%3A+Ethiopia+gets+four+new+federal+working+languages&rft.aulast=Shaban&rft.aufirst=Abdurahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2020%2F03%2F04%2Fone-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh; Collins English Dictionary (2003), Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Amharic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Amharic">"Amharic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amharic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAmharic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Amharic">"Amharic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Amharic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAmharic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/amharic">"Amharic"</a>. dictionary.com. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Amharic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Famharic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2011" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Ronny (2011). "The Role of Amharic as a National Language and an African lingua franca". In Stefan Weninger (ed.). The Semitic Languages. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1212–1220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Amharic+as+a+National+Language+and+an+African+lingua+franca&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=1212-1220&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebremichael2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Gebremichael, M. (2011). Federalism and conflict management in Ethiopia: case study of Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State (PhD). 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Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Research%3A+Language+Learning+%E2%80%93+Amharic%3A+Home&rft.aulast=Adugna&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.bu.edu%2Famharic%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/amharic.htm">"Amharic alphabet, pronunciation and language"</a>. www.omniglot.com. 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Lissan: Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 20 (1/2): 117–131 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lissan%3A+Journal+of+African+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Amharic+as+lingua+franca+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=117-131&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5514187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeferra2013" class="citation book cs1">Teferra, Anbessa (2013). "Amharic: Political and social effects on English loan words". In Rosenhouse, Judith; Kowner, Rotem (eds.). Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages. 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Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Access+Act+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohr.dc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdc%2Fsites%2Fohr%2Fpublication%2Fattachments%2FLAAFactSheet-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine2728-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine2728_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine2728_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2014" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Donald N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZHeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22967-6"><bdi>978-0-226-22967-6</bdi></a>. <q>The analysis of linguistic distributions suggests that the proto-Ethiopians of the third millennium B.C. spoke languages derived from a single stock, that is known as Hamito-Semitic or Afro-Asiatic. This ancestral language probably originated in the eastern Sahara, before the desiccation of that region... the homeland of Afro-Asiatic may have been in southwest Ethiopia. Wherever the origins of Afro-Asiatic, it seems clear that peoples speaking proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic separated as groups with distinct languages by the fifth or fourth millennium BC and began peopling the Ethiopian plateaus not long after. Proto-Semitic separated at about the same time or somewhat earlier and passed over into Asia Minor... it seems reasonable to follow I. M. Diakonoff in assuming that the Semitic-speakers moved from the Sahara across the Nile Delta over Sinai, so that the presence of Semitic-speaking populations in Ethiopia must be attributed to a return movement of Semitic-speakers into Africa from South Arabia... As a base line for reconstructing the history of Greater Ethiopia, then, we may consider it plausible that by the end of the third millenium B.C. its main inhabitants were dark-skinned Caucasoid or "Afro-Mediterranean" peoples practicing rudimentary forms of agriculture and animal husbandry and speaking three branches of Afro-Asiatic – Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Ethiopia%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Multiethnic+Society&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22967-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Donald+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZHeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eoaamhara-26"><a href="#cite_ref-eoaamhara_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA96">Encyclopedia of Africa</a>. 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Manchester University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719011238" title="Special:BookSources/9780719011238"><bdi>9780719011238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Semitic%3A+Studies+in+Classification&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780719011238&rft.aulast=Hetzron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetzron1972" class="citation book cs1">Hetzron, Robert (1972). Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification. Manchester University Press. pp. 36, 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719011238" title="Special:BookSources/9780719011238"><bdi>9780719011238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Semitic%3A+Studies+in+Classification&rft.pages=36%2C+87-88&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780719011238&rft.aulast=Hetzron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleyard" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Appleyard, David. "Amharic: History and dialectology of Amharic". Encyclopedia Aethopica. 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Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004300156" title="Special:BookSources/9789004300156"><bdi>9789004300156</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083204409">1083204409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+languages+in+contact&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083204409&rft.isbn=9789004300156&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLai8CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Damhara%2Bold%2Bagaw%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amhara">"Amhara | Definition, History, & Culture"</a>. 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Manchester University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719011238" title="Special:BookSources/9780719011238"><bdi>9780719011238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Semitic%3A+Studies+in+Classification&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780719011238&rft.aulast=Hetzron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeke2014" class="citation book cs1">Demeke, Girma (2014). The Origin of Amharic. The Red Sea Press. pp. 45–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2"><bdi>978-1-56902-379-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824502290">824502290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Amharic&rft.pages=45-52&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824502290&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-379-2&rft.aulast=Demeke&rft.aufirst=Girma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunierFicquet2015" class="citation book cs1">Prunier, Gérard; Ficquet, Éloi, eds. (2015). Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia: Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi. London: C. Hurst & Co. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849042611" title="Special:BookSources/9781849042611"><bdi>9781849042611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Contemporary+Ethiopia%3A+Monarchy%2C+Revolution+and+the+Legacy+of+Meles+Zenawi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781849042611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetzron1972" class="citation book cs1">Hetzron, Robert (1972). Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification. Manchester University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719011238" title="Special:BookSources/9780719011238"><bdi>9780719011238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Semitic%3A+Studies+in+Classification&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780719011238&rft.aulast=Hetzron&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeke2014" class="citation book cs1">Demeke, Girma (2014). The Origin of Amharic. The Red Sea Press. pp. 15, 133–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2"><bdi>978-1-56902-379-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824502290">824502290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Amharic&rft.pages=15%2C+133-138&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824502290&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-379-2&rft.aulast=Demeke&rft.aufirst=Girma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2015" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lai8CgAAQBAJ&dq=amhara+old+agaw&pg=PA22">Semitic languages in contact</a>. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004300156" title="Special:BookSources/9789004300156"><bdi>9789004300156</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083204409">1083204409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+languages+in+contact&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083204409&rft.isbn=9789004300156&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLai8CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Damhara%2Bold%2Bagaw%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamrat1972" class="citation book cs1">Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Clarendon Press. pp. 34–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59907-039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59907-039-1"><bdi>978-1-59907-039-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/783536291">783536291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+state+in+Ethiopia%2C+1270-1527&rft.pages=34-38&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F783536291&rft.isbn=978-1-59907-039-1&rft.aulast=Tamrat&rft.aufirst=Taddesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeke2014" class="citation book cs1">Demeke, Girma (2014). 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The Red Sea Press. pp. 33, 131–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2"><bdi>978-1-56902-379-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824502290">824502290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Amharic&rft.pages=33%2C+131-137&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824502290&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-379-2&rft.aulast=Demeke&rft.aufirst=Girma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeke2014" class="citation book cs1">Demeke, Girma (2014). 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The Red Sea Press. pp. 8–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-379-2"><bdi>978-1-56902-379-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/824502290">824502290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Amharic&rft.pages=8-54&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F824502290&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-379-2&rft.aulast=Demeke&rft.aufirst=Girma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetzron1972" class="citation book cs1">Hetzron, Robert (1972). Ethiopian Semitic: Studies in Classification. 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Oxon and New York: Routledge. pp. 594–617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-30152-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-30152-4"><bdi>978-0-203-30152-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amharic&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.place=Oxon+and+New+York&rft.pages=594-617&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-30152-4&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Grover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaile1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Getatchew_Haile" title="Getatchew Haile">Haile, Getatchew</a> (1996). "Ethiopic Writing". 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Oxford University Press, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/573">573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopic+Writing&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Haile&rft.aufirst=Getatchew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195079937%2Fpage%2F573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhabesha2010" class="citation web cs1">habesha (28 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403130954/http://www.bigaddis.com/language/simple-amharic-sentences/">"Simple Amharic Sentences"</a>. Bigaddis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigaddis.com/2010/09/simple-amharic-sentences/">the original</a> on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simple+Amharic+Sentences&rft.pub=Bigaddis&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft.au=habesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigaddis.com%2F2010%2F09%2Fsimple-amharic-sentences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTefera1999" class="citation book cs1">Tefera, Anbessa (1999). "Differences Between the Amharic Dialects of Gondär and Addis Abäba". In Parfitt, T.; Semi, E. Trevisan (eds.). The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel, Studies on the Ethiopian Jews. London: Curzon Press. pp. 257–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1092-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1092-2"><bdi>0-7007-1092-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Differences+Between+the+Amharic+Dialects+of+Gond%C3%A4r+and+Addis+Ab%C3%A4ba&rft.btitle=The+Beta+Israel+in+Ethiopia+and+Israel%2C+Studies+on+the+Ethiopian+Jews&rft.place=London&rft.pages=257-263&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7007-1092-2&rft.aulast=Tefera&rft.aufirst=Anbessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkliluMarcos1973" class="citation journal cs1">Aklilu, Amsalu; Marcos, Habte Mariam (1973). "The dialect of Wällo". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 11 (2): 124–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41988260">41988260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+dialect+of+W%C3%A4llo&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=124-29&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41988260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aklilu&rft.aufirst=Amsalu&rft.au=Marcos%2C+Habte+Mariam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-ethiopian">"Jewish Ethiopian"</a>. Jewish Languages. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Jewish+Ethiopian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlanguages.org%2Fjewish-ethiopian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeweldebirhan2013" class="citation web cs1">Teweldebirhan, Seble (21 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3442/Remembering-Baalu-Girma">"Remembering Baalu Girma"</a>. Ezega. Retrieved 29 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ezega&rft.atitle=Remembering+Baalu+Girma&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.aulast=Teweldebirhan&rft.aufirst=Seble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezega.com%2FNews%2FNewsDetails%2F3442%2FRemembering-Baalu-Girma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyele2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ayele, Tesfaye (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-journal-of-postcolonial-literary-inquiry/article/haddis-alemayehus-vision-of-the-old-world-literary-realism-and-the-tragedy-of-history-in-the-amharic-novel-fikir-iske-mekabir/D753270A912C595DF3CAF2A69DCF76FA">"Haddis Alemayehu's Vision of the Old World: Literary Realism and the Tragedy of History in the Amharic Novel Fikir iske Mekabir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>. 10 (3): 353–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpli.2023.26">10.1017/pli.2023.26</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University&rft.atitle=Haddis+Alemayehu%27s+Vision+of+the+Old+World%3A+Literary+Realism+and+the+Tragedy+of+History+in+the+Amharic+Novel+Fikir+iske+Mekabir&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-376&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fpli.2023.26&rft.aulast=Ayele&rft.aufirst=Tesfaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcambridge-journal-of-postcolonial-literary-inquiry%2Farticle%2Fhaddis-alemayehus-vision-of-the-old-world-literary-realism-and-the-tragedy-of-history-in-the-amharic-novel-fikir-iske-mekabir%2FD753270A912C595DF3CAF2A69DCF76FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChangChen1998-55"><a href="#cite_ref-ChangChen1998_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_O'Brien_ChangWayne_Chen1998" class="citation book cs1">Kevin O'Brien Chang; Wayne Chen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan">Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music</a>. Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reggaeroutesstor00chan/page/n253">242</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-629-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-629-5"><bdi>978-1-56639-629-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reggae+Routes%3A+The+Story+of+Jamaican+Music&rft.pages=242-&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-629-5&rft.au=Kevin+O%27Brien+Chang&rft.au=Wayne+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freggaeroutesstor00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reggae.be/en/magazine/interviews/The_Abyssinians_Bernard_Collins_Abyssinians_music_is_creeping_music_and_we_were_a_creeping_band_">Bernard Collins (The Abyssinians) Interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201121031/http://www.reggae.be/en/magazine/interviews/The_Abyssinians_Bernard_Collins_Abyssinians_music_is_creeping_music_and_we_were_a_creeping_band_">Archived</a> 1 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Published 4 November 2011 by Jah Rebel. Retrieved 4 May 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snwmf.com/abyssinians.html">"SNWMF 2005 – Performers"</a>. Snwmf.com. Retrieved 4 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SNWMF+2005+%E2%80%93+Performers&rft.pub=Snwmf.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snwmf.com%2Fabyssinians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/bBvP_oarrbk">"Amharic Keyboard for Windows Vista"</a>. YouTube. 1 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBvP_oarrbk">the original</a> on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amharic+Keyboard+for+Windows+Vista&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbBvP_oarrbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=0e21eb7b-e01a-4fcc-b7f1-30e419da7f5b&displaylang=am#">"የዳውንሎድ ዝርዝር፡- Windows Vista LIP"</a>. Microsoft.com. 29 January 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%88%8E%E1%8B%B5+%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%A1-+Windows+Vista+LIP&rft.pub=Microsoft.com&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fdownloads%2Fdetails.aspx%3FFamilyID%3D0e21eb7b-e01a-4fcc-b7f1-30e419da7f5b%26displaylang%3Dam%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/webhp?hl=am">"Google"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fwebhp%3Fhl%3Dam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_2">Grammar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiob_Ludolf" title="Hiob Ludolf">Ludolf, Hiob</a> (1698). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8BMAAAAcAAJ">Grammatica Linguæ Amharicæ.</a> Frankfort.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1968" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Roy Clive (1968). The Principles of Amharic. Occasional Publication / Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Amharic&rft.pub=Occasional+Publication+%2F+Institute+of+African+Studies%2C+University+of+Ibadan&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Roy+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"> [rewritten version of 'A modern grammar of spoken Amharic', 1941]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfevork1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Afevork_Ghevre_Jesus" title="Afevork Ghevre Jesus">Afevork, Ghevre Jesus</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNbfAAAAMAAJ">Grammatica della lingua amarica: metodo pratico per l'insegnamento</a>. R. Accademia dei Lincei.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatica+della+lingua+amarica%3A+metodo+pratico+per+l%27insegnamento&rft.pub=R.+Accademia+dei+Lincei&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Afevork&rft.aufirst=Ghevre+Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLNbfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Afevork Ghevre Jesus (1911). Il verbo amarico. Roma.</li> <li>Amsalu Aklilu & Demissie Manahlot (1990). T'iru ye'Amarinnya Dirset 'Indet Yale New! (An Amharic grammar, in Amharic)</li> <li>Anbessa Teferra and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Hudson" title="Grover Hudson">Grover Hudson</a> (2007). Essentials of Amharic. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.</li> <li>Appleyard, David (1994). Colloquial Amharic. Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10003-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10003-8">0-415-10003-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Hubert1908" class="citation book cs1">Carl Hubert, Armbruster (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8h0YAAAAYAAJ">Initia amharica: an Introduction to Spoken Amharic</a>. The University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Initia+amharica%3A+an+Introduction+to+Spoken+Amharic&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Carl+Hubert&rft.aufirst=Armbruster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8h0YAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Baye Yimam (2007). Amharic Grammar. Second Edition. Addis Ababa University. Ethiopia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bender_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Bender (linguist)">Bender, M. Lionel</a>. (1974) "Phoneme frequencies in Amharic". Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12.1:19–24</li> <li>Bender, M. Lionel and Hailu Fulass (1978). Amharic verb morphology. (Committee on Ethiopian Studies, monograph 7.) East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University.</li> <li>Bennet, M. E. (1978). Stratificational Approaches to Amharic Phonology. PhD thesis, Ann Arbor: Michigan State University.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Cohen" title="Marcel Cohen">Cohen, Marcel</a> (1936). Traité de langue amharique. Paris: Institut d'Ethnographie.</li> <li>Cohen, Marcel (1939). Nouvelles études d'éthiopien merdional. Paris: Champion.</li> <li>Dawkins, C. H. (¹1960, ²1969). The Fundamentals of Amharic. Addis Ababa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Kapeliuk" title="Olga Kapeliuk">Kapeliuk, Olga</a> (1988). Nominalization in Amharic. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04512-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-04512-0">3-515-04512-0</a></li> <li>Kapeliuk, Olga (1994). Syntax of the noun in Amharic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03406-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03406-8">3-447-03406-8</a>.</li> <li>Łykowska, Laura (1998). Gramatyka jezyka amharskiego Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-86483-60-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-86483-60-1">83-86483-60-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Leslau" title="Wolf Leslau">Leslau, Wolf</a> (1995). Reference Grammar of Amharic. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03372-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03372-X">3-447-03372-X</a></li> <li>Praetorius, Franz (1879). Die amharische Sprache. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Dictionaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Thomson_d%27Abbadie" title="Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie">Abbadie, Antoine d'</a> (1881). Dictionnaire de la langue amariñña. Actes de la Société philologique, t. 10. Paris.</li> <li>Amsalu Aklilu (1973). English-Amharic dictionary. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-572264-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-572264-7">0-19-572264-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89mile_Baeteman" title="Joseph-Émile Baeteman">Baeteman, J.-É.</a> (1929). Dictionnaire amarigna-français. Diré-Daoua</li> <li>Gankin, É. B. (1969). Amxarsko-russkij slovar'. Pod redaktsiej Kassa Gäbrä Heywät. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo 'Sovetskaja Éntsiklopedija'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Guidi" title="Ignazio Guidi">Guidi, I.</a> (1901). Vocabolario amarico-italiano. Roma.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsenberg1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Isenberg" title="Karl Wilhelm Isenberg">Isenberg, Karl Wilhelm</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryamhari00isen">Dictionary of the Amharic language: Amharic and English: Englisch and Amharic</a>. Church Missionary Society. Retrieved 25 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Amharic+language%3A+Amharic+and+English%3A+Englisch+and+Amharic&rft.pub=Church+Missionary+Society&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Isenberg&rft.aufirst=Karl+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryamhari00isen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmharic" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Guidi, I. (1940). Supplemento al Vocabolario amarico-italiano. (compilato con il concorso di Francesco Gallina ed <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cerulli" title="Enrico Cerulli">Enrico Cerulli</a>) Roma.</li> <li>Kane, Thomas L. (1990). Amharic–English Dictionary. (2 vols.) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02871-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02871-8">3-447-02871-8</a></li> <li>Leslau, Wolf (1976). Concise Amharic Dictionary. (Reissue edition: 1996) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20501-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20501-4">0-520-20501-4</a></li> <li>Täsämma Habtä Mikael Gəṣṣəw (1953 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a>). Käsate Bərhan Täsämma. Yä-Amarəñña mäzgäbä qalat. Addis Ababa: Artistic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amharic&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="am:"> Amharic language edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Amharic_phrasebook#Q28244" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Amharic phrasebook">Amharic</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Amharic, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Amharic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Amharic">Amharic category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amharic_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amharic language">Amharic language</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Amharic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Amharic">Amharic</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Amharic Keyboard online (and offline too): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.branah.com/amharic">type 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/amharic.htm">type 2</a></li> <li>Fonts for Geʽez script: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Ethiopic">Noto Sans Ethiopic</a> (multiple weights and widths)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Serif+Ethiopic?query=MCKL%2F">Noto Serif Ethiopic</a> (multiple weights and widths)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/download/">Abyssinica SIL</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/abyssinica/charset/">Character set support</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060804183542/http://www.msu.edu/~hudson/Amhbiblio.htm">Selected Annotated Bibliography on Amharic</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201605/http://www.msu.edu/%7Ehudson/index.htm">Grover Hudson at the Michigan State University</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414000422/https://fsi-languages.yojik.eu/languages/amharic.html">US State Dept. FSI Amharic course</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet Gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_language" title="Siltʼe language">Siltʼe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaba-K%CA%BCabeena_language" title="Alaba-Kʼabeena language">Alaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale_language" title="Ale language">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_language" title="Arbore language">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiso_language" title="Baiso language">Baiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_language" title="Bussa language">Bussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_language" title="Burji language">Burji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirasha_language" title="Dirasha language">Dirasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_language" title="Gedeo language">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_language" title="Kambaata language">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso_language" title="Konso language">Konso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido_language" title="Libido language">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Qimant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidamo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidamo language">Sidamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_language" title="Tsamai language">Tsamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamtanga_language" title="Xamtanga language">Xamtanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aari_language" title="Aari language">Aari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfillo_language" title="Anfillo language">Anfillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambassi_language" title="Bambassi language">Bambassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketo_language" title="Basketo language">Basketo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_language" title="Bench language">Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinasha_language" title="Shinasha language">Boro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara_language" title="Chara language">Chara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_language" title="Dime language">Dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizin_language" title="Dizin language">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorze_language" title="Dorze language">Dorze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamo-Gofa-Dawro_language" title="Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language">Gamo-Gofa-Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganza_language" title="Ganza language">Ganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayil_language" title="Gayil language">Gayil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamer_language" title="Hamer language">Hamer-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hozo_language" title="Hozo language">Hozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachama-Ganjule_language" title="Kachama-Ganjule language">Kachama-Ganjule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafa_language" title="Kafa language">Kafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_language_(Ethiopia)" title="Karo language (Ethiopia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koore_language" title="Koore language">Koorete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maale_language" title="Maale language">Maale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo_language" title="Melo language">Melo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayi_language" title="Nayi language">Nayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyda_language" title="Oyda language">Oyda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seze_language" title="Seze language">Seze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakacho_language" title="Shakacho language">Shekkacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheko_language" title="Sheko language">Sheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolaitta_language" title="Wolaitta language">Wolaitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem_language" title="Yem language">Yemsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayse-Zergulla_language" title="Zayse-Zergulla language">Zayse-Zergulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_language" title="Berta language">Berta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daats%CA%BCiin_language" title="Daatsʼiin language">Daatsʼiin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baale_language" title="Baale language">Kacipo-Balesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komo_language" title="Komo language">Komo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwama_language" title="Kwama language">Kwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_language" title="Kwegu language">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_language" title="Mursi language">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_language" title="Nyangatom language">Nyangatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opuo_language" title="Opuo language">Opuuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_language" title="Suri language">Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uduk_language" title="Uduk language">Uduk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semitic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semitic_languages" title="Template talk:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaano-Akkadian_language" title="Canaano-Akkadian language">Canaano-Akkadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun#People,_language_and_religion" title="Dilmun">Dilmunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishite language">Kishite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadanitic" title="Dadanitic">Dadanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian#Dumaitic" title="Ancient North Arabian">Dumaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasaitic" title="Hasaitic">Hasaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hismaic" title="Hismaic">Hismaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaitic#Language" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymanitic" title="Taymanitic">Taymanitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Dialect groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic#Middle_Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Middle Aramaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_Aramaic" title="Hatran Aramaic">Ashurian and Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Aramaic" title="Nabataean Aramaic">Nabataean</a></li> <li>Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Aramaic" title="Palmyrene Aramaic">Palmyrene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo- Aramaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Neo-Aramaic" title="Central Neo-Aramaic">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern</a> <ul><li>Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barwar" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar">Barwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hértevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Qaraqosh" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a> <ul><li>Assyrian</li> <li>Chaldean</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Inter-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Koy_Sanjaq" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Koy Sanjaq">Koy Sanjaq Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Sanandaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Trans-Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Urmia Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla_inscription" title="Deir Alla inscription">Deir Alla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyaritic_language" title="Himyaritic language">Himyaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samalian_language" title="Samalian language">Samalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern (<a href="/wiki/Modern_South_Arabian_languages" title="Modern South Arabian languages">Mod- ern Arabian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B8%A5ari_language" title="Baṭḥari language">Baṭḥari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoby%C3%B3t_language" title="Hobyót language">Hobyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehri_language" title="Shehri language">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Semitic_languages" title="Ethio-Semitic languages">Ethio-Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahalik_language" title="Dahalik language">Dahalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans- versal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amharic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Argobba_language" title="Argobba language">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">East Gurage</a> <ul><li>East Gurage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silt%CA%BCe_language" title="Siltʼe language">Siltʼe</a> <ul><li>Inneqor</li> <li>Ulbare</li> <li>Wolane</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gafat_language" title="Gafat language">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tt-group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesmes_language" title="Mesmes language">Mesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">West Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a> <ul><li>Endegen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaha_language" title="Chaha language">Chaha</a></li> <li>Ezha</li> <li>Gumer</li> <li>Gura</li> <li>Gyeto</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old Arabian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadramautic_language" title="Hadramautic language">Hadramautic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaean_language" title="Minaean language">Minaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatabanian_language" title="Qatabanian language">Qatabanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijal_Alma_(speech_variety)" title="Rijal Alma (speech variety)">Rijal Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razihi_language" title="Razihi language">Razihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> or historical languages.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afroasiatic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afroasiatic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Afroasiatic language">Proto-Afroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">Proto-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Berber_languages" title="Eastern Berber languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Berber_languages" title="Northern Berber languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_languages" title="Atlas languages">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenati_languages" title="Zenati languages">Zenati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Zenati_languages" title="East Zenati languages">East Zenati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzab%E2%80%93Wargla_languages" title="Mzab–Wargla languages">Mzab–Wargla</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Berber_languages" title="Western Berber languages">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biu%E2%80%93Mandara_languages" title="Biu–Mandara languages">Biu–Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Chadic_languages" title="East Chadic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chadic_languages" title="West Chadic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angas_languages" title="Angas languages">Angas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bade_languages" title="Bade languages">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole%E2%80%93Tangale_languages" title="Bole–Tangale languages">Bole–Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Gwandara_languages" title="Hausa–Gwandara languages">Hausa–Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bauchi_languages" title="North Bauchi languages">North Bauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_languages" title="Ron languages">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bauchi_languages" title="South Bauchi languages">South Bauchi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masa_languages" title="Masa languages">Masa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marba_language" title="Marba language">Marba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_language" title="Massa language">Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musey_language" title="Musey language">Musey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumaya_language" title="Zumaya language">Zumaya</a> (possibly independent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesme_language" title="Mesme language">Mesme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nget%C3%A9-Herd%C3%A9_language" title="Ngeté-Herdé language">Ngeté-Herdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peve_language" title="Peve language">Peve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullay_languages" title="Dullay languages">Dullay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Highland East Cushitic languages">Highland East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Omo–Tana languages">Omo–Tana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Somali_languages" title="Macro-Somali languages">Macro-Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rendille%E2%80%93Boni_languages" title="Rendille–Boni languages">Rendille–Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromoid_languages" title="Oromoid languages">Oromoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroid_languages" title="Aroid languages">Aroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizoid_languages" title="Dizoid languages">Dizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_languages" title="Mao languages">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Omotic_languages" title="North Omotic languages">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonga_languages" title="Gonga languages">Gonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ometo_languages" title="Ometo languages">Ometo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujargé</a>? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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