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class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wikipedia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wikipedia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nupedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nupedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Nupedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nupedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Launch and growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Milestones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Openness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Openness </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Openness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Openness subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Openness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Review_of_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_of_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Review of changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_of_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vandalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_and_edit_warring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_and_edit_warring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Disputes and edit warring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_and_edit_warring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Policies and content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies_and_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies and content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_policies_and_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_policies_and_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Content policies and guidelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_policies_and_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dispute resolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arbitration_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitration_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitration_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Community </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Community subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Diversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Language editions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_editions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Language editions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Language_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_Wikipedia_editor_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Wikipedia_editor_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Wikipedia_editor_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accuracy_of_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy_of_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Accuracy of content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy_of_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discouragement_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discouragement_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Discouragement in education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discouragement_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Medical information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coverage_of_topics_and_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_of_topics_and_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Coverage of topics and bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage_of_topics_and_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Systemic biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explicit_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explicit_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Explicit content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explicit_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Privacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sexism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikimedia_Foundation_and_affiliate_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikimedia_Foundation_and_affiliate_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikimedia_Foundation_and_affiliate_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_operations_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_operations_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Software operations and support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_operations_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Automated editing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_operations_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_operations_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Hardware operations and support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_operations_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_research_and_operational_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_research_and_operational_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Internal research and operational development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_research_and_operational_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_news_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_news_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Internal news publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_news_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Wikipedia_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Wikipedia_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 The Wikipedia Library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Wikipedia_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Access to content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Access_to_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Access to content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Access_to_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Content licensing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Methods of access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Mobile access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Chinese access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cultural influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trusted_source_to_combat_fake_news" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trusted_source_to_combat_fake_news"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trusted_source_to_combat_fake_news-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Readership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.2 Satire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_projects_–_Wikimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_projects_–_Wikimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Sister projects – Wikimedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_projects_–_Wikimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Research use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Related projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wikipedia-affiliated_and_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia-affiliated_and_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia-affiliated_and_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Academic studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_review–related_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_review–related_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Book review–related articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_review–related_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wikipedia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 312 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-312" aria-hidden="true" > 312 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia" title="Wikipèdia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Wikipèdia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Википедие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Википедие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8D%94%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ውክፔዲያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውክፔዲያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C7%A3dia" title="Wikipǣdia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wikipǣdia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Авикипедиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Авикипедиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويكيبيديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ուիքիփետիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուիքիփետիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouiquip%C3%A8dia" title="Vouiquipèdia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vouiquipèdia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipetcia" title="Wikipetcia – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wikipetcia" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipet%C3%A3" title="Vikipetã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vikipetã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Wikipidiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکی‌پدیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi" title="Wikipedi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Wikipedi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wikipidia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вікіпэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіпэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wikipedya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91" title="ལྦེ་ཁེ་རིག་མཛོད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྦེ་ཁེ་རིག་མཛོད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеэди – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Википеэди" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia" title="Viquipèdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Википеди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wikipedya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidhiya" title="Wikipidhiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Wikipidhiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Wikipediya" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Wikipidia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويكيپيديا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويكيپيديا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A9%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ވީކިޕީޑިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވީކިޕީޑިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wikipedija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="विकिपिडिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia" title="Vikipeedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikipeedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Википедиясь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Википедиясь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio" title="Vikipedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکی‌پدیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy" title="Wikipedy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipeediya" title="Wikipeediya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Wikipeediya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichipedie" title="Vichipedie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vichipedie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Vicip%C3%A9id" title="An Vicipéid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Vicipéid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Vikipediya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uicipeid" title="Uicipeid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uicipeid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Википеди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="維基百科" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويکيپديا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ويکيپديا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="વિકિપીડિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Википеди" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC" title="위키백과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wikipidiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipikia" title="Wikipikia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wikipikia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վիքիպեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wikipedija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedio" title="Wikipedio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wikipedio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Wikipidia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%90%83%E1%91%AD%E1%90%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%90%8A" title="ᐅᐃᑭᐱᑎᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᐃᑭᐱᑎᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiqipitia" title="Uiqipitia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uiqipitia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Википеди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwikipedia" title="Iwikipedia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Iwikipedia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="ויקיפדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wikipediya" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%90%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وِکیٖپیٖڈیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedij%C3%B4" title="Wikipedijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wikipedijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Wikipedya" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wikipedya" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dja" title="Wikipédja – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Wikipédja" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya" title="Wîkîpediya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wîkîpediya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Википеди" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya" title="Vikipedya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Vikipedya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D" title="ວິກິພີເດຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິກິພີເດຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedeja" title="Vikipedeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vikipedeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia" title="Vicipaedia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicipaedia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija" title="Vikipēdija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vikipēdija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija" title="Vikipedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipedia" title="Vicipedia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vicipedia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedii" title="Wikipedii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Wikipedii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.uikipedi%27as." title="la .uikipedi'as. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .uikipedi'as." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8%E1%B8%8Dia" title="Wikipèḍia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Wikipèḍia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विकिपिडिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wikipedija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიკიპედია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويكيبيديا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B3%E1%80%80%E1%80%B3%E1%80%95%E1%80%B3%E1%80%92%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکی‌پدیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯋꯤꯀꯤꯄꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯤꯀꯤꯄꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Википедиесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Википедиесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Википедиа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Википедиа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiquipedia" title="Huiquipedia – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Huiquipedia" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विकिपिडिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विकिपिडिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ウィキペディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィキペディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A5%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%94%DF%8B%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߥߞߌߔߋߘߌߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Википеди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viq%C3%B9ip%C3%A9die" title="Viqùipédie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Viqùipédie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Wikipedie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia" title="Wikipèdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wikipèdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Википедий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Википедий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiikiipiidiyaa" title="Wiikiipiidiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wiikiipiidiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وکیپیڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وکیپیڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီခီပီးဒီးယား – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝီခီပီးဒီးယား" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويکيپېډيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ويکيپېډيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wikipidia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6" title="វិគីភីឌា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិគីភីឌា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vikipediya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitipetia" title="Vitipetia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Vitipetia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipidiya" title="Vikipidiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vikipidiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichipedia" title="Vichipedia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vichipedia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wikipidiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вікіпедія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Бикипиэдьийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бикипиэдьийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_holic_hananay" title="u holic hananay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="u holic hananay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विकिपीडिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AFk%C3%AFp%C3%AAd%C3%AFy%C3%A4a" title="Wïkïpêdïyäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Wïkïpêdïyäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipaedia" title="Wikipaedia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wikipaedia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="විකිපීඩියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="وڪيپيڊيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڪيپيڊيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Википєдїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Википєдїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedyjo" title="Wikipedyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wikipedyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibidhiya" title="Wikibidhiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wikibidhiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپیدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidya" title="Wikipidya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Wikipidya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uicchip%C3%A8die" title="Uicchipèdie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Uicchipèdie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="వికీపీడియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วิกิพีเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ዊኪፐድያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዊኪፐድያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%87%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekepete%27a" title="Vekepete'a – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vekepete'a" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi" title="Vikipedi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi%C3%BDa" title="Wikipediýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wikipediýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wukipedia" title="Wukipedia – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Wukipedia" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Википедия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨓᨗᨀᨗᨄᨙᨉᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨓᨗᨀᨗᨄᨙᨉᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپیڈیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویکیپیڈیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ۋىكىپېدىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىكىپېدىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veizgiek_Bakgoh" title="Veizgiek Bakgoh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Veizgiek Bakgoh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedii" title="Vikipedii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vikipedii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BCkiped" title="Vükiped – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vükiped" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedi%C3%A4" title="Vikipeediä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vikipeediä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiakuaipa" title="Wikiakuaipa – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Wikiakuaipa" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" title="維基大典 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="維基大典" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维基百科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Wikipediya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="וויקיפעדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויקיפעדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維基百科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wikipediya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikiped%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vikipedėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vikipedėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维基百科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ACk%C3%ACpedia" title="Wìkìpedia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Wìkìpedia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9di" title="Wikipédi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wikipédi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Wikipidiya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija" title="Vikipedija – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Vikipedija" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the online encyclopedia. For Wikipedia's home page, see <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a>. For the primary English-language Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia (disambiguation)">Wikipedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Wikipedia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An incomplete sphere made of large, white jigsaw puzzle pieces. Each puzzle piece contains one glyph from a different writing system, with each glyph written in black."><img alt="An incomplete sphere made of large, white jigsaw puzzle pieces. Each puzzle piece contains one glyph from a different writing system, with each glyph written in black." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/150px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/225px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/300px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wikipedia wordmark which displays the name Wikipedia, written in all caps. The W and the A are the same height and both are taller than the other letters which are also all the same height. It also displays Wikipedia's slogan: "The Free Encyclopedia"."><img alt="The Wikipedia wordmark which displays the name Wikipedia, written in all caps. The W and the A are the same height and both are taller than the other letters which are also all the same height. It also displays Wikipedia's slogan: "The Free Encyclopedia"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg/136px-Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg/204px-Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg/272px-Wikipedia-logo-textonly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="40" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">logo of Wikipedia</a>, a globe featuring <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> from various <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:gainsboro;text-align:center">Screenshot</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center"> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_%282022%29.svg/300px-Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_%282022%29.svg/450px-Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_%282022%29.svg/600px-Wikipedia_Portal_Screenshot_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1970" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Wikipedia's desktop homepage</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">Online encyclopedia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">339 languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a class="external text" href="https://wikipedia.org">wikipedia.org</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Optional<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Statistics_totals" title="List of Wikipedias">>292,742</a> active editors<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Statistics_totals" title="List of Wikipedias">>116,587,856</a> registered users</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">January 15, 2001 (23 years ago) (2001-01-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Content license</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC Attribution / Share-Alike</a> 4.0 Most text is also dual-licensed under <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; media licensing varies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> platform<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52075003">52075003 </a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wikipedia<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> written and maintained by a community of <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedians</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">open collaboration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> software <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> in history,<a href="#cite_note-Wiki20-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7">[4]</a> and is consistently ranked among the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites" title="List of most-visited websites">most visited websites</a>; as of August 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was ranked fourth by <a href="/wiki/Semrush" title="Semrush">Semrush</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> and seventh by <a href="/wiki/Similarweb" title="Similarweb">Similarweb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">nonprofit organization</a> funded mainly by donations from readers.<a href="#cite_note-WF10.23.23-10">[7]</a> Initially only available in English, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">editions of Wikipedia</a> in more than 300 other languages have been developed. The <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>, with its over 6.9 million articles, is the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 64 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about 5 edits per second on average) as of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wikimedia_Stats-11">[W 1]</a> As of November 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 25% of Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">traffic</a> was from the United States, followed by Japan at 6.2%, the United Kingdom at 5.6%, Russia at 5.0%, Germany at 4.8%, and the remaining 53.3% split among other countries.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the <a href="/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" title="Democratization of knowledge">democratization of knowledge</a>, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">It has been criticized</a> for <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Systemic_bias_in_coverage" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">exhibiting systemic bias</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias</a> against women and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical bias</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">reliability of Wikipedia</a> was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward<a href="#cite_note-Wiki20-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Econ21-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Last_best-16">[12]</a> while becoming <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">an important fact-checking site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Wikipedia has been censored</a> by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[16]</a> Articles on <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a> are often accessed as sources for frequently updated information about those events.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History of Wikipedia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nupedia">Nupedia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="3578" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Sanger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/116px-L_Sanger.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/174px-L_Sanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/232px-L_Sanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1490" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Wikipedia founders <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.<a href="#cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-24">[20]</a> It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">web portal</a> company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meyers-25">[21]</a> Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Open Content</a> License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stallman1999-26">[W 2]</a> Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanger-28">[W 3]</a> while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> to reach that goal.<a href="#cite_note-WM_foundation_of_WP_1-29">[W 4]</a> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<a href="#cite_note-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1-30">[W 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_growth">Launch and growth</h3></div> Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001<a href="#cite_note-KockJungSyn2016-24">[20]</a> as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<a href="#cite_note-WikipediaHome-31">[W 6]</a> and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-27">[22]</a> The name originated from a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> of the words <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> and encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-MiliardWho-32">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-J_Sidener-33">[24]</a> Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view"<a href="#cite_note-NPOV-34">[W 7]</a> was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia.<a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-27">[22]</a> Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business.<a href="#cite_note-Seth-Finkelstein-35">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png/220px-English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png/330px-English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png/440px-English_Wikipedia_HomePage_2001-12-20.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption>The Wikipedia home page on December 20, 2001<a href="#cite_note-36">[d]</a></figcaption></figure> Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a> postings, and web <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004.<a href="#cite_note-37">[W 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_early_language_stats_1-38">[W 9]</a> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a> made in China during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years.<a href="#cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-39">[26]</a> Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish Wikipedia</a> forked from Wikipedia to create <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Libre">Enciclopedia Libre</a> in February 2002.<a href="#cite_note-EL_fears_and_start_1-40">[W 10]</a> Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org.<a href="#cite_note-Shirky-41">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[W 11]</a> After an early period of exponential growth,<a href="#cite_note-wikisym_slowing_growth_1-43">[28]</a> the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_WP_user_peak_1-44">[29]</a> The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<a href="#cite_note-45">[W 12]</a> A team at the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto Research Center">Palo Alto Research Center</a> attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits".<a href="#cite_note-wikisym_slowing_growth_1-43">[28]</a> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/low-hanging_fruit" class="extiw" title="wikt:low-hanging fruit">low-hanging fruit</a>"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.<a href="#cite_note-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1-46">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1-48">[32]</a> In November 2009, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Rey_Juan_Carlos_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey Juan Carlos University">Rey Juan Carlos University</a> in Madrid, Spain found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_editors_leaving_1-49">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<a href="#cite_note-51">[35]</a> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1-52">[36]</a> Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable".<a href="#cite_note-wiki-women-53">[37]</a> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a> article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae.<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-54">[38]</a> In July 2012, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> reported that the number of administrators was also in decline.<a href="#cite_note-55">[39]</a> In the November 25, 2013, issue of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine, Katherine Ward stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis."<a href="#cite_note-56">[40]</a> The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline.<a href="#cite_note-57">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milestones">Milestones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg/220px-List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg/330px-List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg/440px-List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a> showing number of articles in each language as of March 2024.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> Languages with fewer than 1,000,000 articles are represented by one circle. Languages are grouped by region of continent and each region of continent is presented by a separate color.</figcaption></figure> In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites" title="List of most-visited websites">most popular websites</a> in the United States, according to <a href="/wiki/Comscore" title="Comscore">Comscore</a> Networks.<a href="#cite_note-:4-59">[43]</a> With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked #9, surpassing <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (#10) and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> (#11).<a href="#cite_note-:4-59">[43]</a> This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors.<a href="#cite_note-60">[44]</a> In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month.<a href="#cite_note-61">[W 13]</a> On February 9, 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion <a href="/wiki/Pageview" title="Pageview">page views</a> and nearly 500 million <a href="/wiki/Unique_user#Unique_visitor" title="Unique user">unique visitors</a> a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore".<a href="#cite_note-small_screen-62">[45]</a> As of March 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a>, it ranked 6th in popularity, according to <a href="/wiki/Similarweb" title="Similarweb">Similarweb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[46]</a> Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through "<a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">stigmergic</a> accumulation".<a href="#cite_note-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1-64">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_WP_actually_a_reversion_1-65">[48]</a> On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA) and the <a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act" title="PROTECT IP Act">PROTECT IP Act</a> (PIPA)—by <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_SOPA_and_PIPA" title="Protests against SOPA and PIPA">blacking out its pages for 24 hours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_Jan_19-66">[49]</a> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1-67">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[W 14]</a> In January 2013, <a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>, was named after Wikipedia;<a href="#cite_note-69">[51]</a> in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a>;<a href="#cite_note-70">[52]</a> and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as <a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[53]</a> In April 2019, an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar lander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a>, crash landed on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.<a href="#cite_note-WRD-20190805-72">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20190806-73">[55]</a> In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_genomics" title="Synthetic genomics">synthetic DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNET-20190629-74">[56]</a> On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a> indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent."<a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-75">[57]</a> Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Graph">Knowledge Graphs</a> project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."<a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-75">[57]</a> When contacted on this matter, <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky" title="Clay Shirky">Clay Shirky</a>, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society</a> said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."<a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-75">[57]</a> By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally.<a href="#cite_note-Alexa-76">[58]</a> As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals,<a href="#cite_note-77">[59]</a> from which <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> was the most cited page.<a href="#cite_note-78">[60]</a> On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called "Vector 2022".<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[62]</a> It featured a redesigned <a href="/wiki/Menu_bar" title="Menu bar">menu bar</a>, moving the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">table of contents</a> to the left as a <a href="/wiki/Sidebar_(computing)" title="Sidebar (computing)">sidebar</a>, and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool.<a href="#cite_note-:3-80">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[W 15]</a> The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Wikipedia" title="Swahili Wikipedia">Swahili Wikipedia</a> unanimously voted to revert the changes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Openness">Openness</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png/220px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png/330px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png/440px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Differences between versions of an article are highlighted</figcaption></figure> Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the <a href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">procrastination</a> principle regarding the security of its content, meaning that it waits until a problem arises to fix it.<a href="#cite_note-zittrain-83">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3></div> Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.<a href="#cite_note-84">[W 16]</a> On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia:Protection_policy-85">[W 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[65]</a> A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia:Protection_policy-85">[W 17]</a> A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">administrators</a> can make changes.<a href="#cite_note-87">[W 18]</a> A 2021 article in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a> identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas".<a href="#cite_note-88">[66]</a> In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a> maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews.<a href="#cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-89">[W 19]</a> Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-BInsider_pending_changes_intro_1-90">[67]</a> Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.<a href="#cite_note-91">[68]</a> However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community.<a href="#cite_note-92">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_of_changes">Review of changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png/220px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png/330px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png/440px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia's editing interface</figcaption></figure>Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision.<a href="#cite_note-93">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-94">[70]</a> On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[W 20]</a> "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.<a href="#cite_note-96">[W 21]</a> In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a> of participating in a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<a href="#cite_note-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1-97">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vandalism">Vandalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism on Wikipedia</a></div> Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.<a href="#cite_note-upenn_link_spamming_1-98">[72]</a> Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively.<a href="#cite_note-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1-99">[W 22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/220px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/330px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/440px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a> (1927–2014), subject of the <a href="/wiki/Seigenthaler_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigenthaler incident">Seigenthaler incident</a></figcaption></figure> Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes.<a href="#cite_note-MIT_IBM_study-100">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue-101">[74]</a> However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-102">[75]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Seigenthaler_biography_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a>, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a> in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-102">[75]</a> It remained uncorrected for four months.<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-102">[75]</a> Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> and founder of the Freedom Forum <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<a href="#cite_note-book_The_World_is_Flat_1-103">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[77]</a> After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".<a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-102">[75]</a> The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people.<a href="#cite_note-105">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_and_edit_warring">Disputes and edit warring</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes on Wikipedia</a></div> Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_–_Wikipedia-106">[W 23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_12-107">[79]</a> It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added,<a href="#cite_note-108">[80]</a> and criticized as creating a competitive<a href="#cite_note-109">[81]</a> and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[83]</a> Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes,<a href="#cite_note-112">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[85]</a> the influence of rival editing camps,<a href="#cite_note-114">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[87]</a> the conversational structure,<a href="#cite_note-116">[88]</a> and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources.<a href="#cite_note-117">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taha_Yasseri" title="Taha Yasseri">Taha Yasseri</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study.<a href="#cite_note-119">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-120">[92]</a> Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of <a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">counterproductive work behavior</a> at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-120">[92]</a> By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-120">[92]</a> In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-121">[93]</a> Editors also debate the <a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">deletion of articles on Wikipedia</a>, with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies.<a href="#cite_note-122">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_and_content">Policies and content</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">"Five pillars of Wikipedia" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Wikipedia:Five pillars</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/210px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/315px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/420px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1786" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_the_birth_of_wikipedia?language=en">Jimmy Wales</a>, The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, <a href="/wiki/TED_talks" class="mw-redirect" title="TED talks">TED talks</a>, 20 minutes</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2gsj0EEE3I">Katherine Maher</a>, What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, <a href="/wiki/TED_talks" class="mw-redirect" title="TED talks">TED talks</a>, 15 minutes</td></tr></tbody></table> Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws) of the United States and of the US state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia:Copyrights-123">[W 24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-124">[W 25]</a> By using the site, one agrees to the Wikimedia Foundation <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privacy_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy Policy">Privacy Policy</a>; some of the main rules are that contributors are legally responsible for their edits and contributions, that they should follow the policies that govern each of the independent project editions, and they may not engage in activities, whether legal or illegal, that may be harmful to other users.<a href="#cite_note-125">[W 26]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[W 27]</a> In addition to the terms, the Foundation has developed policies, described as the "official policies of the Wikimedia Foundation".<a href="#cite_note-127">[W 28]</a> The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content.<a href="#cite_note-128">[W 29]</a> The five pillars are: <ul><li>Wikipedia is an encyclopedia</li> <li>Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view</li> <li>Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute</li> <li>Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility</li> <li>Wikipedia has no firm rules</li></ul> The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus.<a href="#cite_note-pcworld_who's_behind_WP-129">[95]</a> Editors can enforce the rules by <a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">deleting</a> or modifying non-compliant material.<a href="#cite_note-130">[W 30]</a> Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-89">[W 19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_policies_and_guidelines">Content policies and guidelines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">"No original research" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">Wikipedia:No original research</a>.</div> According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedic" class="extiw" title="wikt:encyclopedic">encyclopedic</a> and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.<a href="#cite_note-:5-131">[W 31]</a> A topic should also meet <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">Wikipedia's standards of "notability"</a>, which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject.<a href="#cite_note-:9-132">[W 32]</a> Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.<a href="#cite_note-NOR-133">[W 33]</a> It must not present original research.<a href="#cite_note-134">[W 34]</a> A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source, as do all quotations.<a href="#cite_note-:5-131">[W 31]</a> Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-135">[W 35]</a> This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced.<a href="#cite_note-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1-136">[96]</a> Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-137">[W 36]</a> As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Wikipedia:Administration</a></div> Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> elements over time.<a href="#cite_note-139">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[99]</a> An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.<a href="#cite_note-141">[W 37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrators">Administrators</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Wikipedia administrators</a></div> Editors in good standing in the community can request extra <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">user rights</a>, granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. In particular, editors can choose to run for "<a href="/wiki/Administrators_(Wikipedia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrators (Wikipedia)">adminship</a>",<a href="#cite_note-David_Mehegan-142">[100]</a> which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes.<a href="#cite_note-:6-143">[W 38]</a> Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits.<a href="#cite_note-:6-143">[W 38]</a> By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous.<a href="#cite_note-144">[101]</a> In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship.<a href="#cite_note-145">[102]</a> Wikipedia has delegated some administrative functions to <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">bots</a>, such as when granting privileges to human editors. Such <a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">algorithmic governance</a> has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-138">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_resolution">Dispute resolution</h3></div> Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semiformal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment".<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_–_Wikipedia-106">[W 23]</a> Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus building</a> in the field.<a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-146">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Reagle_Jr." title="Joseph M. Reagle Jr.">Joseph Reagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a> argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-146">[103]</a>: 62  A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Facilitator" title="Facilitator">facilitator</a> in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings.<a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-146">[103]</a>: 83  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arbitration_Committee">Arbitration Committee</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)</a></div> The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted.<a href="#cite_note-:7-147">[104]</a> Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,<a href="#cite_note-emory_p_181-148">[105]</a> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate.<a href="#cite_note-:7-147">[104]</a> Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased).<a href="#cite_note-149">[f]</a> Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%).<a href="#cite_note-:7-147">[104]</a> Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of <a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">impersonation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-social behavior">anti-social behavior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[W 39]</a> When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings.<a href="#cite_note-:7-147">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/220px-seek%3D16-Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="168" data-durationhint="490" data-mwtitle="Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="630" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="944" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1416" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1416" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="314" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="472" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:04" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="472" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Video of <a href="/wiki/Wikimania#2005" title="Wikimania">Wikimania 2005</a> – an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, was held in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, Germany, August 4–8.</figcaption></figure> Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.<a href="#cite_note-151">[106]</a> Wikipedia's community has been described as <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cultlike</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[107]</a> although not always with entirely negative connotations.<a href="#cite_note-153">[108]</a> Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of <a href="/wiki/Credential" title="Credential">credentials</a>, has been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-elitism">anti-elitism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-154">[W 40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/220px--Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="148" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="716" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1074" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1610" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1610" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="214" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="358" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="536" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="536" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Wikipedians and <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> curators collaborate on the article <a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a> in June 2010</figcaption></figure> Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.<a href="#cite_note-user_identification-155">[109]</a> As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there.<a href="#cite_note-156">[110]</a> Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".<a href="#cite_note-blodget-157">[111]</a> In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."<a href="#cite_note-158">[112]</a> This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.<a href="#cite_note-159">[113]</a> The English Wikipedia has <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">6,916,446</a> articles, <a href="/wiki/Special:ListUsers" title="Special:ListUsers">48,324,318</a> registered editors, and <a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">121,836</a> active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-160">[W 41]</a> Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".<a href="#cite_note-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-161">[114]</a> Editors who do not log in are in some sense "<a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a>" on Wikipedia,<a href="#cite_note-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-161">[114]</a> as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<a href="#cite_note-legal_edu_and_WP_1-162">[115]</a> but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.<a href="#cite_note-legal_edu_and_WP_1-162">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3></div> A 2007 study by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".<a href="#cite_note-sciam_good_samaritans_1-163">[116]</a> Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<a href="#cite_note-blodget-157">[111]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> editor and journalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blodget" title="Henry Blodget">Henry Blodget</a> showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".<a href="#cite_note-blodget-157">[111]</a> A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,<a href="#cite_note-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1-164">[117]</a> although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.<a href="#cite_note-165">[118]</a> According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content".<a href="#cite_note-newscientist_WP_boom_to_bust_1-166">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3></div> Several studies have shown that most Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female.<a href="#cite_note-167">[120]</a> Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors.<a href="#cite_note-:8-168">[121]</a> Similarly, many of these universities, including <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a>, gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.<a href="#cite_note-:8-168">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a>, a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior".<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2016-169">[122]</a> Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.<a href="#cite_note-memeb-170">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_editions">Language editions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; 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top:0; border-width:0 205.75905061887px 100px 0; border-right-color:#CC79A7"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#CC79A7"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 132.31967989222px 100px 0; border-right-color:#D55E00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#D55E00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 89.284774210373px 100px 0; border-right-color:#0072B2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#0072B2"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 56.623367065203px 100px 0; border-right-color:#F0E442"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#F0E442"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 26.346466774617px 100px 0; border-right-color:#009E73"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#009E73"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 0px 100px 0; border-right-color:#56B4E9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#56B4E9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:4.1478210982624px; border-width:0 0 95.852178901738px 28.501926246998px; border-bottom-color:#E69F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:37.23086387093px; border-width:0 0 62.76913612907px 77.846230156702px; border-bottom-color:#666666"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Distribution of the 64,008,930 articles in different language editions (as of November 26, 2024)<a href="#cite_note-meta.wikimedia-171">[W 42]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a> (10.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> (9.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a> (4.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a> (4.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a> (4.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> (3.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a> (3.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a> (3.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a> (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a> (2.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a> (2.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a> (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a> (2.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a> (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a> (1.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a> (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (31.9%)</div> </div> </div></div> There are currently 339 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions, or simply Wikipedias). As of November 2024, the six largest, in order of article count, are the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> Wikipedias.<a href="#cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1-172">[W 43]</a> The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot <a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a>, which as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> had created about half the articles on the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish Wikipedia</a>, and most of the articles in the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray Wikipedias</a>. The latter are both languages of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a>), seven more have over 500,000 articles (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Wikipedia" title="Indonesian Wikipedia">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Wikipedia" title="Serbian Wikipedia">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wikipedia" title="Korean Wikipedia">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Wikipedia" title="Turkish Wikipedia">Turkish</a>), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-ListOfWikipedias-173">[W 44]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1-172">[W 43]</a> The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 6.9 million articles. As of January 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.<a href="#cite_note-174">[W 45]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 306px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 304px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2020"><img alt="Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png/456px-Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png" decoding="async" width="304" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png/683px-Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png/911px-Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2257" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2020</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 307.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 305.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2020"><img alt="Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png/458px-Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png" decoding="async" width="306" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png/687px-Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png/916px-Wikipedia_editors_by_language_over_time.png 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2243" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2020</div> </li> </ul> <table width="900px"> <caption>Articles in the 20 largest language editions of Wikipedia (as of 26 November 2024)<a href="#cite_note-175">[124]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;border-style:solid; border-color:black; border-width=1px;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">2 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">3 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">4 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">5 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">6 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td> <td width="7.1%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"> <table style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td></tr><tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:889.25734285714px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a> 6,916,446 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:786.45664285714px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> 6,116,885 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:380.9007px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a> 2,962,561 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:340.65912857143px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a> 2,649,571 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:334.03487142857px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a> 2,598,049 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:279.33955714286px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> 2,172,641 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:258.68198571429px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a> 2,011,971 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:256.10245714286px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a> 1,991,908 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:243.3816px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a> 1,892,968 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:210.4083px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a> 1,636,509 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:209.00635714286px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a> 1,625,605 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:186.71721428571px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a> 1,452,245 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:184.92762857143px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a> 1,438,326 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:174.16002857143px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a> 1,354,578 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:166.3893px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a> 1,294,139 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:162.84947142857px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a> 1,266,607 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:160.26042857143px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a> 1,246,470 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:146.40492857143px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a> 1,138,705 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:131.19904285714px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a> 1,020,437 </div> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div style="background-color:rgb(200,200,200); width:98.2116px; padding-left:1em; height:18px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a> 763,868 </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Since Wikipedia is based on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a> (e.g. colour versus color)<a href="#cite_note-WP_spelling_MOS_1-176">[W 46]</a> or points of view.<a href="#cite_note-WP_countering_bias_1-177">[W 47]</a> Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">licensed freely</a> may be used under a claim of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_fair_use_1-178">[W 48]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBM_visual_WP_1-179">[125]</a> Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<a href="#cite_note-180">[W 49]</a> Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others).<a href="#cite_note-WP_metawiki_maintenance_1-181">[W 50]</a> For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,<a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_stats_1-182">[W 51]</a> and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.<a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1-183">[W 52]</a> The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1-183">[W 52]</a> It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.<a href="#cite_note-:9-132">[W 32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:User_-_demography.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/500px-User_-_demography.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/750px-User_-_demography.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/1000px-User_-_demography.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia editions<a href="#cite_note-PLoS_One_2012-184">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.<a href="#cite_note-185">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[W 53]</a> A study published by <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the <a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">Simple English Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PLoS_One_2012-184">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Wikipedia_editor_numbers">English Wikipedia editor numbers</h3></div> On March 1, 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<a href="#cite_note-economist1-187">[128]</a> The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-economist1-187">[128]</a> In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-economist1-187">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">Racial bias on Wikipedia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></div> Various <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedians</a> have <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Excessive_regulation" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation</a>, which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-bureaucracy-188">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jemielniak-146">[103]</a> Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>. In 2010, columnist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".<a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-189">[130]</a> Articles in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Academic_Librarianship" title="The Journal of Academic Librarianship">The Journal of Academic Librarianship</a> have criticized Wikipedia's "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">undue-weight policy</a>", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.<a href="#cite_note-190">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[133]</a> Journalists <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-189">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-okw-193">[134]</a> A 2008 article in <a href="/wiki/Education_Next" class="mw-redirect" title="Education Next">Education Next</a> journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and <a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">spin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petrilli-194">[135]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Omer_Benjakob" title="Wikipedia:Omer Benjakob">Omer Benjakob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stephen_Harrison" title="Wikipedia:Stephen Harrison">Stephen Harrison</a> noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online."<a href="#cite_note-195">[136]</a> Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being <a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological bias">ideologically biased</a>. In February 2021, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> accused Wikipedia of whitewashing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and having too much "<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> bias".<a href="#cite_note-196">[137]</a> Wikipedia co-founder Sanger said that Wikipedia has become a "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted.<a href="#cite_note-197">[138]</a> In 2022, libertarian <a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a> opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics.<a href="#cite_note-198">[139]</a> Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western <a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">cultural bias</a>" (or "pro-western bias")<a href="#cite_note-199">[140]</a> or "Eurocentric bias",<a href="#cite_note-200">[141]</a> reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship <a href="#cite_note-201">[142]</a> and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors.<a href="#cite_note-202">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accuracy_of_content">Accuracy of content</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1-1.2497560">The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1</a>, Ideas with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy_(host)" title="Paul Kennedy (host)">Paul Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, January 15, 2014</td></tr></tbody></table> Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> are written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-203">[144]</a> However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica, about three."<a href="#cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-204">[145]</a> Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."<a href="#cite_note-205">[146]</a> Others raised similar critiques.<a href="#cite_note-Orlowski2005-206">[147]</a> The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica,<a href="#cite_note-corporate.britannica.com-207">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature.com_britannica_response_1-208">[149]</a> and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-209">[150]</a> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small <a href="/wiki/Sample_size_determination" title="Sample size determination">sample size</a>, 42 or 4 × 101 articles compared, vs >105 and >106 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-210">[151]</a> As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<a href="#cite_note-WP_general_disclaimer_1-211">[W 54]</a> Concerns have been raised by <a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a> in 2009 regarding the lack of <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information,<a href="#cite_note-pcworld_WP_blunders_1-212">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">vandalism</a>, and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<a href="#cite_note-Nutshell_in-depth_resources-213">[153]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<a href="#cite_note-tnr_experts_vigilant_in_correcting_WP_1-214">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Bruckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Bruckman">Amy Bruckman</a> has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created".<a href="#cite_note-PC_2021-215">[155]</a> In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a> journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica, summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty."<a href="#cite_note-216">[156]</a> Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-TNY_reliability_issues_1-217">[157]</a> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-AcademiaAndWikipedia-218">[158]</a> Editors of traditional <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a> such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> and status as an encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-McHenry_2004-219">[159]</a> Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.<a href="#cite_note-220">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881">Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, 7:13 mins<a href="#cite_note-dw-221">[161]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Internet trolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spammers</a>, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-94">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-citizendium_WP_trolling_issues_1-222">[W 55]</a> In response to <a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">paid advocacy editing</a> and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-223">[162]</a> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a>, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.'"<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-223">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeathByWikipedia-224">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1-225">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1-226">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seeing_Corporate_Fingerprints-227">[166]</a> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wikiality-228">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discouragement_in_education">Discouragement in education</h3></div> Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic work</a>, preferring <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>;<a href="#cite_note-WideWorldOfWikipedia-229">[168]</a> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<a href="#cite_note-insidehighered_against_WP_1-230">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-insidehighered_wiki_no_cite-231">[170]</a> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<a href="#cite_note-AWorkInProgress-232">[171]</a> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.<a href="#cite_note-233">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[173]</a> In February 2007, an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a> newspaper reported that a few of the professors at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> were including Wikipedia articles in their <a href="/wiki/Syllabus" title="Syllabus">syllabi</a>, although without realizing the articles might change.<a href="#cite_note-thecrimson_wiki_debate-235">[174]</a> In June 2007, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gorman_(librarian)" title="Michael Gorman (librarian)">Michael Gorman</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>, condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".<a href="#cite_note-stothart-236">[175]</a> A 2020 research study published in <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Higher_Education" title="Studies in Higher Education">Studies in Higher Education</a> argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education "<a href="/wiki/Flipped_classroom" title="Flipped classroom">flipped classroom</a>", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education.<a href="#cite_note-237">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_information">Medical information</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information on Wikipedia</a></div> On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<a href="#cite_note-:10-238">[177]</a> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of <a href="/wiki/Amin_Azzam" title="Amin Azzam">Amin Azzam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve <a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Wikipedia articles on health-related issues</a>, as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by <a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a> to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.<a href="#cite_note-:10-238">[177]</a> In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-239">[178]</a> Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-239">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias">Coverage of topics and systemic bias</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">Notability in the English Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Systemic_bias_in_coverage" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia § Systemic bias in coverage</a></div> Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has <a href="/wiki/Byte#Multiple-byte_units" title="Byte">terabytes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Disk_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk space">disk space</a>, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-240">[W 56]</a> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see <a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Economist_disagreements_not_uncommon-241">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_WP_torn_apart_1-242">[180]</a> Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic.<a href="#cite_note-243">[W 57]</a> The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Online_petition_on_Wikipedia_Muhammad_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article">images of Muhammad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English edition</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> article, citing this policy.<a href="#cite_note-244">[181]</a> The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">censorship of Wikipedia</a> by national authorities in China<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-245">[182]</a> and Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-washington_post_state_censorship_1-246">[183]</a> among other countries.<a href="#cite_note-247">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[186]</a> Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a> to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_subjects_and_articles-250">[187]</a> A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".<a href="#cite_note-251">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coverage_of_topics_and_bias">Coverage of topics and bias</h4></div> Research conducted by Mark Graham of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Internet_Institute" title="Oxford Internet Institute">Oxford Internet Institute</a> in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-252">[189]</a> Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.<a href="#cite_note-253">[190]</a> An editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for <a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_performers_by_decade" title="List of pornographic performers by decade">a list of female porn actors</a> than a <a href="/wiki/List_of_women_writers" title="List of women writers">list of women writers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianAugust2014-254">[191]</a> Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> sought to address.<a href="#cite_note-memeb-170">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systemic_biases">Systemic biases</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies of Wikipedia</a> have consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over-represents a point of view (POV) belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English-speaking white male, aged 15–49, from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-Livingstone2010-255">[192]</a> This POV is over-represented in relation to all existing POVs.<a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-256">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-:132-257">[194]</a> This systemic bias in editor demographic results in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">cultural bias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical bias on Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-258">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[196]</a> There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references).<a href="#cite_note-Hube2017-256">[193]</a> Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.<a href="#cite_note-:32-258">[195]</a> In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare".<a href="#cite_note-wiki-women-53">[37]</a> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Excessive_regulation" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">policy creep</a> on the <a href="#English_Wikipedia_editor_numbers">downward trend in the number of editors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-54">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explicit_content">Explicit content</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reporting_of_child_pornography_images_on_Wikimedia_Commons" title="Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons">Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the government censorship of Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship of Wikipedia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For Wikipedia's policy concerning censorship, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_censored" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored">Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored</a></div> Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content.<a href="#cite_note-260">[197]</a> Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">human penis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.<a href="#cite_note-261">[W 58]</a> The site also includes <a href="/wiki/Sexual_content" title="Sexual content">sexual content</a> such as images and videos of <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">zoophilia</a>, and photos from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornographic</a> films in its articles. It also has non-sexual <a href="/wiki/Child_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Child nudity">photographs of nude children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[W 59]</a> The Wikipedia article about <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Killer" title="Virgin Killer">Virgin Killer</a>—a 1976 album from the German rock band <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence#Prepubescence,_puberty,_and_age_range" title="Preadolescence">prepubescent</a> girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> in the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet Watch Foundation</a> (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.<a href="#cite_note-Register_ISP_censorship-263">[198]</a> In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> contained child pornography, and were in violation of <a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">US federal obscenity law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations-265">[200]</a> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> and one about <a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a>, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States#1466A_–_Obscene_visual_representations_of_the_sexual_abuse_of_children" title="Child pornography laws in the United States">PROTECT Act of 2003</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Register-April-266">[201]</a> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are <a href="/wiki/Obscenity#United_States_obscenity_law" title="Obscenity">obscene under American law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Register-April-266">[201]</a> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.<a href="#cite_note-TET_child_porn_accusations-267">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<a href="#cite_note-AFP-268">[203]</a> saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<a href="#cite_note-AFP-268">[203]</a> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_Wales_cedes_rights-269">[204]</a> Critics, including <a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a>, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.<a href="#cite_note-XBIZ-270">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3></div> One <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.<a href="#cite_note-271">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[g]</a> It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a> and the right to be anonymous in <a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">real life</a>. The Wikimedia Foundation's <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">privacy policy</a> states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment".<a href="#cite_note-273">[W 60]</a> In January 2006, a German court ordered the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a> shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of <a href="/wiki/Tron_(hacker)" title="Tron (hacker)">Boris Floricic</a>, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> or that of his parents was being violated.<a href="#cite_note-heise_Tron_public_issue_1-274">[207]</a> Wikipedia has a "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Volunteer Response Team" that uses Znuny, a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> fork of <a href="/wiki/OTRS" title="OTRS">OTRS</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[W 61]</a> to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<a href="#cite_note-276">[W 62]</a> In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's <a href="/wiki/Online_Safety_Act_2023" title="Online Safety Act 2023">Online Safety Bill</a> legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.<a href="#cite_note-277">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexism">Sexism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias on Wikipedia</a></div> Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paling-278">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[210]</a> The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship.<a href="#cite_note-280">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thons</a> have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics.<a href="#cite_note-281">[212]</a> In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> due to lack of coverage in the media.<a href="#cite_note-282">[W 63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-283">[213]</a> Five months later, Strickland won a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award.<a href="#cite_note-:11-283">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[214]</a> Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-283">[213]</a> Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a> argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation."<a href="#cite_note-:12-285">[215]</a> Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage.<a href="#cite_note-:12-285">[215]</a> A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a>'s College of Business and Benjamin Collier of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men."<a href="#cite_note-286">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikimedia_Foundation_and_affiliate_movements">Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katherine_Maher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/220px-Katherine_Maher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/330px-Katherine_Maher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Katherine_Maher.jpg/440px-Katherine_Maher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a>, the third executive director of Wikimedia, served from 2016 to 2021.</figcaption></figure> Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[W 64]</a> The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<a href="#cite_note-288">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-financialstatements-289">[W 65]</a> The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service <a href="/wiki/Form_990" title="Form 990">Form 990</a> shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million.<a href="#cite_note-290">[W 66]</a> In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named <a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a> as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<a href="#cite_note-291">[W 67]</a> The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Elder_2014-292">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-293">[219]</a> The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue (<a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">paid advocacy</a>) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said.<a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Elder_2014-292">[218]</a> Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted,<a href="#cite_note-294">[W 68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a> became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-295">[W 69]</a> Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a> regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2016-169">[122]</a> Maher served as executive director until April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-axios-296">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a> was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.<a href="#cite_note-297">[221]</a> Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement_affiliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia movement affiliates">Wikimedia movement affiliates</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters" title="List of Wikimedia chapters">Wikimedia chapters</a> (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-298">[W 70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_operations_and_support">Software operations and support</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></div> The operation of Wikipedia depends on <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>, a custom-made, <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and open source <a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">wiki software</a> platform written in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> and built upon the <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> database system.<a href="#cite_note-nedworks_database_system-299">[W 71]</a> The software incorporates programming features such as a <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variables</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transclusion" title="Transclusion">transclusion</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Web_template_system" title="Web template system">templates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[W 72]</a> MediaWiki is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects.<a href="#cite_note-nedworks_database_system-299">[W 71]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[W 73]</a> Originally, Wikipedia ran on <a href="/wiki/UseModWiki" title="UseModWiki">UseModWiki</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required <a href="/wiki/CamelCase" class="mw-redirect" title="CamelCase">CamelCase</a> for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later.<a href="#cite_note-302">[W 74]</a> Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a <a href="/wiki/PhpWiki" title="PhpWiki">PHP wiki</a> engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a>. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponentially increasing</a> demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker" title="Lee Daniel Crocker">Lee Daniel Crocker</a>. Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.<a href="#cite_note-WP_extensions_installed-303">[W 75]</a> In April 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Lucene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucene">Lucene</a> extension<a href="#cite_note-304">[W 76]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[W 77]</a> was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on <a href="/wiki/Elasticsearch" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[W 78]</a> In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> (What You See Is What You Get) extension, <a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a>, was opened to public use.<a href="#cite_note-thenextwebve-307">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheEconomistVE-309">[224]</a> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<a href="#cite_note-Orlowski,_Andrew-310">[225]</a> The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.<a href="#cite_note-311">[W 79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_editing">Automated editing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Wikipedia bots</a></div> Computer programs called <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<a href="#cite_note-312">[W 80]</a><a href="#cite_note-meetbots-313">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[227]</a> One controversial contributor, <a href="/wiki/Sverker_Johansson" title="Sverker Johansson">Sverker Johansson</a>, created articles with his bot <a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a>, which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.<a href="#cite_note-315">[228]</a> Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).<a href="#cite_note-316">[W 81]</a> Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.<a href="#cite_note-meetbots-313">[226]</a> Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 jet</a> in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-317">[229]</a> Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation.<a href="#cite_note-318">[W 82]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a>, the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<a href="#cite_note-319">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_operations_and_support">Hardware operations and support</h3></div> As of 2021,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of <a href="/wiki/Varnish_(software)" title="Varnish (software)">Varnish</a> caching servers and back-end layer <a href="/wiki/Caching" class="mw-redirect" title="Caching">caching</a> is done by <a href="/wiki/Apache_Traffic_Server" title="Apache Traffic Server">Apache Traffic Server</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-320">[W 83]</a> Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Virtual_Server" title="Linux Virtual Server">Linux Virtual Server</a> software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database.<a href="#cite_note-:14-320">[W 83]</a> The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.<a href="#cite_note-321">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png/220px-Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png/330px-Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png/440px-Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="2762" /></a><figcaption>Overview of system architecture as of August 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></figcaption></figure> Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> servers running the <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> operating system.<a href="#cite_note-322">[W 84]</a> By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an <a href="/wiki/Equinix" title="Equinix">Equinix</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Ashburn,_Virginia" title="Ashburn, Virginia">Ashburn, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[W 85]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[232]</a> In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore, the first of its kind in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-325">[W 86]</a> In 2022, a caching data center was opened in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-326">[W 87]</a> As of February 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> caching clusters are located in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, San Francisco, Singapore, and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-124">[W 25]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[W 88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_research_and_operational_development">Internal research and operational development</h3></div> Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits,<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-54">[38]</a> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">industrial organization</a> economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-328">[233]</a> Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition.<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-54">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski,_Andrew-310">[225]</a> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by <a href="/wiki/Adam_B._Jaffe" title="Adam B. Jaffe">Adam Jaffe</a>, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<a href="#cite_note-:15-329">[234]</a> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars,<a href="#cite_note-330">[W 89]</a> the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.<a href="#cite_note-:15-329">[234]</a> In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually,<a href="#cite_note-331">[W 90]</a> updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually.<a href="#cite_note-:15-329">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_news_publications">Internal news publications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></div> Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia</a>'s online newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a> was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-332">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[236]</a> The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation#Projects_and_initiatives" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikipedia's sister projects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[W 91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Wikipedia_Library">The Wikipedia Library</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For information for Wikipedia editors, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg/170px-Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg/255px-Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg/340px-Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="110" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia Library</figcaption></figure>The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">digital publications</a>, so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-orlowitz-335">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-bna-336">[238]</a> Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when <a href="/wiki/ICE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE Publishing">ICE Publishing</a> joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers."<a href="#cite_note-hall-337">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access_to_content">Access to content</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Accessing Wikipedia" redirects here. For our accessibility guidelines, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_licensing">Content licensing</h3></div> When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL), a <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia:Copyrights-123">[W 24]</a> The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> programs licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.<a href="#cite_note-338">[240]</a> In December 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a> was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<a href="#cite_note-WPF_switch_to_CC-339">[W 92]</a> Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-340">[W 93]</a> In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.<a href="#cite_note-voteresult-341">[W 94]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW_licensing_QA-342">[W 95]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW_licensing_timeline_1-343">[W 96]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_blog_license_migration-344">[W 97]</a> The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> doctrine,<a href="#cite_note-345">[W 98]</a> while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japanese copyright law</a>). Media files covered by <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> licenses (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>' <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA</a>) are shared across language editions via <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-346">[W 99]</a> Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_photos_on_WP-347">[241]</a> The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_French_defamation_case-348">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars_tech_WP_dumb_suing_case-349">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_of_access">Methods of access</h3></div> Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge.<a href="#cite_note-350">[W 100]</a> The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of "<a href="/wiki/Mirror_site" title="Mirror site">mirror sites</a>" exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are <a href="/wiki/Reference.com" title="Reference.com">Reference.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[245]</a> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a>, which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.<a href="#cite_note-:16-353">[W 101]</a> Some web <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a> (via technology gained from <a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a>)<a href="#cite_note-bing_WP_research_and_referencing-354">[246]</a> and <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>. Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a>. An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-355">[W 102]</a> The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles,<a href="#cite_note-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd-356">[W 103]</a> the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles,<a href="#cite_note-357">[W 104]</a> and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-358">[W 105]</a> Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages_UK" title="SOS Children's Villages UK">SOS Children</a>, is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen.<a href="#cite_note-359">[W 106]</a> There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.<a href="#cite_note-WP_into_books_1-360">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_schools_selection_1-361">[W 107]</a> Since 2009, tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">print-on-demand</a> books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company <a href="/wiki/Books_LLC" title="Books LLC">Books LLC</a> and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher <a href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Publishing">VDM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAZ-362">[248]</a> The website <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-363">[249]</a> Wikimedia has created the <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">semantic</a> format, <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[W 108]</a> As of February 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> it has over 101 million items.<a href="#cite_note-365">[W 109]</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a> is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by <a href="/wiki/Openmoko" title="Openmoko">OpenMoko</a> and first released in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-366">[W 110]</a> Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> is discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-WP_DB_usage_policy_1-367">[W 111]</a> Wikipedia publishes "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download" title="Wikipedia:Database download">dumps</a>" of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images.<a href="#cite_note-WP_image_data_dumps_1-368">[W 112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia Enterprise">Wikimedia Enterprise</a> is a for-profit solution to this.<a href="#cite_note-369">[250]</a> Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Documentation" title="Journal of Documentation">Journal of Documentation</a>, the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library <a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">reference desk</a>, with an accuracy of 55 percent.<a href="#cite_note-370">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_access">Mobile access</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">List of Wikipedia mobile applications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Help:Mobile access</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_%282024%29.png/220px-Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_%282024%29.png/330px-Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_%282024%29.png/440px-Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>A mobile version showing the English Wikipedia's Main Page on October 2, 2024</figcaption></figure> Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> through a fixed <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet connection</a>. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">mobile web</a> since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted <a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a>, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<a href="#cite_note-small_screen-62">[45]</a> By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees.<a href="#cite_note-WF10.23.23-10">[7]</a> Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">Wireless Application Protocol</a> (WAP), via the <a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-:16-353">[W 101]</a> In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>-based devices, or <a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>-based devices.<a href="#cite_note-WM_mobile_added_1-371">[W 113]</a> Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> like <a href="/wiki/Geographic_data_and_information" title="Geographic data and information">geoinformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1-372">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP-373">[253]</a> The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<a href="#cite_note-374">[W 114]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[W 115]</a> The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.<a href="#cite_note-376">[W 116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a> was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access.<a href="#cite_note-:17-377">[W 117]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[254]</a> It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators.<a href="#cite_note-:17-377">[W 117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Andrew Brown</a> both maintain editing Wikipedia with <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors.<a href="#cite_note-:18-379">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-380">[256]</a> Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years,<a href="#cite_note-:18-379">[255]</a> and Tom Simonite of <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a> claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedian">Wikipedians</a> use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-54">[38]</a> Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.<a href="#cite_note-:18-379">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-380">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_access">Chinese access</h3></div> Access to Wikipedia has been <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">blocked</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> since May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[258]</a> This was done after Wikipedia started to use <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-383">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trusted_source_to_combat_fake_news">Trusted source to combat fake news</h3></div> In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Cohen" title="Noam Cohen">Noam Cohen</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out '<a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Readership">Readership</h3></div> In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."<a href="#cite_note-small_screen-62">[45]</a> However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping.<a href="#cite_note-385">[261]</a> The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-386">[262]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">logistic growth</a> in the number of its articles,<a href="#cite_note-modelling-387">[W 118]</a> Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-comscore-388">[263]</a> The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-365M-389">[W 119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_users-390">[264]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-391">[265]</a> According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.<a href="#cite_note-392">[W 120]</a> As of February 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a> Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pageview_statistics" title="Wikipedia:Pageview statistics">pageviews</a> each month.<a href="#cite_note-Wikimedia_Stats-11">[W 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.<a href="#cite_note-393">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-394">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[269]</a> Noam Cohen wrote in <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> that Wikipedia's effort to combat <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">misinformation related to the pandemic</a> was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">the others</a> can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet."<a href="#cite_note-:21-394">[267]</a> In October 2020, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> announced they were freely licensing its <a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">infographics</a> and other materials on Wikimedia projects.<a href="#cite_note-397">[270]</a> There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Wikipedia in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG/220px-Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG/330px-Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG/440px-Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="3834" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82ubice" title="Słubice">Słubice</a>, Poland, by <a href="/wiki/Mihran_Hakobyan" title="Mihran Hakobyan">Mihran Hakobyan</a> (2014)</figcaption></figure> Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.<a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_in_media-400">[W 121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bourgeois-401">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1-402">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>'s website refers to Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act" title="Civil Marriage Act">Civil Marriage Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage-403">[275]</a> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-WP_court_source-404">[276]</a>—though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case.<a href="#cite_note-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia-405">[277]</a> Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">US intelligence agency</a> reports.<a href="#cite_note-US_Intelligence-406">[278]</a> In December 2008, the scientific journal <a href="/wiki/RNA_Biology" title="RNA Biology">RNA Biology</a> launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the <a href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">RNA family</a> for publication in Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Declan-407">[279]</a> Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,<a href="#cite_note-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom-408">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-twsY23-409">[281]</a> often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">plagiarizing from Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1-410">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal-412">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[285]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect" title="MySpace">MySpace</a>, and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Time2006-414">[286]</a> On September 16, 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 US election campaign</a>, saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."<a href="#cite_note-WP.com_WP_election_usage-415">[287]</a> An October 2007 <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.<a href="#cite_note-416">[288]</a> One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italian politician</a> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Grillini" title="Franco Grillini">Franco Grillini</a> raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a>. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.<a href="#cite_note-417">[289]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/220px-seek%3D36-Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="548" data-mwtitle="Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Wikipedia, an introduction – <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a> 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg/220px-Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg/330px-Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg/440px-Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> accepts the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)" title="Quadriga (award)">Quadriga</a> A Mission of Enlightenment award on behalf of Wikipedia.</figcaption></figure> A working group led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stone_(professor)" title="Peter Stone (professor)">Peter Stone</a> (formed as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>-based project <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Year_Study_on_Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence">One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence</a>) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth".<a href="#cite_note-418">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230718-419">[291]</a> In a 2017 opinion piece for <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Derakhshan" title="Hossein Derakhshan">Hossein Derakhshan</a> describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the <a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">open</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralization#Centralization_and_redecentralization_of_the_Internet" title="Decentralization">decentralized web</a>" and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a>, the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographic</a> culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than "<a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">sapere aude</a>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'dare to know'), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know."<a href="#cite_note-420">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awards">Awards</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/220px-Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/330px-Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/440px-Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia team visiting the Parliament of Asturias</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg/220px-Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg/330px-Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg/440px-Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedians meeting after the 2015 Asturias awards ceremony</figcaption></figure> Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004.<a href="#cite_note-421">[W 122]</a> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual <a href="/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix Ars Electronica</a> contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' <a href="/wiki/Webby_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a> for the "community" category.<a href="#cite_note-webbyawards_WP_awards_1-422">[293]</a> In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"<a href="#cite_note-brandchannel.com_awards_1-423">[294]</a> In September 2008, Wikipedia received <a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)" title="Quadriga (award)">Quadriga</a> A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris Tadić">Boris Tadić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eckart_H%C3%B6fling" title="Eckart Höfling">Eckart Höfling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>. The award was presented to Wales by <a href="/wiki/David_Weinberger" title="David Weinberger">David Weinberger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loomarea.com_WP_award_1-424">[295]</a> In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a>, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,<a href="#cite_note-EP2015-425">[296]</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of Asturias Award">Princess of Asturias Award</a> on International Cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-426">[297]</a> Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> praised the work of the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_Wikipedia" title="Asturian Wikipedia">Asturian Wikipedia</a> users.<a href="#cite_note-427">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satire">Satire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Parodies_of_Wikipedia" title="Category:Parodies of Wikipedia">Category:Parodies of Wikipedia</a></div> Comedian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> and coined the related term <a href="/wiki/Wikiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiality">wikiality</a>, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<a href="#cite_note-wikiality-228">[167]</a> Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-onion_WP_750_years_1-428">[299]</a> as well as the 2010 The Onion article "'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today".<a href="#cite_note-429">[300]</a> In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a>, office manager (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)" title="Michael Scott (The Office)">Michael Scott</a>) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.<a href="#cite_note-430">[301]</a> Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.<a href="#cite_note-431">[302]</a> "<a href="/wiki/My_Number_One_Doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="My Number One Doctor">My Number One Doctor</a>", a 2007 episode of the television show <a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a>, played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which <a href="/wiki/Perry_Cox" title="Perry Cox">Perry Cox</a> reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Raw_food_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food diet">raw food diet</a> reverses the effects of <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a> by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)_episodes" title="List of Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) episodes">Battlestar Galactica episode guide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bakken_one_doctor_1-432">[303]</a> In 2008, the comedy website <a href="/wiki/CollegeHumor" title="CollegeHumor">CollegeHumor</a> produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<a href="#cite_note-433">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a> comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."<a href="#cite_note-434">[305]</a> In July 2009, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> broadcast a comedy series called <a href="/wiki/Bigipedia" title="Bigipedia">Bigipedia</a>, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-435">[306]</a> Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.<a href="#cite_note-436">[307]</a> On August 23, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a> website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"<a href="#cite_note-437">[308]</a> The cartoon referred to <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Elizabeth Manning</a> (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">come out</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans woman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[309]</a> In June 2024, <a href="/wiki/Nature.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature.com">nature.com</a> published a fictional Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk</a> page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Release_Version_Criteria#Priority_of_topic" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Release Version Criteria">priority</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-439">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_projects_–_Wikimedia">Sister projects – Wikimedia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia project">Wikimedia project</a></div> Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. These other <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia projects">Wikimedia projects</a> include <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, a dictionary project launched in December 2002,<a href="#cite_note-440">[W 123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a>, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched,<a href="#cite_note-441">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts,<a href="#cite_note-442">[W 124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia,<a href="#cite_note-443">[W 125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a>, for collaborative journalism,<a href="#cite_note-444">[W 126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.<a href="#cite_note-445">[W 127]</a> Another sister project of Wikipedia, <a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>, is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing.<a href="#cite_note-446">[312]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a>, an editable travel guide,<a href="#cite_note-447">[313]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>, an editable knowledge base, launched.<a href="#cite_note-448">[W 128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG/220px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG/330px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG/440px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>A group of Wikimedians of the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia DC">Wikimedia DC</a> chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the US National Archives</figcaption></figure> The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.<a href="#cite_note-449">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT_effect_on_traditional_media-451">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a>'s 2005 essay "The amorality of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>" criticizes websites with <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a> (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."<a href="#cite_note-RType_WP_traditional_media_effect_1-452">[317]</a> Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. <a href="/wiki/Chris_Anderson_(writer)" title="Chris Anderson (writer)">Chris Anderson</a>, the former editor-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> that the "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">wisdom of crowds</a>" approach of Wikipedia will not displace top <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a> with rigorous <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> processes.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com_crowds_wisdom-453">[318]</a> Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen <a href="/wiki/BookScan" title="BookScan">BookScan</a> stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply".<a href="#cite_note-:22-454">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes" title="Kathryn Hughes">Kathryn Hughes</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">life writing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?"<a href="#cite_note-:22-454">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_use">Research use</h3></div> Wikipedia has been widely used as a <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> for linguistic research in <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[321]</a> In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the <a href="/wiki/Entity_linking" title="Entity linking">entity linking</a> problem, which is then called "wikification",<a href="#cite_note-wikify-457">[322]</a> and to the related problem of <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense disambiguation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-milne_witten_WP_usage_1-458">[323]</a> Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-discovering_missing_WP_links_1-459">[324]</a> In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="University of Franche-Comté">University of Franche-Comté</a> in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a> and Dima Shepelyansky of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Sabatier University">Paul Sabatier University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.<a href="#cite_note-mitmining-460">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-harvardisonlymarmow-461">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche-462">[327]</a> They used <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>, <a href="/wiki/CheiRank" title="CheiRank">CheiRank</a> and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)".<a href="#cite_note-wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche-462">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[328]</a> The study was updated in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-464">[329]</a> In December 2015, <a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">John Julius Norwich</a> stated, in a letter published in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had never yet caught it out. He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.<a href="#cite_note-465">[330]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.<a href="#cite_note-466">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[332]</a> Studies related to Wikipedia have been using <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230718-419">[291]</a> to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism<a href="#cite_note-468">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[334]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_quality" title="Data quality">data quality</a> assessment in Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-470">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[336]</a> In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil servants</a> from the UK's <a href="/wiki/Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government_Committee" title="Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee">Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee</a> were found to have used Wikipedia for research after journalists at <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> noted that parts of the <a href="/wiki/White_paper#In_government" title="White paper">document</a> had been lifted directly from Wikipedia articles on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">list of largest cities throughout history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_projects">Related projects</h2></div> Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project" title="BBC Domesday Project">BBC Domesday Project</a>, which included text (entered on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Domesday_Project-473">[338]</a> Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Everything2" title="Everything2">Everything2</a>),<a href="#cite_note-474">[339]</a> with many later being merged into the project (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GNE_(encyclopedia)" title="GNE (encyclopedia)">GNE</a>).<a href="#cite_note-475">[W 129]</a> One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was <a href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a>, which was created by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.<a href="#cite_note-476">[340]</a> Subsequent collaborative <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge</a> websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> and the online wiki encyclopedias <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-477">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[342]</a> The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-Orlowski18-479">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-JayLyman-480">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" title="Category:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/31px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/46px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/61px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Wikipedia">Wikipedia portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" title="Democratization of knowledge">Democratization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a> – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">List of films about Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">List of Wikipedia controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Outline of Wikipedia</a> – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structured</a> list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Contents/Outlines">Portal:Contents/Outlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a> – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Review" title="Wikipedia Review">Wikipedia Review</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> To be considered <a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">active</a>, a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c5\/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg\/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">WIK-ih-PEE-dee-ə</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌwɪki-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg\/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Wikipedia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">WIK-ee-PEE-dee-ə</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Now available as an archive at the <a href="https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nost:">Nostalgia Wikipedia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases">"Libel"</a> by David McHam for the legal distinction. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link 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Retrieved May 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+co-founder+says+site+is+now+%27propaganda%27+for+left-leaning+%27establishment%27&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2021%2F07%2F16%2Fwikipedia-co-founder-says-site-is-now-propaganda-for-left-leaning-establishment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/">"Wikipedia Bias"</a>. StosselTV. April 27, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StosselTV&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Bias&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstossel.com%2Fwikipedia-bias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHube2017" class="citation conference cs1">Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion. New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3041021.3053375">10.1145/3041021.3053375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4914-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4914-7"><bdi>978-1-4503-4914-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Bias+in+Wikipedia&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+26th+International+Conference+on+World+Wide+Web+Companion+%E2%80%93+WWW+%2717+Companion&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=717-721&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3041021.3053375&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7&rft.aulast=Hube&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf">Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114114652/https://kola.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2206/file/dissertation%20Anna%20Samoilenko.pdf">Archived</a> November 14, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjork-James2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bjork-James, Carwil (2021). "New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia. 27 (3): 207–228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NRvHM..27..207B">2021NRvHM..27..207B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13614568.2020.1865463">10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234286415">234286415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Review+of+Hypermedia+and+Multimedia&rft.atitle=New+maps+for+an+inclusive+Wikipedia%3A+decolonial+scholarship+and+strategies+to+counter+systemic+bias&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-228&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234286415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13614568.2020.1865463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NRvHM..27..207B&rft.aulast=Bjork-James&rft.aufirst=Carwil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784-810. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214155447/https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844">"Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up"</a>. Wired. Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844">the original</a> on December 14, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%2C+Britannica%3A+A+Toss-Up&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fnews%2F2005%2F12%2F69844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-204"><a href="#cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Giles_(reporter)" title="Jim Giles (reporter)">Giles, Jim</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438900a">"Internet encyclopedias go head to head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 438 (7070): 900–901. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..900G">2005Natur.438..900G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438900a">10.1038/438900a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16355180">16355180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Internet+encyclopedias+go+head+to+head&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7070&rft.pages=900-901&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16355180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F438900a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438..900G&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F438900a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm">"Wikipedia survives research test"</a>. BBC News. December 15, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+survives+research+test&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F4530930.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagle2007" class="citation conference cs1">Reagle, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf">Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia</a> (PDF). WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal: ACM. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2047%2Fd20002876">2047/d20002876</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=WikiSym+%2707%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2007+International+Symposium+on+Wikis&rft.atitle=Do+as+I+Do%3A+Authorial+Leadership+in+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2047%2Fd20002876&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2007%2F10%2FWikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlowski2005-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski2005_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski2005" class="citation news cs1">Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/">"Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813024106/https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+science+31%25+more+cronky+than+Britannica%27s+Excellent+for+Klingon+science%2C+though&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2005%2F12%2F16%2Fwikipedia_britannica_science_comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corporate.britannica.com-207"><a href="#cite_ref-corporate.britannica.com_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2006" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature</a> (PDF) (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/https://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fatally+Flawed%3A+Refuting+the+recent+study+on+encyclopedic+accuracy+by+the+journal+Nature&rft.date=2006-03&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.britannica.com%2Fbritannica_nature_response.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com_britannica_response_1-208"><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_britannica_response_1_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060325124447/https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf">"Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response"</a> (PDF). March 23, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 25, 2006. Retrieved July 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+and+Nature%3A+a+response&rft.date=2006-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fpress_releases%2FBritannica_response.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-209"><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html">"Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica"</a>. Nature. March 30, 2006. 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Retrieved February 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TNW&rft.atitle=Wikimedia+rolls+out+WYSIWYG+visual+editor+for+logged-in+users+accessing+Wikipedia+articles+in+English&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft.aulast=Protalinski&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Finsider%2F2013%2F07%2F02%2Fwikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis,_Sophie2013" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html">"Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors"</a>. 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The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Wikipedians+say+no+to+Jimmy%27s+%27buggy%27+WYSIWYG+editor&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft.au=Orlowski%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F08%2F01%2Fwikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meetbots-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meetbots_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meetbots_313-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasaw2012" class="citation news cs1">Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510">"Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728024625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Meet+the+%27bots%27+that+edit+Wikipedia&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18892510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallidayArthur,_Charles2012" class="citation news cs1">Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple">"Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220203949/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2022. 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Retrieved December 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&rft.atitle=Terms+of+Use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundation.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTerms_of_Use%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">"Privacy policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> Governance Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222031159/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&rft.atitle=Privacy+policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundation.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrivacy_policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies">"Policies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> Governance Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040015/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2022. 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"All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias." </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Wikipedia:Ownership of content</a>: "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)." </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_143-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Wikipedia:Administrators</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Wikipedia:Banning policy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Sanger, Larry</a> (December 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25">"Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuro5hin" title="Kuro5hin">Kuro5hin</a>, Op–Ed. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25">the original</a> on November 1, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021. <q>There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuro5hin%2C+Op%E2%80%93Ed&rft.atitle=Why+Wikipedia+Must+Jettison+Its+Anti-Elitism&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuro5hin.org%2Fstory%2F2004%2F12%2F30%2F142458%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedians">Wikipedia:Wikipedians</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-meta.wikimedia-171"><a href="#cite_ref-meta.wikimedia_171-0">^</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#1+_articles" class="extiw" title="m:List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias – Meta</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles">"Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias"</a>. 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Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Meta-Wiki&rft.atitle=Talk%3AScience+Hypertextbook+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Foldid%3D153077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoeller2004" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2004-March/014885.html">"Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org"</a>. Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal%3A+commons.wikimedia.org&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft.aulast=Moeller&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2004-March%2F014885.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEloquence" class="citation news cs1">Eloquence. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/User:Eloquence/History">"User:Eloquence/History"</a>. Wikinews. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikinews&rft.atitle=User%3AEloquence%2FHistory&rft.au=Eloquence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikinews.org%2Fwiki%2FUser%3AEloquence%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity">"Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity"</a>. Wikiversity. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikiversity&rft.atitle=Wikiversity%3AHistory+of+Wikiversity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiversity.org%2Fwiki%2FWikiversity%3AHistory_of_Wikiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2012" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/">"The Wikipedia data revolution"</a>. Diff. <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diff&rft.atitle=The+Wikipedia+data+revolution&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiff.wikimedia.org%2F2012%2F03%2F30%2Fthe-wikipedia-data-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html">"The Free Encyclopedia Project"</a>. GNU Operating System. Retrieved February 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU+Operating+System&rft.atitle=The+Free+Encyclopedia+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalke2008" class="citation news cs1">Balke, Jeff (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164945/http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html">"For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. Broken Record (blog). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html">the original</a> on December 29, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=For+Music+Fans%3A+Wikipedia%3B+MySpace&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Balke&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chron.com%2Fbrokenrecord%2F2008%2F03%2Ffor_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorland2007" class="citation news cs1">Borland, John (August 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/">"See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=See+Who%27s+Editing+Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+Diebold%2C+the+CIA%2C+a+Campaign&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.aulast=Borland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2007%2F08%2Fwiki-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDee2007" class="citation news cs1">Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html">"All the News That's Fit to Print Out"</a>. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=All+the+News+That%27s+Fit+to+Print+Out&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft.aulast=Dee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F01%2Fmagazine%2F01WIKIPEDIA-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2007" class="citation news cs1">Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200">"Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Retrieved January 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+2.0+%E2%80%93+Now+with+Added+Trust&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19526226.200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiliard2007" class="citation news cs1">Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Wikipedia-rules">"Wikipedia Rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)" title="The Phoenix (newspaper)">The Phoenix</a>. Retrieved February 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Rules&rft.date=2007-12-02&rft.aulast=Miliard&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthephoenix.com%2FBoston%2FLife%2F52864-Wikipedia-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoe2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Poe" title="Marshall Poe">Poe, Marshall</a> (September 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia">"The Hive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> Monthly. Retrieved March 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Hive&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200609%2Fwikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenwald2009" class="citation news cs1">Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews">"Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gatekeeper+of+D.C.%27s+entry%3A+Road+to+city%27s+Wikipedia+page+goes+through+a+DuPont+Circle+bedroom&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.aulast=Rosenwald&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F10%2F22%2FAR2009102204715.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2009" class="citation news cs1">Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527013530/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html">"Like Boiling a Frog"</a>. London Review of Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html">the original</a> on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Like+Boiling+a+Frog&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv31%2Fn10%2Frunc01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050602012551/https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html">"It's a Wiki, Wiki World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2005. Retrieved February 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+Wiki%2C+Wiki+World&rft.date=2005-05-29&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1066904-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062">"Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008. <q>Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Technological+Quarterly%3A+Brain+Scan%3A+The+Free-knowledge+Fundamentalist&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fscience%2Ftq%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11484062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24613608">"Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries"</a>, BBC News, October 21, 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131023135648/https://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the%2Ddecline%2Dof%2Dwikipedia/">Archived</a> October 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives, MIT Technology Review, October 22, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza">"Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/https://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza">Archived</a> March 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (March 2015), <a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York%27s_Capital_District" title="Media in New York's Capital District">Capital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motherboard.vice.com/read/wikipedia-zero-facebook-free-basics-angola-pirates-zero-rating">Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems</a> (March 2016), <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Motherboard</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia">"Dark Side of Wikipedia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia">the original</a> on August 4, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+Side+of+Wikipedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffullmeasure.news%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdark-side-of-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Full_Measure_with_Sharyl_Attkisson" title="Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson">Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson</a>, April 17, 2016. (Includes video.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales2016" class="citation web cs1">Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works">"How Wikipedia Works"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <q>Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Wikipedia+Works&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fcato-daily-podcast%2Fhow-wikipedia-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/">The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">Ideas, with Paul Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a>, originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709">found here</a>). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including <a href="/wiki/Kat_Walsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kat Walsh">Kat Walsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a> (audio, 53:58, Flash required).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/is-wikipedia-cracking-up-1543527.html">"So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?"</a> The Independent, February 3, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/wikipedias-yearend-list-shows-what-the-internet-needed-1840690794">Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019</a>. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_studies">Academic studies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch2014" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1535-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-1535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+U%3A+Knowledge%2C+authority%2C+and+a+liberal+education+in+the+digital+age&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1535-2&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Richard (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021042738/https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF">"Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 76 (4): 523–556. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on October 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Military+History+on+the+Electronic+Frontier%3A+Wikipedia+Fights+the+War+of+1812&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523-556&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhistoryprojects.com%2Fdownloads%2FJMH1812.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasseriSumiKertész2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">"Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30091. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.1746">1109.1746</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...730091Y">2012PLoSO...730091Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091">10.1371/journal.pone.0030091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">3260192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22272279">22272279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Circadian+Patterns+of+Wikipedia+Editorial+Activity%3A+A+Demographic+Analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e30091&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3260192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...730091Y&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1109.1746&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22272279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091&rft.aulast=Yasseri&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft.au=Sumi%2C+Robert&rft.au=Kert%C3%A9sz%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3260192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law. 8. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1458162">1458162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Telecommunications+and+High+Technology+Law&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Labor+Squeeze+and+its+Consequences&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1458162%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm">A blog post by the author.</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997">"Scientific Citations in Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First Monday</a>. 12 (8). <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0805.1154">0805.1154</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.246.4536">10.1.1.246.4536</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997">10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58893">58893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Scientific+Citations+in+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0805.1154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.246.4536%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v12i8.1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeilZaphirisChee_Siang_Ang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html">"Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia"</a>. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 12 (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2006.00316.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x</a>. Retrieved December 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=Cultural+Differences+in+Collaborative+Authoring+of+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2006.00316.x&rft.aulast=Pfeil&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Zaphiris%2C+Panayiotis&rft.au=Chee+Siang+Ang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcmc.indiana.edu.%2Fvol12%2Fissue1%2Fpfeil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriedhorskyReidChenShyong_(Tony)_K._Lam2007" class="citation book cs1">Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; <a href="/wiki/Loren_Terveen" title="Loren Terveen">Terveen, Loren</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Riedl" class="mw-redirect" title="John Riedl">Riedl, John</a> (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07. pp. 259–268. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.123.7456">10.1.1.123.7456</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1316624.1316663">10.1145/1316624.1316663</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-845-9"><bdi>978-1-59593-845-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15350808">15350808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating%2C+destroying%2C+and+restoring+value+in+Wikipedia&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2007+international+ACM+conference+on+Conference+on+supporting+group+work+%E2%80%93+Group+%2707&rft.pages=259-268&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.123.7456%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15350808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1316624.1316663&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-845-9&rft.au=Priedhorsky&rft.au=Reid&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jilin&rft.au=Shyong+%28Tony%29+K.+Lam&rft.au=Panciera%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Terveen%2C+Loren&rft.au=Riedl%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagle2007" class="citation conference cs1">Reagle, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf">Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia</a> (PDF). WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis. Montreal: ACM. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2047%2Fd20002876">2047/d20002876</a>. Retrieved December 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=WikiSym+%2707%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2007+International+Symposium+on+Wikis&rft.atitle=Do+as+I+Do%3A+Authorial+Leadership+in+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2047%2Fd20002876&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2007%2F10%2FWikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijshouwer2019" class="citation book cs1">Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam). Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1765%2F113937">1765/113937</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-028-1371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-028-1371-5"><bdi>978-94-028-1371-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081174169">1081174169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizing+Democracy.+Power+concentration+and+self-organization+in+the+evolution+of+Wikipedia+%28PhD%2C+Erasmus+University+Rotterdam%29&rft.pub=Rijksuniversiteit+Groningen&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1765%2F113937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081174169&rft.isbn=978-94-028-1371-5&rft.aulast=Rijshouwer&rft.aufirst=Emiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (Open access)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig, Roy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430201444/https://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42">Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past</a>. (Originally published in <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a> 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonHuberman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763">"Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia"</a>. First Monday. 12 (4). <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0702140">cs/0702140</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007cs........2140W">2007cs........2140W</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.342.6933">10.1.1.342.6933</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763">10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F136037">2027.42/136037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10484077">10484077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Value+of+Cooperation+in+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F136037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10484077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007cs........2140W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F0702140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.342.6933%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft.au=Huberman%2C+Bernardo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v12i4.1763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalfakerR._Stuart_GeigerMorganRiedl2012" class="citation journal cs1">Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (5): 664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764212469365">10.1177/0002764212469365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144208941">144208941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+an+Open+Collaboration+Community&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=664&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764212469365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144208941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Halfaker&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=R.+Stuart+Geiger&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Jonathan+T.&rft.au=Riedl%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggioWillinskySteinbergMietchen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Maggio, Lauren A.; <a href="/wiki/John_Willinsky" title="John Willinsky">Willinsky, John M.</a>; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5739466">"Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 12 (12). <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a>: e0190046. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1290046M">2017PLoSO..1290046M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0190046">10.1371/journal.pone.0190046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5739466">5739466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29267345">29267345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+as+a+gateway+to+biomedical+research%3A+The+relative+distribution+and+use+of+citations+in+the+English+Wikipedia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e0190046&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5739466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29267345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0190046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1290046M&rft.aulast=Maggio&rft.aufirst=Lauren+A.&rft.au=Willinsky%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Ryan+M.&rft.au=Mietchen%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Wass%2C+Joseph+L.&rft.au=Dong%2C+Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5739466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Wikipedia">List of books about Wikipedia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Keen, Andrew</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Amateur" title="The Cult of the Amateur">The Cult of the Amateur</a>. Doubleday/Currency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52080-5"><bdi>978-0-385-52080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+the+Amateur&rft.pub=Doubleday%2FCurrency&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52080-5&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) <ul><li>Listen to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2007" class="citation news cs1">Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872">"Does the Internet Undermine Culture?"</a>. National Public Radio, US.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio%2C+US&rft.atitle=Does+the+Internet+Undermine+Culture%3F&rft.date=2007-06-16&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D11131872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyersMatthewsYates2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0">How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It</a>. San Francisco: No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-176-3"><bdi>978-1-59327-176-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Wikipedia+Works%3A+And+How+You+Can+Be+a+Part+of+It&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-176-3&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Charles&rft.au=Yates%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwikipediawork00ayer_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2008" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, John (2008). <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_%E2%80%93_The_Missing_Manual" title="Wikipedia – The Missing Manual">Wikipedia – The Missing Manual</a>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51516-4"><bdi>978-0-596-51516-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+The+Missing+Manual&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-596-51516-4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"> (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2008" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745">Wikipedia Reader's Guide</a>. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52174-5"><bdi>978-0-596-52174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.place=Sebastopol&rft.pub=Pogue+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52174-5&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780596521745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafaeliAriel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheizaf_Rafaeli" title="Sheizaf Rafaeli">Rafaeli, Sheizaf</a>; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara">Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara/page/n261">243</a>–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69464-3"><bdi>978-0-521-69464-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Online+motivational+factors%3A+Incentives+for+participation+and+contribution+in+Wikipedia&rft.btitle=Psychological+aspects+of+cyberspace%3A+Theory%2C+research%2C+applications&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=243-267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69464-3&rft.aulast=Rafaeli&rft.aufirst=Sheizaf&rft.au=Ariel%2C+Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychologicalasp00bara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb">The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality</a>. Siduri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9562052-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9562052-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9562052-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Wikipedia%3A+How+We+are+Editing+Reality&rft.pub=Siduri&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwikipediaho0000dalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLih2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Lih, Andrew</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Revolution:_How_a_Bunch_of_Nobodies_Created_the_World%27s_Greatest_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia">The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0371-6"><bdi>978-1-4013-0371-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Revolution%3A+How+a+Bunch+of+Nobodies+Created+the+World%27s+Greatest+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC">Wikipedia: a new community of practice?</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7433-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-7433-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3A+a+new+community+of+practice%3F&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhtu8A-m_Y4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmstorf2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-5862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8394-5862-4"><bdi>978-3-8394-5862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+die+rationale+Seite+der+Digitalisierung%3F&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-8394-5862-4&rft.aulast=Rahmstorf&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagle2010" class="citation book cs1">Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc">Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia</a>. Cambridge, MA: the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01447-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01447-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Faith+Collaboration%3A+The+Culture+of+Wikipedia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=the+MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01447-2&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Michael+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2010%2Fgfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJemielniak2014" class="citation book cs1">Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). <a href="/wiki/Common_Knowledge%3F_An_Ethnography_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia">Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia</a>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8944-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8944-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-8944-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Knowledge%3F+An+Ethnography+of+Wikipedia&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8&rft.aulast=Jemielniak&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagleKoerner2020" class="citation book cs1">Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20">Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53817-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53817-6"><bdi>978-0-262-53817-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+%40+20%3A+Stories+of+an+Incomplete+Revolution&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53817-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Fwikipedia-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruckman2022" class="citation book cs1">Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108780704">10.1017/9781108780704</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78070-4"><bdi>978-1-108-78070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Should+You+Believe+Wikipedia%3F%3A+Online+Communities+and+the+Construction+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108780704&rft.isbn=978-1-108-78070-4&rft.aulast=Bruckman&rft.aufirst=Amy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_review–related_articles">Book review–related articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Baker" title="Nicholson Baker">Baker, Nicholson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303001807/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/21131">"The Charms of Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual, by John Broughton, as listed previously.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Crovitz" title="L. Gordon Crovitz">Crovitz, L. Gordon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897399273491031">"Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best."</a> (Originally published in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> online – April 6, 2009.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel, Virginia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777">"Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a>, November/December 2014 issue.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikipedia.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview (outline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Biases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Geographical bias on Wikipedia">geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_editing_incidents_on_Wikipedia" title="List of political editing incidents on Wikipedia">political editing incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deletion_of_articles_on_Wikipedia" title="Deletion of articles on Wikipedia">Deletion of articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">notability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputes_on_Wikipedia" title="Disputes on Wikipedia">Disputes</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ignore_all_rules" title="Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia" title="Plagiarism from Wikipedia">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia" title="Predictions of the end of Wikipedia">Predictions of the project's end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_fact-checking" title="Wikipedia and fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_needed" title="Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community (Wikipedians)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_administrators" title="Wikipedia administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfroCrowd" title="AfroCrowd">AfroCrowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee_(Wikipedia)" title="Arbitration Committee (Wikipedia)">Arbitration Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art%2BFeminism" title="Art+Feminism">Art+Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bots" title="Wikipedia bots">Bots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edit_count" title="Edit count">Edit count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Red" title="Women in Red">Women in Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wiki Loves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Earth" title="Wiki Loves Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore" title="Wiki Loves Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Monuments" title="Wiki Loves Monuments">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Pride" title="Wiki Loves Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Science_Competition" title="Wiki Science Competition">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people" title="List of Wikipedia people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gerard_(author)" title="David Gerard (author)">David Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Brad_Matetsky" title="Ira Brad Matetsky">Ira Brad Matetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Moore_(Wikipedia_editor)" title="Jason Moore (Wikipedia editor)">Jason Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pruitt" title="Steven Pruitt">Steven Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Rauwerda" title="Annie Rauwerda">Annie Rauwerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_White_(writer)" title="Molly White (writer)">Molly White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Wikipedia_edit" title="First Wikipedia edit">First edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Lib1Ref" title="1Lib1Ref">#1Lib1Ref</a></li> <li>Wikimedia Foundation actions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Chinese_Wikipedia" title="2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia">on the Chinese Wikipedia</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wikimedia_Foundation_actions_on_the_Arabic_and_Persian_Wikipedias" title="2022 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias">on the Arabic and Persian Wikipedias</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacMasters_hoax" title="Alan MacMasters hoax">Alan MacMasters hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Bandeirense_Mirand%C3%B3polis_hoax" title="Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax">Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_edit_wars_on_Wikipedia" title="List of edit wars on Wikipedia">Edit wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar%27Edo_Wens_hoax" title="Jar'Edo Wens hoax">Jar'Edo Wens hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Star_Trek_Into_Darkness_debate" title="Wikipedia Star Trek Into Darkness debate">Star Trek Into Darkness debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="United States congressional staff edits to Wikipedia">United States congressional staff edits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhemao_hoaxes" title="Zhemao hoaxes">Zhemao hoaxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_American_politics" title="Wikipedia coverage of American politics">American politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_death" title="Wikipedia coverage of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Wikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/274301_Wikipedia" title="274301 Wikipedia">274301 Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_angustifolia" title="Viola angustifolia">Viola angustifolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">References and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listen_to_Wikipedia" title="Listen to Wikipedia">Listen to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depths_of_Wikipedia" title="Depths of Wikipedia">Depths of Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">Science information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia-based_education" title="Wikipedia-based education">Wikipedia-based education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_and_Wikipedia" title="LGBTQ and Wikipedia">LGBTQ and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta_(An_Embroidery)" title="Magna Carta (An Embroidery)">Magna Carta (An Embroidery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_imprisoned_for_editing_Wikipedia" title="List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia">People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_rabbit_hole" title="Wiki rabbit hole">Wiki rabbit hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_India" title="Wikipedia in India">Wikipedia in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiracing" title="Wikiracing">Wikiracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" title="Category:Wikipedia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_language_editions_by_article_count" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedias" title="Template:Wikipedias"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedias" title="Template talk:Wikipedias"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedias" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedias"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_language_editions_by_article_count" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">Wikipedia language editions</a> by article count</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 –999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Wikipedia" title="Afrikaans Wikipedia">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Wikipedia" title="Albanian Wikipedia">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Wikipedia" title="Armenian Wikipedia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Wikipedia" title="Asturian Wikipedia">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Wikipedia" title="Azerbaijani Wikipedia">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Wikipedia" title="Basque Wikipedia">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Wikipedia" title="Belarusian Wikipedia">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Wikipedia" title="Bengali Wikipedia">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Wikipedia" title="Bulgarian Wikipedia">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Wikipedia" title="Burmese Wikipedia">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Wikipedia" title="Cantonese Wikipedia">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Croatian Wikipedia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Wikipedia" title="Czech Wikipedia">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Wikipedia" title="Danish Wikipedia">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipedia" title="Esperanto Wikipedia">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Wikipedia" title="Estonian Wikipedia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Wikipedia" title="Finnish Wikipedia">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Wikipedia" title="Galician Wikipedia">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Wikipedia" title="Greek Wikipedia">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Wikipedia" title="Hebrew Wikipedia">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Wikipedia" title="Hindi Wikipedia">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Wikipedia" title="Hungarian Wikipedia">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Wikipedia" title="Indonesian Wikipedia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Wikipedia" title="Kazakh Wikipedia">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wikipedia" title="Korean Wikipedia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_Wikipedia" title="Ladin Wikipedia">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Wikipedia" title="Latin Wikipedia">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Wikipedia" title="Latvian Wikipedia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wikipedia" title="Macedonian Wikipedia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian (Nynorsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Wikipedia" title="Romanian Wikipedia">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Wikipedia" title="Serbian Wikipedia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">Simple English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Wikipedia" title="Slovak Wikipedia">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Wikipedia" title="Slovene Wikipedia">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min_Wikipedia" title="Southern Min Wikipedia">Southern Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Wikipedia" title="Tamil Wikipedia">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Wikipedia" title="Tatar Wikipedia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Wikipedia" title="Telugu Wikipedia">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Wikipedia" title="Thai Wikipedia">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Wikipedia" title="Turkish Wikipedia">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Wikipedia" title="Urdu Wikipedia">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Wikipedia" title="Uzbek Wikipedia">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wikipedia" title="Welsh Wikipedia">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000 –99,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_Wikipedia" title="Alemannic Wikipedia">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Wikipedia" title="Aragonese Wikipedia">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Wikipedia" title="Assamese Wikipedia">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Wikipedia" title="Balinese Wikipedia">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Wikipedia" title="Belarusian Wikipedia">Belarusian (Taraškievica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Wikipedia" title="Bosnian Wikipedia">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Wikipedia" title="Breton Wikipedia">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Wikipedia" title="Chuvash Wikipedia">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_Wikipedia" title="Crimean Tatar Wikipedia">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wikipedia" title="Irish Wikipedia">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Wikipedia" title="Javanese Wikipedia">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Wikipedia" title="Kannada Wikipedia">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Wikipedia" title="Kurdish Wikipedia">Kurdish (Kurmanji)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Wikipedia" title="Kurdish Wikipedia">Kurdish (Sorani)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_Wikipedia" title="Maithili Wikipedia">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Wikipedia" title="Malayalam Wikipedia">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Wikipedia" title="Marathi Wikipedia">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Wikipedia" title="Nepali Wikipedia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_Wikipedia" title="Occitan Wikipedia">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Wikipedia" title="Odia Wikipedia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Wikipedia" title="Ossetian Wikipedia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Wikipedia" title="Punjabi Wikipedia">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_Wikipedia" title="Samogitian Wikipedia">Samogitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Wikipedia" title="Sanskrit Wikipedia">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_Wikipedia" title="Santali Wikipedia">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Wikipedia" title="Scots Wikipedia">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_Wikipedia" title="Scottish Gaelic Wikipedia">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wikipedia" title="Silesian Wikipedia">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Wikipedia" title="Swahili Wikipedia">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Wikipedia" title="Tagalog Wikipedia">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk_Wikipedia" title="Volapük Wikipedia">Volapük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Wikipedia" title="Punjabi Wikipedia">Western Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Wikipedia" title="Yiddish Wikipedia">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Wikipedia" title="Zulu Wikipedia">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><10,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_Wikipedia" title="Bambara Wikipedia">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_Wikipedia" title="Bhojpuri Wikipedia">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Low Saxon Wikipedia">Dutch Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_Wikipedia" title="Extremaduran Wikipedia">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Wikipedia" title="Konkani Wikipedia">Goan Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Wikipedia" title="Guarani Wikipedia">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Wikipedia" title="Kashmiri Wikipedia">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_Wikipedia" title="Northern Sami Wikipedia">Northern Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Wikipedia" title="Ripuarian Wikipedia">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Wikipedia" title="Tulu Wikipedia">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayuu_Wikipedia" title="Wayuu Wikipedia">Wayuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_Wikipedia" title="Wolof Wikipedia">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Aramaic Wikipedia">Neo-Aramaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">List of Wikimedia wikis</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikimedia_Foundation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Template:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Template talk:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikimedia_Foundation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community (Wikipedians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Iskander" title="Maryana Iskander">Maryana Iskander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell" title="Lisa Seitz-Gruwell">Lisa Seitz-Gruwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_MacKinnon" title="Rebecca MacKinnon">Rebecca MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raju_Narisetti" title="Raju Narisetti">Raju Narisetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Stephenson-Goodknight" title="Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight">Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esra%27a_Al_Shafei" title="Esra'a Al Shafei">Esra'a Al Shafei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Lintorn-Catlin" title="Hampton Lintorn-Catlin">Hampton Lintorn-Catlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danese_Cooper" title="Danese Cooper">Danese Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishakha_Datta" title="Bishakha Datta">Bishakha Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_van_Dillen" title="Oscar van Dillen">Oscar van Dillen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnnon_Geshuri" title="Arnnon Geshuri">Arnnon Geshuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Godwin" title="Mike Godwin">Mike Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Halfaker" title="Aaron Halfaker">Aaron Halfaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Kawasaki" title="Guy Kawasaki">Guy Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricio_Lorente" title="Patricio Lorente">Patricio Lorente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Maher" title="Katherine Maher">Katherine Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Sefidari" title="María Sefidari">María Sefidari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Villa" title="Luis Villa">Luis Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship of Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikifunctions" title="Wikifunctions">Wikifunctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_Wikipedia" title="Abstract Wikipedia">Abstract Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_movement" title="Wikimedia movement">Wikimedia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters" title="List of Wikimedia chapters">List of Wikimedia chapters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Bangladesh" title="Wikimedia Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Deutschland" title="Wikimedia Deutschland">Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Israel" title="Wikimedia Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Polska" title="Wikimedia Polska">Polska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_UK" title="Wikimedia UK">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Ukraine" title="Wikimedia Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Indaba" title="Wiki Indaba">Wiki Indaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_India" title="WikiConference India">WikiConference India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiConference_North_America" title="WikiConference North America">WikiConference North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_the_Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_v._NSA" title="Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA">Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Engine_(search_engine)" title="Knowledge Engine (search engine)">Knowledge Engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Signpost" title="The Signpost">The Signpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedian_of_the_Year" title="Wikimedian of the Year">Wikimedian of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_Wikimedia_projects" title="Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects">Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Google and Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_for_World_Heritage" title="Wikipedia for World Heritage">Wikipedia for World Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikis" title="Template:Wikis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikis" title="Template talk:Wikis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_wiki" title="Fan wiki">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_wiki" title="Personal wiki">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_wikis" title="List of medical wikis">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_wikis" title="List of fan wikis">Fan wikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LocalWikis" title="List of LocalWikis">LocalWikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">Wikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wiki_software" title="List of wiki software">Wiki software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">Wikipedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wiktionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Wiktionaries">Wiktionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_software" title="Comparison of wiki software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_hosting_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of wiki hosting services">Wiki farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable wikis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographicon" title="Biographicon">Biographicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_Drum" title="Book Drum">Book Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalo_Chatu" title="Chalo Chatu">Chalo Chatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DavisWiki" title="DavisWiki">DavisWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopedia" title="Diplopedia">Diplopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Dramatica" title="Encyclopedia Dramatica">Encyclopedia Dramatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_History_Research_Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Family History Research Wiki">Family History Research Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Wiki" title="Gene Wiki">Gene Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-Wiki" title="Geo-Wiki">Geo-Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Bomb" title="Giant Bomb">Giant Bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynopedia" title="Gynopedia">Gynopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Wiki" title="The Hidden Wiki">The Hidden Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellipedia" title="Intellipedia">Intellipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LocalWiki" title="LocalWiki">LocalWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moegirlpedia" title="Moegirlpedia">Moegirlpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuwiki" title="Namuwiki">Namuwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_protein_structure_annotation_network" title="Open protein structure annotation network">Open protein structure annotation network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiuwen_Baike" title="Qiuwen Baike">Qiuwen Baike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Manual" title="Resistance Manual">Resistance Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda_Wiki" title="Rigveda Wiki">Rigveda Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwiki_(Wikipedia_fork)" title="Ruwiki (Wikipedia fork)">Ruwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Map.org" title="Sky-Map.org">Sky-Map.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cutting_Room_Floor_(website)" title="The Cutting Room Floor (website)">The Cutting Room Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Tropes" title="TV Tropes">TV Tropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncyclopedia" title="Uncyclopedia">Uncyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiArt" title="WikiArt">WikiArt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiFactor" title="WikiFactor">WikiFactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikifonia" title="Wikifonia">Wikifonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiHow" title="WikiHow">wikiHow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiloc" title="Wikiloc">Wikiloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProfessional" title="WikiProfessional">WikiProfessional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikiprogress" title="Wikiprogress">Wikiprogress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikirating" title="Wikirating">Wikirating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiStage" title="WikiStage">WikiStage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikistrat" title="Wikistrat">Wikistrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiTribune" title="WikiTribune">WikiTribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wowpedia" title="Wowpedia">Wowpedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki_hosting_service" title="Wiki hosting service">Wiki farms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confluence_(software)" title="Confluence (software)">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom_(website)" title="Fandom (website)">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBworks" title="PBworks">PBworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetpaint" title="Wetpaint">Wetpaint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikis_and_education" title="Wikis and education">Wikis and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wikis" title="History of wikis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_(markup)" title="Creole (markup)">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.wiki" title=".wiki">.wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatana_Ishaq_Gailani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatana Ishaq Gailani (page does not exist)">Fatana Ishaq Gailani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li>2004: The European Union's <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhi%C3%A7a_Centre_of_Health_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhiça Centre of Health Research (page does not exist)">Manhiça Centre of Health Research</a> (Mozambique), <a href="/wiki/Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara Health Institute</a> (Tanzania), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaria_Research_and_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaria Research and Training Centre (page does not exist)">Malaria Research and Training Centre</a> (Mali), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kintampo_Health_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kintampo Health Research Centre (page does not exist)">Kintampo Health Research Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Transplantation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Transplantation Society (page does not exist)">The Transplantation Society</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wikipedia</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li>2017: The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref Health Africa</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Camfed" title="Camfed">Camfed, Campaign for Female Education</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a> (DNDi)</li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture</a> (OEI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 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