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id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>American Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Antebellum United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Boer_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Boer_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second Boer War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Boer_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Between the World Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Border_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Border_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>South African Border War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Border_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslav_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslav_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Yugoslav Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslav_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_Afghanistan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_Afghanistan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>2001 Afghanistan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_Afghanistan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_war_against_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_war_against_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Possible war against Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_war_against_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Donbass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Donbass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>War in Donbass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Donbass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabian–led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabian–led_intervention_in_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabian–led_intervention_in_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Israel–Palestine_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Israel–Palestine_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Israel–Palestine_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.17</span> <span>2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Israel–Hamas_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Israel–Hamas_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.18</span> <span>2023 Israel–Hamas war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Israel–Hamas_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-war_intellectual_and_scientist-activists_and_their_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-war_intellectual_and_scientist-activists_and_their_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-war intellectual and scientist-activists and their work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-war_intellectual_and_scientist-activists_and_their_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-war intellectual and scientist-activists and their work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-war_intellectual_and_scientist-activists_and_their_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophical_possibility_of_avoiding_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_possibility_of_avoiding_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Philosophical possibility of avoiding war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_possibility_of_avoiding_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_scientists_and_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_scientists_and_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leading scientists and intellectuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leading_scientists_and_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manifestos_and_statements_by_scientist_and_intellectual_activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifestos_and_statements_by_scientist_and_intellectual_activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Manifestos and statements by scientist and intellectual activists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manifestos_and_statements_by_scientist_and_intellectual_activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-war movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="الحركة المناهضة للحرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحركة المناهضة للحرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antim%C3%BCharib%C9%99_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Antimüharibə hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antimüharibə hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="যুদ্ধবিরোধী আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুদ্ধবিরোধী আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_contra_la_guerra" title="Movimiento contra la guerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento contra la guerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جنبش ضد جنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش ضد جنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A0%84_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="반전 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반전 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ომის საწინააღმდეგო მოძრაობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომის საწინააღმდეგო მოძრაობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motus_contra_bellum" title="Motus contra bellum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motus contra bellum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikarinis_jud%C4%97jimas" title="Antikarinis judėjimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antikarinis judėjimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%88%A6%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="反戦運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反戦運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigsmotstand" title="Krigsmotstand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krigsmotstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੰਗ-ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਲਹਿਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗ-ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਲਹਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Антивоенное движение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антивоенное движение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-war movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95" title="بزاڤی دژەشەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزاڤی دژەشەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava%C5%9F_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1_hareket" title="Savaş karşıtı hareket – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Savaş karşıtı hareket" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/220px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/330px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/440px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Peace_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace symbol">peace symbol</a>, originally designed for the British <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a> movement (CND)</figcaption></figure><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social movement opposed to a nation's status of armed conflict</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For movements against violence in general, see <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_%282%29.jpg/220px-Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_%282%29.jpg/330px-Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_%282%29.jpg/440px-Russian_Embassy_London_-_Ukraine_-_Anti-War_signs_27Feb2022_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian anti war signs against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>anti-war movement</b> (also <b>antiwar</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">armed conflict</a>. The term <i>anti-war</i> can also refer to <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts, or to anti-war books, paintings, and other works of art. Some activists distinguish between anti-war movements and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movements</a>. Anti-war activists work through protest and other <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict or to prevent one from arising. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOORAJ_(6).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SOORAJ_%286%29.JPG/220px-SOORAJ_%286%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SOORAJ_%286%29.JPG/330px-SOORAJ_%286%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SOORAJ_%286%29.JPG/440px-SOORAJ_%286%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war rally of schoolchildren in <a href="/wiki/Pilathara" title="Pilathara">Pilathara</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial opposition to British war intervention in America led the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> on 27 February 1783 to <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Britain's_"American_war"_and_peace" title="American Revolutionary War">vote against further war in America</a>, paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_United_States">Antebellum United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antebellum United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial antiwar sentiment developed in the United States roughly between the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and the commencement of the Civil War in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">Antebellum era</a>. A similar movement developed in England during the same period. The movement reflected both strict <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> and more moderate <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionist</a> positions. Many prominent intellectuals of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<i>see</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a> contributed literary works against war. Other names associated with the movement include <a href="/wiki/William_Ladd" title="William Ladd">William Ladd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Worcester" title="Noah Worcester">Noah Worcester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cogswell_Upham" title="Thomas Cogswell Upham">Thomas Cogswell Upham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asa_Mahan" title="Asa Mahan">Asa Mahan</a>. Many peace societies were formed throughout the United States, the most prominent of which being the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Society" title="American Peace Society">American Peace Society</a>. Numerous periodicals (such as <i>The Advocate of Peace</i>) and books were also produced. The <i>Book of Peace</i>, an anthology produced by the American Peace Society in 1845, must surely rank as one of the most remarkable works of antiwar literature ever produced.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recurring theme in this movement was the call for the establishment of an international court to adjudicate disputes between nations. Another distinct feature of antebellum antiwar literature was the emphasis on how war contributed to a moral decline and brutalization of society in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">Opposition to the American Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg/200px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg/300px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg/400px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Rioters attack federal troops.</figcaption></figure> <p>A key event in the early history of the modern anti-war stance in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> was the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, where it culminated in the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> for <a href="/wiki/US_president" class="mw-redirect" title="US president">US president</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Peace_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Democrat">Peace Democrat</a> against incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. The outlines of the antiwar stance are seen: the argument of the costs of maintaining the present conflict not being worth the gains that can be made, the appeal to end the horrors of war, and the argument of war being waged for the profit of particular interests. During the war, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Draft Riots">New York Draft Riots</a> were started as violent protests against Lincoln's <i>Enrollment Act of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></i> to draft men to fight in the war. The outrage over conscription was augmented by the ability to "buy" one's way out, which could be afforded only by the wealthy. After the war, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage" title="The Red Badge of Courage">The Red Badge of Courage</a></i> described the chaos and sense of death which resulted from the changing style of combat: away from the set engagement, and towards two armies engaging in continuous battle over a wide area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Boer_War">Second Boer War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Boer War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Opposition to the Second Boer War</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">William Thomas Stead</a> formed an organization against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Committee" title="Stop the War Committee">Stop the War Committee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition to World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Deserter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Deserter.jpg/220px-The_Deserter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Deserter.jpg/330px-The_Deserter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Deserter.jpg/440px-The_Deserter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><i>The Deserter</i> by <a href="/wiki/Boardman_Robinson" title="Boardman Robinson">Boardman Robinson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masses" title="The Masses">The Masses</a></i>, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain, in 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Schools_Act_1868" title="Public Schools Act 1868">Public Schools</a> <a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers' Training Corps">Officers' Training Corps</a> annual camp was held at <a href="/wiki/Tidworth_Camp" title="Tidworth Camp">Tidworth Camp</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>. Head of the British Army <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> was to review the <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadets</a>, but the immenence of the war prevented him. General <a href="/wiki/Horace_Smith-Dorrien" title="Horace Smith-Dorrien">Horace Smith-Dorrien</a> was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermudian</a> cadet who was present) "that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during the next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust-probably not more than one-quarter of us – learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having voiced these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorrien's career, or prevent him from carrying out his duty in the First World War to the best of his abilities. </p><p>With the increasing mechanization of war, opposition to its horrors grew, particularly in the wake of the First World War. European <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> cultural movements such as <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> were explicitly anti-war. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Act of 1918</a> gave the American authorities the right to close newspapers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views. </p><p>On 16 June 1918, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> made an anti-war speech and was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917. He was convicted, sentenced to serve ten years in prison, but President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> commuted his sentence on 25 December 1921. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_World_Wars">Between the World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Between the World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich" title="Ernst Friedrich">Ernst Friedrich</a> published <i>Krieg dem Krieg!</i> (<i>War Against War!</i>): an album of photographs drawn from German military and medical archives from the first world war. In <a href="/wiki/Regarding_the_Pain_of_Others" title="Regarding the Pain of Others">Regarding the Pain of Others</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a> describes the book as "photography as shock therapy" that was designed to "horrify and demoralize". </p><p>It was in the 1930s that the Western anti-war movement took shape, to which the political and organizational roots of most of the existing movement can be traced. Characteristics of the anti-war movement included opposition to the corporate interests perceived as benefiting from war, to the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> which was trading the lives of the young for the comforts of those who are older, the concept that those who were drafted were from poor families and would be fighting a war in place of privileged individuals who were able to avoid the draft and military service, and to the lack of input in decision making that those who would die in the conflict would have in deciding to engage in it. </p><p>In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> resolved in its <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_Country_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="The King and Country debate">Oxford Pledge</a>, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country." </p><p>Many war <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a>, including US General <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a>, spoke out against wars and <a href="/wiki/War_profiteering" title="War profiteering">war profiteering</a> on their return to civilian life. </p><p>Veterans were still extremely cynical about the <a href="/wiki/War#Theories_of_motivation" title="War">motivations</a> for entering World War I, but many were willing to fight later in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, indicating that <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> was not always the motivation. These trends were depicted in novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front" title="All Quiet on the Western Front">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Got_His_Gun" title="Johnny Got His Gun">Johnny Got His Gun</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition to World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WHProtest1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WHProtest1941.jpg/220px-WHProtest1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WHProtest1941.jpg/330px-WHProtest1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WHProtest1941.jpg/440px-WHProtest1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Protest at the White House by the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Mobilization" title="American Peace Mobilization">American Peace Mobilization</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Opposition to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was most vocal during its early period, and stronger still before it started while <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> were considered viable diplomatic options. Communist-led organizations, including veterans of the Spanish Civil War,<sup id="cite_ref-ALBA-vol_1941_02b_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALBA-vol_1941_02b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposed the war during the period starting with the <a href="/wiki/Hitler-Stalin_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler-Stalin pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop pact</a> but then turned into hawks after Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>The war seemed, for a time, to set anti-war movements at a distinct social disadvantage; very few, mostly ardent <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a>, continued to argue against the war and its results at the time. However, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> followed with the <a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">post-war realignment</a>, and the opposition resumed. The grim realities of modern combat, and the nature of mechanized society ensured that the anti-war viewpoint found presentation in <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five" title="Slaughterhouse-Five">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum" title="The Tin Drum">The Tin Drum</a></i>. This sentiment grew in strength as the Cold War seemed to present the situation of an unending series of conflicts, which were fought at terrible cost to the younger generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Opposition to the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg/220px-Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg/330px-Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg/440px-Washington_D.C._Anti-Vietnam_Demonstration._U.S._Marshals_bodily_remove_one_of_the_protesters_during_the_outbreak_of..._-_NARA_-_530620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marshals arresting a Vietnam War protester in Washington, D.C., 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Organized opposition to U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States and quickly as the war grew deadlier. In 1967 a coalition of antiwar activists formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> which organized several large anti-war demonstrations between the late 1960s and 1972. Counter-cultural songs, organizations, plays and other literary works encouraged a spirit of nonconformism, peace, and anti-establishmentarianism. This anti-war sentiment developed during a time of unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)">student activism</a> and right on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, and was reinforced in numbers by the demographically significant <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomers</a>. It quickly grew to include a wide and varied cross-section of Americans from all walks of life. The anti-Vietnam war movement is often considered to have been a major factor affecting America's involvement in the war itself. Many <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_veteran" title="Vietnam veteran">Vietnam veterans</a>, including future <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and disabled veteran <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kovic" title="Ron Kovic">Ron Kovic</a>, spoke out against the Vietnam War on their return to the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Ngo_Ba_Thanh" title="Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh">Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh</a>, a Vietnamese peace activist, aligned her <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Women%27s_Movement_for_the_Right_to_Live&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live (page does not exist)">Vietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live</a> with international activists of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> (WILPF) and <a href="/wiki/Women_Strike_for_Peace" title="Women Strike for Peace">Women Strike for Peace</a>. Her imprisonment and publications about the war brought international attention to the social and economic issues created by the war and fostered international opposition to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109–110">: 109–110 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nguyen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nguyen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85, 89–90">: 85, 89–90 </span></sup> Her arrest and lack of a trial sparked <a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a> and WILPF members to write to the United States Congress and petition President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> to appeal to South Vietnamese officials for her release,<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nguyen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nguyen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> which was widely covered in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaigns opposing the war and conscription also took place in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_Border_War">South African Border War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South African Border War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">South African resistance to war</a></div> <p>Opposition to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> spread to a general resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> military. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">End Conscription Campaign</a> and Committee on South African War Resisters, were set up. Many opposed the war at this time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslav_Wars">Yugoslav Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Yugoslav Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg/170px-Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg/255px-Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg/340px-Rim-Tuti-Tuki-Gile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_Orgazam" title="Električni Orgazam">Srđan Gojković</a> performing at the <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_anti-war_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade">anti-war concert</a> as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Rimtutituki" title="Rimtutituki">Rimtutituki</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the rise of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">political tensions</a> after <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> came to power, as well as the outbreaks of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, numerous anti-war movements developed in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Udovicki_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Udovicki-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fridman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fridman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-republika_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republika-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globalvoices_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalvoices-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_anti-war_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade">anti-war protests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> were held mostly because of opposition the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Udovicki_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Udovicki-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-republika_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republika-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while protesters demanded the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on a declaration of war and disruption of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military conscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vreme_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vreme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 50,000 people participated in many protests, and more than 150,000 people took part in the most massive protest called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Ribbon_March&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Black Ribbon March (page does not exist)">The Black Ribbon March</a>" in solidarity with people in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fridman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fridman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 people <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a>, while between 100,000 and 150,000 people emigrated from Serbia refusing to participate in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Vreme_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vreme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-republika_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republika-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor Renaud De la Brosse, senior lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims_Champagne-Ardenne" title="University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne">University of Reims</a> and a witness called by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY), it is surprising how great the resistance to <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars">Milošević's propaganda</a> was among Serbs, given that and the lack of access to alternative news.<sup id="cite_ref-IWPR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWPR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous associations and NGOs who marked the anti-war ideas and movements in Serbia were the <i>Center for Antiwar Action</i>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Center" title="Humanitarian Law Center">Humanitarian Law Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Circle" title="Belgrade Circle">Belgrade Circle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-republika_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republika-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Udovicki_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Udovicki-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rimtutituki" title="Rimtutituki">Rimtutituki</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Supergroup_(music)" title="Supergroup (music)">supergroup</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Ekatarina_Velika" title="Ekatarina Velika">Ekatarina Velika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_Orgazam" title="Električni Orgazam">Električni Orgazam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partibrejkers" title="Partibrejkers">Partibrejkers</a> members, which was formed at the petition signing against <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> in Belgrade.<sup id="cite_ref-buka_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buka-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> triggered debates over the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">legitimacy of the intervention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a> and anti-war activists protested in New York City against NATO airstrikes, while more than 7,000 people protested in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anti-NATO_1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anti-NATO_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most massive protests <a href="/wiki/Reaction_in_Greece_to_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Reaction in Greece to the Yugoslav Wars">were held</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and demonstrations were also held in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> cities, London, Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSWS_1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSWS_1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anti-NATO_1999_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anti-NATO_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_Afghanistan_War">2001 Afghanistan War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2001 Afghanistan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June_22,_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg/220px-June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg/330px-June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg/440px-June_22%2C_2007_protest_in_Quebec_City_against_Canada%27s_involvement_in_the_Afghan_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec City">Québec City</a> against the Canadian military involvement in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 22 June 2007</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_2001_Afghanistan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War">Opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War</a></div> <p>There was initially little opposition to the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">2001 Afghanistan War</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, which was seen as a response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September 2001 terrorist attacks</a> and was supported by most of the American public. Most vocal opposition came from pacifist groups and groups promoting a left-wing political agenda. Over time, opposition to the war in Afghanistan has grown more widespread, partly as a result of weariness with the length of the conflict and partly as a result of a conflating of the conflict with the unpopular war in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iraq War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg/220px-Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg/330px-Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg/440px-Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war rally in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 15 March 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG/220px-Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG/330px-Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG/440px-Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a> on the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Peace_Vigil" title="White House Peace Vigil">White House Peace Vigil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The anti-war position gained renewed support and attention in the buildup to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> by the U.S. and its allies. Millions of people staged <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">mass protests</a> across the world in the immediate prelude to the invasion, and demonstrations and other forms of anti-war <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> have continued throughout the occupation. The primary opposition within the U.S. to the continued occupation of Iraq has come from the <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the conflict</a>, how it had been fought, and complications during the aftermath period divided public sentiment in the U.S., resulting in majority public opinion turning against the war for the first time in the spring of 2004, a turn which has held since.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American country music band <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie Chicks">Dixie Chicks</a> opposition to the war caused many radio stations to stop playing their records, but who were supported in their anti-war stance by the equally anti-war country music legend <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, who in the summer of 2003 released a song critical of US media coverage of the Iraq War. Anti-war groups protested during both the Democratic National Convention and <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention#Protests" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 Republican National Convention protests</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, in September 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_war_against_Iran">Possible war against Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Possible war against Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_war_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to war against Iran">Opposition to war against Iran</a></div> <p>Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> by the United States is known to have started during 2005–2006. Beginning in early 2005, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-seymourhershone_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seymourhershone-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorker_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rittersleep_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rittersleep-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cirincione" title="Joseph Cirincione">Joseph Cirincione</a><sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolcirin_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolcirin-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_E._Hirsch" title="Jorge E. Hirsch">Jorge E. Hirsch</a><sup id="cite_ref-HirschRealUSintent_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HirschRealUSintent-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began publishing claims that United States' concerns over the alleged threat posed by <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program</a> might lead the US government to take military action against that country in the future. These reports, and the concurrent escalation of tensions between Iran and some Western governments, prompted the formation of <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> organisations, including <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran</a> in the US and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, to oppose potential military strikes on Iran. Additionally, several individuals, grassroots organisations and international governmental organisations, including the Director-General of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-elbaradei_actmadness_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbaradei_actmadness-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a former <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations weapons inspector</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rittersleep_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rittersleep-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners including <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairead Corrigan">Mairead Corrigan-Maguire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams_(Nobel_laureate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)">Betty Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iht_codepink_kouchner_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht_codepink_kouchner-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of 118 states, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, have publicly stated their opposition to a would-be attack on Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Donbass">War in Donbass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War in Donbass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">2014 anti-war protests in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Anti-war/Putin demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, 21 September 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-war/Putin demonstrations took place in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> "opposing the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbass</a>", i.e., in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabian–led_intervention_in_Yemen"><span id="Saudi_Arabian.E2.80.93led_intervention_in_Yemen"></span>Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:065_Procession_(39025167311).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/065_Procession_%2839025167311%29.jpg/220px-065_Procession_%2839025167311%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/065_Procession_%2839025167311%29.jpg/330px-065_Procession_%2839025167311%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/065_Procession_%2839025167311%29.jpg/440px-065_Procession_%2839025167311%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Protest against U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a>-led intervention in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, New York City, 2017</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_Israel–Palestine_crisis"><span id="2021_Israel.E2.80.93Palestine_crisis"></span>2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_protests_over_the_2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="International protests over the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">International protests over the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a></div> <p>In May 2021, protests broke out following a <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">flare-up</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Palestine conflict">Israel–Palestine conflict</a>. In the U.S., thousands gathered in at least seven major cities across the country in solidarity with Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2021 conflict lasted from 6 May until 21 May when a ceasefire was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, an estimated 180,000 protestors gathered in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>, England, in what may have been the largest pro-Palestine demonstration in British history. Speeches were made by anti-war campaigners and trade union members including demands that the UK government <a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_Israel" title="Disinvestment from Israel">disinvest</a> and sanction Israel. Messages such as "free Palestine" and "stop the war" were displayed on banners and placards and chanted by protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ceasefire, protests continued into June, with, for example, protestors in <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, California, attempting to block an Israeli cargo ship from entering the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Oakland" title="Port of Oakland">Port of Oakland</a> on 4 June.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_(51906116525).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851906116525%29.jpg/220px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851906116525%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851906116525%29.jpg/330px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851906116525%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851906116525%29.jpg/440px-We_Stand_with_Ukraine_2022_Helsinki_-_Finland_%2851906116525%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Street_protester" class="mw-redirect" title="Street protester">Street protesters</a> with signs are demonstrating in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki, Finland</a> after <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia invaded Ukraine</a> in 2022.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 2022, the anti-war movement was renewed following tensions between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Protests escalated on 24 February 2022, after Russia <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invaded</a> Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">prison sentences of up to 15 years</a> for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people, including Russian opposition politicians and journalists, had been prosecuted under Russia's "fake news" laws for criticizing the war in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Israel–Hamas_war"><span id="2023_Israel.E2.80.93Hamas_war"></span>2023 Israel–Hamas war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2023 Israel–Hamas war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests" title="Israel–Hamas war protests">Israel–Hamas war protests</a></div> <p>Multiple protests against the war took place around the world since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, in support of Palestine mostly.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">List of books with anti-war themes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>'s 1796 poem <a href="/wiki/After_Blenheim" title="After Blenheim">After Blenheim</a> is an early modern example of anti-war literature that was written generations after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Battle of Blenheim</a> but while Britain was again at war against France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> produced a generation of poets and writers influenced by their experiences in the war. The work of poets, including <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>, exposed the contrast between the realities of life in the trenches and how the war was seen by the British public at the time and the earlier patriotic verse penned by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a>. The German writer <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a> penned <i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front" title="All Quiet on the Western Front">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i>, which has been adapted for several mediums and has become of the most often cited pieces of anti-war media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s 1937 painting <i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (painting)">Guernica</a></i> on the other hand, used abstraction, rather than realism, to generate an emotional response to the loss of life from the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aviazione_Legionaria" title="Aviazione Legionaria">Aviazione Legionaria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">bombing of Guernica</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The American author <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> used science fiction themes in his 1969 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five" title="Slaughterhouse-Five">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></i>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">bombing of Dresden in World War II</a>, which Vonnegut witnessed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The second half of the 20th century also witnessed a strong anti-war presence in other art forms, including anti-war music such as "<a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Destruction_(song)" title="Eve of Destruction (song)">Eve of Destruction</a>", "<a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda" title="And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda">And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/One_Tin_Soldier" title="One Tin Soldier">One Tin Soldier</a>", and films such as <i><a href="/wiki/MASH_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="MASH (film)">M*A*S*H</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke_(film)" title="Die Brücke (film)">Die Brücke</a></i>, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in general or specific conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The war in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> has also generated significant artistic anti-war works, including the American filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</a></i>, which holds the box-office record for documentary films, and the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>'s 2006 album <i><a href="/wiki/Living_with_War" title="Living with War">Living with War</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-war_intellectual_and_scientist-activists_and_their_work">Anti-war intellectual and scientist-activists and their work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-war intellectual and scientist-activists and their work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various people have discussed the philosophical question of whether war is inevitable, and how it can be avoided; in other words, what are the necessities of peace. Various intellectuals and others have discussed it from an intellectual and philosophical point of view, not only in public, but participating or leading anti-war campaigns despite its differing from their main areas of expertise, leaving their professional comfort zones to warn against or fight against wars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_possibility_of_avoiding_war">Philosophical possibility of avoiding war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Philosophical possibility of avoiding war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>: In (1795) "<a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("<i>Zum ewigen Frieden</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> booklet on "Perpetual Peace" in 1795. Politically, Kant was one of the earliest exponents of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leading_scientists_and_intellectuals">Leading scientists and intellectuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Leading scientists and intellectuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here is a list of notable anti-war scientists and intellectuals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his peace activism (his second Nobel Prize).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He circulated multiple petitions among scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> had correspondences on violence, peace, and human nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> mostly was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> activist; he championed <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, he advocated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preventive_nuclear_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preventive nuclear war (page does not exist)">preventive nuclear war</a>, before the opportunity provided by the atomic monopoly is gone, and "welcomed with enthusiasm" <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to prison for his pacifism during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, then criticised <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, attacked the involvement of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and was an outspoken proponent of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallery_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallery-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950 Russell was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manifestos_and_statements_by_scientist_and_intellectual_activists">Manifestos and statements by scientist and intellectual activists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Manifestos and statements by scientist and intellectual activists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and eight other leading scientists and intellectuals signed the <a href="/wiki/Russell-Einstein_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell-Einstein Manifesto">Russell-Einstein Manifesto</a> issued July 9, 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration</a> of 15 July 1955 was signed by 52 Nobel Prize laureates.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Dubrovnik-Philadelphia Statement of 1974/1976<sup id="cite_ref-Dubrovnik_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubrovnik-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was signed by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_dove_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peace dove" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peace_dove_icon.svg/28px-Peace_dove_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peace_dove_icon.svg/42px-Peace_dove_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Peace_dove_icon.svg/56px-Peace_dove_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="850" 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/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-militarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-militarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war film">Anti-war film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian-based_defense" title="Civilian-based defense">Civilian-based defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">List of anti-war songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-free_zone" title="Nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raging_Grannies" title="Raging Grannies">Raging Grannies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War Against War">War Against War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">War hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Is_a_Racket" title="War Is a Racket">War Is a Racket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Against_War" title="Women Against War">Women Against War</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith, George (ed), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofpeacecolle00amerrich">The Book of Peace</a></i>. American Peace Society, 1845.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merely For the Record: The Memoirs of Donald Christopher Smith 1894–1980</i>. By Donald Christopher Smith. Edited by John William Cox, Jr. Bermuda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALBA-vol_1941_02b-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALBA-vol_1941_02b_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alba-valb.org/volpdf/vol_1941_02b.pdf">Volunteer for Liberty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206011824/http://www.alba-valb.org/volpdf/vol_1941_02b.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, newsletter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></i>, February 1941, Volume III, No. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazier-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2017" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensantiwardip0000fraz/page/108/mode/1up"><i>Women's Antiwar Diplomacy during the Vietnam War Era</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3178-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-3178-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-3178-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Antiwar+Diplomacy+during+the+Vietnam+War+Era&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-3178-3&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensantiwardip0000fraz%2Fpage%2F108%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nguyen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nguyen_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nguyen_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, An Thuy (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14672715.2018.1542522">"The Vietnam Women's Movement for the Right to Live: A Non-Communist Opposition Movement to the American War in Vietnam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Asian_Studies" title="Critical Asian Studies">Critical Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Thousands+march+in+Moscow&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fanti-war-protesters-march-through-moscow%2Fa-17938261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/17/us/israel-palestinian-conflict-us-protests-trnd/index.html">"People across the US join pro-Palestinian protests"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+across+the+US+join+pro-Palestinian+protests&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F05%2F17%2Fus%2Fisrael-palestinian-conflict-us-protests-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-57183127">"Israel-Gaza: How the ceasefire fared on its first day"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606032231/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-57183127">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel-Gaza%3A+How+the+ceasefire+fared+on+its+first+day&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fworld-middle-east-57183127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/22/thousands-gather-in-london-for-palestine-solidarity-march">"Thousands gather in London for Palestine solidarity march"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 22 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522150201/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/22/thousands-gather-in-london-for-palestine-solidarity-march">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thousands+gather+in+London+for+Palestine+solidarity+march&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fmay%2F22%2Fthousands-gather-in-london-for-palestine-solidarity-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/local/article/Pro-Palestinian-protesters-at-Port-of-Oakland-16224999.php">"Pro-Palestinian protesters at Port of Oakland attempt to block unloading of Israeli cargo ship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. 4 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607133937/https://www.sfchronicle.com/local/article/Pro-Palestinian-protesters-at-Port-of-Oakland-16224999.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Pro-Palestinian+protesters+at+Port+of+Oakland+attempt+to+block+unloading+of+Israeli+cargo+ship&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FPro-Palestinian-protesters-at-Port-of-Oakland-16224999.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnutson2022" class="citation web cs1">Knutson, Jacob (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/photos-people-protest-russia-war-against-ukraine-c7fecd0e-6dfe-436f-8959-7016797ceeca.html">"Over 1700 Russians arrested during anti-war protests, human rights organization says"</a>. <i>Axios</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228084119/https://www.axios.com/photos-people-protest-russia-war-against-ukraine-c7fecd0e-6dfe-436f-8959-7016797ceeca.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Over+1700+Russians+arrested+during+anti-war+protests%2C+human+rights+organization+says&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Knutson&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fphotos-people-protest-russia-war-against-ukraine-c7fecd0e-6dfe-436f-8959-7016797ceeca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2022/03/11/russia-kremlin-backed-media-off-message-question-putin-war-ukraine-invasion/">"Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i>. 11 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311190412/https://fortune.com/2022/03/11/russia-kremlin-backed-media-off-message-question-putin-war-ukraine-invasion/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Even+Russia%27s+Kremlin-backed+media+is+going+off+message+and+beginning+to+question+Putin%27s+war+on+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2022%2F03%2F11%2Frussia-kremlin-backed-media-off-message-question-putin-war-ukraine-invasion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2022" class="citation news cs1">Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison">"In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison"</a>. <i>CSMonitor.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602022102/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/1205/In-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CSMonitor.com&rft.atitle=In+Russia%2C+critiquing+the+Ukraine+war+could+land+you+in+prison&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2022%2F1205%2FIn-Russia-critiquing-the-Ukraine-war-could-land-you-in-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/mapping-protests-held-in-solidarity-with-palestine">"Mapping protests in solidarity with Palestine against Israel's assault"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Mapping+protests+in+solidarity+with+Palestine+against+Israel%27s+assault&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F16%2Fmapping-protests-held-in-solidarity-with-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-protesters-take-to-streets-around-the-world-to-show-support-for-palestinians-12983897">"Israel-Hamas war: Protesters take to streets around the world to show support for Palestinians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Israel-Hamas+war%3A+Protesters+take+to+streets+around+the+world+to+show+support+for+Palestinians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fisrael-hamas-war-protesters-take-to-streets-around-the-world-to-show-support-for-palestinians-12983897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406161945/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm">"Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Mtholyoke.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immanuel+Kant%2C+%22Perpetual+Peace%22&rft.pub=Mtholyoke.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fkant%2Fkant1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKant2010–2015" class="citation web cs1">Kant, Immanuel (2010–2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215081159/http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1795_1.pdf">"Perpetual Peace"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Bennett, Jonathan. 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Uni-kassel.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923155158/http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb5/frieden/themen/Theorie/kant.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immanuel+Kant%3A+Zum+ewigen+Frieden%2C+12.02.2004+%28Friedensratschlag%29&rft.pub=Uni-kassel.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kassel.de%2Ffb5%2Ffrieden%2Fthemen%2FTheorie%2Fkant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinNobisSvolbaWooldridge2019" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Noah; Nobis, Nathan; Svolba, David; Wooldridge, Brandon; Grob, Kristina; Salazar, Eduardo; Davies, Benjamin; Spelman, Jonathan; Stanton, Elizabeth; Seemuth Whaley, Kristin; Jacko, Jan F; Prabhpal, Singh (2019). 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Huntington Beach, California: N.G.E Far Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Ethics%3A+An+Open+Educational+Resource%2C+collected+and+edited+by+Noah+Levin&rft.place=Huntington+Beach%2C+California&rft.pub=N.G.E+Far+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Nobis%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Svolba%2C+David&rft.au=Wooldridge%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Grob%2C+Kristina&rft.au=Salazar%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Davies%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Spelman%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Stanton%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Seemuth+Whaley%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Jacko%2C+Jan+F&rft.au=Prabhpal%2C+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1962/pauling/facts/">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1962"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1962%2Fpauling%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page41.html">"Narrative - 41. Another Petition - Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement"</a>. <i>scarc.library.oregonstate.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scarc.library.oregonstate.edu&rft.atitle=Narrative+-+41.+Another+Petition+-+Linus+Pauling+and+the+International+Peace+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscarc.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fpeace%2Fnarrative%2Fpage41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Rempel1979" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Rempel (1979). "From Imperialism to Free Trade: Couturat, Halevy and Russell's First Crusade". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>40</b> (3). University of Pennsylvania Press: 423–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709246">10.2307/2709246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709246">2709246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=From+Imperialism+to+Free+Trade%3A+Couturat%2C+Halevy+and+Russell%27s+First+Crusade&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-443&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Richard+Rempel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell,_Bertrand1988" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1988) [1917]. <i>Political Ideals</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10907-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10907-8"><bdi>0-415-10907-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-415-10907-8&rft.au=Russell%2C+Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1946" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1 October 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwwAAAAAMBAJ">"Atomic Weapon and the Prevention of War"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Atomic+Weapon+and+the+Prevention+of+War&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1946-10-01&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwwAAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samoiloff, Louise Cripps. <i>C .L. R. James: Memories and Commentaries</i>, p. 19. Associated University Presses, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8453-4865-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8453-4865-5">0-8453-4865-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallery-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallery_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232717/http://russell.mcmaster.ca/~bertrand/">"The Bertrand Russell Gallery"</a>. Russell.mcmaster.ca. 6 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russell.mcmaster.ca/~bertrand/">the original</a> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bertrand+Russell+Gallery&rft.pub=Russell.mcmaster.ca&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussell.mcmaster.ca%2F~bertrand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 — Bertrand Russell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702151048/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1950/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <i>The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 was awarded to Bertrand Russell "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".</i> Retrieved on 22 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9to64vR8RvQ">"British Nobel Prize Winners (1950)"</a>. YouTube. 13 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032216/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9to64vR8RvQ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Nobel+Prize+Winners+%281950%29&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9to64vR8RvQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHager2007" class="citation web cs1">Hager, Thomas (29 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page25.html">"Russell/Einstein"</a>. Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405020718/http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/peace/narrative/page25.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russell%2FEinstein&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University+Libraries+Special+Collections&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.aulast=Hager&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscarc.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fpeace%2Fnarrative%2Fpage25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snow-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snow_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1979" class="citation book cs1">Hermann, Armin (1979). <i>The new physics : the route into the atomic age : in memory of Albert Einstein, Max von Laue, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner</i>. Bonn-Bad Godesberg: Inter Nationes. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+physics+%3A+the+route+into+the+atomic+age+%3A+in+memory+of+Albert+Einstein%2C+Max+von+Laue%2C+Otto+Hahn%2C+Lise+Meitner&rft.place=Bonn-Bad+Godesberg&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Inter+Nationes&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Armin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubrovnik-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dubrovnik_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035630/http://www.intlh.com/statement.html">"The Dubrovnik-Philadelphia Statement /1974–1976/ (short version)"</a>. <i>International League of Humanists</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intlh.com/statement.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+League+of+Humanists&rft.atitle=The+Dubrovnik-Philadelphia+Statement+%2F1974%E2%80%931976%2F+%28short+version%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intlh.com%2Fstatement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-war+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Chickering, Roger. <i>Imperial Germany and a World Without War: The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892-1914</i> (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2015).</li> <li>Curti, Merle. <i>The American peace crusade, 1815-1860</i> (1929) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpeacecru0000curt">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Davenport, Christian, Erik Melander, and Patrick M. Regan. The <i>Peace Continuum: What it is and how to Study it</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2018).</li> <li>Gledhill, John, and Jonathan Bright. "Studying peace and studying conflict: Complementary or competing projects?", <i>Journal of Global Security Studies</i> 4.2 (2019): 259–266.</li> <li>Howlett, Charles F. "Studying America's Struggle against War: An Historical Perspective." <i>History Teacher</i> 36#3 (2003), pp. 297–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1555689">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807052524/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1555689">Archived</a> 2019-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Jarausch, Konrad H. "Armageddon Revisited: Peace Research Perspectives on World War One." <i>Peace & Change</i> 7.1-2 (1981): 109–118.</li> <li>Jeong, Ho-Won. <i>Peace and conflict studies: An introduction</i> (Routledge, 2017).</li> <li>Kaltefleiter, Werner, and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff. <i>The Peace Movements in Europe and the United States</i> (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li>Patler, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quakertheology.org/Morrison-Patler-Remembering-Norman.pdf"><i>Norman's Triumph: the Transcendent Language of Self-Immolation</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019155635/http://quakertheology.org/Morrison-Patler-Remembering-Norman.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quaker History, Fall 2105, 18–39.</li> <li>Patterson, David S. <i>The Search for Negotiated Peace: Women's Activism and Citizen Diplomacy in World War I</i> (Routledge. 2008)</li> <li>Peterson, Christian Philip, William M. Knoblauch, and Michael Loadenthal, eds. <i>The Routledge History of World Peace Since 1750</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-war_movement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/antiwar/subsection/0,,884056,00.html">Guide to anti-war websites</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/peace1.htm">Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlin1969.com/stories-geschichte/troubled-times-unruhige-zeiten/demonstration/">1969 anti-war march in Berlin</a></li> <li>Scates, Bob (2022). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/draftmen-go-free-a-history-of-the-anti-conscription-movement-in-australia/">The draftmen go free : a history of the anti-conscription movement in Australia</a>". Book review and whole book. 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style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Vietnam" title="Template:Anti-Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Vietnam" title="Template talk:Anti-Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">Protests<br />and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s_Berkeley_protests" title="1960s Berkeley protests">1960s Berkeley protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_aircraft_bombing" title="Edmonton aircraft bombing">Edmonton aircraft bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_March_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="1965 March against the Vietnam War">1965 March against the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Herz" title="Alice Herz">Alice Herz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Duncan" title="Donald W. Duncan">Donald W. Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Morrison" title="Norman Morrison">Norman Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Allen_LaPorte" title="Roger Allen LaPorte">Roger Allen LaPorte</a> 1965 <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_self-immolations" title="List of political self-immolations">political self-immolations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood_Three" title="Fort Hood Three">Fort Hood Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Arts_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Angry Arts week">Angry Arts week</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Howard_Levy" title="Court-martial of Howard Levy">Court-martial of Howard Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_the_Pentagon" class="mw-redirect" title="March on the Pentagon">March on the Pentagon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Power_(photograph)" title="Flower Power (photograph)"><i>Flower Power</i> photo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Confrontation" title="The Ultimate Confrontation">The Ultimate Confrontation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhat_Chi_Mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhat Chi Mai">Nhat Chi Mai</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_self-immolations" title="List of political self-immolations">self-immolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Susan_Schnall" title="Court-martial of Susan Schnall">Court-martial of Susan Schnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_mutiny" title="Presidio mutiny">Presidio mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_High_School_Jailbreaks" title="Weather High School Jailbreaks">Weather High School Jailbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Rage" title="Days of Rage">Days of Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratorium_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam">Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village_townhouse_explosion" title="Greenwich Village townhouse explosion">Greenwich Village townhouse explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTA_Show" title="FTA Show">Free The Army tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_Six" title="Fort Lewis Six">Fort Lewis Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_strike_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Student strike of 1970">Student strike of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Hat_Riot" title="Hard Hat Riot">Hard Hat Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Hall_bombing" title="Sterling Hall bombing">Sterling Hall bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1971</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Soldier_Investigation" title="Winter Soldier Investigation">Winter Soldier Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_May_Day_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 May Day protests">1971 May Day protests</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clay_v._United_States" title="Clay v. United States">Clay v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTA_Show" title="FTA Show">FTA Show</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Seven" title="Chicago Seven">Chicago Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Officers_Movement" title="Concerned Officers Movement">Concerned Officers Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Duncan" title="Donald W. Duncan">Donald W. Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Vietnam_Peace_Parade_Committee" title="Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee">Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood_Three" title="Fort Hood Three">Fort Hood Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GI%27s_Against_Fascism" title="GI's Against Fascism">GI's Against Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._coffeehouses" title="G.I. coffeehouses">G.I. coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Four" title="Intrepid Four">Intrepid Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Military" title="Movement for a Democratic Military">Movement for a Democratic Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Counseling_Service" title="Pacific Counseling Service">Pacific Counseling Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Our_Ship_(SOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop Our Ship (SOS)">Stop Our Ship (SOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Whitmore" title="Terry Whitmore">Terry Whitmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Newsreel" title="The Newsreel">The Newsreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Servicemen%27s_Fund" title="United States Servicemen's Fund">United States Servicemen's Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War" title="Vietnam Veterans Against the War">Vietnam Veterans Against the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Yippies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a 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