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<span>Pre-industrialized philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-industrialized_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pre-industrialized philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-industrialized_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dante's_Universal_Monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dante's_Universal_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dante's Universal Monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dante's_Universal_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francisco_de_Vitoria_(1483–1546)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francisco_de_Vitoria_(1483–1546)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francisco_de_Vitoria_(1483–1546)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hugo_Grotius_(1583–1645)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hugo_Grotius_(1583–1645)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hugo_Grotius_(1583–1645)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immanuel_Kant_(1724–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immanuel_Kant_(1724–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immanuel_Kant_(1724–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte_(1762–1814)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte_(1762–1814)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte_(1762–1814)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supranational_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supranational_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Supranational movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supranational_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Supranational movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Supranational_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theodore_Roosevelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodore_Roosevelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Theodore Roosevelt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodore_Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_League_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_League_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Founding of the League of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_League_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competing_visions_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competing_visions_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Competing visions during World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competing_visions_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Founding of the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly_(UNPA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly_(UNPA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly_(UNPA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garry_Davis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garry_Davis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Garry Davis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garry_Davis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Federalist_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Federalist_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>World Federalist Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Federalist_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago_World_Constitution_draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago_World_Constitution_draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Chicago World Constitution draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago_World_Constitution_draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albert_Einstein_and_World_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albert_Einstein_and_World_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Albert Einstein and World Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albert_Einstein_and_World_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cold War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Post–Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_system_of_global_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_system_of_global_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current system of global governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_system_of_global_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current system of global governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_system_of_global_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-No_world_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_world_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>No world government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_world_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_criminal_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_criminal_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International criminal courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_criminal_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-governmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-governmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Inter-governmental organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-governmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_militaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_militaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>International militaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_militaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_monetary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_monetary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>International monetary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_monetary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>International trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_global_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_global_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Informal global influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_global_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_regional_integration_of_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_regional_integration_of_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of regional integration of states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_regional_integration_of_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">World government</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حكومة عالمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة عالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_h%C3%B6kum%C9%99ti" title="Dünya hökuməti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dünya hökuməti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сусветны ўрад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусветны ўрад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_mundial" title="Govern mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тĕнче правительстви – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕнче правительстви" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltregierung" title="Weltregierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltregierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_mundial" title="Gobierno mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monda_registaro" title="Monda registaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monda registaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="حکومت جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_mondial" title="Gouvernement mondial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement mondial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="세계정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համաշխարհային կառավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաշխարհային կառավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_dunia" title="Pemerintahan dunia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_mondiale" title="Governo mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ממשלה עולמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלה עולמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB_%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Бүкіл әлемдік үкімет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бүкіл әлемдік үкімет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectio_mundialis" title="Rectio mundialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rectio mundialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Notion of a single common political authority for all of humanity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the notion of a single common political authority for all of humanity. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_government_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World government (disambiguation)">World government (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>World government</b> is the concept of a single political authority with jurisdiction over all of Earth and humanity. It is conceived in a variety of forms, from <a href="/wiki/Tyrannical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannical">tyrannical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, which reflects its wide array of proponents and detractors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A world <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> with executive, legislative, and judicial functions and an administrative apparatus has never existed. The inception of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) in the mid-20th century remains the closest approximation to a world government, as it is by far the largest and most powerful <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawls199936_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawls199936-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN is mostly limited to an advisory role, with the stated purpose of fostering cooperation between existing <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">national governments</a>, rather than exerting authority over them. Nevertheless, the organization is commonly viewed as either a model for, or preliminary step towards, a global government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkSohn1962_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkSohn1962-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk1995207_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk1995207-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of universal governance has existed since antiquity and been the subject of discussion, debate, and even advocacy by some kings, philosophers, religious leaders, and secular humanists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these have discussed it as a natural and inevitable outcome of human social evolution, and interest in it has coincided with the trends of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibugi2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibugi2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of world government, who come from a broad political spectrum, view the concept as a tool for violent totalitarianism, unfeasible, or simply unnecessary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELu2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWight19917–24_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight19917–24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the case of some sectors of <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Christianity">fundamentalist Christianity</a>, as a vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> to bring about the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end-times</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a> defines a state as an "organization possessing a monopoly on the legitimate use of organized violence within a society."<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wendt, a world state would need to fulfill the following requirements: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on organized violence</a> – states have exclusive use of legitimate force within their own territory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a> – perceived as right by their populations, and possibly the global community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a> – possessing common power and legitimacy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_action" title="Corporate action">Corporate action</a> –  a collection of individuals who act together in a systematic way.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Wendt argues that a world government would not require a centrally controlled army or a central decision-making body, as long as the four conditions are fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to develop a world state, three changes must occur in the world system: </p> <ol><li>Universal security community – a peaceful system of binding <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">dispute resolution</a> without threat of interstate violence.</li> <li>Universal <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> – unified response to crimes and threats.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational authority</a> – binding decisions are made that apply to each and every state.</li></ol> <p>The development of a world government is conceptualized by Wendt as a process through five stages: </p> <ol><li>System of states;</li> <li>Society of states;</li> <li>World society;</li> <li>Collective security;</li> <li>World state.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Wendt argues that a struggle among sovereign individuals results in the formation of a collective identity and eventually a state. The same forces are present within the international system and could possibly, and potentially inevitably lead to the development of a world state through this five-stage process. When the world state would emerge, the traditional expression of states would become localized expressions of the world state. This process occurs within the default state of anarchy present in the world system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> conceptualized the state as sovereign individuals formed out of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the traditional philosophical objections to a world state (Kant, Hegel)<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are overcome by modern technological innovations. Wendt argues that new methods of communication and coordination can overcome these challenges. </p><p>A colleague of Wendt in the field of International Relations, Max Ostrovsky, conceptualized the development of a world government as a process in one stage: The world will be divided on two rival blocs, one based on North America and another on Eurasia, which clash in <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a> and, "if civilization survives," the victorious power conquers the rest of the world, annexes and establishes world state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remarkably, Wendt also supposes the alternative of universal conquest leading to world state, provided the conquering power recognizes "its victims as full subjects." In such case, the mission is accomplished "without intermediate stages of development."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-industrialized_philosophy">Pre-industrialized philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-industrialized philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World government was an aspiration of ancient rulers as early as the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (3300 to 1200 BCE); <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> kings aimed to rule "All That the Sun Encircles", <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> kings "All from the Sunrise to the Sunset", and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Japan">Japanese</a> emperors "All under Heaven". </p><p>The Chinese had a particularly well-developed notion of world government in the form of <a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a>, or <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Da Yitong</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大同</span></span>), a historical model for a united and just society bound by moral virtue and principles of <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, which successfully united much of China for over four centuries, evidently aspired to this vision by erecting an Altar of the Great Unity in 113 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporaneously, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> described <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> rule over much of <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean World">the known world</a> at the time as a "marvelous" achievement worthy of consideration by future historians.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>, a roughly two-century period of stable Roman hegemony across three continents, reflected the positive aspirations of a world government, as it was deemed to have brought prosperity and security to what was once a politically and culturally fractious region. The <a href="/wiki/Adamites" title="Adamites">Adamites</a> were a Christian sect who desired to organize an early form of world government.<sup id="cite_ref-Navarro-Genie_2002_p._144_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navarro-Genie_2002_p._144-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dante's_Universal_Monarchy"><span id="Dante.27s_Universal_Monarchy"></span>Dante's Universal Monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dante's Universal Monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of world government outlived the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> for centuries, particularly in its former heartland of Italy. Medieval peace movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> gave impetus to utopian philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a> to envision a world without war.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffey_1995_p._101_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffey_1995_p._101-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his fourteenth-century work <i><a href="/wiki/De_Monarchia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Monarchia">De Monarchia</a></i>, Florentine poet and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, considered by some English Protestants to be a proto-Protestant,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appealed for a <a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">universal monarchy</a> that would work separate from<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uninfluenced<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> to establish peace in humanity's lifetime and the afterlife, respectively: </p> <blockquote><p>But what has been the condition of the world since that day the seamless robe [of Pax Romana] first suffered mutilation by the claws of avarice, we can read—would that we could not also see! O human race! what tempests must need toss thee, what treasure be thrown into the sea, what shipwrecks must be endured, so long as thou, like a beast of many heads, strivest after diverse ends! Thou art sick in either intellect, or sick likewise in thy affection. Thou healest not thy high understanding by argument irrefutable, nor thy lower by the countenance of experience. Nor dost thou heal thy affection by the sweetness of divine persuasion, when the voice of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> breathes upon thee, 'Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!'<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mercurino_di_Gattinara" title="Mercurino di Gattinara">Di Gattinara</a> was an Italian diplomat who widely promoted Dante's <i>De Monarchia</i> and its call for a universal monarchy. An advisor of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and the chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, he conceived global government as uniting all <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christian nations</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Respublica_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Respublica Christiana">Respublica Christiana</a>, which was the only political entity able to establish <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francisco_de_Vitoria_(1483–1546)"><span id="Francisco_de_Vitoria_.281483.E2.80.931546.29"></span>Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> is considered an author of "global political philosophy" and international law, along with <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Gentili" title="Alberico Gentili">Alberico Gentili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>. This came at a time when the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> was engaged in unprecedented thought concerning <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, and early economics based on the experiences of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. De Vitoria conceived of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">res publica totius orbis</i></span>, or the "republic of the whole world". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hugo_Grotius_(1583–1645)"><span id="Hugo_Grotius_.281583.E2.80.931645.29"></span>Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/150px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/225px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/300px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1631 second edition of <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch philosopher and jurist Hugo Grotius, widely regarded as a founder of international law, believed in the eventual formation of a world government to enforce it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book, <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a></i> (<i>On the Law of War and Peace</i>), published in Paris in 1625, is still cited as a foundational work in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he does not advocate for world government <i>per se,</i> Grotius argues that a "common law among nations", consisting of a framework of principles of natural law, bind all people and societies regardless of local custom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immanuel_Kant_(1724–1804)"><span id="Immanuel_Kant_.281724.E2.80.931804.29"></span>Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/220px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/330px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/440px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Writing in 1795, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> considered World Citizenship to be a necessary step in establishing world peace.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his essay "<a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a>" (1795), <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> describes three basic requirements for organizing human affairs to permanently abolish the threat of present and future war, and, thereby, help establish a new era of lasting peace throughout the world. Kant described his proposed peace program as containing two steps. </p><p>The "Preliminary Articles" described the steps that should be taken immediately, or with all deliberate speed: </p> <ol><li>"No Secret Treaty of Peace Shall Be Held Valid in Which There Is Tacitly Reserved Matter for a Future War"</li> <li>"No Independent States, Large or Small, Shall Come under the Dominion of Another State by Inheritance, Exchange, Purchase, or Donation"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing Armies</a> Shall in Time Be Totally Abolished"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">National Debts</a> Shall Not Be Contracted with a View to the External Friction of States"</li> <li>"No State Shall by Force Interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> of Another State,</li> <li>"No State Shall, during War, Permit Such Acts of Hostility Which Would Make Mutual Confidence in the Subsequent Peace Impossible: Such Are the Employment of Assassins (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">percussores</i></span>), Poisoners (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venefici</i></span>), Breach of Capitulation, and Incitement to Treason (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">perduellio</i></span>) in the Opposing State"</li></ol> <p>Three Definitive Articles would provide not merely a cessation of hostilities, but a foundation on which to build a peace. </p> <ol><li>"The Civil Constitution of Every State Should Be Republican"</li> <li>"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States"</li> <li>"The Law of <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">World Citizenship</a> Shall Be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality"</li></ol> <p>Kant argued against a world government on the grounds that it would be prone to tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He instead advocated for league of independent republican states akin to the intergovernmental organizations that would emerge over a century and a half later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte_(1762–1814)"><span id="Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte_.281762.E2.80.931814.29"></span>Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">battle at Jena</a> (1806), when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> overwhelmed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Characteristics_of_the_Present_Age&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Characteristics of the Present Age (page does not exist)">Characteristics of the Present Age</a></i> described what he perceived to be a very deep and dominant historical trend: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is necessary tendency in every cultivated State to extend itself generally... Such is the case in Ancient History ... As the States become stronger in themselves and cast off that [Papal] foreign power, the tendency towards a Universal Monarchy over the whole Christian World necessarily comes to light... This tendency ... has shown itself successively in several States which could make pretensions to such a dominion, and since the fall of the Papacy, it has become the sole animating principle of our History... Whether clearly or not—it may be obscurely—yet has this tendency lain at the root of the undertakings of many States in Modern Times... Although no individual Epoch may have contemplated this purpose, yet is this the spirit which runs through all these individual Epochs, and invisibly urges them onward.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supranational_movements">Supranational movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Supranational movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">International organizations</a></div> <p>International organizations started forming in the late 19th century, among the earliest being the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> in 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphic Union">Telegraphic Union</a> in 1865 and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> in 1874. The increase in international trade at the turn of the 20th century accelerated the formation of international organizations, and, by the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, there were approximately 450 of them. </p><p>Some notable philosophers and political leaders were also promoting the value of world government during the post-industrial, pre-World War era. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, US President, was convinced that rapid advances in technology and industry would result in greater unity and eventually "one nation, so that armies and navies are no longer necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, political reformer <a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a> viewed human political organization growing into fewer, larger units, eventually into "one world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK'ang_Yu-wei195885_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK'ang_Yu-wei195885-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> teaching that the establishment of world unity and a global federation of nations was a <a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="New world order (Baháʼí)">key principle</a> of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> was a strong proponent of the creation of a world state, arguing that such a state would ensure world peace and justice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, the traditional founder of communism, predicted a socialist epoch in which the working class throughout the world will unite to render nationalism meaningless. Anti-Communists believed world government was a goal of <a href="/wiki/World_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="World Communism">World Communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordström_2020_p._7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordström_2020_p._7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton_2019_p._95_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton_2019_p._95-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the idea of establishing international law grew during this period as well. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of International Law">Institute of International Law</a> was formed in 1873 by Belgian jurist <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rolin-Jaequemyns" title="Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns">Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns</a>, leading to the creation of concrete legal drafts, for example by the Swiss Johaan Bluntschli in 1866.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1883, <a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lorimer (jurist)">James Lorimer</a> published "The Institutes of the Law of Nations" in which he explored the idea of a world government establishing the global rule of law. The first embryonic world <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>, was organized in 1886 by Cremer and Passy, composed of legislators from many countries. In 1904 the Union formally proposed "an international congress which should meet periodically to discuss international questions". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodore_Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theodore Roosevelt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as his 1905 statement to Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> highlighted the need for "an organization of the civilized nations" and cited the international arbitration tribunal at The Hague as a role model to be advanced further.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his acceptance speech for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">1906 Nobel Peace Prize</a>, Roosevelt described a world federation as a "master stroke" and advocated for some form of international police power to maintain peace.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe_Thayer" title="William Roscoe Thayer">William Roscoe Thayer</a> observed that the speech "foreshadowed many of the terms which have since been preached by the advocates of a League of Nations", which would not be established for another 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Holt" title="Hamilton Holt">Hamilton Holt</a> of <i>The Independent</i> lauded Roosevelt's plan for a "Federation of the World",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing that not since the "Great Design" of Henry IV has "so comprehensive a plan" for universal peace been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Roosevelt supported global government conceptually, he was critical of specific proposals and of leaders of organizations promoting the cause of international governance. According to historian <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="John Milton Cooper">John Milton Cooper</a>, Roosevelt praised the plan of his presidential successor, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, for "a league under existing conditions and with such wisdom in refusing to let adherence to the principle be clouded by insistence upon improper or unimportant methods of enforcement that we can speak of the league as a practical matter."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1907 letter to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, Roosevelt expressed his hope "to see The Hague Court greatly increased in power and permanency",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in one of his very last public speeches he said: "Let us support any reasonable plan whether in the form of a League of Nations or in any other shape, which bids fair to lessen the probable number of future wars and to limit their scope."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_League_of_Nations">Founding of the League of Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Founding of the League of Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (LoN) was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919–1920. At its largest size from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's goals included upholding the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Rights of Man</a>, such as the rights of non-whites, women, and soldiers; <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">disarmament</a>, preventing war through <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a>, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, and improving global <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great Powers</a> to enforce its resolutions and economic sanctions and provide an army, when needed. However, these powers proved reluctant to do so. Lacking many of the key elements necessary to maintain world peace, the League failed to prevent World War II. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> withdrew <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> from the League of Nations once he planned to take over Europe. The rest of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis Powers</a> soon followed him. Having failed its primary goal, the League of Nations fell apart. The League of Nations consisted of the Assembly, the council, and the Permanent Secretariat. Below these were many agencies. The Assembly was where delegates from all member states conferred. Each country was allowed three representatives and one vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competing_visions_during_World_War_II">Competing visions during World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Competing visions during World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order (Nazism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> of Germany envisaged the establishment of a world government under the complete <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its move to overthrow the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, Germany had already withdrawn itself from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, and it did not intend to join a similar <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> organization ever again.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his stated political aim of expanding the living space (<i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic people</a> by destroying or driving out "lesser-deserving races" in and from other territories, dictator <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> devised an ideological system of self-perpetuating <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>, in which the growth of a state's population would require the conquest of more territory which would, in turn, lead to a further growth in population which would then require even more conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> relayed to <a href="/wiki/Walther_Hewel" title="Walther Hewel">Walther Hewel</a> Hitler's belief that <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a> could only be acquired "when one power, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacism">racially best one</a>, has attained uncontested supremacy". When this control would be achieved, this power could then set up for itself a world police and assure itself "the necessary living space.... The lower races will have to restrict themselves accordingly".<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> During its imperial period (1868–1947), the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> elaborated a worldview, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></i></span>, translated as "eight corners of the world under one roof". This was the idea behind the attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> and behind the struggle for world domination. The British Empire, the largest in history, was viewed by some historians as a form of world government.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth_Hobson_2020_p._184_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth_Hobson_2020_p._184-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brendon_2010_p._229_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brendon_2010_p._229-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanticcharter2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atlanticcharter2.png/150px-Atlanticcharter2.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atlanticcharter2.png/225px-Atlanticcharter2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Atlanticcharter2.png/300px-Atlanticcharter2.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s edited copy of the final draft of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> was a published statement agreed between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It was intended as the blueprint for the postwar world after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and turned out to be the foundation for many of the international agreements that currently shape the world. The <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT), the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">post-war independence of British and French possessions</a>, and much more are derived from the Atlantic Charter. The Atlantic charter was made to show the goals of the allied powers during World War II. It first started with the United States and Great Britain, and later all the allies would follow the charter. Some goals include access to raw materials, reduction of trade restrictions, and freedom from fear and wants. The name, The Atlantic Charter, came from a newspaper that coined the title. However, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> would use it, and from then on the Atlantic Charter was the official name. In retaliation, the Axis powers would raise their morale and try to work their way into Great Britain. The Atlantic Charter was a stepping stone into the creation of the United Nations. </p><p>On June 5, 1948, at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_(Omaha)" title="Memorial Park (Omaha)">War Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> remarked, "We must make the United Nations continue to work, and to be a going concern, to see that difficulties between nations may be settled just as we settle difficulties between <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a> here in the United States. When <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> fall out over the waters in the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, they don't go to war over it; they go to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, and the matter is settled in a just and honorable way. There is not a difficulty in the whole world that cannot be settled in exactly the same way in a world court".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural moment of the late 1940s was the peak of <a href="#World_Federalist_Movement">World Federalism</a> among Americans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_United_Nations">Founding of the United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Founding of the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/330px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/440px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945) resulted in an unprecedented scale of destruction of lives (over 60 million dead, most of them civilians), and the use of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. Some of the acts committed against civilians during the war were on such a massive scale of savagery, they came to be widely considered as <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> itself. As the war's conclusion drew near, many shocked voices called for the establishment of institutions able to permanently prevent deadly international conflicts. This led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) in 1945, which adopted the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948. </p><p>Many, however, felt that the UN, essentially a forum for discussion and coordination between <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> governments, was insufficiently empowered for the task. A number of prominent persons, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, called on governments to proceed further by taking gradual steps towards forming an effectual federal world government. </p><p>The United Nations main goal is to work on international law, international security, economic development, human rights, social progress, and eventually world peace. The United Nations replaced the League of Nations in 1945, after World War II. Almost every internationally recognized country is in the U.N.; as it contains 193 member states out of the 196 total nations of the world. The United Nations gather regularly in order to solve big problems throughout the world. There are six official languages: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. </p><p>The United Nations is also financed by some of the wealthiest nations. The flag shows the Earth from a map that shows all of the populated continents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly_(UNPA)"><span id="United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly_.28UNPA.29"></span>United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uno_unpalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uno_unpalogo.svg/220px-Uno_unpalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uno_unpalogo.svg/330px-Uno_unpalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uno_unpalogo.svg/440px-Uno_unpalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a> (UNPA) is a proposed addition to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">United Nations System</a> that would allow for participation of member nations' legislators and, eventually, <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> of UN parliament members by citizens worldwide. The idea of a world parliament was raised at the founding of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in the 1920s and again following the end of World War II in 1945, but remained dormant throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s and 2000s, the rise of global trade and the power of world organizations that govern it led to calls for a <a href="/wiki/International_parliament" title="International parliament">parliamentary assembly</a> to scrutinize their activity. The <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_a_United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly">Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</a> was formed in 2007 by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Without_Borders" title="Democracy Without Borders">Democracy Without Borders</a> to coordinate pro-UNPA efforts, which as of January 2019 has received the support of over 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> from over 100 countries worldwide, in addition to numerous non-governmental organizations, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood</a> laureates and heads or former heads of state or government and foreign ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garry_Davis">Garry Davis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Garry Davis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Garry_Davis" title="Garry Davis">Garry Davis</a></div> <p>In France, 1948, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Davis" title="Garry Davis">Garry Davis</a> began an unauthorized speech calling for a world government from the balcony of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>, until he was dragged away by the guards. Davis <a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_United_States_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Renunciation of United States citizenship">renounced his American citizenship</a> and started a <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_World_Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Registry of World Citizens">Registry of World Citizens</a>. On September 4, 1953, Davis announced from the city hall of <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Maine" title="Ellsworth, Maine">Ellsworth, Maine</a>, the formation of the "World Government of World Citizens" based on three "World Laws": One God (or Absolute Value), One World, and One Humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this declaration, mandated, he claimed, by Article twenty one, Section three of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, he formed the United World Service Authority in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> as the administrative agency of the new government. Its first task was to design and begin selling "World Passports", which the organisation argues is legitimatised by on Article 13, Section 2 of the UDHR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Federalist_Movement">World Federalist Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: World Federalist Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Federalism" title="World Federalism">World Federalism</a></div> <p>The years between the end of World War II and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>—which roughly marked the entrenchment of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> polarity—saw a flourishing of the nascent world federalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicaise2019_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicaise2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_&_Members_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_&_Members-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a>'s 1943 book <i><a href="/wiki/One_World_(Willkie_book)" title="One World (Willkie book)">One World</a></i> sold over 2 million copies, laying out many of the argument and principles that would inspire global federalism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporaneous work, <a href="/wiki/Emery_Reves" title="Emery Reves">Emery Reves</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace" title="The Anatomy of Peace">The Anatomy of Peace</a></i> (1945), argued for replacing the UN with a federal world government. The world Federalist movement in the U.S., led by diverse figures such as <a href="/wiki/Lola_Maverick_Lloyd" title="Lola Maverick Lloyd">Lola Maverick Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Clark" title="Grenville Clark">Grenville Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cousins" title="Norman Cousins">Norman Cousins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Alan Cranston</a>, grew larger and more prominent: in 1947, several grassroots organizations merged to form the <a href="/wiki/United_World_Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United World Federalists">United World Federalists</a>—later renamed the World Federalist Association, then <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Global_Solutions" title="Citizens for Global Solutions">Citizens for Global Solutions</a><a href="/wiki/United_World_Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United World Federalists">—</a>claiming 47,000 members by 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-History_&_Members_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_&_Members-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar movements concurrently formed in many other countries, culminating in a 1947 meeting in <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux, Switzerland</a> that formed a global coalition called the <a href="/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement/Institute_for_Global_Policy" title="World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy">World Federalist Movement (WFM)</a>. By 1950, the movement claimed 56 member groups in 22 countries, with some 156,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution">Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, six U.S. states—California, Connecticut, Florida, Maine, New Jersey, and North Carolina—applied for an <a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Article V convention</a> to propose an amendment “to enable the participation of the United States in a world federal government.”<sup id="cite_ref-The_Article_V_Library_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Article_V_Library-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple other state legislatures introduced or debated the same proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These resolutions were part of this effort.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st United States Congress</a> (1949–1951), multiple resolutions were introduced favoring a world federation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chicago_World_Constitution_draft">Chicago World Constitution draft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chicago World Constitution draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A committee of academics and intellectuals formed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> published a <i>Preliminary Draft of a World Constitution</i> and from 1947 to 1951 published a magazine edited by the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Mann_Borgese" title="Elisabeth Mann Borgese">Elisabeth Mann Borgese</a>, which was devoted to world government; its title was <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Cause_(magazine)" title="Common Cause (magazine)">Common Cause</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albert_Einstein_and_World_Constitution">Albert Einstein and World Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Albert Einstein and World Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/220px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/330px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/440px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4333" /></a><figcaption>Einstein, 1947 (aged 68)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> grew increasingly convinced that the world was veering off course. He arrived at the conclusion that the gravity of the situation demanded more profound actions and the establishment of a "world government" was the only logical solution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his "Open Letter to the General Assembly of the United Nations" of October 1947, Einstein emphasized the urgent need for international cooperation and the establishment of a world government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1948, Einstein invited <a href="/wiki/United_World_Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United World Federalists">United World Federalists, Inc.</a> (UWF) president <a href="/wiki/Cord_Meyer" title="Cord Meyer">Cord Meyer</a> to a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_of_Atomic_Scientists" title="Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists">Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists</a> (ECAS)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and joined UWF as a member of the Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einstein and ECAS assisted UEF in fundraising<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provided supporting material.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einstein described <a href="/wiki/United_World_Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United World Federalists">United World Federalists</a> as: "the group nearest to our aspirations".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einstein and other prominent figures sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_World_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples' World Convention">Peoples' World Convention</a> (PWC), which took place in 1950–51<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later continued in the form of <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">world constituent assemblies</a> in 1968, 1977, 1978-79, and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort was successful in creating a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a> and a provisional world government.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a> drafted by international legal experts during <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">world constituent assemblies</a> in 1968<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finalized in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a framework of a world federalist government. A Provisional Earth Federation consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a> (PWP), a transitional international legislative body, operates under the framework of this world constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This parliament convenes to work on global issues, gathering delegates from different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began to dominate international politics and the UN Security Council became effectively paralyzed by its permanent members' ability to exercise <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto power</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">United Nations Security Council Resolution 82</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">83</a> backed the defense of South Korea, although the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest. </p><p>While enthusiasm for multinational federalism in Europe incrementally led, over the following decades, to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the Cold War eliminated the prospects of any progress towards federation with a more global scope. Global integration became stagnant during the Cold War, and the conflict became the driver behind one-third of all wars during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack2005_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack2005-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of world government all but disappeared from wide public discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Cold_War"></span>Post–Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Cold War dwindled in 1991, interest in a federal world government was renewed. When the conflict ended by 1992, without the external assistance, many proxy wars petered out or ended by negotiated settlements. This kicked off a period in the 1990s of unprecedented international activism and an expansion of international institutions. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005" title="Human Security Report 2005">Human Security Report 2005</a></i>, this was the first effective functioning of the United Nations as it was designed to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack2005_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack2005-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most visible achievement of the world federalism movement during the 1990s is the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> of 1998, which led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> in 2002. In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, progress towards forming a federal union of European states gained much momentum, starting in 1952 as a trade deal between the German and French people led, in 1992, to the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> that established the name and enlarged the agreement that the European Union is based upon. The EU expanded (1995, 2004, 2007, 2013) to encompass, in 2013, over half a billion people in 28 member states (27 after <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>). Following the EU's example, other <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational unions</a> were established, including the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> in 2008, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_system_of_global_governance">Current system of global governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Current system of global governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is no functioning global international <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> with jurisdiction over the entire planet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_world_government">No world government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: No world government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world is divided geographically and demographically into mutually exclusive territories and political structures called <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> in most cases. There are numerous bodies, institutions, unions, coalitions, agreements and contracts between these units of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, but, except in cases where one nation is under <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> by another, <i>all</i> such arrangements depend on the continued consent of the participant nations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Countries that violate or do not enforce international laws may be subject to penalty or coercion, often in the form of economic limitations such as <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargos</a> by cooperating countries, even if the violating country is not part of the United Nations. In this way a country's cooperation in international affairs is voluntary, but non-cooperation still has <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> consequences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_criminal_courts">International criminal courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International criminal courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A functioning system of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a> encompasses international treaties, customs and globally accepted legal principles. With the exceptions of cases brought before the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">ICC</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">ICJ</a>, the laws are interpreted by national courts. Many violations of treaty or customary law obligations are overlooked. <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) was a relatively recent development in international law, it is the first permanent international criminal court established to ensure that the gravest international crimes (<a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, etc.) do not go unpunished. The <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> establishing the ICC and its jurisdiction was signed by 139 national governments, of which 100 ratified it by October 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-governmental_organizations">Inter-governmental organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inter-governmental organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/375px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) is the primary formal organization coordinating activities between states on a global scale and the only inter-governmental organization with near-universal membership (193 governments). In addition to the main organs and various humanitarian programs and commissions of the UN itself, there are about 20 functional organizations affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC), such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of particular interest politically are the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_militaries">International militaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International militaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Militarily, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">the UN deploys peacekeeping forces</a>, usually to build and maintain post-conflict peace and stability. When a more aggressive international military action is undertaken, either <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> coalitions (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force – Iraq</a>) or regional <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliances</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>) are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_monetary_system">International monetary system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International monetary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) formed together in July 1944 at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington_Hotel" title="Mount Washington Hotel">Mount Washington Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods,_New_Hampshire" title="Bretton Woods, New Hampshire">Bretton Woods, New Hampshire</a>, United States, to foster global monetary cooperation and to fight poverty by financially assisting states in need. These institutions have been criticized as simply oligarchic hegemonies of the Great Powers, most notably the United States, which maintains the only veto, for instance, in the International Monetary Fund. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_trade">International trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) sets the rules of international trade. It has a semi-legislative body (the General Council, reaching decisions by consensus) and a judicial body (the Dispute Settlement Body). Another influential economical international organization is the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), with membership of 30 democratic members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_global_influences">Informal global influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Informal global influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the formal, or semi-formal, international organizations and laws mentioned above, many other mechanisms act to regulate human activities across national borders. International trade has the effect of requiring cooperation and interdependency between nations without a political body. Trans-national (or multi-national) corporations, some with resources exceeding those available to most governments, govern activities of people on a global scale. The rapid increase in the volume of trans-border digital communications and mass-media distribution (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>) has allowed information, ideas, and opinions to rapidly spread across the world, creating a complex web of international coordination and influence, mostly outside the control of any formal organizations or laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_regional_integration_of_states">Examples of regional integration of states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Examples of regional integration of states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></div> <p>There are a number of regional organizations that, while not supranational unions, have adopted or intend to adopt policies that may lead to a similar sort of integration in some respects. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is generally recognized as the most integrated among these.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauböck-2007_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauböck-2007-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a> (SICA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a> (CCASG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> (EAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> (EAEU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a> (TurkKon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> (UNASUR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></div> <p>Other organisations that have also discussed greater integration include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> into an "<a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM) into a "Caribbean Federation"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) into a "<a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a> into a "<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Union" title="Pacific Union">Pacific Union</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World government for Earth is frequently featured in fiction, particularly within the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> genre; well-known examples include the "World State" in Aldous Huxley's <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></i>, the "Dictatorship of the Air" in <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come" title="The Shape of Things to Come">The Shape of Things to Come</a></i>, the United Nations in <a href="/wiki/James_S._A._Corey" title="James S. A. Corey">James S. A Corey</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(novel_series)" title="The Expanse (novel series)">The Expanse</a></i>, and United Earth (amongst other planetary sovereignties and even larger polities) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets" title="United Federation of Planets"><i>Star Trek</i></a> franchise. This concept also applies to other genres, while not as commonly, including well-known examples such as <i><a href="/wiki/One_Piece" title="One Piece">One Piece</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">New world order (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_domination" title="World domination">World domination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELu2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELu2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLu2021">Lu 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawls199936-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawls199936_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawls1999">Rawls 1999</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkSohn1962-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkSohn1962_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkSohn1962">Clark & Sohn 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk1995207-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk1995207_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk1995">Falk 1995</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchibugi2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchibugi2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchibugi2008">Archibugi 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Paul. (2006.) <i>The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations.</i> New York: Harper Collins. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50165-4">978-0-375-50165-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWight19917–24-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWight19917–24_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWight1991">Wight 1991</a>, pp. 7–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendt_491–542-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_491–542_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendt2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wendt, Alexander (December 2003). "Why a World State is Inevitable". <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 491–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F135406610394001">10.1177/135406610394001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0661">1354-0661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18670783">18670783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Why+a+World+State+is+Inevitable&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-542&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18670783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F135406610394001&rft.aulast=Wendt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostrovsky, Max, (2007). <i>The Hyperbola of the World Order</i>, (Lanham: University Press of America), pp 320–321, 362, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9b0gn89Ep0gC&q=annexation">https://books.google.com/books?id=9b0gn89Ep0gC&q=annexation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendt, Alexander, (2003). "Why the World State is Inevitable: Teleology and the Logic of Anarchy," <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. 9 (4): p 41, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/03wendt.pdf">https://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/03wendt.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> II:38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolybius1889" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328103700/http://www.humanistictexts.org/polybius.htm">"The Histories of Polybius"</a>. Translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburg from the text of F. Hultsch. London and New York: Macmillan and Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanistictexts.org/polybius.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Histories+of+Polybius&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Polybius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanistictexts.org%2Fpolybius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navarro-Genie_2002_p._144-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Navarro-Genie_2002_p._144_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro-Genie2002" class="citation book cs1">Navarro-Genie, M.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVmiyLUTVgYC&pg=PA144"><i>Augusto "César" Sandino: Messiah of Light and Truth</i></a>. Religion and Politics. Syracuse University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2949-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2949-8"><bdi>978-0-8156-2949-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augusto+%22C%C3%A9sar%22+Sandino%3A+Messiah+of+Light+and+Truth&rft.series=Religion+and+Politics&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2949-8&rft.aulast=Navarro-Genie&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVmiyLUTVgYC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffey_1995_p._101-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffey_1995_p._101_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffey1995" class="citation book cs1">Duffey, M.K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOa1amxfMY0C&pg=PA101"><i>Peacemaking Christians: The Future of Just Wars, Pacifism, and Nonviolent Resistance</i></a>. G – Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Sheed & Ward. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55612-764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55612-764-9"><bdi>978-1-55612-764-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+Christians%3A+The+Future+of+Just+Wars%2C+Pacifism%2C+and+Nonviolent+Resistance&rft.series=G+%E2%80%93+Reference%2CInformation+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Sheed+%26+Ward&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55612-764-9&rft.aulast=Duffey&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOa1amxfMY0C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1999" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, Jackson Campbell (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfyxtVZVI_sC&dq=dante+proto+protestant&pg=PP21"><i>Dante's Fame in England: References in Printed British Books, 1477–1640</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874136050" title="Special:BookSources/9780874136050"><bdi>9780874136050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dante%27s+Fame+in+England%3A+References+in+Printed+British+Books%2C+1477%E2%80%931640&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780874136050&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Jackson+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfyxtVZVI_sC%26dq%3Ddante%2Bproto%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPP21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkScBQAAQBAJ&dq=de+monarchia+church+separate+pope&pg=PA166"><i>Europe: A Cultural History</i></a>. Routledge. 27 November 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317606307" title="Special:BookSources/9781317606307"><bdi>9781317606307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.isbn=9781317606307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkScBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Bmonarchia%2Bchurch%2Bseparate%2Bpope%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n77z4tabLXcC&dq=de+monarchia+church+separate+pope&pg=PA67"><i>Comprehensive History of Political Thought</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126900732" title="Special:BookSources/9788126900732"><bdi>9788126900732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+History+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788126900732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn77z4tabLXcC%26dq%3Dde%2Bmonarchia%2Bchurch%2Bseparate%2Bpope%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vGzDwAAQBAJ&dq=de+monarchia+church+separate&pg=PT17"><i>De Monarchia: Of Monarchy</i></a>. Jazzybee Verlag. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783849653538" title="Special:BookSources/9783849653538"><bdi>9783849653538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Monarchia%3A+Of+Monarchy&rft.pub=Jazzybee+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783849653538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vGzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Bmonarchia%2Bchurch%2Bseparate%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Monarchia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Monarchia">De Monarchia</a></i>, 16:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVoaBwAAQBAJ&dq=dante+founder+world+government&pg=PA90"><i>World Governance: Do We Need It, is It Possible, What Could It (All) Mean?</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. 9 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443823029" title="Special:BookSources/9781443823029"><bdi>9781443823029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Governance%3A+Do+We+Need+It%2C+is+It+Possible%2C+What+Could+It+%28All%29+Mean%3F&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft.isbn=9781443823029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVoaBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddante%2Bfounder%2Bworld%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/grotius.html">USYD.edu.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220195422/http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/grotius.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeudney200710,_155–6_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeudney2007">Deudney 2007</a>, pp. 10, 155–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fichte, (1806). 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Moorhead Wright, London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1975, pp. 87–89).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Streit" title="Clarence Streit">Clarence Streit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Now" title="Union Now">Union Now: The Proposal for Inter-Democracy Federal Union</a>, (London & New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1940), p 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK'ang_Yu-wei195885-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK'ang_Yu-wei195885_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK'ang_Yu-wei1958">K'ang Yu-wei 1958</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danesh, Roshan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/danesh_church_state_bahai">Church and State in the Bahá'í Faith:An Epistemic Approach</a>, in Journal of Law and Religion, 24:1, pages 21–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaháʼí_International_Community1995" class="citation book cs1">Baháʼí International Community (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/uhj_turning_point_nations#II"><i>Turning Point for All Nations</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wells on Empire and the English-Speaking Peoples". <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>62</b> (4): 867–879. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqy041">10.1093/isq/sqy041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Founding+the+World+State%3A+H.+G.+Wells+on+Empire+and+the+English-Speaking+Peoples&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=867-879&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqy041&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle1950" class="citation journal cs1">Earle, Edward Mead (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/h-g-wells-british-patriot-in-search-of-a-world-state/8853FBEF94E2968D9E3CD62D09B3E328">"H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Government+in+Action%3A+A+New+Pragmatic+Ideology+for+Global+Politics&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-4619-6&rft.aulast=Nordstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGDNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton_2019_p._95-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newton_2019_p._95_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2019" class="citation book cs1">Newton, K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOTEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>International Relations and World Politics</i></a>. EDTECH. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83947-393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83947-393-7"><bdi>978-1-83947-393-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations+and+World+Politics&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=EDTECH&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-83947-393-7&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOTEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poE8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">The American Way of Strategy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/theodore-roosevelt/state-of-the-union-1905.php">State of the Union 1905</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fjIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">Theodore Roosevelt Abroad</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nK0aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA324">Theodore Roosevelt – An Intimate Biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe_Thayer" title="William Roscoe Thayer">William Roscoe Thayer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FLEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA432">The Survey</a>, Volume 24, page 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQyxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">Never Call Retreat – Theodore Roosevelt and the Great War</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X43uHzjM_GIC&pg=PA333">The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt</a>, pp. 332–334, by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="John Milton Cooper">John Milton Cooper</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_2tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">In the Words of Theodore Roosevelt</a>, Patricia O'Toole</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lafayette-Marne-Day_Address">Lafayette-Marne-Day Address</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995) <i>Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in modern German and world history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OfrTvu7CNYC&q=world+peace&pg=PA28">p. 36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg 1995, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barth_Hobson_2020_p._184-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barth_Hobson_2020_p._184_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthHobson2020" class="citation book cs1">Barth, B.; Hobson, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfT_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184"><i>Civilizing Missions in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Studies in Global Social History. Brill. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43812-5"><bdi>978-90-04-43812-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizing+Missions+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.series=Studies+in+Global+Social+History&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43812-5&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Hobson%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfT_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brendon_2010_p._229-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brendon_2010_p._229_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendon2010" class="citation book cs1">Brendon, P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_3wbwj4OjsC&pg=PA229"><i>The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997</i></a>. Vintage Series. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38841-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38841-4"><bdi>978-0-307-38841-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire%2C+1781-1997&rft.series=Vintage+Series&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38841-4&rft.aulast=Brendon&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_3wbwj4OjsC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072304/http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=1647">"Public Papers Harry S. Truman 1945–1953"</a>. <i>trumanlibrary.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=1647">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trumanlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Public+Papers+Harry+S.+Truman+1945%E2%80%931953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrumanlibrary.org%2Fpublicpapers%2Fviewpapers.php%3Fpid%3D1647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See a detailed history in: Jo Leinen/Andreas Bummel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracywithoutborders.org/world-parliament-book/">A World Parliament: Governance and Democracy in the 21st Century</a>, Democracy Without Borders, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unpacampaign.org/supporters/">unpacampaign.org</a>, Supporters, accessed January 2, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldservice.org/ells.html">"Worldservice.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205043653/http://www.worldservice.org/ells.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldservice.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldservice.org%2Fells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicaise2019-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicaise2019_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicaise2019">Nicaise 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_&_Members-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_&_Members_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_&_Members_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wfm-igp.org/about-us/history-members/">"History & Members"</a>. <i>WFM/IGP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WFM%2FIGP&rft.atitle=History+%26+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfm-igp.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Bear_(educator)" title="John Bear (educator)">John Bear</a>, <i>The #1 New York Times Best Seller: intriguing facts about the 484 books that have been #1 New York Times bestsellers since the first list, 50 years ago</i>, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1992, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/119987">"Who's Afraid of World Government? | History News Network"</a>. <i>historynewsnetwork.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynewsnetwork.org&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Afraid+of+World+Government%3F+%7C+History+News+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F119987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicaise2019" class="citation web cs1">Nicaise, Alexander (2019-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secularhumanism.org/2019/10/cosmocracy-we-hardly-knew-ye/">"Cosmocracy, We Hardly Knew Ye | Free Inquiry"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmocracy%2C+We+Hardly+Knew+Ye+%7C+Free+Inquiry&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.aulast=Nicaise&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecularhumanism.org%2F2019%2F10%2Fcosmocracy-we-hardly-knew-ye%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Article_V_Library-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Article_V_Library_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article5library.org/analyze.php?topic=World+federal+government&res=1&gen=0&ylimit=0">"Article V Convention Application Analysis — World Federal Government"</a>. <i>The Article V Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Article+V+Library&rft.atitle=Article+V+Convention+Application+Analysis+%E2%80%94+World+Federal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticle5library.org%2Fanalyze.php%3Ftopic%3DWorld%2Bfederal%2Bgovernment%26res%3D1%26gen%3D0%26ylimit%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1949" class="citation journal cs1">Davenport, John (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4293&context=umlr">"The Approach to World Government Through the Technique of the World Constitutional Convention: American Experience"</a>. <i>University of Miami Law Review</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 528–530<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Miami+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Approach+to+World+Government+Through+the+Technique+of+the+World+Constitutional+Convention%3A+American+Experience&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=528-530&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.miami.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4293%26context%3Dumlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davenport, 500–503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1950" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, William Tucker (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478183">"World Government and the Constitution of the United States"</a>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 452–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3478183">10.2307/3478183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3478183">3478183</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=World+Government+and+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=452-77&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3478183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3478183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=William+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3478183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Mortimer J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bepress.com/til/default/vol8/iss2/art5">the original</a> on 2010-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Traditions+of+International+Theory&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wight&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYglesias2013" class="citation web cs1">Yglesias, Matthew (2013-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2013/05/star-trek-movies-and-tv-series-which-are-the-best-why.html">"Why the Star Trek Franchise Is Great—and Meant for TV"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+the+Star+Trek+Franchise+Is+Great%E2%80%94and+Meant+for+TV&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Yglesias&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2013%2F05%2Fstar-trek-movies-and-tv-series-which-are-the-best-why.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mack, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23773842">"Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century"</a>. <i>Die Friedens-Warte</i>. <b>80</b> (1/2): 177–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23773842">23773842</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Friedens-Warte&rft.atitle=Human+Security+Report+2005%3A+War+and+Peace+in+the+21st+Century.&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=177-91&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23773842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23773842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cabrera, Luis. Political Theory of Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Case for the World State (London: Routledge, 2004;2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Domingo_Osle" title="Rafael Domingo Osle">Domingo, Rafael</a>, The New Global Law (Cambridge University Press, 2010).</li> <li>Marchetti, Raffaele. Global Democracy: For and Against. Ethical Theory, Institutional Design and Social Struggles (London: Routledge, 2008) Amazon.com, . <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55495-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55495-4">978-0-415-55495-4</a></li> <li>Tamir, Yael. "Who's Afraid of a Global State?" in Kjell Goldman, Ulf Hannerz, and Charles Westin, eds., Nationalism and Internationalism in the post–Cold War Era (London: Routledge, 2000).</li> <li>Wendt, Alexander. "Why a World State is Inevitable," European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 9, No. 4 (2003), pp. 491–542</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/world-government/#ConPowResRes">"World Government"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. December 4, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+Government&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fworld-government%2F%23ConPowResRes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_government&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/world_government" class="extiw" title="q:world government">world government</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:World_government" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:World government">World government</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lu, Catherine (December 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/world-government/">"World government"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+government&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fworld-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm">"Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514211750/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (English translation of "<i>Zum ewigen Frieden</i>")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldgovernment.info">World Government Movement</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><i>Templates:</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_governance_and_identity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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