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data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-90a7bfe8-f170-4c36-bb69-968f777db609"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-90a7bfe8-f170-4c36-bb69-968f777db609"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Günseli Berik</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button 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data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><a href="/G%C3%BCnseliBerik/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>64</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Günseli Berik</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109226152"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109226152/The_care_crisis_of_2020_21"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The care crisis of 2020-21" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109226152/The_care_crisis_of_2020_21">The care crisis of 2020-21</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Members-only Library</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div 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class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177563/Gender_Aspects_of_Trade">Gender Aspects of Trade</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the las...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Trade liberalization policies that were implemented through multi-lateral, regional or bilateral trade agreements have been instrumental in this expansion of trade. Since the early 1980s, developing and industrial countries alike have reduced tariffs and have shifted away from quantitative restrictions to tariffs. In many developing countries, trade liberalization was implemented as part of structural adjustment programmes that aimed to bring macroeconomic stability and growth. Even when countries moved out of the debt crises that initially launched these market reforms, these sets of policies have often continued. The ongoing trade negotiations that focus on removal of various controls, protections and export subsidies continue to emphasize the benefits of trade liberalization in bringing prosperity to low-income countries and reducing inequalities be...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9b08017d0ac3fc485e57789419f97211" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105442184,"asset_id":106177563,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105442184/download_file?st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106177563"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106177563"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177563; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177563]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177563]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177563; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106177563']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 106177563, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9b08017d0ac3fc485e57789419f97211" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106177563]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106177563,"title":"Gender Aspects of Trade","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the last quarter of the twentieth century. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106177562"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177562/Toward_more_inclusive_measures_of_economic_well_being_debates_and_practices"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Toward more inclusive measures of economic well-being: debates and practices" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105442182/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177562/Toward_more_inclusive_measures_of_economic_well_being_debates_and_practices">Toward more inclusive measures of economic well-being: debates and practices</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper reviews debates and practice around the conventional and alternative measures of econo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper reviews debates and practice around the conventional and alternative measures of economic well-being. Evaluating the major contending &#39;Beyond GDP&#39; measures - Genuine Progress Indicator, Human Development Index, Happiness/life evaluation index, Happy Planet Index, the OECD&#39;s Better Life Initiative dashboard - the paper argues that the GPI is the only indicator that that incorporates inequality, care for human beings and care for the environment in a single framework. GPI is therefore best suited to guide policy in responding to the major challenges of our time - rising inequality, climate change, environmental destruction. GPI&#39;s GDP-like features make it suitable to gauge economic performance that contributes to well-being outcomes and examine proposed policies. Meanwhile, its dashboard-like features allow changes in contributing variables to be tracked in physical and monetary terms. Although GPI has high data demands, which make it difficult to estimate t...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bc916c551ac9a158af17087156a1f7ac" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105442182,"asset_id":106177562,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105442182/download_file?st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106177562"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106177562"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177562; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177562]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177562]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177562; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106177562']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 106177562, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bc916c551ac9a158af17087156a1f7ac" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106177562]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106177562,"title":"Toward more inclusive measures of economic well-being: debates and practices","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper reviews debates and practice around the conventional and alternative measures of economic well-being. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106177558"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177558/Born_Factories_Womens_Labor_in_Carpet_Workshops_in_Rural_Turkey"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Born Factories: Women's Labor in Carpet Workshops in Rural Turkey" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177558/Born_Factories_Womens_Labor_in_Carpet_Workshops_in_Rural_Turkey">Born Factories: Women's Labor in Carpet Workshops in Rural Turkey</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Studies Notes</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106177558"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106177558"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177558; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106177557"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177557/Industrialisation_Strategies_and_Gender_Composition_of_Manufacturing_Employment_in_Turkey"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Industrialisation Strategies and Gender Composition of Manufacturing Employment in Turkey" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177557/Industrialisation_Strategies_and_Gender_Composition_of_Manufacturing_Employment_in_Turkey">Industrialisation Strategies and Gender Composition of Manufacturing Employment in Turkey</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Women’s Work in the World Economy</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">During the past decade, the literature on women and development as well as the literature on the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">During the past decade, the literature on women and development as well as the literature on the new international division of labour have frequently emphasised the growing share of female employment in manufacturing under export-led industrialisation. Many authors have documented the often repressive conditions of women’s employment (Elson and Pearson, 1981; Nash and Fernandez-Kelly, 1983), some characterising this industrialisation strategy as ‘female-led industrialisation’ (Joekes, 1982), others as a process of ‘bloody taylorization’ (Lipietz, 1987, pp. 75-6). Beyond an appreciation of the repressive working conditions, these conceptualisations include widely accepted characterisations of women’s location in manufacturing employment. It is held as a near-axiomatic truth that in the current phase of the international division of labour, Third World countries specialise in labour intensive production of commodities with low skill content, and women constitute a high proportion of the labour force in these sectors. 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Evidence from East Asia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>SSRN Electronic Journal</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fdab7591af7e1cf81edff73b7bce4086" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104559447,"asset_id":104978235,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104559447/download_file?st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104978235"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104978235"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104978235; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104978235]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104978235]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104978235; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104978235']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 104978235, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fdab7591af7e1cf81edff73b7bce4086" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104978235]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104978235,"title":"Does Trade Promote Gender Wage Equity? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104398190"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104398190/Inequality_Development_and_Growth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Inequality, Development, and Growth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104398190/Inequality_Development_and_Growth">Inequality, Development, and Growth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Development Studies</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of cons...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of constitutional provisions to seek policy change. This point merits elaboration. Particularly in the context of recently democratised countries like South Africa and Brazil, with substantial social provisions in their constitutions, human rights law offers a potential avenue for citizens to access power. Moreover, given the degree of technical expertise required to engage with IP law (and the extent to which patent offices appear to be captured, as Drahos shows), human rights law may serve as an alternative pathway – a more fertile ground – for influencing policy outcomes. The book would mark a major contribution for the empirical material alone. In a single volume Matthews presents rich case studies of NGO activism not just on access to medicines or agriculture and genetic resources in one or two countries, but rather on both issues in three searate countries – plus a complex of multilateral settings too. The book offers extensive documentation of diverse NGOs, international and local, with careful distinctions made throughout the book. Indeed, some of the most interesting material is thinking about the conditions under which these two types of NGOs reinforce each other and when they enter into conflict. Regarding conflicts over patents and drugs in Brazil and South Africa, for example, Matthews shows how international conflicts with foreign firms and governments mobilised international and local NGOs (in contrast, NGOs had mobilized much earlier in Brazil with regard to genetic resources). Matthews then traces the complex triangular relationships between international NGOs, local NGOs, and local governments. The book is full of comparative, analytic insights, as the author exploits the axes of comparison made possible by the multiple case studies to explain differences in outcomes. Continuing with the issue of international conflicts affecting patterns of NGO mobilisation in the area of drugs and access to medicines, Matthews contrasts the cases of South Africa and Brazil with the case of India. In India, a WTO challenge in the late 1990s that forced important changes to the patent system did not trigger the same sort of visible reaction. Instead, Matthews documents how Indian NGOs, which in contrast to their counterparts in the other countries were already tuned in and mobilised, continued to expand the coalition and worked, essentially behind the scenes, to shape the terms of India’s ultimate compliance with TRIPS in the early 2000s. Taking a step back, NGOs appear to be relatively more successful in securing change with regard to access to medicines than agriculture and genetic resources. Part of that difference seems to be difference in starting points and objectives, namely, how success is defined. In the case of drugs the objectives appear to be defensive, with success being to prevent further diminishment of policy discretion, while in the case of agriculture and genetic resources the objectives appear to be more proactive, with success being to introduce new positive obligations on the part of the government. Further analysis of these differences would strengthen the book. Additionally, for all the merits of Matthews’ impressive documentation of transnational alliances, the book would benefit from more attention to frictions between different types of actors, particularly between national and international NGOs. These two books mark important contributions to the second generation of scholarship on the politics of IP and development, where analytic attention shifts from the international level to the national level. In fact the two works, though focusing on different sorts of actors and processes, complement each other nicely. Consider Drahos’ search for responses to the problems identified in The Global Governance of Knowledge, which include, among other things, opening the examination process to actors that exist outside of the network he details. One way to do that, of course, includes provisions for pre-grant opposition proceedings, in which actors can present patent offices with challenges to applications’ claims of novelty and inventiveness. The presence of such provisions would constitute differences in substantive rules, and the extent to which such differences can be exploited and thus generate differences in administrative practices would depend on the existence of actors able to participate in opposition proceedings. NGOs, of course, are one such actor. Indeed, in India a system of pre-grant opposition exists, and as Matthews (pp. 185–188) shows, Indian NGOs have been extremely active users of the opposition system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104398190"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104398190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104398190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104398190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104398190]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104398190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104398190']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 104398190, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104398190]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104398190,"title":"Inequality, Development, and Growth","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of constitutional provisions to seek policy change. This point merits elaboration. Particularly in the context of recently democratised countries like South Africa and Brazil, with substantial social provisions in their constitutions, human rights law offers a potential avenue for citizens to access power. Moreover, given the degree of technical expertise required to engage with IP law (and the extent to which patent offices appear to be captured, as Drahos shows), human rights law may serve as an alternative pathway – a more fertile ground – for influencing policy outcomes. The book would mark a major contribution for the empirical material alone. In a single volume Matthews presents rich case studies of NGO activism not just on access to medicines or agriculture and genetic resources in one or two countries, but rather on both issues in three searate countries – plus a complex of multilateral settings too. The book offers extensive documentation of diverse NGOs, international and local, with careful distinctions made throughout the book. Indeed, some of the most interesting material is thinking about the conditions under which these two types of NGOs reinforce each other and when they enter into conflict. Regarding conflicts over patents and drugs in Brazil and South Africa, for example, Matthews shows how international conflicts with foreign firms and governments mobilised international and local NGOs (in contrast, NGOs had mobilized much earlier in Brazil with regard to genetic resources). Matthews then traces the complex triangular relationships between international NGOs, local NGOs, and local governments. The book is full of comparative, analytic insights, as the author exploits the axes of comparison made possible by the multiple case studies to explain differences in outcomes. Continuing with the issue of international conflicts affecting patterns of NGO mobilisation in the area of drugs and access to medicines, Matthews contrasts the cases of South Africa and Brazil with the case of India. In India, a WTO challenge in the late 1990s that forced important changes to the patent system did not trigger the same sort of visible reaction. Instead, Matthews documents how Indian NGOs, which in contrast to their counterparts in the other countries were already tuned in and mobilised, continued to expand the coalition and worked, essentially behind the scenes, to shape the terms of India’s ultimate compliance with TRIPS in the early 2000s. Taking a step back, NGOs appear to be relatively more successful in securing change with regard to access to medicines than agriculture and genetic resources. Part of that difference seems to be difference in starting points and objectives, namely, how success is defined. In the case of drugs the objectives appear to be defensive, with success being to prevent further diminishment of policy discretion, while in the case of agriculture and genetic resources the objectives appear to be more proactive, with success being to introduce new positive obligations on the part of the government. Further analysis of these differences would strengthen the book. Additionally, for all the merits of Matthews’ impressive documentation of transnational alliances, the book would benefit from more attention to frictions between different types of actors, particularly between national and international NGOs. These two books mark important contributions to the second generation of scholarship on the politics of IP and development, where analytic attention shifts from the international level to the national level. In fact the two works, though focusing on different sorts of actors and processes, complement each other nicely. Consider Drahos’ search for responses to the problems identified in The Global Governance of Knowledge, which include, among other things, opening the examination process to actors that exist outside of the network he details. One way to do that, of course, includes provisions for pre-grant opposition proceedings, in which actors can present patent offices with challenges to applications’ claims of novelty and inventiveness. The presence of such provisions would constitute differences in substantive rules, and the extent to which such differences can be exploited and thus generate differences in administrative practices would depend on the existence of actors able to participate in opposition proceedings. NGOs, of course, are one such actor. Indeed, in India a system of pre-grant opposition exists, and as Matthews (pp. 185–188) shows, Indian NGOs have been extremely active users of the opposition system.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The Journal of Development Studies"},"translated_abstract":"human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of constitutional provisions to seek policy change. This point merits elaboration. Particularly in the context of recently democratised countries like South Africa and Brazil, with substantial social provisions in their constitutions, human rights law offers a potential avenue for citizens to access power. Moreover, given the degree of technical expertise required to engage with IP law (and the extent to which patent offices appear to be captured, as Drahos shows), human rights law may serve as an alternative pathway – a more fertile ground – for influencing policy outcomes. The book would mark a major contribution for the empirical material alone. In a single volume Matthews presents rich case studies of NGO activism not just on access to medicines or agriculture and genetic resources in one or two countries, but rather on both issues in three searate countries – plus a complex of multilateral settings too. The book offers extensive documentation of diverse NGOs, international and local, with careful distinctions made throughout the book. Indeed, some of the most interesting material is thinking about the conditions under which these two types of NGOs reinforce each other and when they enter into conflict. Regarding conflicts over patents and drugs in Brazil and South Africa, for example, Matthews shows how international conflicts with foreign firms and governments mobilised international and local NGOs (in contrast, NGOs had mobilized much earlier in Brazil with regard to genetic resources). Matthews then traces the complex triangular relationships between international NGOs, local NGOs, and local governments. The book is full of comparative, analytic insights, as the author exploits the axes of comparison made possible by the multiple case studies to explain differences in outcomes. Continuing with the issue of international conflicts affecting patterns of NGO mobilisation in the area of drugs and access to medicines, Matthews contrasts the cases of South Africa and Brazil with the case of India. In India, a WTO challenge in the late 1990s that forced important changes to the patent system did not trigger the same sort of visible reaction. Instead, Matthews documents how Indian NGOs, which in contrast to their counterparts in the other countries were already tuned in and mobilised, continued to expand the coalition and worked, essentially behind the scenes, to shape the terms of India’s ultimate compliance with TRIPS in the early 2000s. Taking a step back, NGOs appear to be relatively more successful in securing change with regard to access to medicines than agriculture and genetic resources. Part of that difference seems to be difference in starting points and objectives, namely, how success is defined. In the case of drugs the objectives appear to be defensive, with success being to prevent further diminishment of policy discretion, while in the case of agriculture and genetic resources the objectives appear to be more proactive, with success being to introduce new positive obligations on the part of the government. Further analysis of these differences would strengthen the book. Additionally, for all the merits of Matthews’ impressive documentation of transnational alliances, the book would benefit from more attention to frictions between different types of actors, particularly between national and international NGOs. These two books mark important contributions to the second generation of scholarship on the politics of IP and development, where analytic attention shifts from the international level to the national level. In fact the two works, though focusing on different sorts of actors and processes, complement each other nicely. Consider Drahos’ search for responses to the problems identified in The Global Governance of Knowledge, which include, among other things, opening the examination process to actors that exist outside of the network he details. One way to do that, of course, includes provisions for pre-grant opposition proceedings, in which actors can present patent offices with challenges to applications’ claims of novelty and inventiveness. The presence of such provisions would constitute differences in substantive rules, and the extent to which such differences can be exploited and thus generate differences in administrative practices would depend on the existence of actors able to participate in opposition proceedings. NGOs, of course, are one such actor. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106177563"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177563/Gender_Aspects_of_Trade"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gender Aspects of Trade" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105442184/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177563/Gender_Aspects_of_Trade">Gender Aspects of Trade</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the las...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Trade liberalization policies that were implemented through multi-lateral, regional or bilateral trade agreements have been instrumental in this expansion of trade. Since the early 1980s, developing and industrial countries alike have reduced tariffs and have shifted away from quantitative restrictions to tariffs. In many developing countries, trade liberalization was implemented as part of structural adjustment programmes that aimed to bring macroeconomic stability and growth. Even when countries moved out of the debt crises that initially launched these market reforms, these sets of policies have often continued. The ongoing trade negotiations that focus on removal of various controls, protections and export subsidies continue to emphasize the benefits of trade liberalization in bringing prosperity to low-income countries and reducing inequalities be...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9b08017d0ac3fc485e57789419f97211" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105442184,"asset_id":106177563,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105442184/download_file?st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106177563"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106177563"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177563; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177563]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177563]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177563; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106177563']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 106177563, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9b08017d0ac3fc485e57789419f97211" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106177563]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106177563,"title":"Gender Aspects of Trade","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the last quarter of the twentieth century. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106177562"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177562/Toward_more_inclusive_measures_of_economic_well_being_debates_and_practices"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Toward more inclusive measures of economic well-being: debates and practices" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105442182/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177562/Toward_more_inclusive_measures_of_economic_well_being_debates_and_practices">Toward more inclusive measures of economic well-being: debates and practices</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper reviews debates and practice around the conventional and alternative measures of econo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper reviews debates and practice around the conventional and alternative measures of economic well-being. Evaluating the major contending &#39;Beyond GDP&#39; measures - Genuine Progress Indicator, Human Development Index, Happiness/life evaluation index, Happy Planet Index, the OECD&#39;s Better Life Initiative dashboard - the paper argues that the GPI is the only indicator that that incorporates inequality, care for human beings and care for the environment in a single framework. GPI is therefore best suited to guide policy in responding to the major challenges of our time - rising inequality, climate change, environmental destruction. GPI&#39;s GDP-like features make it suitable to gauge economic performance that contributes to well-being outcomes and examine proposed policies. Meanwhile, its dashboard-like features allow changes in contributing variables to be tracked in physical and monetary terms. Although GPI has high data demands, which make it difficult to estimate t...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bc916c551ac9a158af17087156a1f7ac" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":105442182,"asset_id":106177562,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105442182/download_file?st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106177562"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106177562"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177562; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177562]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106177562]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106177562; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106177562']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 106177562, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bc916c551ac9a158af17087156a1f7ac" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106177562]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106177562,"title":"Toward more inclusive measures of economic well-being: debates and practices","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper reviews debates and practice around the conventional and alternative measures of economic well-being. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106177557"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177557/Industrialisation_Strategies_and_Gender_Composition_of_Manufacturing_Employment_in_Turkey"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Industrialisation Strategies and Gender Composition of Manufacturing Employment in Turkey" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106177557/Industrialisation_Strategies_and_Gender_Composition_of_Manufacturing_Employment_in_Turkey">Industrialisation Strategies and Gender Composition of Manufacturing Employment in Turkey</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Women’s Work in the World Economy</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">During the past decade, the literature on women and development as well as the literature on the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">During the past decade, the literature on women and development as well as the literature on the new international division of labour have frequently emphasised the growing share of female employment in manufacturing under export-led industrialisation. Many authors have documented the often repressive conditions of women’s employment (Elson and Pearson, 1981; Nash and Fernandez-Kelly, 1983), some characterising this industrialisation strategy as ‘female-led industrialisation’ (Joekes, 1982), others as a process of ‘bloody taylorization’ (Lipietz, 1987, pp. 75-6). Beyond an appreciation of the repressive working conditions, these conceptualisations include widely accepted characterisations of women’s location in manufacturing employment. It is held as a near-axiomatic truth that in the current phase of the international division of labour, Third World countries specialise in labour intensive production of commodities with low skill content, and women constitute a high proportion of the labour force in these sectors. 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Evidence from East Asia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>SSRN Electronic Journal</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fdab7591af7e1cf81edff73b7bce4086" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104559447,"asset_id":104978235,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104559447/download_file?st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjUxMjc1OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104978235"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104978235"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104978235; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104978235]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104978235]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104978235; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104978235']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 104978235, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fdab7591af7e1cf81edff73b7bce4086" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104978235]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104978235,"title":"Does Trade Promote Gender Wage Equity? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104398190"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104398190/Inequality_Development_and_Growth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Inequality, Development, and Growth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104398190/Inequality_Development_and_Growth">Inequality, Development, and Growth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of Development Studies</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of cons...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of constitutional provisions to seek policy change. This point merits elaboration. Particularly in the context of recently democratised countries like South Africa and Brazil, with substantial social provisions in their constitutions, human rights law offers a potential avenue for citizens to access power. Moreover, given the degree of technical expertise required to engage with IP law (and the extent to which patent offices appear to be captured, as Drahos shows), human rights law may serve as an alternative pathway – a more fertile ground – for influencing policy outcomes. The book would mark a major contribution for the empirical material alone. In a single volume Matthews presents rich case studies of NGO activism not just on access to medicines or agriculture and genetic resources in one or two countries, but rather on both issues in three searate countries – plus a complex of multilateral settings too. The book offers extensive documentation of diverse NGOs, international and local, with careful distinctions made throughout the book. Indeed, some of the most interesting material is thinking about the conditions under which these two types of NGOs reinforce each other and when they enter into conflict. Regarding conflicts over patents and drugs in Brazil and South Africa, for example, Matthews shows how international conflicts with foreign firms and governments mobilised international and local NGOs (in contrast, NGOs had mobilized much earlier in Brazil with regard to genetic resources). Matthews then traces the complex triangular relationships between international NGOs, local NGOs, and local governments. The book is full of comparative, analytic insights, as the author exploits the axes of comparison made possible by the multiple case studies to explain differences in outcomes. Continuing with the issue of international conflicts affecting patterns of NGO mobilisation in the area of drugs and access to medicines, Matthews contrasts the cases of South Africa and Brazil with the case of India. In India, a WTO challenge in the late 1990s that forced important changes to the patent system did not trigger the same sort of visible reaction. Instead, Matthews documents how Indian NGOs, which in contrast to their counterparts in the other countries were already tuned in and mobilised, continued to expand the coalition and worked, essentially behind the scenes, to shape the terms of India’s ultimate compliance with TRIPS in the early 2000s. Taking a step back, NGOs appear to be relatively more successful in securing change with regard to access to medicines than agriculture and genetic resources. Part of that difference seems to be difference in starting points and objectives, namely, how success is defined. In the case of drugs the objectives appear to be defensive, with success being to prevent further diminishment of policy discretion, while in the case of agriculture and genetic resources the objectives appear to be more proactive, with success being to introduce new positive obligations on the part of the government. Further analysis of these differences would strengthen the book. Additionally, for all the merits of Matthews’ impressive documentation of transnational alliances, the book would benefit from more attention to frictions between different types of actors, particularly between national and international NGOs. These two books mark important contributions to the second generation of scholarship on the politics of IP and development, where analytic attention shifts from the international level to the national level. In fact the two works, though focusing on different sorts of actors and processes, complement each other nicely. Consider Drahos’ search for responses to the problems identified in The Global Governance of Knowledge, which include, among other things, opening the examination process to actors that exist outside of the network he details. One way to do that, of course, includes provisions for pre-grant opposition proceedings, in which actors can present patent offices with challenges to applications’ claims of novelty and inventiveness. The presence of such provisions would constitute differences in substantive rules, and the extent to which such differences can be exploited and thus generate differences in administrative practices would depend on the existence of actors able to participate in opposition proceedings. NGOs, of course, are one such actor. Indeed, in India a system of pre-grant opposition exists, and as Matthews (pp. 185–188) shows, Indian NGOs have been extremely active users of the opposition system.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104398190"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104398190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104398190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104398190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104398190]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104398190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104398190']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 104398190, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104398190]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104398190,"title":"Inequality, Development, and Growth","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of constitutional provisions to seek policy change. This point merits elaboration. Particularly in the context of recently democratised countries like South Africa and Brazil, with substantial social provisions in their constitutions, human rights law offers a potential avenue for citizens to access power. Moreover, given the degree of technical expertise required to engage with IP law (and the extent to which patent offices appear to be captured, as Drahos shows), human rights law may serve as an alternative pathway – a more fertile ground – for influencing policy outcomes. The book would mark a major contribution for the empirical material alone. In a single volume Matthews presents rich case studies of NGO activism not just on access to medicines or agriculture and genetic resources in one or two countries, but rather on both issues in three searate countries – plus a complex of multilateral settings too. The book offers extensive documentation of diverse NGOs, international and local, with careful distinctions made throughout the book. Indeed, some of the most interesting material is thinking about the conditions under which these two types of NGOs reinforce each other and when they enter into conflict. Regarding conflicts over patents and drugs in Brazil and South Africa, for example, Matthews shows how international conflicts with foreign firms and governments mobilised international and local NGOs (in contrast, NGOs had mobilized much earlier in Brazil with regard to genetic resources). Matthews then traces the complex triangular relationships between international NGOs, local NGOs, and local governments. The book is full of comparative, analytic insights, as the author exploits the axes of comparison made possible by the multiple case studies to explain differences in outcomes. Continuing with the issue of international conflicts affecting patterns of NGO mobilisation in the area of drugs and access to medicines, Matthews contrasts the cases of South Africa and Brazil with the case of India. In India, a WTO challenge in the late 1990s that forced important changes to the patent system did not trigger the same sort of visible reaction. Instead, Matthews documents how Indian NGOs, which in contrast to their counterparts in the other countries were already tuned in and mobilised, continued to expand the coalition and worked, essentially behind the scenes, to shape the terms of India’s ultimate compliance with TRIPS in the early 2000s. Taking a step back, NGOs appear to be relatively more successful in securing change with regard to access to medicines than agriculture and genetic resources. Part of that difference seems to be difference in starting points and objectives, namely, how success is defined. In the case of drugs the objectives appear to be defensive, with success being to prevent further diminishment of policy discretion, while in the case of agriculture and genetic resources the objectives appear to be more proactive, with success being to introduce new positive obligations on the part of the government. Further analysis of these differences would strengthen the book. Additionally, for all the merits of Matthews’ impressive documentation of transnational alliances, the book would benefit from more attention to frictions between different types of actors, particularly between national and international NGOs. These two books mark important contributions to the second generation of scholarship on the politics of IP and development, where analytic attention shifts from the international level to the national level. In fact the two works, though focusing on different sorts of actors and processes, complement each other nicely. Consider Drahos’ search for responses to the problems identified in The Global Governance of Knowledge, which include, among other things, opening the examination process to actors that exist outside of the network he details. One way to do that, of course, includes provisions for pre-grant opposition proceedings, in which actors can present patent offices with challenges to applications’ claims of novelty and inventiveness. The presence of such provisions would constitute differences in substantive rules, and the extent to which such differences can be exploited and thus generate differences in administrative practices would depend on the existence of actors able to participate in opposition proceedings. NGOs, of course, are one such actor. Indeed, in India a system of pre-grant opposition exists, and as Matthews (pp. 185–188) shows, Indian NGOs have been extremely active users of the opposition system.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The Journal of Development Studies"},"translated_abstract":"human rights law in national courts, where NGOs and other affected parties take advantage of constitutional provisions to seek policy change. This point merits elaboration. Particularly in the context of recently democratised countries like South Africa and Brazil, with substantial social provisions in their constitutions, human rights law offers a potential avenue for citizens to access power. Moreover, given the degree of technical expertise required to engage with IP law (and the extent to which patent offices appear to be captured, as Drahos shows), human rights law may serve as an alternative pathway – a more fertile ground – for influencing policy outcomes. The book would mark a major contribution for the empirical material alone. In a single volume Matthews presents rich case studies of NGO activism not just on access to medicines or agriculture and genetic resources in one or two countries, but rather on both issues in three searate countries – plus a complex of multilateral settings too. The book offers extensive documentation of diverse NGOs, international and local, with careful distinctions made throughout the book. Indeed, some of the most interesting material is thinking about the conditions under which these two types of NGOs reinforce each other and when they enter into conflict. Regarding conflicts over patents and drugs in Brazil and South Africa, for example, Matthews shows how international conflicts with foreign firms and governments mobilised international and local NGOs (in contrast, NGOs had mobilized much earlier in Brazil with regard to genetic resources). Matthews then traces the complex triangular relationships between international NGOs, local NGOs, and local governments. The book is full of comparative, analytic insights, as the author exploits the axes of comparison made possible by the multiple case studies to explain differences in outcomes. Continuing with the issue of international conflicts affecting patterns of NGO mobilisation in the area of drugs and access to medicines, Matthews contrasts the cases of South Africa and Brazil with the case of India. In India, a WTO challenge in the late 1990s that forced important changes to the patent system did not trigger the same sort of visible reaction. Instead, Matthews documents how Indian NGOs, which in contrast to their counterparts in the other countries were already tuned in and mobilised, continued to expand the coalition and worked, essentially behind the scenes, to shape the terms of India’s ultimate compliance with TRIPS in the early 2000s. Taking a step back, NGOs appear to be relatively more successful in securing change with regard to access to medicines than agriculture and genetic resources. Part of that difference seems to be difference in starting points and objectives, namely, how success is defined. In the case of drugs the objectives appear to be defensive, with success being to prevent further diminishment of policy discretion, while in the case of agriculture and genetic resources the objectives appear to be more proactive, with success being to introduce new positive obligations on the part of the government. Further analysis of these differences would strengthen the book. Additionally, for all the merits of Matthews’ impressive documentation of transnational alliances, the book would benefit from more attention to frictions between different types of actors, particularly between national and international NGOs. These two books mark important contributions to the second generation of scholarship on the politics of IP and development, where analytic attention shifts from the international level to the national level. In fact the two works, though focusing on different sorts of actors and processes, complement each other nicely. Consider Drahos’ search for responses to the problems identified in The Global Governance of Knowledge, which include, among other things, opening the examination process to actors that exist outside of the network he details. One way to do that, of course, includes provisions for pre-grant opposition proceedings, in which actors can present patent offices with challenges to applications’ claims of novelty and inventiveness. The presence of such provisions would constitute differences in substantive rules, and the extent to which such differences can be exploited and thus generate differences in administrative practices would depend on the existence of actors able to participate in opposition proceedings. NGOs, of course, are one such actor. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="102965428"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/102965428/Efficiency_arguments_for_gender_equality_an_introduction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Efficiency arguments for gender equality: an introduction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/102965428/Efficiency_arguments_for_gender_equality_an_introduction">Efficiency arguments for gender equality: an introduction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue canadienne d'études du développement</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the last decade, the case for promoting gender equality has increasingly taken on broad effici...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the last decade, the case for promoting gender equality has increasingly taken on broad efficiency arguments to bolster the intrinsic or social justice argument for gender equality. Through anal...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="102965428"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="102965428"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102965428; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102965428]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=102965428]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 102965428; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='102965428']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 102965428, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=102965428]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":102965428,"title":"Efficiency arguments for gender equality: an introduction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In the last decade, the case for promoting gender equality has increasingly taken on broad efficiency arguments to bolster the intrinsic or social justice argument for gender equality. 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More specifically, it examines connections between intergroup inequality and macroeconomic outcomes, considering various channels through which gender, growth, and development interact. Using a range of analytical methods, country studies, and levels of aggregation, the contributors argue that inequalities based on gender, race, ethnicity, and class undermine the ability of people to provision and live fully to their capabilities. Authors examine the effect of macroeconomic policies and economic growth on inequalities in material resources and well-being, as well as the effects of inequality on economic growth. The volume offers specific explanations for how the macroeconomy can hinder the achievement of gender equality and in turn how gender relations in areas like education and wage gaps can have macro-level impacts. Finally, the volume offers a rich array of policy options for promoting gender equality as both an intrinsic goal and a step toward improving well-being and broadly-shared development. This book was published as a special issue of Feminist Economics. Reviews "Drawing on feminist economics perspective, this book seeks to put the issue of inequality front and center in the analysis of economic growth and development. Adopting the capabilities approach of defining development as the advancement of human well being, the studies in this edited volume explore a wide range of ways to evaluate whether growth has enhanced shared human development or has merely enhanced pre-existing pockets of privilege. The book revisits the question of whether gender disparities impact growth with updated data. 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