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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Art_made_for_digital_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_made_for_digital_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Art made for digital media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_made_for_digital_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art made for digital media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_made_for_digital_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_demos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_demos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Computer demos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_demos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_installation_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_installation_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Digital installation art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_installation_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_art_and_net.art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_art_and_net.art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Internet art and net.art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_art_and_net.art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_art_and_blockchain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_art_and_blockchain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Digital art and blockchain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_art_and_blockchain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_that_uses_digital_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_that_uses_digital_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Art that uses digital tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_that_uses_digital_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art that uses digital tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_that_uses_digital_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer-generated_visual_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-generated_visual_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Computer-generated visual media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-generated_visual_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-generated_3D_still_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-generated_3D_still_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Computer-generated 3D still imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-generated_3D_still_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-generated_animated_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-generated_animated_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Computer-generated animated imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-generated_animated_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Digital painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Artificial intelligence art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generation_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Generation Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation_Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_digital_art_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_digital_art_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of digital art software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_digital_art_software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of digital art software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_digital_art_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_2D_digital_art_repositories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_2D_digital_art_repositories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>List of 2D digital art repositories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_2D_digital_art_repositories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_demos_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_demos_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Computer demos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_demos_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_installation_art_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_installation_art_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Digital installation art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_installation_art_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_art_and_net.art_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_art_and_net.art_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Internet art and net.art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_art_and_net.art_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_art_and_blockchain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_art_and_blockchain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Digital art and blockchain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_art_and_blockchain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_theorists_and_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_theorists_and_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art theorists and historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_theorists_and_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship_and_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship_and_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scholarship and archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship_and_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_organizations_and_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_organizations_and_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Related organizations and conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_organizations_and_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_kuns" title="Digitale kuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Digitale kuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Kunst" title="Digitale Kunst – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Digitale Kunst" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" title="فن رقمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن رقمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82rt_num%C3%A9rique" title="Ârt numérique – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ârt numérique" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99msal_s%C9%99n%C9%99t" title="Rəqəmsal sənət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəqəmsal sənət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дигитално изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дигитално изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_digital" title="Art digital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art digital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Digitální umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digitální umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_kunst" title="Digital kunst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digital kunst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Kunst" title="Digitale Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digitale Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaalkunst" title="Digitaalkunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Digitaalkunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ψηφιακή τέχνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψηφιακή τέχνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_digital" title="Arte digital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte digital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هنر دیجیتال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر دیجیتال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_num%C3%A9rique" title="Art numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8" title="디지털 아트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 아트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Թվային արվեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թվային արվեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="डिजिटल कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डिजिटल कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalna_umjetnost" title="Digitalna umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Digitalna umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_digitale" title="Arte digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אמנות דיגיטלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות דיגיטלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Компьютерлік өнер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Компьютерлік өнер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_nimerik" title="La nimerik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="La nimerik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C4%81l%C4%81_m%C4%81ksla" title="Digitālā māksla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Digitālā māksla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дигитална уметност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дигитална уметност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_digital" title="Seni digital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Дижитал урлаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дижитал урлаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_kunst" title="Digitale kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitale kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="デジタルアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタルアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_numeric" title="Art numeric – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Art numeric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਡਿਜ਼ੀਟਲ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਿਜ਼ੀਟਲ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="برېښنايي هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_digital" title="Arte digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Компьютерное искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерное искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digital art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дигитална уметност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дигитална уметност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_konst" title="Digital konst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digital konst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ศิลปะดิจิทัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะดิจิทัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijital_sanat" title="Dijital sanat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dijital sanat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art that is generated digitally with a computer</div> <p><b>Digital art</b> is <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">artistic</a> work that uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital technology</a> as part of the creative or presentational process. It can also refer to computational art that uses and engages with digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1960s, various names have been used to describe digital art, including <a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">computer art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_art" title="Electronic art">electronic art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia art">multimedia art</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">new media art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital art includes pieces stored on physical media, such as with <a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">digital painting</a>, as well as galleries on <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_made_for_digital_media">Art made for digital media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Art made for digital media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artwork that is highly computational, presented through digital media, and explicitly engages with digital technologies are categorized as "art made for digital media". This differs from art using digital tools, which incorporate digital technology in the creation process but may exist outside the digital world. </p><p>Art historian Christiane Paul writes that it "is highly problematic to classify all art that makes use of digital technologies somewhere in its production and dissemination process as digital art since it makes it almost impossible to arrive at any unifying statement about the art form".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_demos">Computer demos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computer demos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></div> <p>Computer demos are based on computer programs, usually non-interactive. It produces audiovisual presentations. They are a novel form of art, which emerged as a consequence of the home computer revolution in the early 1980s. In the classification of digital art, they can be best described as real-time procedurally generated animated audio-visuals. </p><p>This form of art does not concentrate only on the aesthetics of the final presentation, but also on the complexities and skills involved in creating the presentation. </p><p>As such, it can be fully enjoyed only by persons with a relatively high knowledge level of relevant computer technologies. An example is that, as said by Hua Jin and Jie Yang, Using computer-aided design software to present the class content in art design teaching," is not to advocate computer-aided design instead of hand-drawn performance, but to make it serve the profession earlier through a more reasonable course arrangement."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, many of the created pieces of art are primarily aesthetic or amusing, and those can be enjoyed by the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_installation_art">Digital installation art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digital installation art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">interactive art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boundary Functions at the Tokyo Intercommunications Center, 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/250px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/330px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/500px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><i>Boundary Functions</i> (1998) interactive floor projection by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Snibbe" title="Scott Snibbe">Scott Snibbe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/NTT_InterCommunication_Center" title="NTT InterCommunication Center">NTT InterCommunication Center</a> in Tokyo<sup id="cite_ref-bf2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Digital installation art constitutes a broad field of artistic practices and a variety of forms. </p><p>Some resemble video installations, especially large-scale works involving <a href="/wiki/Video_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Video projection">projections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_capture" title="Video capture">live video capture</a>. By using projection techniques that enhance an audience's impression of sensory envelopment, many digital installations attempt to create immersive environments. </p><p>While others go even further and attempt to facilitate a complete immersion in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual realms</a>. This type of installation is generally <a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">site-specific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalable" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable">scalable</a>, and without fixed <a href="/wiki/Dimensionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionality">dimensionality</a>, meaning it can be reconfigured to accommodate different presentation spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scott_Snibbe" title="Scott Snibbe">Scott Snibbe</a>'s "Boundary Functions" is an example of augmented reality digital installation art, which responds to people who enter the installation by drawing lines between people, indicating their personal space.<sup id="cite_ref-bf2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Noah_Wardrip-Fruin" title="Noah Wardrip-Fruin">Noah Wardrip-Fruin</a>'s "Screen"(2003) utilizes a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) to create an interactive, text-based digital experience that engages the viewer in a multi-sensory interaction. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_art_and_net.art">Internet art and net.art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internet art and net.art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></div> <p>Internet art is digital art that uses the specific characteristics of the Internet and is exhibited on the Internet. The term "internet art" is included by "net art" for which artists assume that network will be refreshed through history. So the term" post-internet art" is used to exclude artworks outside of the internet media.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A representative example is Protocols for Achievements, which is a digital photo frame that confronts the aesthetics of kitsch, and inserts individual artistic dynamics within institutional media.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_art_and_blockchain">Digital art and blockchain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Digital art and blockchain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NFT" class="mw-redirect" title="NFT">NFT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></div> <p>Blockchain, and more specifically Non-Fungible Tokens(NFTs), have been a common tool for digital arts since the NFTs boom of 2020-2021.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By minting digital artworks as NFTs, artists can establish provable ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the technology received much criticism and has many flaws related to plagiarism and fraud (<i>due to its almost completely unregulated nature</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, auction houses, museums, and galleries around the world have started to integrate NFTs and collaborate with digital artists, exhibiting their artworks (<i>associated with the respective NFTs</i>) both in virtual galleries and real-life screens, monitors, and TVs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> presented an auction highlighting significant contributions of digital artists over the previous decade, <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of many record-breaking auctions of digital artwork by the auction house. These auctions look broadly at the cultural impact of digital art in the 21st century and feature work by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_%26_Kevin_McCoy" title="Jennifer & Kevin McCoy">Jennifer & Kevin McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Vera Molnár">Vera Molnár</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Hart" title="Claudia Hart">Claudia Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Monaghan" title="Jonathan Monaghan">Jonathan Monaghan</a> , and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Zucker" title="Sarah Zucker">Sarah Zucker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_(animator)" title="John Whitney (animator)">John Whitney</a> developed the first computer-generated art using mathematical operations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> invented the first user interactive computer-graphics interface known as <a href="/wiki/Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1974 and 1977, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> created two big canvases of <i>Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea which at a distance of 20 meters is transformed into the portrait of Abraham Lincoln (Homage to Rothko)</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pitxot_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitxot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prints of <i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_in_Dalivision" title="Lincoln in Dalivision">Lincoln in Dalivision</a></i> based on a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> processed on a computer by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Harmon" title="Leon Harmon">Leon Harmon</a> published in "The Recognition of Faces".<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique is similar to what later became known as <a href="/wiki/Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">photographic mosaics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> created digital art using an <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> where the computer was publicly introduced at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a>, New York, in July 1985. An image of <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a> was captured in monochrome from a video camera and digitized into a graphics program called ProPaint. Warhol manipulated the image by adding color using flood fills.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_that_uses_digital_tools">Art that uses digital tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Art that uses digital tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital art can be purely computer-generated (such as <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">algorithmic art</a>) or taken from other sources, such as a <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanned photograph</a> or an image drawn using <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> software using a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablet</a>. Artworks are considered <a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">digital paintings</a> when created similarly to non-digital <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> but using <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> on a computer platform and digitally outputting the resulting image as painted on <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>. </p><p>Despite differing viewpoints on digital technology's impact on the arts, a consensus exists within the digital art community about its significant contribution to expanding the creative domain, i.e., that it has greatly broadened the creative opportunities available to professional and non-professional artists alike.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-generated_visual_media">Computer-generated visual media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer-generated visual media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">Digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual art</a> consists of either <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">2D</a> visual information displayed on an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">electronic visual display</a> or information <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematically</a> translated into <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> information viewed through <a href="/wiki/Perspective_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective projection">perspective projection</a> on an electronic visual display. The simplest form, <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a>, reflects how one might draw with a pencil or paper. In this case, however, the image is on the computer screen, and the instrument you draw with might be a tablet stylus or a mouse. What is generated on your screen might appear to be drawn with a pencil, pen, or paintbrush. The second kind is <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>, where the screen becomes a window into a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_environment" title="Virtual environment">virtual environment</a>, where you arrange objects to be "photographed" by the computer. </p><p>Typically 2D computer graphics use <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> as their primary means of source data representations, whereas 3D computer graphics use <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Immersive_virtual_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersive virtual reality">immersive virtual reality</a> installations. A possible third paradigm is to generate art in 2D or 3D entirely through the execution of algorithms coded into computer programs. This can be considered the native art form of the computer, and an introduction to the history of which is available in an interview with computer art pioneer Frieder Nake.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datamoshing" class="mw-redirect" title="Datamoshing">Datamoshing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">algorithmic art</a>, and real-time <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">generative art</a> are examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-generated_3D_still_imagery">Computer-generated 3D still imagery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computer-generated 3D still imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a></div> <p>3D graphics are created via the process of designing <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">imagery</a> from <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> shapes, <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nonuniform_rational_B-spline" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonuniform rational B-spline">NURBS</a> curves<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to create three-dimensional objects and scenes for use in various media such as film, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, print, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, games/simulations, and special visual effects. </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> programs for doing this. The technology can enable <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>, lending itself to sharing and augmenting by a creative effort similar to the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> movement and the <a href="/wiki/Creative_commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative commons">creative commons</a> in which users can collaborate on a project to create <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pop surrealist artist <a href="/wiki/Ray_Caesar" title="Ray Caesar">Ray Caesar</a> works in Maya (a 3D modeling software used for digital animation), using it to create his figures as well as the virtual realms in which they exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-generated_animated_imagery">Computer-generated animated imagery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer-generated animated imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer animation</a></div> <p>Computer-generated animations are <a href="/wiki/Animations" class="mw-redirect" title="Animations">animations</a> created with a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> from digital models created by 3D artists or <a href="/wiki/Procedural_generation" title="Procedural generation">procedurally generated</a>. The term is usually applied to works created entirely with a computer. Movies make heavy use of computer-generated graphics; they are called <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) in the film industry. In the 1990s and early 2000s, CGI advanced enough that, for the first time, it was possible to create realistic 3D computer <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, although films had been using extensive computer images since the mid-70s. A number of modern films have been noted for their heavy use of photo-realistic CGI.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_painting">Digital painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Digital painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></div><p>Digital painting<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly refers to the process of creating paintings on computer software based on <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphic tables</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> simulation, digital brushes in digital software (see the software in <a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a>) can imitate traditional painting paints and tools, such as oil, acrylic acid, pastel, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_(art)" title="Charcoal (art)">charcoal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airbrush" title="Airbrush">airbrush</a>. Users of the software can also customize the pixel size to achieve a unique visual effect (customized brushes). </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence_art">Artificial intelligence art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></div><p>Artists have used artificial intelligence to create artwork since at least the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since their design in 2014, some artists have created artwork using a <a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">generative adversarial network (GAN)</a>, which is a machine learning framework that allows two "algorithms" to compete with each other and iterate.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used to generate pictures that have visual effects similar to traditional fine art. The essential idea of image generators is that people can use text descriptions to let AI convert their text into visual picture content. Anyone can turn their language into a painting through a picture generator.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generation_Process">Generation Process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Generation Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the user can set the input, and the input content includes detailed picture content that the user wants. For example, the content can be a scene's content, characters, weather, character relationships, specific items, etc. It can also include selecting a specific artist style, screen style, image pixel size, brightness, etc. Then picture generators will return several similar pictures<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generated according to the input (generally, 4 pictures are given now). After receiving the results generated by picture generators, the user can select one picture as a result he wants or let the generator redraw and return to new pictures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both 1991 and 1992, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a> won the Golden Nica award at <a href="/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix Ars Electronica</a> for his 3D AI animated videos using artificial evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> along with several other awards for his artificial intelligence art that was critical of government corruption in Detroit and resulted in the city's mayor being sent to jail.<sup id="cite_ref-Detroit_Free_Press_IRE_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detroit_Free_Press_IRE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Detroit_Free_Press_Pulitzer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detroit_Free_Press_Pulitzer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> auction house in New York sold an artificial intelligence work, "Edmond de Bellamy" for US$432,500. It was created by a collective in Paris named "Obvious".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Capital" title="Creative Capital">Creative Capital</a> award for her creation of an evolving artificial intelligence based on the "interests and culture(s) of people of color."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, an amateur artist using <a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a> won the first-place $300 prize in a digital art competition at the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Fair" title="Colorado State Fair">Colorado State Fair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a> created an artificial intelligence art installation at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York, based on the museum's own collection.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_digital_art_software">List of digital art software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of digital art software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scenery_generator#List_of_3D_terrain_generation_software" title="Scenery generator">List of 3D terrain generation software</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_2D_graphics_software" title="List of 2D graphics software">List of 2D graphics software</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">List of digital art software<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Software</th> <th>Developer</th> <th>Platform</th> <th>License </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Fresco" title="Adobe Fresco">Adobe Fresco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a></td> <td>Windows, iOS, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">Freemium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a></td> <td>Adobe Inc.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a></td> <td>Adobe Inc.</td> <td>Windows, macOS, iPadOS</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Substance_3D_Modeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Substance 3D Modeler">Adobe Substance 3D Modeler</a></td> <td>Adobe Inc.</td> <td>Windows, macOS</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Designer" title="Affinity Designer">Affinity Designer</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serif (company)">Serif</a></td> <td>Windows, macOS</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ArtRage" title="ArtRage">ArtRage</a></td> <td>Ambient Design Ltd</td> <td>Windows, macOS, iOS, Android</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_SketchBook" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodesk SketchBook">Autodesk SketchBook</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a></td> <td>Windows, macOS, iOS, Android</td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blender_Foundation" title="Blender Foundation">Blender Foundation</a></td> <td>Windows, macOS, Linux</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">GPLv2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corel_Painter" title="Corel Painter">Corel Painter</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel Corporation">Corel Corporation</a></td> <td>Windows, macOS</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clip_Studio_Paint" title="Clip Studio Paint">Clip Studio Paint</a></td> <td>Celsys, Inc.</td> <td>Windows, macOS, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_Image_Manipulation_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Image Manipulation Program">GNU Image Manipulation Program</a></td> <td>Windows, macOS, Linux</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">GPLv3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a></td> <td>Inkscape Developers</td> <td>Windows, macOS, Linux</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="/wiki/GPLv2" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv2">GPLv2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita">Krita</a></td> <td>Krita Foundation</td> <td>Windows, macOS, Linux</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="/wiki/GPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv3">GPLv3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MyPaint" title="MyPaint">My Paint</a></td> <td>MyPaint Contributors</td> <td>Windows, macOS, Linux, <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a></td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">GPLv2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Procreate_(software)" title="Procreate (software)">Procreate</a></td> <td>Savage Interactive</td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terragen" title="Terragen">Terragen</a></td> <td>Planetside Software</td> <td>Windows, macOS</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary/<a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZBrush" title="ZBrush">ZBrush</a></td> <td>Pixologic</td> <td>Windows, macOS</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCCEE; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9EFF9E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DDFFFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shareware#Trialware" title="Shareware">Trialware</a></div></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_2D_digital_art_repositories">List of 2D digital art repositories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of 2D digital art repositories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Repositories for 2D and vector digital art offer pieces for download, either individually or in bulk. Proprietary repositories require a purchase to license or use any image, while those operating under freemium models like Flaticon, Vecteezy, etc., provide some images for free and others for fee based on tiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">List of 2D digital art repositories<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Repository</th> <th>Company</th> <th>License </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vecteezy</td> <td>Eezy LLC</td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">Freemium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freepik" title="Freepik">Flaticon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freepik" title="Freepik">Freepik Company</a></td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">Freemium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Noun_Project" title="The Noun Project">The Noun Project</a></td> <td>Noun Project Inc.</td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">Freemium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pixabay" title="Pixabay">Pixabay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canva" title="Canva">Canva</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free use</a> (Pixabay Content License) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shutterstock" title="Shutterstock">Shutterstock</a></td> <td>Shutterstock, Inc.</td> <td style="background: #FCE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="nonfree table-nonfree">Proprietary </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_demos_2">Computer demos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Computer demos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debris._04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Debris._04.jpg/250px-Debris._04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Debris._04.jpg/330px-Debris._04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Debris._04.jpg/500px-Debris._04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>An animation frame generated by demo "fr-041: debris." by Farbrausch, first released in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></div> <p>Computer demos are computer programs, usually non-interactive, that produce audiovisual presentations. They are a novel form of art, which emerged as a consequence of home computer revolution in the early 1980s. In the classification of digital art, they can be best described as real-time procedurally generated animated audio-visuals. </p><p>This form of art does not concentrate only on aesthetics of the final presentation, but also on complexities and skills involved in creating the presentation. As such, it can be fully enjoyed only by persons with a high level of knowledge in the field of accompanying computer technologies. On the other hand, many of the created pieces of art are primarily aesthetic or amusing, and those can be enjoyed by general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_installation_art_2">Digital installation art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital installation art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">interactive art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boundary Functions at the Tokyo Intercommunications Center, 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/250px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/330px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg/500px-Boundaryfunctions_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><i>Boundary Functions</i> (1998) interactive floor projection by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Snibbe" title="Scott Snibbe">Scott Snibbe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/NTT_InterCommunication_Center" title="NTT InterCommunication Center">NTT InterCommunication Center</a> in Tokyo<sup id="cite_ref-bf_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Digital installation art constitutes a broad field of activity and incorporates many forms. Some resemble video installations, particularly large-scale works involving <a href="/wiki/Video_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Video projection">projections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_capture" title="Video capture">live video capture</a>. By using projection techniques that enhance an audience's impression of sensory envelopment, many digital installations attempt to create immersive environments. Others go even further and attempt to facilitate a complete immersion in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual realms</a>. This type of installation is generally <a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">site-specific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalable" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable">scalable</a>, and without fixed <a href="/wiki/Dimensionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionality">dimensionality</a>, meaning it can be reconfigured to accommodate different presentation spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noah_Wardrip-Fruin" title="Noah Wardrip-Fruin">Noah Wardrip-Fruin</a>'s "Screen" (2003) is an example of interactive digital installation art which makes use of a <a href="/wiki/Cave_Automatic_Virtual_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave Automatic Virtual Environment">Cave Automatic Virtual Environment</a> to create an interactive experience.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Snibbe" title="Scott Snibbe">Scott Snibbe</a>'s "Boundary Functions" is an example of augmented reality digital installation art, which response to people who enter the installation by drawing lines between people, indicating their personal space.<sup id="cite_ref-bf_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bf-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_art_and_net.art_2">Internet art and net.art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet art and net.art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></div> <p>Internet art is digital art that uses the specific characteristics of the internet and is exhibited on the internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_art_and_blockchain_2">Digital art and blockchain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Digital art and blockchain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NFT" class="mw-redirect" title="NFT">NFT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></div> <p>Blockchain, and more specifically NFTs, are associated with digital art since the NFTs craze of 2020 and 2021. Digital art is a common use case for NFTs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By minting a piece of digital art the owner of the NFT is proven to be the owner of the art piece.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the technology received many critics and has many flaws related to plagiarism and fraud (<i>due to its almost completely unregulated nature</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auction houses, museums and galleries around the world started collaborations and partnerships with digital artists, selling NFTs associated with digital artworks (<i>via NFT platforms</i>) and showcasing those artworks (<i>associated to the respective NFTs</i>) both in virtual galleries and real-life screens, monitors and TVs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> presented an auction highlighting significant contributions of digital artists over the previous decade, <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of many record-breaking auctions of digital artwork by the auction house. These auctions look broadly at the cultural impact of digital art in the 21-st century and featured work by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_%26_Kevin_McCoy" title="Jennifer & Kevin McCoy">Jennifer & Kevin McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Vera Molnár">Vera Molnár</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Hart" title="Claudia Hart">Claudia Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Monaghan" title="Jonathan Monaghan">Jonathan Monaghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Zucker" title="Sarah Zucker">Sarah Zucker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_theorists_and_historians">Art theorists and historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Art theorists and historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable art theorists and historians in this field include: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Grau" title="Oliver Grau">Oliver Grau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ippolito" title="Jon Ippolito">Jon Ippolito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Paul_(curator)" title="Christiane Paul (curator)">Christiane Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Popper" title="Frank Popper">Frank Popper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasia_Reichardt" title="Jasia Reichardt">Jasia Reichardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Costa_(philosopher)" title="Mario Costa (philosopher)">Mario Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Buci-Glucksmann" title="Christine Buci-Glucksmann">Christine Buci-Glucksmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Moulon" title="Dominique Moulon">Dominique Moulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Ascott" title="Roy Ascott">Roy Ascott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Perret" title="Catherine Perret">Catherine Perret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Couchot" title="Edmond Couchot">Edmond Couchot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Rivers_Ryan" title="Tina Rivers Ryan">Tina Rivers Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Forest" title="Fred Forest">Fred Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Shanken" title="Edward A. Shanken">Edward A. Shanken</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship_and_archives">Scholarship and archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scholarship and archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the creation of original art, research methods that utilize AI have been generated to quantitatively analyze digital art collections. This has been made possible due to the large-scale digitization of artwork in the past few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the main goal of digitization was to allow for accessibility and exploration of these collections, the use of AI in analyzing them has brought about new research perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two computational methods, close reading and distant viewing, are the typical approaches used to analyze digitized art.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close reading focuses on specific visual aspects of one piece. Some tasks performed by machines in close reading methods include computational artist authentication and analysis of brushstrokes or texture properties. In contrast, through distant viewing methods, the similarity across an entire collection for a specific feature can be statistically visualized. Common tasks relating to this method include automatic classification, object detection, multimodal tasks, knowledge discovery in art history, and computational aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas distant viewing includes the analysis of large collections, close reading involves one piece of artwork. </p><p>Whilst 2D and 3D digital art is beneficial as it allows the preservation of history that would otherwise have been destroyed by events like natural disasters and war, there is the issue of who should own these 3D scans – i.e., who should own the digital copyrights.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_art" title="Chip art">Chip art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art_scene" title="Computer art scene">Computer art scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto art">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberarts" title="Cyberarts">Cyberarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_illustration" title="Digital illustration">Digital illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital literature">Digital literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sculpture">Digital sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_art" title="Holography art">Holography art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF_art" title="GIF art">GIF art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion (virtual reality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">Motion graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_visualization" title="Music visualization">Music visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">Photo manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic rendering">Render art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture map">Textures</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_organizations_and_conferences">Related organizations and conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Related organizations and conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artfutura" title="Artfutura">Artfutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Arts_Society" title="Computer Arts Society">Computer Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Conferences" title="EVA Conferences">EVA Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Digital_Art" title="Los Angeles Center for Digital Art">Los Angeles Center for Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onedotzero" title="Onedotzero">onedotzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome_(organization)" title="Rhizome (organization)">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_art" class="mw-redirect" title="AI art">AI art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_art" title="Electronic art">Electronic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2D_graphics_software" title="List of 2D graphics software">List of 2D graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Digital_Art" title="Theatre of Digital Art">Theatre of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaul2016" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Christiane (2016). "Introduction From Digital to Post-Digital—Evolutions of an Art Form". In Paul, Christiane (ed.). <i>A Companion to Digital Art</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47520-1"><bdi>978-1-118-47520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+From+Digital+to+Post-Digital%E2%80%94Evolutions+of+an+Art+Form&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Digital+Art&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-47520-1&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReichardt,_Jasia1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasia_Reichardt" title="Jasia Reichardt">Reichardt, Jasia</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000009559">"Twenty years of symbiosis between art and science"</a>. <i>Art and Science</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+and+Science&rft.atitle=Twenty+years+of+symbiosis+between+art+and+science&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Reichardt%2C+Jasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000009559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christiane_Paul_(curator)" title="Christiane Paul (curator)">Christiane Paul</a> (2006). <i>Digital Art</i>, pp. 7–8. Thames & Hudson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieser, Wolf. <i>Digital Art</i>. Langenscheidt: h.f. ullmann. 2009, pp. 13–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Paul2016" class="citation book cs1">Christiane Paul, ed. (2016). <i>A companion to digital art</i>. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3814087">"Virtual Art and Non-fungible Tokens"</a>. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3814087">10.2139/ssrn.3814087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <q>Trautman references Zittrain, Jonathan; Marks, Will (7 April 2021)."What Critics Don't Understand About NFTs. The complexity and arbitrariness of non-fungible tokens are a big part of their appeal". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 January 2023. The buyer is not, however, acquiring anything that they alone can use. (...) an NFT buyer is not purchasing a work, but rather a publicly available token that links to a work. (...) The token itself is visible to all, as is the work to which it points, so anyone else can look at the work and download it. And most NFT transactions don't purport to convey copyright or other intellectual-property interests regarding the work in question (...) 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NFTs make it possible to have exclusive ownership of digital art — something that was previously impossible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Non-Fungible+Tokens+and+the+Future+of+Art&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3474355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237283169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3474355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrautman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Trautman, Lawrence J. (2022). "Virtual Art and Non-Fungible Tokens". <i>Hofstra Law Review</i>. <b>50</b> (361): 372 f. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3814087">10.2139/ssrn.3814087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234830426">234830426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hofstra+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Virtual+Art+and+Non-Fungible+Tokens&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=361&rft.pages=372+f&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3814087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234830426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trautman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span> Trautman references <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZittrainMarks2021" class="citation web cs1">Zittrain, Jonathan; Marks, Will (7 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/04/nfts-show-value-owning-unownable/618525/">"What Critics Don't Understand About NFTs. The complexity and arbitrariness of non-fungible tokens are a big part of their appeal"</a>. The Atlantic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The buyer is not, however, acquiring anything that they alone can use. (...) an NFT buyer is not purchasing a work, but rather a publicly available token that links to a work. (...) The token itself is visible to all, as is the work to which it points, so anyone else can look at the work and download it. And most NFT transactions don't purport to convey copyright or other intellectual-property interests regarding the work in question (...) By these terms, many NFT purchases are akin to acquiring a piece of art that nevertheless remains in the gallery where it was sold, open all the time to members of the public, who may grab a free print of the work after their visit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Critics+Don%27t+Understand+About+NFTs.+The+complexity+and+arbitrariness+of+non-fungible+tokens+are+a+big+part+of+their+appeal&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft.aulast=Zittrain&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Marks%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2021%2F04%2Fnfts-show-value-owning-unownable%2F618525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jingculturecommerce.com/pamm-nfts-the-next-500-years-takeaways/">"Does NFT Art Have A Place In The Museum In 2022?"</a>. <i>jingculturecommerce.com</i>. 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jingculturecommerce.com&rft.atitle=Does+NFT+Art+Have+A+Place+In+The+Museum+In+2022%3F&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjingculturecommerce.com%2Fpamm-nfts-the-next-500-years-takeaways%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrautman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Trautman, Lawrence J. 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id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/digital-catalogues/natively-digital-a-curated-nft-sale">"Natively Digital: A Curated NFT Sale"</a>. <i>sothebys.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Natively+Digital%3A+A+Curated+NFT+Sale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fdigital-catalogues%2Fnatively-digital-a-curated-nft-sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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"Understanding and Creating Art with AI: Review and Outlook". <i>ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 66:1–66:22. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09109">2102.09109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3475799">10.1145/3475799</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1551-6857">1551-6857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231951381">231951381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Multimedia+Computing%2C+Communications%2C+and+Applications&rft.atitle=Understanding+and+Creating+Art+with+AI%3A+Review+and+Outlook&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66%3A1-66%3A22&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2102.09109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231951381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1551-6857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3475799&rft.aulast=Cetinic&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=She%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangOmmer2018" class="citation conference cs1">Lang, Sabine; Ommer, Bjorn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_eccv_2018_workshops/w13/html/Lang_Reflecting_on_How_Artworks_Are_Processed_and_Analyzed_by_Computer_ECCVW_2018_paper.html">"Reflecting on How Artworks Are Processed and Analyzed by Computer Vision: Supplementary Material"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) Workshops</i> – via Computer Vision Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Reflecting+on+How+Artworks+Are+Processed+and+Analyzed+by+Computer+Vision%3A+Supplementary+Material&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+European+Conference+on+Computer+Vision+%28ECCV%29+Workshops&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=Ommer%2C+Bjorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.thecvf.com%2Fcontent_eccv_2018_workshops%2Fw13%2Fhtml%2FLang_Reflecting_on_How_Artworks_Are_Processed_and_Analyzed_by_Computer_ECCVW_2018_paper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSydell2018" class="citation web cs1">Sydell, Laura (21 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/05/21/609084578/3d-scans-help-preserve-history-but-who-should-own-them?t=1612716311697">"3D Scans Help Preserve History, But Who Should Own Them? 2018"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183055/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/05/21/609084578/3d-scans-help-preserve-history-but-who-should-own-them?t=1612716311697">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=3D+Scans+Help+Preserve+History%2C+But+Who+Should+Own+Them%3F+2018&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.aulast=Sydell&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Falltechconsidered%2F2018%2F05%2F21%2F609084578%2F3d-scans-help-preserve-history-but-who-should-own-them%3Ft%3D1612716311697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Digital art</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=digital+art">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=digital+art&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Digital art">Digital art</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>Dreher, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iasl.uni-muenchen.de/links/GCA_Indexe.html">"History of Computer Art"</a></li> <li>Zorich, Diane M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalofdigitalhumanities.org/1-2/transitioning-to-a-digital-world-by-diane-zorich/">"Transitioning to a Digital World"</a></li> <li>Chitrakala <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chitrakalaart.in/art-and-technology-exploring-the-impact-of-digital-art-in-the-modern-world/">"Digital Art"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Digital_art" title="Template:Digital art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_art" title="Template talk:Digital art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_art94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_3D_printing" title="Applications of 3D printing">3D printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_art_software" title="Graphic art software">Graphic art software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal-generating_software" title="Fractal-generating software">Fractal-generating software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation software">Animation software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art_scene" title="Computer art scene">Computer art scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberarts" title="Cyberarts">Cyberarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_illustration" title="Digital illustration">Digital illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_painting" title="Digital painting">Digital painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_architecture" title="Digital architecture">Digital architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_art" title="Evolutionary art">Evolutionary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_music" title="Generative music">Generative music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF_art" title="GIF art">GIF art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_art" title="Glitch art">Glitch art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">Motion graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_visualization" title="Music visualization">Music visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering#Artistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Render art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">Virtual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Anadol" title="Refik Anadol">Refik Anadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Arcangel" title="Cory Arcangel">Cory Arcangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougwen_Chung" title="Sougwen Chung">Sougwen Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cohen_(artist)" title="Harold Cohen (artist)">Harold Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Davies" title="Char Davies">Char Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dinkins" title="Stephanie Dinkins">Stephanie Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Elwes" title="Jake Elwes">Jake Elwes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Em" title="David Em">David Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Klingemann" title="Mario Klingemann">Mario Klingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hershman_Leeson" title="Lynn Hershman Leeson">Lynn Hershman Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Lieberman" title="Zachary Lieberman">Zachary Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy" title="Margot Lovejoy">Margot Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Millikin" title="Eric Millikin">Eric Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Paglen" title="Trevor Paglen">Trevor Paglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ridler" title="Anna Ridler">Anna Ridler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rubin_(artist)" title="Ben Rubin (artist)">Ben Rubin (artist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sims" title="Karl Sims">Karl Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Utterback" title="Camille Utterback">Camille Utterback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar_Van_Arman" title="Pindar Van Arman">Pindar Van Arman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Belamy" title="Edmond de Belamy">Edmond de Belamy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_fern" title="Barnsley fern">Barnsley fern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Dress_Up" title="Jesus Dress Up">Jesus Dress Up</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listening_Post_(artwork)" title="Listening Post (artwork)">Listening Post (artwork)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remember_To_Rise" title="Remember To Rise">Remember To Rise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artfutura" title="Artfutura">Artfutura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artmedia" title="Artmedia">Artmedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Arts_Society" title="Computer Arts Society">Computer Arts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Conferences" title="EVA Conferences">EVA Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Digital_Art" title="Los Angeles Center for Digital Art">Los Angeles Center for Digital Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Prize" title="Lumen Prize">Lumen Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onedotzero" title="Onedotzero">onedotzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science1028" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science1028" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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