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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Multi-licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal basis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_basis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal basis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exclusive rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exclusive_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exclusive rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Use of the software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspection_and_modification_of_source_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspection_and_modification_of_source_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inspection and modification of source code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspection_and_modification_of_source_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redistribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redistribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Redistribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redistribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability_with_software_and_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability_with_software_and_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interoperability with software and hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interoperability_with_software_and_hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interoperability with software and hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interoperability_with_software_and_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proprietary_file_formats_and_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietary_file_formats_and_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Proprietary file formats and protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietary_file_formats_and_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietary_APIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietary_APIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Proprietary APIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietary_APIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendor_lock-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendor_lock-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Vendor lock-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendor_lock-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_limited_to_certain_hardware_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_limited_to_certain_hardware_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Software limited to certain hardware configurations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_limited_to_certain_hardware_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandonment_by_proprietors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandonment_by_proprietors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Abandonment by proprietors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandonment_by_proprietors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pricing_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pricing_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pricing and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pricing_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proprietary software</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="برمجية محتكرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمجية محتكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C9%99l_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Özəl proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Özəl proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasni%C4%8Dki_softver" title="Vlasnički softver – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlasnički softver" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_de_propietat" title="Programari de propietat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari de propietat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_software" title="Proprietární software – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proprietární software" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A6r_software" title="Proprietær software – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proprietær software" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A4re_Software" title="Proprietäre Software – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proprietäre Software" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_propietario" title="Software propietario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software propietario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallibera_programaro" title="Mallibera programaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mallibera programaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_jabedun" title="Software jabedun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Software jabedun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نرم‌افزار مالکیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار مالکیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiciel_propri%C3%A9taire" title="Logiciel propriétaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logiciel propriétaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_privativo" title="Software privativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Software privativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A0_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="사유 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사유 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="अमुक्त स्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमुक्त स्रोत सॉफ्टवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deslibera_programaro" title="Deslibera programaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deslibera programaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_milik_perorangan" title="Perangkat lunak milik perorangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak milik perorangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9reignarhugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Séreignarhugbúnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Séreignarhugbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_proprietario" title="Software proprietario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software proprietario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%93gtais_kods" title="Slēgtais kods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slēgtais kods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEdaras_kodas" title="Uždaras kodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uždaras kodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rt_forr%C3%A1sk%C3%B3d%C3%BA_szoftver" title="Zárt forráskódú szoftver – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárt forráskódú szoftver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="കുത്തക സോഫ്റ്റ്‍വെയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുത്തക സോഫ്റ്റ്‍വെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="برامج احتكاريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برامج احتكاريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_hak_milik" title="Perisian hak milik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian hak milik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propri%C3%ABtaire_software" title="Propriëtaire software – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Propriëtaire software" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="プロプライエタリソフトウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロプライエタリソフトウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A6r_programvare" title="Proprietær programvare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proprietær programvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Оза улшан компьютер программе вораҥдыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Оза улшан компьютер программе вораҥдыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietar_dasturiy_ta%CA%BCminot" title="Proprietar dasturiy taʼminot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proprietar dasturiy taʼminot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamkni%C4%99te_oprogramowanie" title="Zamknięte oprogramowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamknięte oprogramowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_propriet%C3%A1rio" title="Software proprietário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software proprietário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_proprietar" title="Software proprietar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Software proprietar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuqniyuq_llamp%27ukaq" title="Kapuqniyuq llamp'ukaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kapuqniyuq llamp'ukaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Проприетарное программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проприетарное программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="හිමිකාර මෘදුකාංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිමිකාර මෘදුකාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proprietary software" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%BD_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="ملڪيتي سافٽ ويئر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ملڪيتي سافٽ ويئر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A1rny_softv%C3%A9r" title="Proprietárny softvér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Proprietárny softvér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نەرمامێری ساماندار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەرمامێری ساماندار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Власнички софтвер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Власнички софтвер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omisteinen_ohjelmisto" title="Omisteinen ohjelmisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Omisteinen ohjelmisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A4r_programvara" title="Proprietär programvara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proprietär programvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தனியுடைமை மென்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனியுடைமை மென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="ซอฟต์แวร์จำกัดสิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอฟต์แวร์จำกัดสิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel_m%C3%BClk_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Özel mülk yazılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özel mülk yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пропрієтарне програмне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пропрієтарне програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="ملکیتی سافٹ ویئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملکیتی سافٹ ویئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_s%E1%BB%9F_h%E1%BB%AFu_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Phần mềm sở hữu độc quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm sở hữu độc quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="专有软件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="专有软件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q218616#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Software released under a license restricting rights</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Non-free software" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> or <a href="/wiki/Business_software" title="Business software">Business software</a>.</div> <p><b>Proprietary software</b> is <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a> that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property law">intellectual property law</a> to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and <a href="/wiki/EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a>-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Experts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proprietary software is a <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a> of <b>non-free software</b>, a term defined in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>; non-commercial licenses such as <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-NC" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-NC">CC BY-NC</a> are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be <b>closed-source software</b> or <a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">source-available software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Experts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Experts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Felix_AguilarInc.2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felix_AguilarInc.2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="width: 30%; height: 14em; margin-right: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses#Approvals" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Free/Open Licenses</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Non-free Licenses </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a> & <a href="/wiki/Public-domain-equivalent_license" title="Public-domain-equivalent license">equivalents</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">Permissive license</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a> (protective license)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_activity" title="Non-commercial activity">Noncommercial</a> license</th> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary license">Proprietary license</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Software </th> <td>PD, <a href="/wiki/CC0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC0">CC0</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache license">Apache</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_Research_License" title="Java Research License">JRL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Free_Public_License" title="Aladdin Free Public License">AFPL</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">proprietary software, no public license</td> <td>private, internal software </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other creative works </th> <td>PD, <a href="/wiki/CC0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC0">CC0</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CC_BY" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY">CC BY</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CC_BY-NC" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-NC">CC BY-NC</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no"><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a>, no public license</td> <td>unpublished </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the late 1960s, computers—especially large and expensive <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, machines in specially air-conditioned computer rooms—were usually <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">leased</a> to customers rather than <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceruzzi_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceruzzi_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service and all software available were usually supplied by manufacturers without separate charge until 1969. Computer vendors usually provided the source code for installed software to customers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Customers who developed software often made it available to the public without charge.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closed source means computer programs whose source code is not published except to licensees. It is available to be modified only by the organization that developed it and those licensed to use the software. </p><p>In 1969, IBM, which had <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> lawsuits pending against it, led an industry change by <a href="/wiki/History_of_IBM#1960–1969:_The_System/360_era,_Unbundling_software_and_services" title="History of IBM">starting to charge separately for mainframe software</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pugh2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugh2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1969_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1969-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and services, by unbundling hardware and software.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a>" in 1976 decried computer hobbyists' rampant <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> of software, particularly Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Altair_BASIC" title="Altair BASIC">Altair BASIC</a> interpreter, and asserted that their unauthorized use hindered his ability to produce quality software. But the legal status of <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">software copyright</a>, especially for <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object code</a>, was not clear until the 1983 appeals court ruling in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_1976_open_letter_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates_1976_open_letter-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a> the legal characteristic of software changed also due to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cringely_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cringely-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in February 1983 IBM adopted an "<a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">object-code</a>-only" model for a growing list of their software and stopped shipping much of the source code,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even to licensees. </p><p>In 1983, binary software became copyrightable in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as well by the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple vs. Franklin</a> law decision,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before which only source code was copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-landley2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the growing availability of millions of computers based on the same microprocessor architecture created for the first time an unfragmented and big enough market for binary distributed software.<sup id="cite_ref-landley2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landley2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licenses">Licenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed-source_software">Mixed-source software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixed-source software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software distributions considered as proprietary may in fact incorporate a "mixed source" model including both free and non-free software in the same distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most if not all so-called proprietary <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> distributions are mixed source software, bundling open-source components like <a href="/wiki/BIND" title="BIND">BIND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, <a href="/wiki/DHCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DHCP">DHCP</a>, and others along with a purely proprietary <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel (computer science)">kernel</a> and system utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-licensing">Multi-licensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multi-licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some free software packages are also simultaneously available under proprietary terms. Examples include <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> and ssh. The original copyright holders for a work of free software, even copyleft free software, can use <a href="/wiki/Dual-licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-licensing">dual-licensing</a> to allow themselves or others to redistribute proprietary versions. Non-copyleft free software (i.e. software distributed under a permissive free software license or released to the public domain) allows anyone to make proprietary redistributions.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg2000p109_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg2000p109-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fsfandpublicdomain_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsfandpublicdomain-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free software that depends on proprietary software is considered "trapped" by the Free Software Foundation. This includes software written only for Microsoft Windows,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or software that could only run on <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, before it became free software.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Software_law" title="Software law">Software law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">End-user license agreement</a></div> <p>Most of the software is covered by <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">copyright</a> which, along with <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">patents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>, provides legal basis for its owner to establish exclusive rights.<sup id="cite_ref-liberman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A software vendor delineates the specific terms of use in an <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">end-user license agreement</a> (EULA). The user may agree to this contract in writing, interactively on screen (<a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">clickwrap</a>), or by opening the box containing the software (<a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap license">shrink wrap licensing</a>). License agreements are usually <a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">not negotiable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patents</a> grant exclusive rights to algorithms, software features, or other <a href="/wiki/Patentable_subject_matter" title="Patentable subject matter">patentable subject matter</a>, with coverage varying by jurisdiction. Vendors sometimes grant patent rights to the user in the license agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-tysver_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tysver-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for a piece of proprietary software is routinely handled as a <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software can be made available with fewer restrictions on licensing or source-code access; software that satisfies certain conditions of freedom and openness is known as "<a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since license agreements do not override applicable <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract law</a>, provisions in conflict with applicable law are not enforceable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some software is specifically licensed and not sold, in order to avoid limitations of copyright such as the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclusive_rights">Exclusive rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exclusive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The owner of proprietary software exercises certain <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive rights</a> over the software. The owner can restrict the use, inspection of source code, modification of source code, and redistribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_the_software">Use of the software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use of the software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Price_discrimination" title="Price discrimination">Price discrimination</a></div> <p>Vendors typically limit the number of computers on which software can be used, and prohibit the user from installing the software on extra computers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Restricted use is sometimes enforced through a technical measure, such as <a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">product activation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">product key</a> or serial number, a <a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">hardware key</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a>. </p><p>Vendors may also distribute versions that remove particular features, or versions which allow only certain fields of endeavor, such as non-commercial, educational, or non-profit use. </p><p>Use restrictions vary by license: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_Starter" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Vista Starter">Windows Vista Starter</a> is restricted to running a maximum of three concurrent applications.</li> <li>The retail edition of <a href="/wiki/Office_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Office enterprise">Microsoft Office Home and Student 2007</a> is limited to non-commercial use on up to three devices in one household.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> can be installed on one computer, and limits the number of network file sharing connections to 10.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Home_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP Home Edition">Home Edition</a> disables features present in Windows XP Professional.</li> <li>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> licenses are limited to one user, but allow the user to install a second copy on a home computer or laptop.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is no longer true with the switching to Creative Cloud.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork '09</a>, Apple's productivity suite, is available in a five-user family pack, for use on up to five computers in a household.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspection_and_modification_of_source_code">Inspection and modification of source code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inspection and modification of source code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></div> <p>Vendors typically distribute proprietary software in <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> form, usually the <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine language</a> understood by the computer's <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a>. They typically retain the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, or human-readable version of the software, often written in a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">higher level programming language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scheme is often referred to as closed source.<sup id="cite_ref-dwheeler_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwheeler-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most proprietary software is distributed without the source code, some vendors distribute the source code or otherwise make it available to customers. For example, users who have purchased a license for the Internet forum software <a href="/wiki/VBulletin" title="VBulletin">vBulletin</a> can modify the source for their own site but cannot redistribute it. This is true for many web applications, which must be in source code form when being run by a web server. The source code is covered by a <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a> or a license that allows, for example, study and modification, but not redistribution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text-based email client <a href="/wiki/Pine_(e-mail_client)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine (e-mail client)">Pine</a> and certain implementations of <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">Secure Shell</a> are distributed with proprietary licenses that make the source code available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Some licenses for proprietary software allow distributing changes to the source code, but only to others licensed for the product, and some<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of those modifications are eventually picked up by the vendor. </p><p>Some governments fear that proprietary software may include <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">defects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malicious features</a> which would compromise sensitive information. In 2003 Microsoft established a Government Security Program (GSP) to allow governments to view source code and Microsoft security documentation, of which the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Chinese government</a> was an early participant.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program is part of Microsoft's broader <a href="/wiki/Shared_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared source">Shared Source Initiative</a> which provides source code access for some products. The Reference Source License (Ms-RSL) and Limited Public License (Ms-LPL) are proprietary software licenses where the source code is <a href="/wiki/Source_available" class="mw-redirect" title="Source available">made available</a>. </p><p>Governments have also been accused of adding such malware to software themselves. According to documents released by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> has used covert partnerships with software companies to make commercial encryption software exploitable to eavesdropping, or to insert <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software vendors sometimes use <a href="/wiki/Obfuscated_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Obfuscated code">obfuscated code</a> to impede users who would <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse engineer">reverse engineer</a> the software.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly common with certain <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">bytecode</a> for programs written in <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> can be easily <a href="/wiki/Decompiler" title="Decompiler">decompiled</a> to somewhat usable code,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the source code for programs written in <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> is available at <a href="/wiki/Run_time_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run time (program lifecycle phase)">run time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistribution">Redistribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Redistribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable software</a></div> <p>Proprietary software vendors can prohibit the users from sharing the software with others. Another unique license is required for another party to use the software. </p><p>In the case of proprietary software with source code available, the vendor may also prohibit customers from distributing their modifications to the source code. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> is closed-source software whose owner encourages redistribution at no cost, but which the user sometimes must pay to use after a trial period. The fee usually allows use by a single user or computer. In some cases, software features are restricted during or after the trial period, a practice sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">crippleware</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability_with_software_and_hardware">Interoperability with software and hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interoperability with software and hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interoperability#Software" title="Interoperability">Interoperability § Software</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietary_file_formats_and_protocols">Proprietary file formats and protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Proprietary file formats and protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">Proprietary format</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">Proprietary protocol</a></div> <p>Proprietary software often<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> stores some of its data in file formats that are <a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">incompatible</a> with other software, and may also communicate using <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a> which are incompatible. Such formats and protocols may be restricted as <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a> or subject to <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietary_APIs">Proprietary APIs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proprietary APIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A proprietary <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API) is a <a href="/wiki/Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a> interface "specific to one device or, more likely to a number of devices within a particular manufacturer's product range."<sup id="cite_ref-techworld_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techworld-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motivation for using a proprietary API can be <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a> or because standard APIs do not support the device's functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-techworld_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techworld-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, in its March 24, 2004, decision on Microsoft's business practices,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quotes, in paragraph 463, Microsoft general manager for <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> development Aaron Contorer as stating in a February 21, 1997, internal Microsoft memo drafted for <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>: </p> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a> is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most ISVs would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead.</dd></dl> <p>Early versions of the <a href="/wiki/IOS_SDK" title="IOS SDK">iPhone SDK</a> were covered by a <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a>. The agreement forbade independent developers from discussing the content of the interfaces. Apple discontinued the NDA in October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-nda_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nda-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendor_lock-in">Vendor lock-in</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vendor lock-in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></div> <p>Any dependency on the future versions and upgrades for a proprietary software package can create <i>vendor lock-in</i>, entrenching a monopoly position.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_limited_to_certain_hardware_configurations">Software limited to certain hardware configurations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Software limited to certain hardware configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proprietary software may also have licensing terms that limit the usage of that software to a specific set of hardware. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> has such a licensing model for <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, an operating system which is limited to Apple hardware, both by licensing and various design decisions. This licensing model has been affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandonment_by_proprietors">Abandonment by proprietors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Abandonment by proprietors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></div> <p>Proprietary software which is no longer marketed, supported or sold by its owner is called <a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">abandonware</a>, the digital form of <a href="/wiki/Orphaned_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphaned works">orphaned works</a>. If the proprietor of a software package should cease to exist, or decide to cease or limit production or support for a proprietary software package, recipients and users of the package may have no recourse if problems are found with the software. Proprietors can fail to improve and support software because of business problems.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for older or existing versions of a software package may be ended to force users to upgrade and pay for newer versions<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>). Sometimes another vendor or a software's community themselves can <a href="/wiki/Community_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Community patch">provide support</a> for the software, or the users can migrate to either competing systems with longer support life cycles or to <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a>-based systems.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some proprietary software is released by their owner at <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_(product)" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life (product)">end-of-life</a> as open-source or <a href="/wiki/Source_available" class="mw-redirect" title="Source available">source available</a> software, often to prevent the software from becoming unsupported and unavailable <a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">abandonware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timcalltopower2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timcalltopower2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mythalive2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythalive2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-home_source_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-home_source-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> are famous for the practice of releasing closed source software into the <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What does it mean to release into the open-source? (January 2018)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of those kinds are free-of-charge downloads (<a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a>), some are still commercially sold (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arx_Fatalis" title="Arx Fatalis">Arx Fatalis</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Not clear where *Some of those kinds* refers to. (January 2018)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More examples of formerly closed-source software in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_software_with_available_source_code" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commercial software with available source code">List of commercial software with available source code</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_video_games_with_available_source_code" title="List of commercial video games with available source code">List of commercial video games with available source code</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pricing_and_economics">Pricing and economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pricing and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a></div> <p>Proprietary software is not synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rosen2004_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosen2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pennington2008_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennington2008-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the two terms are sometimes used synonymously in articles about free software.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proprietary software can be distributed at no cost or for a fee, and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> can be distributed at no cost or for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-jargon2003proprietary_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jargon2003proprietary-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference is that whether proprietary software can be distributed, and what the fee would be, is at the proprietor's discretion. With free software, anyone who has a copy can decide whether, and how much, to charge for a copy or related services.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proprietary software that comes for no cost is called <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a>. </p><p>Proponents of commercial proprietary software argue that requiring users to pay for software as a product increases funding or time available for the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> of software. For example, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> says that per-copy fees maximize the profitability of software development.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proprietary software generally creates greater commercial activity over free software, especially in regard to market revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proprietary software is often sold with a license that gives the end user right to use the software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_software" title="Business software">Business software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">Commercial off-the-shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">Proprietary hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Experts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Experts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Experts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati_Experts" class="citation book cs1">Saraswati Experts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtlBDAAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA31">"2.5.3"</a>. <i>COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH C++</i>. Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. p. 1.27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5199-877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5199-877-8"><bdi>978-93-5199-877-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.5.3&rft.btitle=COMPUTER+SCIENCE+WITH+C%2B%2B&rft.pages=1.27&rft.pub=Saraswati+House+Pvt+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-93-5199-877-8&rft.au=Saraswati+Experts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtlBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA1-PA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felix_AguilarInc.2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Felix_AguilarInc.2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendan_Scott2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brendan Scott (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C55YaWmDBiAC&pg=PA51">"Why Free Software's Long Run TCO must be lower"</a>. <i>AUUGN</i>. <b>24</b> (1). AUUG, Inc. 1. Definitions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AUUGN&rft.atitle=Why+Free+Software%27s+Long+Run+TCO+must+be+lower&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1.+Definitions&rft.date=2003-03&rft.au=Brendan+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC55YaWmDBiAC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceruzzi_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ceruzzi_2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeruzzi2003" class="citation book cs1">Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0/page/128"><i>A History of Modern Computing</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4"><bdi>0-262-53203-4</bdi></a>. <q>Although IBM agreed to sell its machines as part of a Consent Decree effective January 1956, leasing continued to be its preferred way of doing business.then everyone started fighting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Computing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-262-53203-4&rft.aulast=Ceruzzi&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernc00ceru_0%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411024345/http://www.leasegenie.com/History_of_Leasing.html">"The History of Equipment Leasing"</a>, <i>Lease Genie</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leasegenie.com/History_of_Leasing.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2010</span>, <q>In the 1960s, IBM and Xerox recognized that substantial sums could be made from the financing of their equipment. The leasing of computer and office equipment that occurred then was a significant contribution to leasings [<i>sic</i>] growth, since many companies were exposed to equipment leasing for the first time when they leased such equipment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lease+Genie&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Equipment+Leasing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leasegenie.com%2FHistory_of_Leasing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.en.html">"Overview of the GNU System"</a>. <i>GNU Operating System</i>. 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"Origins of Software Bundling". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): 57–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.988580">10.1109/85.988580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Software+Bundling&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.988580&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_1969-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1969_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1969" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Thomas W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>. <q>So if open source used to be the norm back in the 1960's and 70's, how did this _change_? Where did proprietary software come from, and when, and how? How did Richard Stallman's little utopia at the MIT AI lab crumble and force him out into the wilderness to try to rebuild it? Two things changed in the early 80's: the exponentially growing installed base of microcomputer hardware reached critical mass around 1980, and a legal decision altered copyright law to cover binaries in 1983. 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Gavin Stewart. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iam-magazine.com/issues/article.ashx?g=64d0a423-1249-4de3-929c-91b57c15f702">the original</a> on 2013-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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LinuxWorld. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid39_gci1244277,00.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+mixed+source+software+stacks&rft.pub=LinuxWorld&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0%2C289142%2Csid39_gci1244277%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2006" class="citation web cs1">Tan, Aaron (2006-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,61977995,00.htm">"Novell: We're a 'mixed-source' company"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Attacking+an+Obfuscated+Cipher+by+Injecting+Faults&rft.btitle=Digital+Rights+Management%3A+ACM+CCS-9+Workshop%2C+DRM+2002%2C+Washington%2C+DC%2C+USA%2C+November+18%2C+2002%2C+Revised+Papers&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft.isbn=978-3-540-44993-5&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Boneh%2C+Dan&rft.au=Felten%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-b11725%2Fpage%2Fn26%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Patton2008" class="citation web cs1">Tony Patton (2008-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140315082054/http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/software-engineer/protect-your-javascript-with-obfuscation/">"Protect your JavaScript with obfuscation"</a>. <i>TechRepublic</i>. 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This may be due to the sensitive nature of data within the code, proprietary calculations, or any other scenario.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=Protect+your+JavaScript+with+obfuscation&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.au=Tony+Patton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fprotect-your-javascript-with-obfuscation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techworld-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techworld_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techworld_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrenstein2000" class="citation web cs1">Orenstein, David (January 10, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2593623/application-programming-interface.html">"Application Programming Interface"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 24, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/cases/decisions/37792/en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-11</span></span>. <q>Vendor lock-in, or just lock-in, is the situation in which customers are dependent on a single manufacturer or supplier for some product [...] This dependency is typically a result of standards that are controlled by the vendor [...] It can grant the vendor some extent of monopoly power [...] The best way for an organization to avoid becoming a victim of vendor lock-in is to use products that conform to free, industry-wide standards. Free standards are those that can be used by anyone and are not controlled by a single company. In the case of computers, this can usually be accomplished by using free software rather than proprietary software (i.e., commercial software).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vendor+Lock-in+Definition&rft.date=2006-04-29&rft.au=The+Linux+Information+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linfo.org%2Fvendor_lockin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Reisinger2011" class="citation web cs1">Don Reisinger (2011-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/home/smart-home/apple-wins-key-battle-against-psystar-over-mac-clones/">"Apple wins key battle against Psystar over Mac clones"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+wins+key+battle+against+Psystar+over+Mac+clones&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft.au=Don+Reisinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fhome%2Fsmart-home%2Fapple-wins-key-battle-against-psystar-over-mac-clones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.com/news/what-happens-when-proprietary-software-company-dies/">"What happens when a proprietary software company dies?"</a>. Linux. October 24, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crn.com/news/channel-programs/196700124/microsoft-turns-up-the-heat-on-windows-2000-users.htm">the original</a> on May 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRN&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Turns+Up+The+Heat+On+Windows+2000+Users&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.com%2Fnews%2Fchannel-programs%2F196700124%2Fmicrosoft-turns-up-the-heat-on-windows-2000-users.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassia2007" class="citation web cs1">Cassia, Fernando (March 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122142811/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1001739/open-source-weapon-planned-obsolescence">"Open Source, the only weapon against 'planned obsolescence'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Inquirer" title="The Inquirer">The Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1001739/open-source-weapon-planned-obsolescence">the original</a> on November 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Open+Source%2C+the+only+weapon+against+%27planned+obsolescence%27&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft.aulast=Cassia&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinquirer.net%2Finquirer%2Fnews%2F1001739%2Fopen-source-weapon-planned-obsolescence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timcalltopower2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timcalltopower2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2009" class="citation web cs1">Bell, John (October 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330084636/http://timreview.ca/article/294">"Opening the Source of Art"</a>. Technology Innovation Management Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnpbell.com/opening-the-source-of-art/">the original</a> on March 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2022</span>. <q>that no further patches to the title would be forthcoming. The community was predictably upset. Instead of giving up on the game, users decided that if Activision wasn't going to fix the bugs, they would. They wanted to save the game by getting Activision to open the source so it could be kept alive beyond the point where Activision lost interest. With some help from members of the development team that were active on fan forums, they were eventually able to convince Activision to release Call to Power II's source code in October of 2003.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+the+Source+of+Art&rft.pub=Technology+Innovation+Management+Review&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnpbell.com%2Fopening-the-source-of-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mythalive2004-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mythalive2004_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWen2004" class="citation web cs1">Wen, Howard (June 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406161344/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/06/10/mythdevelopers.html">"Keeping the Myths Alive"</a>. Linux Dev Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/06/10/mythdevelopers.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2012</span>. <q>fans of the Myth trilogy have taken this idea a step further: they have official access to the source code for the Myth games. Organized under the name MythDevelopers, this all-volunteer group of programmers, artists, and other talented people devote their time to improving and supporting further development of the Myth game series.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keeping+the+Myths+Alive&rft.pub=Linux+Dev+Center&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft.aulast=Wen&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2004%2F06%2F10%2Fmythdevelopers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-home_source-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-home_source_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLargent2003" class="citation web cs1">Largent, Andy (October 8, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012012745/http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/story.php?ArticleID=8516">"Homeworld Source Code Released"</a>. Inside Mac Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidemacgames.com/news/story.php?ArticleID=8516">the original</a> on October 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2012</span>. <q>With the release of Homeworld 2 for the PC, Relic Entertainment has decided to give back to their impressive fan community by releasing the source code to the original Homeworld.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homeworld+Source+Code+Released&rft.pub=Inside+Mac+Games&rft.date=2003-10-08&rft.aulast=Largent&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidemacgames.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.php%3FArticleID%3D8516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosen2004-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosen2004_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Rosen_(attorney)" title="Lawrence Rosen (attorney)">Rosen, Lawrence</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensourcelicens00rose_0"><i>Open Source Licensing</i></a></span>. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensourcelicens00rose_0/page/52">52</a>, 255, 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-148787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-148787-1"><bdi>978-0-13-148787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Licensing&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River&rft.pages=52%2C+255%2C+259&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-13-148787-1&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopensourcelicens00rose_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennington2008-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pennington2008_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavoc_Pennington2008" class="citation web cs1">Havoc Pennington (2008-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129072039/https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/">"Debian Tutorial"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/">the original</a> on 2018-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-04</span></span>. <q>It is important to distinguish commercial software from proprietary software. Proprietary software is non-free software, while commercial software is software sold for money.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+Tutorial&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft.au=Havoc+Pennington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fdoc%2Fmanuals%2Fdebian-tutorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_McOrmond2000" class="citation web cs1">Russell McOrmond (2000-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004013215/http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/2000010400505NWSM">"What is "Commercial Software"?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/2000010400505NWSM">the original</a> on 2012-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%22Commercial+Software%22%3F&rft.date=2000-01-04&rft.au=Russell+McOrmond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxtoday.com%2Fdeveloper%2F2000010400505NWSM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_K._Johnson1996" class="citation web cs1">Michael K. Johnson (1996-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1297">"Licenses and Copyright"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-16</span></span>. <q>If you program for Linux, you do need to understand licensing, no matter if you are writing free software or commercial software.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Licenses+and+Copyright&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft.au=Michael+K.+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F1297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jargon2003proprietary-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jargon2003proprietary_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_S._Raymond2003" class="citation web cs1">Eric S. Raymond (2003-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/P/proprietary.html">"<i>Proprietary</i>, Jargon File"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-12</span></span>. <q>Proprietary software should be distinguished from commercial software. It is possible for the software to be commercial [...] without being proprietary. The reverse is also possible, for example in binary-only freeware.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proprietary%2C+Jargon+File&rft.date=2003-12-29&rft.au=Eric+S.+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FP%2Fproprietary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html">"Selling Free Software"</a>. GNU Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selling+Free+Software&rft.pub=GNU+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fselling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305010226/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx">"The Commercial Software Model"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. May 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/craig/05-03sharedsource.mspx">the original</a> on 2007-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Commercial+Software+Model&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fexec%2Fcraig%2F05-03sharedsource.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=420290"><i>Open Source Versus Commercial Software: Why Proprietary Software is Here to Stay</i></a>. Sams Publishing. October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Versus+Commercial+Software%3A+Why+Proprietary+Software+is+Here+to+Stay&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fp%3D420290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_software&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proprietary_software" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_licensing" title="Floating licensing">Floating licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compensation models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection dongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license_server" title="Software license server">Software license server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a 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Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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