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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Insurrection against the Qin dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurrection_against_the_Qin_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Han" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Han"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of Han</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_Han-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of Han subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_Han-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Feast at Swan Goose Gate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enfeoffment_at_Hanzhong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enfeoffment_at_Hanzhong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enfeoffment at Hanzhong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enfeoffment_at_Hanzhong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chu-Han_contention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chu-Han_contention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chu-Han contention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chu-Han_contention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chu-Han contention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chu-Han_contention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Three_Qin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Three_Qin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Conquest of the Three Qin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Three_Qin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_at_Pengcheng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_at_Pengcheng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Defeat at Pengcheng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_at_Pengcheng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Jingsuo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Jingsuo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle of Jingsuo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Jingsuo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chenggao_and_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chenggao_and_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Battle of Chenggao and Treaty of Hong Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chenggao_and_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gaixia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gaixia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Battle of Gaixia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gaixia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_Han_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_Han_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Founding of the Han dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Han_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reducing_taxes_and_corvée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_taxes_and_corvée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reducing taxes and corvée</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_taxes_and_corvée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphasis_on_Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis_on_Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Emphasis on Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis_on_Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_the_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_the_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dispute over the succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_the_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Military campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Jiru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_of_the_Great_Wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_of_the_Great_Wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Song of the Great Wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_of_the_Great_Wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Consorts and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Modern references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor Gaozu of Han</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غاوزو إمبراطور هان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاوزو إمبراطور هان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang" title="Liu Bang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Liu Bang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="قائوزو (ایمپیراتور) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قائوزو (ایمپیراتور)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2u_Pang" title="Lâu Pang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâu Pang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лю Бан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лю Бан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лю Бан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лю Бан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Хан Гаодзу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хан Гаодзу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ལིའུ་པང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལིའུ་པང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Gaozu_de_Han" title="Emperador Gaozu de Han – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emperador Gaozu de Han" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лю Бан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лю Бан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao-cu_(Chan)" title="Kao-cu (Chan) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kao-cu (Chan)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang" title="Liu Bang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liu Bang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang" title="Liu Bang – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liu Bang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu_enperadorea" title="Han Gaozu enperadorea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Han Gaozu enperadorea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امپراتور گائوزو هان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور گائوزو هان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperador_Gaozu_de_Han" title="Emperador Gaozu de Han – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emperador Gaozu de Han" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB_P%C3%A2ng" title="Liû Pâng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liû Pâng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%9C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%9C" title="전한 고제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전한 고제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaozu" title="Gaozu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Gaozu_dari_Han" title="Kaisar Gaozu dari Han – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Gaozu dari Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Zu_(imperatore_Han)" title="Gao Zu (imperatore Han) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gao Zu (imperatore Han)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%95" title="הקיסר גאו דזו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקיסר גאו דזו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieupangus" title="Lieupangus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lieupangus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang" title="Liu Bang – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liu Bang" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kao-cu_k%C3%ADnai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Han Kao-cu kínai császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Han Kao-cu kínai császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D1%83_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Гао Цу (династија Хан) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гао Цу (династија Хан)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاوزو امبراطور هان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاوزو امبراطور هان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0u_B%C4%83ng" title="Làu Băng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Làu Băng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хань Гаоди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хань Гаоди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A7%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0" title="ဟန် ဧကရာဇ် ကောင်းကျူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟန် ဧကရာဇ် ကောင်းကျူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%82%A6" title="劉邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="劉邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaozu_de_Han" title="Gaozu de Han – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaozu de Han" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Gaozu_al_dinastiei_Han" title="Împăratul Gaozu al dinastiei Han – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împăratul Gaozu al dinastiei Han" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лю Бан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лю Бан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandori_Gaozu_i_Hanit" title="Perandori Gaozu i Hanit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandori Gaozu i Hanit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emperor Gaozu of Han" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Gaodzu_iz_dinastije_Han" title="Cesar Gaodzu iz dinastije Han – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cesar Gaodzu iz dinastije Han" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئیمپراتۆر گاوۆزووی ھان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆر گاوۆزووی ھان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE-%D1%86%D1%83_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Гао-цу (династија Хан) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гао-цу (династија Хан)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Gaozu_od_Hana" title="Car Gaozu od Hana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car Gaozu od Hana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gaozu" title="Han Gaozu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Han Gaozu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Bang" title="Liu Bang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liu Bang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="จักรพรรดิฮั่นเกาจู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฮั่นเกาจู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaozu_(Han)" title="Gaozu (Han) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaozu (Han)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лю Бан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лю Бан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1n_Cao_T%E1%BB%95" title="Hán Cao Tổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hán Cao Tổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="漢太祖高皇帝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢太祖高皇帝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E9%82%A6" title="刘邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刘邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%82%A6" title="劉邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劉邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E9%82%A6" title="刘邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刘邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7210#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="View the content page [c]" 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citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Liu" title="Liu">Liu</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Gaozu of Han<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢高祖</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu-bang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Liu-bang.jpg/220px-Liu-bang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Liu-bang.jpg/330px-Liu-bang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Liu-bang.jpg/440px-Liu-bang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="641" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">a <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> portrait of Liu Bang</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">Emperor of the Han dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 202<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1 June 195 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Emperor Hui</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of Han</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> March 206</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 28 February 202 BC</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">256 BC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Feng_County,_Jiangsu" title="Feng County, Jiangsu">Feng</a>, Pei, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Chu">state of Chu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Birthplace_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 195 BC (aged 61)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, Han dynasty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Han_Changling" title="Han Changling">Han Changling</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Lü</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bo" title="Empress Dowager Bo">Empress Gao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Qi_(Han_dynasty)" title="Consort Qi (Han dynasty)">Consort Qi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fei,_Prince_of_Qi" title="Liu Fei, Prince of Qi">Liu Fei</a>, King Daohui of Qi</li><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Emperor Hui of Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ruyi" title="Liu Ruyi">Liu Ruyi</a>, King Yin of Zhao</li><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Emperor Wen of Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Yuan_of_Lu" title="Princess Yuan of Lu">Princess Yuan of Lu</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Family name: Liu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">劉</span></span>)</li><li>Given name: Bang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邦</span></span>)</li><li>Courtesy name: Ji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">季</span></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Gao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高皇帝</span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Taizu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太祖</span></span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(221_BCE_%E2%80%93_453_CE)" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (221 BCE – 453 CE)">Liu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Taigong" title="Liu Taigong">Liu Tuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Wang Hanshi</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Emperor Gaozu of Han</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">漢高祖</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">汉高祖</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hàn Gāozǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Han<sup>4</sup> Kao<sup>1</sup>-tzu<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân káʊ.tsù]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Hœ̌ Kau-tsòu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon Gōu-jóu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Hon3 Gou1-zou2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hàn Ko-tsóo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*n̥ˁar-s Cə.[k]ˁaw [ts]ˁaʔ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Personal name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">劉邦</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">刘邦</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liú Bāng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liu<sup>2</sup> Pang<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ljǒʊ páŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Léu Paõn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Làuh Bōng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Lau4 Bong1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[lɐw˩ pɔŋ˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lâu Pang</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*mə-ru pˁroŋ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emperor Gaozu of Han</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (256 – 1 June 195 BC<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">given name</a> <b>Liu Bang</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">founder and first emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, reigning from 202 to 195 BC. He is considered by traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a> to be one of the greatest emperors in history, credited with establishing the first <a href="/wiki/Pax_Sinica" title="Pax Sinica">Pax Sinica</a>, one of China's longest golden ages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (February 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Liu Bang was among the few dynastic founders to have been born in a peasant family.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially entered the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> bureaucracy as a minor <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officer</a> in his home town in <a href="/wiki/Pei_County" title="Pei County">Pei County</a>, within the conquered <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">state of Chu</a>. During the political chaos following the death of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, who had been the <a href="/wiki/Qin_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin unification">first emperor in Chinese history</a>, Liu Bang renounced his civil service position and became a rebel leader, taking up arms against the Qin dynasty. He outmanoeuvred rival rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> to invade the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Qin heartland</a> and forced the surrender of the Qin ruler <a href="/wiki/Ziying" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziying">Ziying</a> in 206 BC. </p><p>After the fall of the Qin dynasty, Xiang Yu, as the <i>de facto</i> chief of the rebels, divided the former Qin Empire into the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>, with Liu Bang forced to accept control of the poor and remote region of Bashu (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), and assuming the title "King of Han". Within the year, Liu Bang broke out with his army and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a>, starting the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a>, a civil war among various forces seeking to inherit the Qin dynasty's former supremacy over China. </p><p>In 202 BC, Liu Bang emerged victorious following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a>, unified most of China under his control, and established the Han dynasty with himself as the emperor. During his reign, Liu Bang reduced taxes and <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labour, promoted <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and suppressed revolts by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">rulers of vassal states not from his own clan</a>, among many other actions. He also initiated the policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">heqin</a></i>, a system of <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> between nobles, to maintain peace between the Han Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> following the Han defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baideng" title="Battle of Baideng">Battle of Baideng</a> in 200 BC. He died in 195 BC and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Han dynasty's imperial mythology, Liu Bang's ancestors were the mythical <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many ancient Chinese noble families claimed descent from the Yellow Emperor to justify their <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">right to rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu Bang was born during the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Birthplace_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his parents are only remembered as "<a href="/wiki/Liu_Taigong" title="Liu Taigong">Liu Taigong</a>" and "Liu Ao" (<span lang="zh">劉媪</span>; 'Old Madam Liu'). His family was from Zhongyang (<span lang="zh">中陽里</span>) in the state of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birthplace_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birthplace-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, Liu Bang was conceived after Liu Ao encountered a <i><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong" title="Jiaolong">jiaolong</a></i> during a rainstorm.<sup id="cite_ref-iub.edu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iub.edu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to records, the young Liu was outspoken, charismatic, generous and forbearing, but showed little interest in education or work<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and frequently ran into trouble with the law; he was dependent on his brother for subsistence and his father called him a "little rascal". Later, he became good friends with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a> (<span lang="zh">張耳</span>), the <a href="/wiki/County_magistrate" title="County magistrate">magistrate</a> of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Minquan_County" title="Minquan County">Waihuang County</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Retainers_in_early_China_(social_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retainers in early China (social group)">retainer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Xinling" title="Lord Xinling">Lord Xinling</a>. He lived with Zhang Er for several months<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the latter went into hiding after the <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification#Conquest_of_Chu" title="Qin's wars of unification">conquest of Chu by Qin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Liu returned to Pei County, his close friends at the county office, <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cao_Shen" title="Cao Shen">Cao Shen</a>, often covered up his delinquent behaviour and helped him get an appointment as the local sheriff (<span lang="zh">亭長</span>) of Sishui Village (<span lang="zh">泗水亭</span>). Liu also forged close relationships with most of the local county bureaucrats, and earned a small reputation in the county. While performing <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labour in the Qin capital at <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, he witnessed <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> undertaking an inspection tour; the royal procession impressed him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu's wife, <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Lü Zhi</a>, was the daughter of Lü Wen (<span lang="zh">呂文</span>), a wealthy and influential <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shan_County" title="Shan County">Shanfu County</a>. After moving to Pei County, Lü held a feast for the local elite. <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a>, who helped to collect gifts from the guests, declared that a seat inside the hall required gifts worth at least a thousand coins. Liu attended the feast without money, and made an offer of ten thousand coins which Xiao He realised was not serious. Nonetheless, Lü had Liu seated beside him based on appearance alone. Lü, further impressed by Liu in conversation, offered his daughter in marriage. Liu and Lü Zhi were married and had two children: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Yuan_of_Lu" title="Princess Yuan of Lu">a daughter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insurrection_against_the_Qin_dynasty">Insurrection against the Qin dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Insurrection against the Qin dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_Uprisings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Qin_Uprisings.png/220px-Qin_Uprisings.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Qin_Uprisings.png/330px-Qin_Uprisings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Qin_Uprisings.png/440px-Qin_Uprisings.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Uprisings of the Qin dynasty. Liu Bang's campaign is shown in purple.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Bang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Liu_Bang.jpg/220px-Liu_Bang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Liu_Bang.jpg/330px-Liu_Bang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Liu_Bang.jpg/440px-Liu_Bang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Liu Bang, in an illustration by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> artist Shangguan Zhou (<span lang="zh">上官周</span>; 1665–1749)</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu was responsible for escorting a group of <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">penal labourers</a> to the construction site of <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Li" title="Mount Li">Mount Li</a>. During the journey, some prisoners escaped; under Qin law, allowing prisoners to escape was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">punishable by death</a>. Rather than face punishment, Liu freed the remaining prisoners, some of whom willingly acknowledged him as their leader and joined him on the run from the law. As outlaws, they took over an abandoned stronghold on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mangdang" title="Mount Mangdang">Mount Mangdang</a>. During this time, Liu secretly remained in contact with some old friends in Pei County, including Xiao He and Cao Shen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the legend known as the "Uprising of the Slaying of the White Serpent" (<span lang="zh">斬白蛇起義</span>), Liu's ascension to rulership was prophesied after he became an outlaw. In the legend, his followers encountered a gigantic white serpent which killed some of them with its poisonous breath. That night, while he was drunk, Liu drew his sword and slew the serpent. The next morning, the outlaws encountered a crying old woman along the road. When they asked her why she was crying, she replied, "My child, the <a href="/wiki/White_Emperor" title="White Emperor">White Emperor</a>'s son, has been slain by the son of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Emperor">Red Emperor</a>." After that, she mysteriously disappeared. As this legend spread, Liu's reputation grew among his followers, who became convinced of his destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 209 BC, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng" title="Chen Sheng">Chen Sheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guang" title="Wu Guang">Wu Guang</a> started the <a href="/wiki/Dazexiang_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazexiang uprising">Dazexiang uprising</a> to overthrow the Qin dynasty. The magistrate of Pei County considered joining the rebellion, and – acting on the advice of Xiao He and Cao Shen – invited Liu and his followers back to the county to support him; <a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a>, Liu's brother-in-law, delivered the message to the outlaws at Mount Mangdang. However, the magistrate later changed his mind and rescinded the offer; he also ordered Xiao and Cao to be killed lest they open the gates for Liu, but they escaped and joined Liu. On Xiao's advice, Liu wrote to his fellow commoners in Pei County, calling for them to rise up against the Qin dynasty. Copies of Liu's call to action were then delivered by arrows fired into Pei County over the city walls. The people responded to Liu's call by killing the magistrate and welcoming Liu back to Pei County. Now the leader of Pei County's population, Liu became known as the Duke of Pei (<span lang="zh">沛公</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 208 BC, the Qin Empire faced rebellions that sought to restore the former <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">six states</a> conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">wars of unification</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Wu County</a>, a rebel group led by <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Liang" title="Xiang Liang">Xiang Liang</a> installed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Xiong Xin</a> as King Huai II (<span lang="zh">楚懷王</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>. Liu led his followers to join that rebel group. After Xiang Liang was killed at the Battle of Dingtao, King Huai II sent <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> – Xiang Liang's nephew – and minister <a href="/wiki/Song_Yi_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Song Yi (Qin dynasty)">Song Yi</a> to lead an army to reinforce the <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> rebel group, which was under attack by Qin forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Liu Bang was made Marquis of Wu'an (<span lang="zh">武安侯</span>) and ordered to lead an army to attack the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> region, the heartland of the Qin dynasty. King Huai II also promised to make whoever entered Guanzhong first the King of Guanzhong. In 207 BC, Liu won the race against Xiang Yu and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, the capital of the Qin dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Ziying_of_Qin" title="Ziying of Qin">Ziying</a>, the last Qin emperor, surrendered to Liu without resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde198684_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde198684-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu's occupation policies were informed by <a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a> (now his bodyguard) and his strategist <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a>. Troops were forbidden from mistreating the population and looting. The harsh Qin laws were abolished; murder, robbery and burglary remained subject to strict punishments. Order was quickly restored in the city, and Liu won the respect of the Guanzhong population. Xiao He ordered the collection of all legal documents in the Qin palace and government facilities for preservation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Han">King of Han</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: King of Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Feast at Swan Goose Gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feast_at_Swan_Goose_Gate" title="Feast at Swan Goose Gate">Feast at Swan Goose Gate</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png/500px-Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png/750px-Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png/1000px-Hongmen_Banquet_Luoyang_Museum.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han dynasty">Western Han dynasty</a> mural depicting the Hongmen Banquet, discovered in Northwest 61th Tomb now in the <a href="/wiki/Luoyang_Ancient_Tombs_Museum" title="Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum">Luoyang Ancient Tombs Museum</a>. event.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg/150px-01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg/225px-01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg/300px-01_Wine_vessel_Western_Han_dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg/182px-Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg/273px-Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg/364px-Shanxi_Museum_2009_Taiyuan_839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1563" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left:</b> A <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>-carved wine cup with relief decorations, <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> (202 BC – 9 AD) <br /><b>Right:</b> a gilded bronze <a href="/wiki/Wine_warmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine warmer">wine warmer</a> with animalistic relief decorations, 26 BC, <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> period</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met,_female_dancer,_western_han_dynasty,_2nd_century_BC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Met%2C_female_dancer%2C_western_han_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_BC.JPG/170px-Met%2C_female_dancer%2C_western_han_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_BC.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Met%2C_female_dancer%2C_western_han_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_BC.JPG/255px-Met%2C_female_dancer%2C_western_han_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_BC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Met%2C_female_dancer%2C_western_han_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_BC.JPG/340px-Met%2C_female_dancer%2C_western_han_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_BC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> female dancer in <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> robes, 2nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>; <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhuang" title="Xiang Zhuang">Xiang Zhuang</a> intended to assassinate Liu Bang by pretending to perform a <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">sword dance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Xiang Yu disliked losing the race to <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a>. Acting on the advice of his adviser <a href="/wiki/Fan_Zeng" title="Fan Zeng">Fan Zeng</a> and Cao Wushang (<span lang="zh">曹無傷</span>), an informer from Liu's camp, Xiang Yu planned to assassinate Liu under the pretext of inviting him to attend a banquet at Swan Goose Gate (<span lang="zh">鴻門</span>; roughly present-day Hongmenbao Village, <a href="/wiki/Lintong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintong District">Lintong District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>). However, during the banquet, Xiang Yu was persuaded by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Bo" title="Xiang Bo">Xiang Bo</a>, who was also a close friend of Liu's adviser Zhang Liang, not to order Liu's assassination. Frustrated by the indecision, Fan Zeng ordered Xiang Yu's cousin <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhuang" title="Xiang Zhuang">Xiang Zhuang</a> to pretend to perform a <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">sword dance</a> and find a chance to assassinate Liu. Yet, Xiang Bo intervened by joining the dance and blocking Xiang Zhuang every time he thrust his sword towards Liu. Meanwhile, Zhang Liang slipped away and summoned <a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a>, who arrived at the banquet in full armour and gave a speech chastising Xiang Yu for attempting to assassinate Liu despite the achievements Liu had made in overthrowing the Qin dynasty. Embarrassed by Fan's speech, Xiang Yu ordered the sword dance to stop and rewarded Fan for his bravery. Liu Bang then found a chance to escape Xiang Yu's camp by pretending to go to the latrine, and then led his troops out of Xianyang towards the west. Shortly after that, Xiang Yu led his forces into Xianyang, sacking the former Qin capital and burning the <a href="/wiki/Epang_Palace" title="Epang Palace">Epang Palace</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enfeoffment_at_Hanzhong">Enfeoffment at Hanzhong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enfeoffment at Hanzhong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After occupying Xianyang, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" and split the former Qin Empire into the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>. Although Liu Bang should rightfully become the King of <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> per King Huai II's earlier promise, Xiang Yu gave the Guanzhong region – divided into three kingdoms collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a> – to three former Qin generals who had surrendered to him after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Battle of Julu</a>. Liu Bang instead received the remote Bashu region (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Hubei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Hubei)">Han River</a> valley) as his kingdom, along with the title "King of Han" (<span lang="zh">漢王</span>). He awarded <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a> some gold and precious stones, which Zhang Liang then used to bribe Xiang Yu's uncle <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Bo" title="Xiang Bo">Xiang Bo</a> to ask Xiang Yu to grant Liu Bang the territory of <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu and his men were then escorted across the <a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a> by a detachment of Xiang Yu's forces into Hanzhong. Acting on Zhang Liang's advice, Liu destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Gallery_road" title="Gallery road">gallery roads</a> leading into the Bashu region for strategic reasons: hinder future attacks from Xiang Yu, and make Xiang Yu believe that he had no intention of leaving Bashu after settling there.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chu-Han_contention">Chu-Han contention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chu-Han contention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></div> <p>From 206 to 202 BC, Liu Bang engaged Xiang Yu in a power struggle – historically known as the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> – for supremacy over China, while simultaneously attacking and subjugating the other kingdoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_the_Three_Qin">Conquest of the Three Qin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Three Qin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a></div> <p>Liu Bang's migration to <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a> was far from pleasant. His followers were mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> flatland regions so they could not adapt well to the mountainous terrain in Bashu. Moreover, there were many deserters every day. Liu also grew temperamental as he was very unhappy with his own predicament. One night, upon hearing a rumour that <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a> had abandoned him, Liu almost had a nervous breakdown. When Xiao returned the following morning, Liu confronted him and demanded an explanation. Xiao revealed that he had left in a hurry after learning that <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> had deserted. Among all the deserters, Xiao was convinced that Liu could not afford to lose a talent like Han Xin, so that was why he had chosen to go after Han Xin only, and bring him back. Xiao then introduced Liu to Han Xin, who laid out his strategic plan to conquer the states. Impressed and convinced, Liu formally appointed Han Xin as a general of his army.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Xiang Yu's overbearing and arbitrary assignment of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a> had caused much resentment among the former rebel leaders. Merely four months after Liu left for Bashu, a rebellion broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> territories in late 206 BC, prompting Xiang Yu to lead his troops to suppress the revolt. On Han Xin's advice, Liu sent his men to pretend to rebuild the gallery roads while secretly dispatching Han Xin with an army to attack the <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a> via another route through <a href="/wiki/Chencang_District" title="Chencang District">Chencang</a>. Han Xin took <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a>, one of the rulers of the Three Qins, by surprise and defeated him in battle. After that, the other two rulers decided to surrender to Liu. By August or September 205 BC, the Three Qins and the Guanzhong region had come under Liu's control.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_at_Pengcheng">Defeat at Pengcheng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defeat at Pengcheng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pengcheng" title="Battle of Pengcheng">Battle of Pengcheng</a></div> <p>While Xiang Yu was busy suppressing the rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> lands, Liu gathered an army of 560,000 from the Bashu and Guanzhong regions and marched east to attack Western Chu. En route, he encountered <a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a>, who joined his cause upon promise of a fiefdom in the <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> territories. Liu then ordered Peng Yue to lead his 30,000 men to pacify the surrounding areas, while he led his 560,000 troops into Pengcheng (<span lang="zh">彭城</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), the Western Chu capital, apparently unopposed. Due to lack of military discipline, Liu's soldiers looted and pillaged Pengcheng after occupying it. </p><p>Upon learning of the fall of Pengcheng, Xiang Yu left the bulk of his forces to continue fighting in Qi, while he personally led 30,000 elite troops to retake his capital. He made camp about ten <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a></i> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Xiao_County" title="Xiao County">Xiao County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, and attacked Pengcheng at dawn. By noon, Xiang Yu had routed Liu's unprepared forces, driving them towards the nearby Gu and Si rivers, where over 100,000 men drowned or were killed by Chu soldiers. The remaining Han forces fled south to higher ground but were trapped by Chu forces near the Sui River, where another 100,000 men lost their lives and their corpses even blocked the river flow. </p><p>Liu escaped Pengcheng with only a dozen horsemen and headed to Pei County to fetch his family. Xiang Yu also sent troops to Pei County to capture Liu's family, but they had all fled earlier. Xiang Yu's men coerced a local into revealing the whereabouts of Liu's family, and managed to capture Liu's parents and Liu's wife <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lü Zhi">Lü Zhi</a>. En route, Liu encountered his and Lü Zhi's children – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Yuan_of_Lu" title="Princess Yuan of Lu">Princess Yuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a> – and picked them up in his carriage, which was driven by <a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Ying" title="Xiahou Ying">Xiahou Ying</a>. In his desperation to escape and lighten the load, Liu attempted thrice to push his children out of the carriage and abandon them. However, each time, Xiahou Ying stopped him and saved the children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Jingsuo">Battle of Jingsuo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Jingsuo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After their disastrous defeat at Pengcheng, the strength of the Han forces decreased drastically. Many of the kings who had surrendered to Liu earlier defected to Xiang Yu's side. Moreover, the states of <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>, which were previously at war with Western Chu, also requested to make peace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon reaching Xiayi (<span lang="zh">下邑</span>; east of present-day <a href="/wiki/Dangshan_County" title="Dangshan County">Dangshan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Anhui</a>), Liu regrouped his forces and prepared for a treat. When he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Yucheng_County" title="Yucheng County">Yu County</a>, he sent an envoy to meet <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a>, to seek his support. Ying Bu, who had already been holding a grudge against Xiang Yu over the latter's unfair assignment of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a>, agreed to side with Liu. In response to Ying Bu's betrayal, Xiang Yu sent <a href="/wiki/Long_Ju" title="Long Ju">Long Ju</a> with an army to attack Jiujiang.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 205 BC, Liu designated his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a> as <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> and stationed him in <a href="/wiki/Yueyang_(Qin)" title="Yueyang (Qin)">Yueyang</a>. Shortly after, Liu's forces attacked and captured Feiqiu (<span lang="zh">廢丘</span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Xingping" title="Xingping">Xingping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>); <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a>, the King of Yong, committed suicide after his defeat. </p><p>In the south, Ying Bu failed to resist Long Ju's attack so he gave up on Jiujiang and went to join Liu. Liu reorganised his forces – incorporating reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> region – and marched east to attack Xiang Yu again at Jing and Suo counties, both around present-day <a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. The battle was historically known as the Battle of Jingsuo. Liu emerged victorious and drove Xiang Yu's forces eastward out of Xingyang.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Chenggao_and_Treaty_of_Hong_Canal">Battle of Chenggao and Treaty of Hong Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Chenggao and Treaty of Hong Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 204 BC, after sustaining losses from Chu attacks on his supply routes to <a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a>, Liu's forces began to run short of supplies so Liu requested to make peace with Xiang Yu, agreeing to cede the lands east of Xingyang to Xiang Yu. Initially, Xiang Yu wanted to accept Liu's offer but his adviser <a href="/wiki/Fan_Zeng" title="Fan Zeng">Fan Zeng</a> urged him to reject it and use the opportunity to attack and destroy Liu. Xiang Yu thus changed his mind, pressed the attack on Xingyang, and besieged Liu inside the city. Liu heeded <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a>'s suggestion to use 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catties</a> of gold to bribe some of Xiang Yu's men and get them to spread rumours<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Fan Zeng had the intention of betraying Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu fell for the ruse and dismissed Fan Zeng.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, while Xiang Yu was away suppressing a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> territories, Liu seized the chance to attack and conquer <a href="/wiki/Chenggao" title="Chenggao">Chenggao</a>, defeating Xiang Yu's forces led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Jiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Jiu (page does not exist)">Cao Jiu</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Si_River" title="Si River">Si River</a>. Liu then advanced further east until he reached Guangwu (<span lang="zh">廣武</span>), trapping Xiang Yu's forces under <a href="/wiki/Zhongli_Mo" title="Zhongli Mo">Zhongli Mo</a> in the area. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a>'s victory against the allied forces of Chu and Qi at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wei_River" title="Battle of Wei River">Battle of Wei River</a> in the north, the morale of the Chu forces fell and they started running short of supplies months later. Xiang Yu had no choice but to request to make peace with Liu, offering to release Liu's family members whom he had captured earlier and had been holding hostage. Both sides agreed to a ceasefire and to divide China into west and east under the Han and Chu kingdoms along the Hong Canal, which runs through present-day <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, Xingyang and <a href="/wiki/Zhongmu_County" title="Zhongmu County">Zhongmu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>; this agreement was also historically known as the Treaty of Hong Canal (<span lang="zh">鴻溝和約</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Gaixia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaixia" title="Battle of Gaixia">Battle of Gaixia</a></div> <p>In 203 BC, while Xiang Yu was retreating eastwards, Liu, acting on <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a>'s advice, renounced the peace agreement and prepared to attack Xiang Yu. He also sent messengers to meet <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a>, seeking their assistance to launch a coordinated attack on Xiang Yu from three directions. However, Han Xin and Peng Yue failed to mobilise their forces, so Liu ended up being defeated by Xiang Yu at Guling (<span lang="zh">固陵</span>; south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Taikang_County" title="Taikang County">Taikang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>). After retreating and reinforcing his defences, Liu sent word to Han Xin and Peng Yue again, promising to award them fiefs and noble titles if they joined him in attacking Xiang Yu. They finally agreed this time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three months later in 202 BC, the combined forces of Liu, Han Xin and Peng Yue attacked Xiang Yu from three directions. Running low on supplies, Xiang Yu and his forces found themselves trapped in Gaixia (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>). There, Han Xin ordered his troops to sing folk songs from the Chu lands to evoke feelings of nostalgia among Xiang Yu's men – who were mostly from Chu – and create the impression that many Chu soldiers had surrendered and joined the opposing side. The morale of Xiang Yu's forces plummeted and many of his soldiers deserted.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xiang Yu attempted to fight his way out but encountered several ambushes along the way. Eventually, he was left with only 28 men when he reached the northern bank of the Wu River (<span lang="zh">烏江</span>; near present-day <a href="/wiki/He_County" title="He County">He County</a>, Anhui), where he made a last stand and managed to slay over a hundred enemy soldiers before committing suicide by slitting his throat.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_Han_dynasty">Founding of the Han dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Founding of the Han dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_gao_of_han_c01s06i01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emperor_gao_of_han_c01s06i01.jpg/220px-Emperor_gao_of_han_c01s06i01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emperor_gao_of_han_c01s06i01.jpg/330px-Emperor_gao_of_han_c01s06i01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Emperor_gao_of_han_c01s06i01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Liu Bang from an 18th-century album of Chinese emperors' portraits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 202 BC, Liu became emperor with the support of his subjects even though he had expressed reluctance to take the throne. The dynasty was named "<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>", with the imperial capital at <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> (later moved to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>). Liu Bang also instated his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Lü Zhi</a> as empress and their son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a> as crown prince.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The following year, Liu wanted to reward his subjects who had contributed to the founding on the Han Empire, but the process dragged on for a year as they could not agree on how to distribute the rewards. Liu felt that <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a> had made the greatest contribution, so he made Xiao a marquis and gave him the largest amount of food stores. However, some of his other subjects expressed objections, saying that Xiao should not get the best reward since he had never fought on the frontline during the battles. Nonetheless, Liu countered by saying that Xiao should receive the highest credit as he was responsible for planning their overall strategy in the war against Xiang Yu.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu then named <a href="/wiki/Cao_Shen" title="Cao Shen">Cao Shen</a> as the one who had made the greatest contribution in battle, and proceeded to reward him and the others accordingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_taxes_and_corvée"><span id="Reducing_taxes_and_corv.C3.A9e"></span>Reducing taxes and corvée</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reducing taxes and corvée"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor Gaozu disbanded his armies and allowed the soldiers to return home. He gave an order stating that the people who remained in <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> were exempted from taxes and corvée for 12 years, while those who returned to their respective native territories were exempted for six years and that the central government would provide for them for a year. He also granted freedom to those who had sold themselves into slavery to avoid hunger during the wars. In 195 BC, the emperor issued two decrees: the first officialised the lowering of taxes and corvée; the second set the amount of tribute to be paid by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">vassal kings</a> to the imperial court in the 10th month of every year. The land tax on agricultural production was reduced to a rate of 1/15 of crop yield. He also privatised the coinage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis_on_Confucianism">Emphasis on Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emphasis on Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his early life, Liu disliked reading and scorned <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. After becoming emperor, he still had a disdain for Confucianism until he met the scholar <a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a>, who wrote the <i>Xinyu</i> (<span lang="zh">新語</span>), a 12-volume book espousing the benefits of governing by moral virtue as opposed to using harsh and punitive laws (as the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> did previously). After completing each volume, Lu Jia read it to the emperor, who was deeply impressed. </p><p>Under Liu's reign, Confucianism flourished and gradually replaced <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a>, which had been prominent during the Qin dynasty, as the state ideology. Confucian scholars, including Lu Jia, were recruited to serve in the government. The emperor also reformed the legal system by relaxing some laws inherited from the Qin dynasty and reducing the severity of certain penalties. Sometime in January or February 195 BC, after suppressing <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>'s rebellion, Liu passed by <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>'s birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, where he held a ceremony to pay tribute to the philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_over_the_succession">Dispute over the succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dispute over the succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg/330px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg/440px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Liu_Bang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3816" /></a><figcaption>Liu Bang as depicted in the album "Portraits of Famous Men" <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span> housed in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his later years, Liu favoured <a href="/wiki/Consort_Qi_(Han_dynasty)" title="Consort Qi (Han dynasty)">Consort Qi</a> and neglected <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Lü Zhi</a>. He felt that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a>, his heir apparent (born to the empress), was too weak to be a ruler, so he had the intention of replacing Liu Ying with another son, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Ruyi" title="Liu Ruyi">Liu Ruyi</a>, who was born to Consort Qi. Feeling worried that her son might lose his status as crown prince, Lü Zhi sought the help of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a>, who recommended four reclusive wise men, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Whiteheads_of_Mount_Shang" title="Four Whiteheads of Mount Shang">Four Whiteheads of Mount Shang</a>, to speak up for Liu Ying. </p><p>In 195 BC, as Liu's health started worsening, he desired even more to replace Liu Ying with Liu Ruyi. Zhang Liang initially attempted to dissuade the emperor from doing so, but the emperor ignored him so he retired, claiming that he was ill. <a href="/wiki/Shusun_Tong" title="Shusun Tong">Shusun Tong</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Chang (page does not exist)">Zhou Chang</a> (<span lang="zh">周昌</span>) also strongly objected to the idea of changing the crown prince. Zhou Chang even said, "I am not good in talking, but I know this is not right. If Your Majesty deposes the Crown Prince, I won't follow your orders any more."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Zhou Chang spoke with a stutter, Liu found it rather amusing and he laughed. After that, much to Liu's surprise, the Four Whiteheads of Mount Shang showed up in his court; they had previously declined to serve in his government when he invited them to. The four men promised to help Liu Ying in the future if he were to remain as crown prince. The emperor was so pleased to see that Liu Ying had their support, so he dismissed the idea of changing his heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ch'en2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ch'en2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">Kings of the Han dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baideng" title="Battle of Baideng">Battle of Baideng</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Han_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Western_Han_soldiers.jpg/220px-Western_Han_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Western_Han_soldiers.jpg/330px-Western_Han_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Western_Han_soldiers.jpg/440px-Western_Han_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Painted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">ceramic statues</a> of cavalry from the Western Han dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Provincial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Provincial Museum">Hainan Provincial Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Han dynasty was established, Liu enfeoffed various princes and <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">vassal kings</a> and awarded them each a territory in exchange for their allegiance and assistance in governing the empire. Among them were seven vassal kings who were not related to Liu's clan: <a href="/wiki/Zang_Tu" title="Zang Tu">Zang Tu</a>, the King of Yan; <a href="/wiki/King_Xin_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="King Xin of Han">Han Xin</a>, the King of Hán; <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a>, the King of Chu; <a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a>, the King of Liang; <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>, the King of Huainan; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a>, the King of Zhao; <a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui" title="Wu Rui">Wu Rui</a>, the King of Changsha. As time passed, Liu became increasingly distrustful of the vassal kings, feeling worried that they might turn against him since they had no blood ties with him after all. Han Xin and Peng Yue were falsely accused of treason, and arrested and executed along with their families. Ying Bu and Zang Tu started rebellions but were defeated and killed. Only Wu Rui and Zhang Er were left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> to the north had posed a threat since the Qin dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> had sent the general <a href="/wiki/Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng Tian</a> to oversee the defences on the Qin Empire's northern border and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a> to repel the invaders. Meng Tian had achieved success in deterring the Xiongnu from advancing beyond the border. However, after the Qin dynasty collapsed, the Xiongnu seized the opportunity to move south and raid the border again. In 201 BC, one of the vassal kings, Hán Xin (King of Hán), defected to the Xiongnu leader, <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu</a>. In the following year, Liu personally led an army to attack the Xiongnu but was besieged and trapped by the enemy during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baideng" title="Battle of Baideng">Battle of Baideng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting on <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a>'s advice, he bribed Modu's wife with gifts and got her to ask her husband to withdraw his forces. Modu did so. After returning to the capital, Liu Bang, acting on advice from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jing_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jing (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Liu Jing</a> (<span lang="zh">劉敬</span>), initiated the policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">heqin</a></i>, which involved sending noble ladies to marry the Xiongnu leaders and paying annual tribute to the Xiongnu in exchange for peace between the Han Empire and the Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiru">Jiru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jiru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liu Bang was recorded to have had a male lover known as <a href="/wiki/Jiru_(Han_dynasty)" title="Jiru (Han dynasty)">Jiru</a>, who was said to have easier access to the emperor than the emperor's other subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changling_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Changling_1.jpg/220px-Changling_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Changling_1.jpg/330px-Changling_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Changling_1.jpg/440px-Changling_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Changling (<span lang="zh">長陵</span>), Liu Bang's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, Shaanxi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Liu was wounded in battle by a stray arrow while suppressing <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>'s rebellion and became seriously ill. He remained in his inner chambers for a long time and ordered his guards to deny entry to anyone who wanted to visit him. After several days, Liu's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a> barged in, followed closely by the emperor's other subjects. They saw the emperor lying in bed, attended to by a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>. Fan Kuai said, "How glorious it was when Your Majesty first led us to conquer the empire and how weary we are now. Your subjects are worried when they learn that Your Majesty is ill, but Your Majesty refuses to see us and prefers the company of a eunuch instead. Has Your Majesty forgotten about what happened with <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Gao" title="Zhao Gao">Zhao Gao</a>?" The emperor laughed and got out of bed to meet his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liu's health deteriorated so the empress hired a famous physician to heal him. When Liu enquired about his condition, the physician told him that his illness could be cured. However, the emperor was displeased, scolding the physician, "Isn't it Heaven's will that I managed to conquer this empire despite being of humble origin and armed with nothing but a sword? My life is determined by Heaven. It is useless even if <a href="/wiki/Bian_Que" title="Bian Que">Bian Que</a> were here!" He refused to continue with the treatment and sent the physician away. Before his death, he said that <a href="/wiki/Cao_Shen" title="Cao Shen">Cao Shen</a> could succeed <a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">chancellor</a> after Xiao died, and that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Ling_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Ling (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wang Ling</a> (<span lang="zh">王陵</span>) could succeed Cao Shen. He also said that Wang Ling might be too young to perform his duties so <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a> could assist Wang, but Chen was also qualified to assume the responsibilities of a chancellor all by himself. He also named <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bo" title="Zhou Bo">Zhou Bo</a> as a possible candidate for the role of Grand Commandant. He died in Changle Palace (<span lang="zh">長樂宮</span>), <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, on 1 June 195 BC and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Song_of_the_Great_Wind">Song of the Great Wind</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Song of the Great Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Song of the Great Wind</i> is a song composed by Liu Bang in 195 BC when he visited his hometown in <a href="/wiki/Pei_County" title="Pei County">Pei County</a> after suppressing <a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a>'s rebellion. He prepared a banquet and invited all his old friends and townsfolk to join him. After some drinks, Liu Bang played the <a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">guqin</a> and sang the <i>Song of the Great Wind</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大風歌</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="zh" class="poem"> <p>大風起兮<br /> 　雲飛揚<br /> 威加海內兮<br /> 　歸故鄉，<br /> 安得猛士兮<br /> 　守四方！ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>A great wind came forth<br /> 　the clouds rose on high<br /> Now that my might rules all within the seas,<br /> 　I have returned to my old village<br /> Where will I find brave men<br /> 　to guard the four corners of my land? </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Special:EditPage/Emperor Gaozu of Han">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts_and_issue">Consorts and issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Consorts and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Gao</a>, of the Lü clan (241–180 BC), personal name Zhi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Yuan_of_Lu" title="Princess Yuan of Lu">Princess Yuan of Lu</a> (d. 187 BC), first daughter <ul><li>Married <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ao" title="Zhang Ao">Zhang Ao</a>, Marquis Xuanping (d. 182 BC), and had issue (one daughter, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhang_Yan" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Zhang Yan">Empress Xiaohui</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Liu Ying</a>, Emperor Xiaohui (210–188 BC), second son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bo" title="Empress Dowager Bo">Empress Gao</a>, of the Bo clan (d. 155 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Liu Heng</a>, Emperor Xiaowen (203–157 BC), fourth son</li></ul></li> <li>Furen of the Cao clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夫人、曹氏</span></span>), Liu Bang's first mistress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Fei,_Prince_of_Qi" title="Liu Fei, Prince of Qi">Liu Fei</a>, King Daohui of <a href="/wiki/Qi_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Qi Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Qi</a> (221–189 BC), first son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Qi_(Han_dynasty)" title="Consort Qi (Han dynasty)"><i>Furen</i> of the Qi clan</a> (224–194 BC), personal name Yi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ruyi" title="Liu Ruyi">Liu Ruyi</a>, King Yin of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhao Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Zhao</a> (208–194 BC), third son</li></ul></li> <li>Meiren of the Shi clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">美人石氏</span></span>)</li> <li>Lady of the Zhao clan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙氏</span></span>; d. 198 BC), personal name Zi'er (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">子兒</span></span>) <ul><li>Liu Chang, King Li of <a href="/wiki/Huainan_Kingdom" title="Huainan Kingdom">Huainan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">淮南厲王、劉長</span></span>; 199–174 BC), seventh son</li></ul></li> <li><i>Unknown</i> <ul><li>Liu Hui, King Gong of Zhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">趙共王劉恢</span></span>; d. 181 BC), fifth son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_You" title="Liu You">Liu You</a>, King You of Zhao (d. 181 BC), sixth son</li> <li>Liu Jian, King Ling of <a href="/wiki/Yan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Yan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燕靈王、劉建</span></span>; d. 181 BC), eighth son</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">Liu Qing</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">Liu Ren</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Taigong" title="Liu Taigong">Liu Taigong</a> (282–197 BC)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">Emperor Gaozu of Han (256–195 BC)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="16" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">Empress Zhaoling</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_references">Modern references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liu Bang is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_XI" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI">Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Koei" title="Koei">Koei</a>. His life story has also been dramatized in numerous TV series and films (see <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention#Cultural_references" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" 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Han dynasty">Family tree of the Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_Disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lü Clan Disturbance">Lü Clan Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiyang_Palace" title="Weiyang Palace">Weiyang Palace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漢高祖</span>; "Gaozu of Han", derived from the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, is the commonly used name, even though he was not accorded the <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> Gaozu ("High Ancestor").</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Liu Bang's biography in the <i>Book of Han</i>, he was crowned emperor on the <i>jiawu</i> day of the second month of the fifth year of his reign (including his tenure as King of Han). This corresponds to 28 February 202 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Liu Bang's biography in the <i>Book of Han</i>, he was created King of Han in the second month of the first year of his reign (including his tenure as King of Han). This corresponds to 12 March to 10 April 206 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the birth year reported by <a href="/wiki/Huangfu_Mi" title="Huangfu Mi">Huangfu Mi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birthplace-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birthplace_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li Zude (李祖德) (2012). <bdi lang="zh">刘邦祭祖考——兼论春秋战国以来的社会变革</bdi>. <bdi lang="zh">中国史研究</bdi> [<i>Journal of Chinese Historical Studies</i>] (in Chinese). <b>34</b> (3). CNKI: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%88%98%E9%82%A6%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%96%E8%80%83%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%BC%E8%AE%BA%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%98%E9%9D%A9&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Liu Bang's biography in the <i>Book of Han</i>, he died on the <i>jiachen</i> day of the fourth month of the 12th year of his reign (including his tenure as King of Han). This corresponds to 1 June 195 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaozu-emperor-of-Han-dynasty">"Gaozu Emperor of Han Dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaozu+Emperor+of+Han+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGaozu-emperor-of-Han-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Buckley_Ebrey2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Patricia Buckley Ebrey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4raAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171"><i>Women and the family in Chinese history</i></a>. Vol. 2 of Critical Asian scholarship (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28823-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28823-1"><bdi>0-415-28823-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+family+in+Chinese+history&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-28823-1&rft.au=Patricia+Buckley+Ebrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4raAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabrizio_Pregadio2008" class="citation book cs1">Fabrizio Pregadio (2008). Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MioRmEq2xHUC&q=huangdi+family+tree&pg=PA505"><i>The encyclopedia of Taoism, Volume 1</i></a> (ill ustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1200-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Taoism%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=505&rft.edition=ill+ustrated&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1200-7&rft.au=Fabrizio+Pregadio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMioRmEq2xHUC%26q%3Dhuangdi%2Bfamily%2Btree%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iub.edu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iub.edu_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iub.edu/~g380/4.3-Rise-2010.pdf">Translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ynasweb.archive.org/web/20170110191814/http://www.iub.edu/~g380/4.3-Rise-2010.pdf">Archived</a> 10 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Sima Qian's <i>Shiji</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(仁而爱人，喜施，意豁如也。常有大度，不事家人生产作业。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol. 08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(髙祖为布衣时，尝数从张耳游，客数月。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(高祖常繇咸阳，纵观，观秦皇帝，喟然太息曰："嗟乎，大丈夫当如此也！") <i>Shiji</i>, vol.08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(单父人吕公善沛令，避仇从之客，因家沛焉。沛中豪桀吏闻令有重客，皆往贺。萧何为主吏，主进，令诸大夫曰："进不满千钱，坐之堂下。"高祖为亭长，素易诸吏，乃绐为谒曰"贺钱万"，实不持一钱。谒入，吕公大惊，起，迎之门。吕公者，好相人，见高祖状貌，因重敬之，引入坐。萧何曰："刘季固多大言，少成事。"高祖因狎侮诸客，遂坐上坐，无所诎。酒阑，吕公因目固留高祖。高祖竟酒，后。吕公曰："臣少好相人，相人多矣，无如季相，愿季自爱。臣有息女，愿为季箕帚妾。"酒罢，吕媪怒吕公曰："公始常欲奇此女，与贵人。沛令善公，求之不与，何自妄许与刘季？"吕公曰："此非儿女子所知也。"卒与刘季。吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(高祖被酒，夜径泽中，令一人行前。行前者还报曰："前有大蛇当径，愿还。"高祖醉，曰："壮士行，何畏！"乃前，拔剑击斩蛇。蛇遂分为两，径开。行数里，醉，因卧。后人来至蛇所，有一老妪夜哭。人问何哭，妪曰："人杀吾子，故哭之。"人曰："妪子何为见杀？"妪曰："吾，白帝子也，化为蛇，当道，今为赤帝子斩之，故哭。"人乃以妪为不诚，欲告之，妪因忽不见。后人至，高祖觉。后人告高祖，高祖乃心独喜，自负。诸从者日益畏之。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(秦二世元年秋，陈胜等起蕲，至陈而王，号为"张楚"。诸郡县皆多杀其长吏以应陈涉。沛令恐，欲以沛应涉。掾、主吏萧何、曹参乃曰："君为秦吏，今欲背之，率沛子弟，恐不听。愿君召诸亡在外者，可得数百人，因劫众，众不敢不听。"乃令樊哙召刘季。刘季之众已数十百人矣。于是樊哙从刘季来。沛令后悔，恐其有变，乃闭城城守，欲诛萧、曹。萧、曹恐，逾城保刘季。刘季乃书帛射城上，谓沛父老曰："天下苦秦久矣。今父老虽为沛令守，诸侯并起，今屠沛。沛今共诛令，择子弟可立者立之，以应诸侯，则家室完。不然，父子俱屠，无为也。"父老乃率子弟共杀沛令，开城门迎刘季，欲以为沛令。刘季曰："天下方扰，诸侯并起，今置将不善，壹败涂地。吾非敢自爱，恐能薄，不能完父兄子弟。此大事，愿更相推择可者。"萧、曹等皆文吏，自爱，恐事不就，后秦种族其家，尽让刘季。诸父老皆曰："平生所闻刘季诸珍怪，当贵，且卜筮之，莫如刘季最吉。"于是刘季数让。众莫敢为，乃立季为沛公.) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodde198684-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodde198684_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodde1986">Bodde 1986</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(汉元年，沛公为汉王，王巴蜀，赐良金百溢，珠二斗，良具以献项伯。汉王亦因令良厚遗项伯，使请汉中地。项王许之。) <i>Book of Han</i>, vol.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(良因说汉王烧绝栈道，示天下无还心，以固项王意。乃使良还。行，烧绝栈道。) <i>Book of Han</i>, vol.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(信数与萧何语，何奇之。至南郑，诸将行道亡者数十人，信度何等已数言上，上不我用，即亡。何闻信亡，不及以闻，自追之。人有言上曰：‘丞相何亡。’上大怒，如失左右手。居一二日，何来谒上，上且怒且喜，骂何曰：‘若亡，何也？’何曰：‘臣不敢亡也，臣追亡者。’上曰：‘若所追者谁？’何曰：‘韩信也。’上复骂曰：‘诸将亡者以十数，公无所追；追信，诈也。’何曰：‘诸将易得耳。至如信者，国士无双。王必欲长王汉中，无所事信；必欲争天下，非信无所与计事者。顾王策安所决耳。’王曰：‘吾亦欲东耳，安能郁郁久居此乎？’何曰：‘王计必欲东，能用信，信即留；不能用，信终亡耳。’王曰：‘吾为公以为将。’何曰：‘虽为将，信必不留。’王曰：‘以为大将。’何曰：‘幸甚。’于是王欲召信拜之。何曰：‘王素慢无礼，今拜大将如呼小儿耳，此乃信所以去也。王必欲拜之，择良日，斋戒，设坛场，具礼，乃可耳。’王许之。诸将皆喜，人人各自以为得大将。至拜大将，乃韩信也，一军皆惊。信拜礼毕，上坐。王曰：‘丞相数言将军，将军何以教寡人计策？’信谢，因问王曰：‘今东乡争权天下，岂非项王邪？’汉王曰：‘然。’曰：‘大王自料勇悍仁强孰与项王？’汉王默然良久，曰：‘不如也。’信再拜贺曰：‘惟信亦为大王不如也。然臣尝事之，请言项王之为人也。项王喑𫫇叱咤，千人皆废，然不能任属贤将，此特匹夫之勇耳。项王见人恭敬慈爱，言语呕呕，人有疾病，涕泣分食饮，至使人有功当封爵者，印刓敝，忍不能予，此所谓妇人之仁也。项王虽霸天下而臣诸侯，不居关中而都彭城。有背义帝之约，而以亲爱王，诸侯不平。诸侯之见项王迁逐义帝置江南，亦皆归逐其主而自王善地。项王所过无不残灭者，天下多怨，百姓不亲附，特劫于威强耳。名虽为霸，实失天下心。故曰其强易弱。今大王诚能反其道：任天下武勇，何所不诛！以天下城邑封功臣，何所不服！以义兵从思东归之士，何所不散！且三秦王为秦将，将秦子弟数岁矣，所杀亡不可胜计，又欺其众降诸侯，至新安，项王诈坑秦降卒二十馀万，唯独邯、欣、翳得脱，秦父兄怨此三人，痛入骨髓。今楚强以威王此三人，秦民莫爱也。大王之入武关，秋豪无所害，除秦苛法，与秦民约，法三章耳，秦民无不欲得大王王秦者。于诸侯之约，大王当王关中，关中民咸知之。大王失职入汉中，秦民无不恨者。今大王举而东，三秦可传檄而定也。’于是汉王大喜，自以为得信晚。遂听信计，部署诸将所击。 ) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">（[汉二年]八月，汉王用韩信之计，从故道还，袭雍王章邯。邯迎击汉陈仓，雍兵败，还走；止战好畤，又复败，走废丘。汉王遂定雍地。东至咸阳，引兵围雍王废丘，而遣诸将略定陇西、北地、上郡。）<i>Shiji</i>, vol.08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson195895–98_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1958">Watson (1958)</a>, pp. 95–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(楚使者在，方急责英布发兵，舍传舍。随何直入，坐楚使者上坐，曰："九江王已归汉，楚何以得发兵？"布愕然。楚使者起。何因说布曰："事已构，可遂杀楚使者，无使归，而疾走汉并力。"布曰："如使者教，因起兵而击之耳。"于是杀使者，因起兵而攻楚。楚使项声、龙且攻淮南，项王留而攻下邑。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">平曰："项王为人，恭敬爱人，士之廉节好礼者多归之。至於行功赏爵邑，重之，士亦以此不附。今大王嫚而少礼，士之廉节者不来；然大王能饶人以爵邑，士之顽顿耆利无耻者亦多归汉。诚各去两短，集两长，天下指麾即定矣。然大王资侮人，不能得廉节之士。顾楚有可乱者，彼项王骨鲠之臣亚父、鍾离眛、龙且、周殷之属，不过数人耳。大王能出捐数万斤金，行反间，间其君臣，以疑其心，项王为人意忌信谗，必内相诛。汉因举兵而攻之，破楚必矣。" 汉王以为然，乃出黄金四万斤予平，恣所为，不问出入. <i>Book of Han</i>, vol.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(项王乃疑范增与汉有私，稍夺之权。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(项羽恐，乃与汉王约，中分天下，割鸿沟而西者为汉，鸿沟而东者为楚。项王归汉王父母妻子，...) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(汉五年，汉王乃追项王至阳夏南，止军，与淮阴侯韩信、建成侯彭越期会而击楚军。至固陵，而信、越之兵不会。楚击汉军，大破之。汉王复入壁，深堑而自守。谓张子房曰："诸侯不从约，为之柰何？"对曰："楚兵且破，信、越未有分地，其不至固宜。君王能与共分天下，今可立致也。即不能，事未可知也。君王能自陈以东傅海，尽与韩信；睢阳以北至谷城，以与彭越：使各自为战，则楚易败也。"汉王曰："善。"于是乃发使者告韩信、彭越曰："并力击楚。楚破，自陈以东傅海与齐王，睢阳以北至谷城与彭相国。"使者至，韩信、彭越皆报曰："请今进兵。") <i>Shiji</i>, vol. 07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(羽壁垓下，军少食尽。汉帅诸侯兵围之数重。羽夜闻汉军四面皆楚歌，乃惊曰："汉皆已得楚乎？是何楚人多也！") <i>Book of Han</i>, vol.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(羽独所杀汉军数百人。羽亦被十馀创。顾见汉骑司马吕马童曰："若非吾故人乎？"马童面之，指王翳曰："此项王也。"羽乃曰："吾闻汉购我头千金，邑万户，吾为公得。"乃自刭。) <i>Book of Han</i>, vol.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">（论功行封，群臣争功，歳馀不决。上以何功最盛，先封为酂侯，食邑八千戸。功臣皆曰："臣等身被坚执兵，多者百馀战，少者数十合，攻城略地，大小各有差。今萧何未有汗马之劳，徒持文墨议论，不战，顾居臣等上，何也？"上曰："诸君知猎乎？"曰："知之。""知猎狗乎？"曰："知之。"上曰："夫猎，追杀兽者狗也，而发纵指示兽处者人也。今诸君徒能走得兽耳，功狗也；至如萧何，发纵指示，功人也。且诸君独以身从我，多者三两人；萧何举宗数十人皆随我，功不可忘也！"群臣后皆莫敢言。）<i>Book of Han</i>, vol. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">([汉十二年]十一月，行自淮南还。过鲁，以大牢祠孔子。 ) <i>Book of Han</i>, vol. 01 part 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(臣口不能言，然臣期期知其不可。陛下雖欲廢太子，臣期期不奉詔。)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ch'en2014-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ch'en2014_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChi-yen_Ch'en2014" class="citation book cs1">Chi-yen Ch'en (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sar_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171"><i>Hsun Yueh and the Mind of Late Han China: A Translation of the SHEN-CHIEN</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 171–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5348-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-5348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hsun+Yueh+and+the+Mind+of+Late+Han+China%3A+A+Translation+of+the+SHEN-CHIEN&rft.pages=171-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5348-9&rft.au=Chi-yen+Ch%27en&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSar_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(其明年，以护军中尉从攻反者韩王信於代。卒至平城，为匈奴所围，七日不得食。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(高帝乃使使闲厚遗阏氏，阏氏乃谓冒顿曰："两主不相困。今得汉地，而单于终非能居之也。且汉王亦有神，单于察之。"冒顿与韩王信之将王黄、赵利期，而黄、利兵又不来，疑其与汉有谋，亦取阏氏之言，乃解围之一角。于是高帝令士皆持满傅矢外乡，从解角直出，竟与大军合，而冒顿遂引兵而去。汉亦引兵而罢，使刘敬结和亲之约。) <i>Shiji</i>, vol.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShiji" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sima_Tan" title="Sima Tan">Sima Tan</a> (1959) [90s BCE]. "<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7125#序" class="extiw" title="zh:s:史記/卷125">125: 佞幸列傳</a> [Those who curried favour]". <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">史記</bdi> (in Chinese). Zhonghua Shuju. <q>非獨女以色媚，而士宦亦有之。昔以色幸者多矣。至漢興，高祖至暴抗也，然籍孺以佞幸；孝惠時有閎孺。此兩人非有材能，徒以婉佞貴幸，與上臥起，公卿皆因關說。It was not only women who could utilize sexual attraction: this was possible for gentlemen and eunuchs as well. There were actually many of them in the past who used sexuality to garner imperial favour. When the Han arose, Gaozu was perfectly fierce and rough, yet a boy named Ji charmed his way into favour. In the time of Emperor Xiaohui there was the Hong boy. These two people did not possess special talent or ability, but with tenderness and seduction came to become valued and favoured, sleeping and waking with their sovereign, such that even the most powerful ministers sought their influence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=125%3A+%E4%BD%9E%E5%B9%B8%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3+%5BThose+who+curried+favour%5D&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Shuju&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft.au=Sima+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span> (Translation after Hinsch).<br />Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinsch1990" class="citation book cs1">Hinsch, Bret (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2a0wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Passions of the Cut Sleeve</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520078697" title="Special:BookSources/9780520078697"><bdi>9780520078697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passions+of+the+Cut+Sleeve&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780520078697&rft.aulast=Hinsch&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2a0wDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span><br />Cited in <a href="/wiki/Louis_Crompton" title="Louis Crompton">Louis Crompton</a>, <i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i> (Cambridge, MA and London, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01197-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01197-X">0-674-01197-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(先黥布反时，高帝尝病，恶见人，卧禁中，诏户者无得入群臣。群臣绛、灌等莫敢入。十馀日，哙乃排闼直入，大臣随之。上独枕一宦者卧。哙等见上流涕曰："始陛下与臣等起丰沛，定天下，何其壮也！今天下已定，又何惫也！且陛下病甚，大臣震恐，不见臣等计事，顾独与一宦者绝乎？且陛下独不见赵高之事乎？"高帝笑而起。) <i>Book of Han</i>, vol. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, "Basic Annals of Gaozu", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji?searchu=%E5%A4%A7%E9%A2%A8%E8%B5%B7%E5%85%AE%E9%9B%B2%E9%A3%9B%E6%8F%9A%E5%A8%81%E5%8A%A0%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%A7%E5%85%AE%E6%AD%B8%E6%95%85%E9%84%89%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%97%E7%8C%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AE%E5%AE%88%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9">80</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/art/ss000/hvsc001/dfg005.htm">大风歌</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCambridge_History_of_China1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Twitchett, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>, eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC"><i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243278">10.1017/CHOL9780521243278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC%E2%80%93AD+220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243278&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2HKxK5N2sAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><span id="CITEREFBodde1986" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Derk_Bodde" title="Derk Bodde">Bodde, Derk</a>. "The State and Empire of Chʻin". In <a href="#CITEREFCambridge_History_of_China1986"><i>Cambridge History of China</i> (1986)</a>, pp. 20–102.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson1958" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Burton (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ssumachiengrandh012602mbp"><i>Ssu Ma Ch'ien Grand Historian Of China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ssu+Ma+Ch%27ien+Grand+Historian+Of+China&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fssumachiengrandh012602mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmperor+Gaozu+of+Han" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a> et al. <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, Volume 1.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, Volume 8.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu of Han</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%AB%98%E7%A5%96" class="extiw" title="commons:漢高祖">漢高祖</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Gaozu of Han</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">House of Liu</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 256 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1 June 195 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">King of Han</a> </b><br />206–202 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged in the Crown </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Vacant</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></i><br />202–195 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Emperor Hui of Han</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty1153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_emperors" title="Template talk:Han emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty1153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Han dynasty">Emperors of the Han dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Han" title="Emperor Hui of Han">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Lü</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qianshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Qianshao of Han">Qianshao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Houshao of Han">Houshao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jing_of_Han" title="Emperor Jing of Han">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhao of Han">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Haihun" title="Marquis of Haihun">Liu He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Xuan of Han">Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Han" title="Emperor Yuan of Han">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Cheng_of_Han" title="Emperor Cheng of Han">Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Han" title="Emperor Ai of Han">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ping_of_Han" title="Emperor Ping of Han">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzi_Ying" title="Ruzi Ying">Ruzi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">漢</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Wang_Mang" title="Wang Mang">Wang Mang</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BClin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lülin">Lülin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Eyebrows" title="Red Eyebrows">Chimei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gengshi_Emperor" title="Gengshi Emperor">Gengshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Penzi" title="Liu Penzi">Liu Penzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Guangwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhang of Han">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han" title="Emperor He of Han">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han" title="Emperor Shang of Han">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Beixiang" title="Marquess of Beixiang">Marquess of Beixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Han" title="Emperor Shun of Han">Shun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Chong_of_Han" title="Emperor Chong of Han">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhi_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhi of Han">Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ling_of_Han" title="Emperor Ling of Han">Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bian" title="Liu Bian">Liu Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Xian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Eighteen_Kingdoms350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Template:Eighteen Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Eighteen Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eighteen Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Eighteen_Kingdoms350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Kingdoms" title="Eighteen Kingdoms">Eighteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Sovereign ruler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Emperor Yi of Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Chu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hengshan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Rui (Eighteen Kingdoms)">Wu Rui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linjiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Ao" title="Gong Ao">Gong Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Wei" title="Gong Wei">Gong Wei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Qin</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Bang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Xin" title="Sima Xin">Sima Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Di</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yi_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Dong Yi (Qin dynasty)">Dong Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Shandong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qi (Shandong)">Qi</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tian Du</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Rong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Rong (page does not exist)">Tian Rong</a></li> <li>Tian Jia</li> <li>Tian Guang</li> <li>Tian Heng</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jibei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tian An</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jiaodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tian Fu</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zang_Tu" title="Zang Tu">Zang Tu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liaodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Guang" title="Han Guang">Han Guang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Changshan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Zhao Xie</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yu (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Chen Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Wei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Bao" title="Wei Bao">Wei Bao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Ang" title="Sima Ang">Sima Ang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Hán</a> territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hán</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng,_King_of_Han" title="Cheng, King of Han">Hán Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chang" title="Zheng Chang">Zheng Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_of_Han" title="Xin of Han">Hán Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Henan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yang_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)" title="Shen Yang (Eighteen Kingdoms)">Shen Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prominent_people_of_the_Chu–Han_Contention_(206–202_BC)115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Template:People of the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Template talk:People of the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_of_the_Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People of the Chu–Han Contention"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prominent_people_of_the_Chu–Han_Contention_(206–202_BC)115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prominent people of the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> (206–202 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Western Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zeng" title="Fan Zeng">Fan Zeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Yu_(Xiang_Yu%27s_wife)" title="Consort Yu (Xiang Yu's wife)">Consort Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ju" title="Long Ju">Long Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Bu" title="Ji Bu">Ji Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongli_Mo" title="Zhongli Mo">Zhongli Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Jiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Jiu (page does not exist)">Cao Jiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhuang" title="Xiang Zhuang">Xiang Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Bo" title="Xiang Bo">Xiang Bo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liu Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Lü Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Liang_(Western_Han)" title="Zhang Liang (Western Han)">Zhang Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_He" title="Xiao He">Xiao He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Shen" title="Cao Shen">Cao Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuai" title="Fan Kuai">Fan Kuai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jia_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Jia (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Liu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xi_(rebel)" title="Chen Xi (rebel)">Chen Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Fu (page does not exist)">Ding Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chong_Da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chong Da (page does not exist)">Chong Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Kuan" title="Fu Kuan">Fu Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Xi_(Han)" title="Jin Xi (Han)">Jin Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Xie (page does not exist)">Zhou Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Bu" title="Ying Bu">Ying Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Yue" title="Peng Yue">Peng Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yiji" title="Li Yiji">Li Yiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shang" title="Li Shang">Li Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ping_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chen Ping (Han dynasty)">Chen Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Ying" title="Xiahou Ying">Xiahou Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bo" title="Zhou Bo">Zhou Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Wan" title="Lu Wan">Lu Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Ying" title="Guan Ying">Guan Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Ling_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Ling (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wang Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shentu_Jia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shentu Jia (page does not exist)">Shentu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xue_Ou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xue Ou (page does not exist)">Xue Ou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuai_Che&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuai Che (page does not exist)">Kuai Che</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi_Juan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi Juan (page does not exist)">Xi Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xi_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Xi (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wang Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yong_Chi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yong Chi (page does not exist)">Yong Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuan_Sheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuan Sheng (page does not exist)">Yuan Sheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Xin_of_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="King Xin of Han">Hán Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chang" title="Zheng Chang">Zheng Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Er_(Western_Han)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Er (Western Han) (page does not exist)">Zhang Er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ao" title="Zhang Ao">Zhang Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Xie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Xie (page does not exist)">Zhao Xie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yu_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yu (Eighteen Kingdoms) (page does not exist)">Chen Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zuoche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zuoche (page does not exist)">Li Zuoche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Guang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Guang (page does not exist)">Tian Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Bao" title="Wei Bao">Wei Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feng_Jing_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feng Jing (Han dynasty) (page does not exist)">Feng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Rui" title="Wu Rui">Wu Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Ao" title="Gong Ao">Gong Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Wei" title="Gong Wei">Gong Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Han_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Zhang Han (Qin dynasty)">Zhang Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Xin" title="Sima Xin">Sima Xin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yi_(Qin_dynasty)" title="Dong Yi (Qin dynasty)">Dong Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yang_(Eighteen_Kingdoms)" title="Shen Yang (Eighteen Kingdoms)">Shen Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yao,_King_of_Dong%27ou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yao, King of Dong'ou (page does not exist)">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1669" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1669" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7210#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063334914">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1339456">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1822710/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcxKcjtBQJXkWBc734v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/101593045X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Han Gaozu, Emperor of China, 247 B.C.-195 B.C."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81110440">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="高祖, 247-195B. C. , 前漢"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00623135">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36607102">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140991565">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201621024">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007352131705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1323860">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&oldid=1278141641">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han&oldid=1278141641</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Category:Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu of Han</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:195_BC_deaths" title="Category:195 BC deaths">195 BC deaths</a></li><li><a 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