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<li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Zhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Zhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Western Zhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Zhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spring_and_Autumn_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_and_Autumn_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Spring and Autumn period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_and_Autumn_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warring_States_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warring_States_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Warring States period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warring_States_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qin_and_Han_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qin_and_Han_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Qin and Han dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qin_and_Han_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Linguistic influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bureaucracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureaucracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bureaucracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureaucracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_states_annexed_by_Chu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_states_annexed_by_Chu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of states annexed by Chu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_states_annexed_by_Chu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chu (state)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ولاية تشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية تشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B3%CD%98-kok" title="Chhó͘-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhó͘-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Чу (царства) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чу (царства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_Chu" title="Estat de Chu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de Chu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_%C4%8Cchu" title="Království Čchu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Království Čchu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(Staat)" title="Chu (Staat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chu (Staat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_riik" title="Chu riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chu riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Chu" title="Estado Chu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado Chu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88u_(%C5%9Dtato)" title="Ĉu (ŝtato) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉu (ŝtato)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%DA%86%D9%88" title="ایالت چو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت چو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(%C3%89tat)" title="Chu (État) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chu (État)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88_(%EC%B6%98%EC%B6%94_%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AD)" title="초 (춘추 전국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초 (춘추 전국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8)" title="चू राज्य (प्राचीन चीन) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चू राज्य (प्राचीन चीन)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Chu (država) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chu (država)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(negara)" title="Chu (negara) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chu (negara)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(stato)" title="Chu (stato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chu (stato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%95_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="צ'ו (מדינה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ו (מדינה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu_karalyst%C4%97" title="Ču karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ču karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Чу (држава) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чу (држава)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Чу ванлиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чу ванлиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(staat)" title="Chu (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chu (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%9A_(%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B)" title="楚 (春秋) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="楚 (春秋)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu" title="Chu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu" title="Chu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(okres_Zhou)" title="Chu (okres Zhou) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chu (okres Zhou)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Chu" title="Reino de Chu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Chu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(stat)" title="Chu (stat) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chu (stat)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Чу (царство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чу (царство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cchu_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Čchu (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čchu (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="ویلایەتی چوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلایەتی چوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(dr%C5%BEava)" title="Chu (država) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chu (država)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu" title="Chu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_(stat)" title="Chu (stat) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chu (stat)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="รัฐฉู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐฉู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu" title="Chu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Чу (держава) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чу (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese Zhou dynasty state (c.1030 BC – 223 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the state of Chu during the Zhou dynasty. For other states of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Chu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chu (disambiguation)">Chu</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Chu</div><div class="ib-country-names"><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚</span></span></big><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">*</a><i>s-r̥aʔ</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span> BC – 223 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png/250px-%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png/375px-%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png/500px-%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="786" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C47477; color:black;"> </span> Chu (楚)</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viscounty" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscounty">Viscounty</a> (before 704 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdom</a> (704–223 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danyang_(Chu)" title="Danyang (Chu)">Danyang</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (丹陽)(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span> – <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 680</span> BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_(Chu)" title="Ying (Chu)">Ying</a> (郢) (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 680</span> – 278 BC)</li> <li>Chen (陳) (278–241 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shou_County" title="Shou County">Shouchun</a> (壽春) (241–224 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Pengcheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founded by <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yi_(11th_century_BC)" title="Xiong Yi (11th century BC)">Xiong Yi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span> BC </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu" title="King Wu of Chu">Xiong Tong</a> proclaimed king </div></th><td class="infobox-data">706 or 703 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 223 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chu</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chu_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/60px-Chu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Chu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-Chu_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="335" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Chu" in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Kaishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaishu">regular</a> (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">楚</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄔㄨˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ch'u<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰù]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Suzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhounese">Suzhounese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Tshòu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Chó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Co<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰɔ˧˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Chhó͘</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tshóo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʂʰjó</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter_(1992)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter (1992)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsrhjaʔ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s-r̥aʔ</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">楚</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chǔ</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Ch'u</span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>: <i>*s-r̥aʔ</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart2014332_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart2014332-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">ancient Chinese state</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. Their first ruler was <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu" title="King Wu of Chu">King Wu of Chu</a> in the early 8th century BC. Chu was located in the south of the Zhou heartland and lasted during the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> it was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> in 223 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification</a>. </p><p>Also known as <b>Jing</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荊</span></span>) and <b>Jingchu</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荊楚</span></span>), Chu included most of the present-day provinces of <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, along with parts of <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. For more than 400 years, the Chu capital <a href="/wiki/Danyang_(Chu)" title="Danyang (Chu)">Danyang</a> was located at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Dan_River_(China)" title="Dan River (China)">Dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">Xi Rivers</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Xichuan_County" title="Xichuan County">Xichuan County</a>, Henan, but later moved to <a href="/wiki/Ying_(Chu)" title="Ying (Chu)">Ying</a>. The house of Chu originally bore the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname#Xing" title="Chinese surname">ancestral temple surname</a> Nai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嬭</span></span> OC: /*rneːlʔ/) which was later written as <a href="/wiki/Mi_(surname)" title="Mi (surname)">Mi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">芈</span></span> OC: /*meʔ/). They also bore the <a href="/wiki/Lineage_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineage name">lineage name</a> Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">酓</span></span> OC: /*qlamʔ/, /*qʰɯːm/) which would later be written <a href="/wiki/Xiong_(surname)" title="Xiong (surname)">Xiong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊</span></span> OC: /*ɢʷlɯm/).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legends recounted in <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, the ruling family of Chu descended from the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> and his grandson and successor <a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a>. Zhuanxu's great-grandson Wuhui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吳回</span></span>) was put in charge of fire by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ku" title="Emperor Ku">Emperor Ku</a> and given the title <a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a>. Wuhui's son Luzhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陸終</span></span>) had six sons, all born by <a href="/wiki/Caesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarian section">Caesarian section</a>. The youngest, <a href="/wiki/Jilian" title="Jilian">Jilian</a>, adopted the ancestral surname <a href="/wiki/Mi_(surname)" title="Mi (surname)">Mi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shiji_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiji-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jilian's descendant <a href="/wiki/Yuxiong" title="Yuxiong">Yuxiong</a> was the teacher of <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen of Zhou</a> (r. 1099–1050 BC). After the Zhou overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng</a> (r. 1042–1021 BC) enfeoffed Yuxiong's great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yi_(11th_century_BC)" title="Xiong Yi (11th century BC)">Xiong Yi</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_fief" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese fief">fiefdom</a> of Chu in the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Basin" title="Nanyang Basin">Nanyang Basin</a> and the hereditary title of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:子">子</a></span></span> (<i>zǐ</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">viscount</a>"). Then the first capital of Chu was established at <a href="/wiki/Danyang_(Chu)" title="Danyang (Chu)">Danyang</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Xichuan_County" title="Xichuan County">Xichuan</a> in Henan).<sup id="cite_ref-shiji_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiji-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Zhou">Western Zhou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 977 BC, during <a href="/wiki/Zhou%E2%80%93Chu_War" title="Zhou–Chu War">his campaign against Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Zhao_of_Zhou" title="King Zhao of Zhou">King Zhao of Zhou</a>'s boat sank and he drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Yangtze_River_tributary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Han River (Yangtze River tributary)">Han River</a>. After this death, Zhou ceased to expand to the south, allowing the southern tribes and Chu to cement their own autonomy much earlier than the states to the north. The Chu viscount <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Qu" title="Xiong Qu">Xiong Qu</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a> in 863 BC but subsequently made its capital <a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a> one of his capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either 703<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 706,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ruler <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu" title="King Wu of Chu">Xiong Tong</a> became the ruler of Chu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_and_Autumn_period">Spring and Autumn period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spring and Autumn period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interstate_relations_during_the_Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Interstate relations during the Spring and Autumn period">Interstate relations during the Spring and Autumn period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg/220px-Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg/330px-Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg/440px-Lacquer_painting_from_Ch%27u_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a> painting from the Jingmen Tomb (Chinese: 荊門楚墓; Pinyin: Jīngmén chǔ mù, about 316 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Chu">State of Chu</a>, depicting men wearing precursors to <i><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></i> (i.e. traditional <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> dress) and riding in a two-horsed <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang</a>, Chu reached the height of its power and its ruler was considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">five Hegemons</a> of the era. After a number of battles with neighboring states, sometime between 695 and 689 BC, the Chu capital moved south-east from Danyang to Ying. Chu first consolidated its power by absorbing other states in its original area (modern <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), then it expanded into the north towards the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>. In the summer of 648 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">State of Huang</a> was annexed by the state of Chu.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The threat from Chu resulted in multiple northern alliances under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a>. These alliances kept Chu in check, and the Chu kingdom lost their first major battle at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengpu" title="Battle of Chengpu">Chengpu</a> in 632 BC. During the 6th century BC, Jin and Chu fought numerous battles over the hegemony of <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plain (China)">central plain</a>. In <a href="/wiki/597_BC" title="597 BC">597 BC</a>, Jin was defeated by Chu in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bi" title="Battle of Bi">battle of Bi</a>, causing Jin's temporary inability to counter Chu's expansion. Chu strategically used the <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">state of Zheng</a> as its representative in the central plain area, through the means of intimidation and threats, Chu forced Zheng to ally with itself. On the other hand, Jin had to balance out Chu's influence by repeatedly allying with <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a>. The tension between Chu and Jin did not loosen until the year of 579 BC when a truce was signed between the two states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the sixth century BC, Jin strengthened the state of <a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> delta to act as a counterweight against Chu. Wu defeated <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> and then invaded Chu in 506 BC. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boju" title="Battle of Boju">Battle of Boju</a>, it occupied Chu's capital at Ying, forcing <a href="/wiki/King_Zhao_of_Chu" title="King Zhao of Chu">King Zhao</a> to flee to his allies in <a href="/wiki/Yun_County,_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yun County, Hubei">Yun</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a>". King Zhao eventually returned to Ying but, after another attack from Wu in 504 BC, he temporarily moved the capital into the territory of the former state of <a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a>. Chu began to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> to serve as allies against Wu. Yue was initially subjugated by <a href="/wiki/King_Fuchai" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fuchai">King Fuchai</a> of Wu until he released their king <a href="/wiki/King_Goujian_of_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="King Goujian of Yue">Goujian</a>, who took revenge for his former captivity by crushing and completely annexing Wu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warring_States_period">Warring States period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Warring States period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freed from its difficulties with Wu, Chu annexed <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a> in 479 BC and overran <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a> to the north in 447 BC. By the end of the 5th century BC, the Chu government had become very corrupt and inefficient, with much of the state's treasury used primarily to pay for the royal entourage. Many officials had no meaningful task except taking money and Chu's army, while large, was of low quality. </p><p>In the late 390s BC, <a href="/wiki/King_Dao_of_Chu" title="King Dao of Chu">King Dao of Chu</a> made <a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a> his <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">chancellor</a>. Wu's reforms began to transform Chu into an efficient and powerful state in 389 BC, as he lowered the salaries of officials and removed useless officials. He also enacted building codes to make the capital Ying seem less barbaric. Despite Wu Qi's unpopularity among Chu's ruling class, his reforms strengthened the king and left the state very powerful until the late 4th century BC, when <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> were ascendant. Chu's powerful army once again became successful, defeating the states of <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a>. Yue was partitioned between Chu and <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> in either 334<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or 333 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiiBTCgAAQBAJpgPA86_86]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiiBTCgAAQBAJpgPA86_86]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the officials of Chu wasted no time in their revenge and Wu Qi was assassinated at King Dao's funeral in 381 BC. Prior to Wu's service in the state of Chu, Wu lived in the state of Wei, where his military analysis of the six opposing states was recorded in his magnum opus, <i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">The Book of Master Wu</a></i>. Of Chu, he said: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/300px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/450px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/600px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bronze from the Tomb of Chu in <a href="/wiki/Xichuan_County" title="Xichuan County">Xichuan County</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Chu people are soft and weak. Their lands stretch far and wide, and the government cannot effectively administer the expanse. Their troops are weary and although their formations are well-ordered, they do not have the resources to maintain their positions for long. To defeat them, we must strike swiftly, unexpectedly and retreat quickly before they can counter-attack. This will create unease in their weary soldiers and reduce their fighting spirit. Thus, with persistence, their army can be defeated.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wu Qi, <i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wuzi</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>During the late Warring States period, Chu was increasingly pressured by Qin to its west, especially after Qin enacted and preserved the <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalistic</a> reforms of <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a>. In 241 BC, five of the seven major warring states–Chu, Zhao, Wei, Yan and Han–formed an alliance to fight the rising power of Qin. King Kaolie of Chu was named the leader of the alliance and Lord Chunshen the military commander. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Yang_Kuan" title="Yang Kuan">Yang Kuan</a>, the Zhao general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pang_Nuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pang Nuan (page does not exist)">Pang Nuan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">庞煖</span></span>) was the actual commander in the battle. The allies attacked Qin at the strategic <a href="/wiki/Hangu_Pass" title="Hangu Pass">Hangu Pass</a> but were defeated. King Kaolie blamed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chunshen" title="Lord Chunshen">Lord Chunshen</a> for the loss and began to mistrust him. Afterwards, Chu moved its capital east to <a href="/wiki/Shouchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shouchun">Shouchun</a>, farther away from the threat of Qin. </p><p>As Qin expanded into Chu's territory, Chu was forced to expand southwards and eastwards, absorbing local cultural influences along the way. <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a> was conquered by <a href="/wiki/King_Kaolie_of_Chu" title="King Kaolie of Chu">King Kaolie</a> in 223 BC. By the late 4th century BC, however, Chu's prominent status had fallen into decay. As a result of several invasions headed by Zhao and Qin, Chu was eventually completely wiped out by Qin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat">Defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification#Conquest_of_Chu" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification § Conquest of Chu</a></div><p>The Chu state was completely eradicated by the Qin dynasty.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bianzhong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg/300px-Bianzhong.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg/450px-Bianzhong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bianzhong.jpg/600px-Bianzhong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>Bronze bells from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Marquis_Yi_of_Zeng" title="Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng">Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng</a>, dated 433 BC, State of Chu.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Warring States">Records of the Warring States</a></i>, a debate between the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">Diplomat</a> strategist <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(strategist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Yi (strategist)">Zhang Yi</a> and the Qin general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sima_Cuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sima Cuo (page does not exist)">Sima Cuo</a> led to two conclusions concerning the unification of China. Zhang Yi argued in favor of conquering <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a> and seizing the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> from the powerless Zhou king would be wise. Sima Cuo, however, considered that the primary difficulty was not legitimacy but the strength of Qin's opponents; he argued that "conquering <a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Shu</a> is conquering Chu" and, "once Chu is eliminated, the country will be united". </p><p>The importance of Shu in the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a> was its great agricultural output and its control over the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, leading directly into the Chu heartland. <a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Qin" title="King Huiwen of Qin">King Huiwen of Qin</a> opted to support Sima Cuo. In 316 BC, Qin invaded and conquered <a href="/wiki/Shu_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (state)">Shu</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a>, expanding downriver in the following decades. In 278 BC, the Qin general <a href="/wiki/Bai_Qi" title="Bai Qi">Bai Qi</a> finally conquered Chu's capital at Ying. Following the fall of Ying, the Chu government moved to various locations in the east until settling in <a href="/wiki/Shouchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shouchun">Shouchun</a> in 241 BC. After a massive two-year struggle, Bai Qi lured the main <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a> force of 400,000 men onto the field, surrounding them and forcing their surrender at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changping" title="Battle of Changping">Changping</a> in 260 BC. The Qin army massacred their prisoners, removing the last major obstacle to Qin dominance over the Chinese states. </p><p>By 225 BC, only four kingdoms remained: Qin, Chu, <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>. Chu had recovered sufficiently to mount serious resistance. Despite its size, resources, and manpower, though, Chu's corrupt government worked against it. In 224 BC, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Ying Zheng</a> called for a meeting with his subjects to discuss his plans for the invasion of Chu. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Qin)" title="Wang Jian (Qin)">Wang Jian</a> said that the invasion force needed to be at least 600,000 strong, while <a href="/wiki/Li_Xin_(Qin)" title="Li Xin (Qin)">Li Xin</a> thought that less than 200,000 men would be sufficient. Ying Zheng ordered Li Xin and <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wu" title="Meng Wu">Meng Wu</a> to lead the army against Chu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Chu army, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiang_Yan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiang Yan (page does not exist)">Xiang Yan</a>, secretly followed Li Xin's army for three days and three nights, before launching a surprise offensive and destroying Li Xin army. Upon learning of Li's defeat, Ying Zheng replaced Li with Wang Jian, putting Wang in command of the 600,000-strong army he had requested earlier and placing Meng Wu beneath him as a deputy. Worried that the Qin tyrant might fear the power he now possessed and order him executed upon some pretense, Wang Jian constantly sent messengers back to the king in order to remain in contact and reduce the king's suspicion. </p><p>Wang Jian's army passed through southern Chen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陳</span></span>; present-day <a href="/wiki/Huaiyang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyang County">Huaiyang</a> in Henan) and made camp at Pingyu. The Chu armies under Xiang Yan used their full strength against the camp but failed. Wang Jian ordered his troops to defend their positions firmly but avoid advancing further into Chu territory. After failing to lure the Qin army into an attack, Xiang Yan ordered a retreat; Wang Jian seized this opportunity to launch a swift assault. The Qin forces pursued the retreating Chu forces to Qinan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蕲南</span></span>; northwest of present-day <a href="/wiki/Qichun_County" title="Qichun County">Qichun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>) and Xiang Yan was either killed in the action or committed suicide following his defeat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The next year, in 223 BC, Qin launched another campaign and captured the Chu capital Shouchun. King <a href="/wiki/Fuchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuchu">Fuchu</a> was captured and his state annexed.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Wang Jian and Meng Wu led the Qin army against <a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wuyue</a> around the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, capturing the descendants of the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conquered territories became the <a href="/wiki/Kuaiji_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaiji Prefecture">Kuaiji Prefecture</a> of the Qin Empire. </p><p>At their peak, Chu and Qin together fielded over 1,000,000 troops, more than the massive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changping" title="Battle of Changping">Battle of Changping</a> between Qin and Zhao 35 years before. The excavated personal letters of two regular Qin soldiers, Hei Fu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黑夫</span></span>) and Jing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">惊</span></span>), tell of a protracted campaign in Huaiyang under Wang Jian. Both soldiers wrote letters requesting supplies of clothing and money from home to sustain the long waiting campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qin_and_Han_dynasties">Qin and Han dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Qin and Han dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear,_Chu_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear%2C_Chu_State.jpg/220px-Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear%2C_Chu_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear%2C_Chu_State.jpg/330px-Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear%2C_Chu_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear%2C_Chu_State.jpg/440px-Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Spear%2C_Chu_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Spearhead from the state of Chu</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></div> <p>The Chu populace in areas conquered by Qin openly ignored the stringent Qin laws and governance, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts" title="Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts">excavated bamboo slips</a> of a Qin administrator in Hubei. Chu aspired to overthrow the painful yoke of Qin rule and re-establishing a separate state. The attitude was captured in a Chinese expression about implacable hostility: "Though Chu has but three <a href="/wiki/Chinese_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese clan">clans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qin shall fall by Chu's hand" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚雖三戶, 亡秦必楚</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ying Zheng declared himself the First Emperor (<a href="/wiki/Shi_Huangdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a>) and reigned briefly, the people of Chu and its former ruling house organized the first violent insurrections against the new Qin administration. They were especially resentful of the Qin <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a>; folk poems record the mournful sadness of Chu families whose men worked in the frigid north to construct the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dazexiang_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazexiang Uprising">Dazexiang Uprising</a> occurred in 209 BC under the leadership of a Chu peasant, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng" title="Chen Sheng">Chen Sheng</a>, who proclaimed himself "King of Rising Chu" (<i>Zhangchu</i>). This uprising was crushed by the Qin army but it inspired a new wave of other rebellions. One of the leaders, <a href="/wiki/Jing_Ju" title="Jing Ju">Jing Ju</a> of Chu, proclaimed himself the new king of Chu. Jing Ju was defeated by another rebel force under <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Liang" title="Xiang Liang">Xiang Liang</a>. Xiang installed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Xiong Xin</a>, a scion of Chu's traditional royal family, on the throne of Chu under the regnal name King Huai II. In 206 BC, after the fall of the Qin Empire, <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>, Xiang Liang's nephew, proclaimed himself the "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" and promoted King Huai II to "Emperor Yi". He subsequently had Yi assassinated. Xiang Yu then engaged with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a>, another prominent anti-Qin rebel, in a long struggle for supremacy over the lands of the former Qin Empire, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a>. The conflict ended in victory for Liu Bang: he proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and was later honored with the <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> Gaozu, while Xiang Yu committed suicide in defeat. </p><p>Liu Bang immediately enacted a more traditional and less intrusive administration than the Qin before him, made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> through <a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">heqin</a> intermarriages, rewarded his allies with large fiefdoms, and allowed the population to rest from centuries of warfare. The core Chu territories centered in <a href="/wiki/Pengcheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengcheng">Pengcheng</a> was granted first to general <a href="/wiki/Han_Xin" title="Han Xin">Han Xin</a> and then to Liu Bang's brother <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiao_(prince)" title="Liu Jiao (prince)">Liu Jiao</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Kingdom of Chu</a>. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>, the southern folk culture and aesthetics were mixed with the Han-sponsored Confucian tradition and Qin-influenced central governance to create a distinct "<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>" culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenmushou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zhenmushou.JPG/300px-Zhenmushou.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zhenmushou.JPG/450px-Zhenmushou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Zhenmushou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tomb guardian.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg/220px-%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg/330px-%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg/440px-%E8%99%8E%E5%BA%A7%E9%B8%9F%E6%9E%B6%E9%BC%93%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%9D%E8%BF%9E%E5%A2%A9%EF%BC%89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="8256" /></a><figcaption>Drum with and Bird and Tiger Frame, Chu-state, <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure,_Chu_State_(10162601104).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure%2C_Chu_State_%2810162601104%29.jpg/220px-Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure%2C_Chu_State_%2810162601104%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure%2C_Chu_State_%2810162601104%29.jpg/330px-Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure%2C_Chu_State_%2810162601104%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure%2C_Chu_State_%2810162601104%29.jpg/440px-Warring_States_Lacquered_Figure%2C_Chu_State_%2810162601104%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="4493" /></a><figcaption>Lacquered <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian (Taoist)"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yuren</i></span> (羽人) figure</a> on a toad stand</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the archaeological finds, Chu's culture was initially quite similar to that of the other Zhou states of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> basin. However, subsequently, Chu absorbed indigenous elements from the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> lands that it conquered to the south and east, developing a blended culture compared to the northern plains. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period, the difference between the culture of Chu and the Central Plains states to the north was negligible. Only in the late Spring and Autumn period does Chu culture begin to diverge, preserving some older aspects of the culture and developing new phenomena. It also absorbed some elements from annexed areas. The culture of Chu had significant internal diversity from locality to locality.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chu, like <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, was often described as being not as cultured by people in the Central plains. However, this image originated with the later development of Chu relative to the Central plains, and the stereotype was retrospectively cultivated by Confucian scholars in the Qin dynasty, to indirectly criticise the ruling regime, and the Han dynasty as a means of curbing their ideological opponents who were associated with such cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the founder of the Han dynasty was from the state, Chu culture would later become a basis of the culture of the later Han dynasty, along with that of the Qin dynasty's and other preceding states' from the Warring States period.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Chu burial offerings consisted primarily of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">bronze vessels</a> in the Zhou style. The bronze wares of the state of Chu also have their own characteristics. For example, the bronze Jin (altar table) unearthed from the Chu tomb in Xichuan, Henan Province are complex in shape. Dated to the mid sixth century BC, it was one of the early confirmed lost-wax cast artifacts discovered in China proper.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Chu burials, especially during the Warring States, featured distinct <a href="/wiki/Chinese_funerary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese funerary art">burial objects</a>, such as colorful <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquerware</a>, iron, and silk, accompanied by a reduction in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_names_of_bronze_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese names of bronze vessels">bronze vessel offerings</a>. A common Chu motif was the vivid depiction of wildlife, mystical animals, and natural imagery, such as <a href="/wiki/Snakes_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Snakes in Chinese mythology">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese phoenix">phoenixes</a>, tigers, and free-flowing clouds and serpent-like beings. Some archaeologists speculate that Chu may have had cultural connections to the previous <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, since many motifs used by Chu appeared earlier at Shang sites such as serpent-tailed gods. </p><p>Another common Chu idea was the worship of gibbons and other animals perceived to have auspicious amounts of <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Chu culture was known for its affinity for <a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">shamans</a>. The Chu culture and government supported <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:12_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and native <a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">shamanism</a> supplemented with some <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> glosses on Zhou ritual. Chu people affiliated themselves with the god of fire <a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a> in Chinese mythology. For this reason, fire worshiping and red coloring were practiced by Chu people.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The naturalistic and flowing art, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ci" title="Chu Ci">Songs of Chu</a></i>, historical records, excavated bamboo documents such as the <a href="/wiki/Guodian_Chu_Slips" title="Guodian Chu Slips">Guodian slips</a>, and other artifacts reveal heavy Taoist and native folk influence in Chu culture. The disposition to a spiritual, often pleasurable and decadent lifestyle, and the confidence in the size of the Chu realm led to the inefficiency and eventual destruction of the Chu state by the ruthless <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a> state of Qin. Even though the Qin realm lacked the vast natural resources and waterways of Chu, the Qin government maximized its output under the efficient minister <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a>, installing a meritocracy focused solely on agricultural and military might. </p><p>Archaeological evidence shows that Chu music was annotated differently from Zhou. Chu music also showed an inclination for using different performance ensembles, as well as unique instruments. In Chu, the <i><a href="/wiki/Se_(instrument)" title="Se (instrument)">se</a></i> was preferred over the <a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">zither</a>, while both instruments were equally preferred in the northern Zhou states. </p><p>Chu came into frequent contact with other peoples in the south, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a>. Numerous burials and burial objects in the Ba and Yue styles have been discovered throughout the territory of Chu, co-existing with Chu-style burials and burial objects. </p><p>Some archaeological records of the Chu appear at <a href="/wiki/Mawangdui" title="Mawangdui">Mawangdui</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_tomb_architecture" title="Han dynasty tomb architecture">Han dynasty</a>, some Confucian scholars considered Chu culture with distaste, criticizing the "lewd" music and shamanistic rituals associated with Chu culture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle,_Chu_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle%2C_Chu_State.jpg/220px-Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle%2C_Chu_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle%2C_Chu_State.jpg/330px-Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle%2C_Chu_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle%2C_Chu_State.jpg/440px-Spring_%26_Autumn_Bronze_Ladle%2C_Chu_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Bronze ladle from the state of Chu</figcaption></figure> <p>Chu artisanship includes color, especially the <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> woodworks. Red and black pigmented lacquer were most used. Silk-weaving also attained a high level of craftsmanship, creating lightweight robes with flowing designs. These examples (as at Mawangdui) were preserved in waterlogged tombs where the lacquer did not peel off over time and in tombs sealed with coal or white clay. Chu used the calligraphic script called <a href="/wiki/%22Birds_and_Worms%22_style" class="mw-redirect" title=""Birds and Worms" style">"Birds and Worms" style</a>, which was borrowed by the Wu and Yue states. It has a design that embellishes the characters with motifs of animals, snakes, birds, and insects. This is another representation of the natural world and its liveliness. Chu produced broad bronze swords that were similar to <a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a> swords but not as intricate. </p><p>Chu created a riverine transport system of boats augmented by wagons. These are detailed in bronze tallies with gold inlay regarding trade along the river systems connecting with those of the Chu capital at Ying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_influences">Linguistic influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Linguistic influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although bronze inscriptions from the ancient state of Chu show little linguistic differences from the "Elegant Speech" (yǎyán 雅言) during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the variety of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> spoken in Chu has long been assumed to reflect <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">lexical borrowings</a> and syntactical interferences from non-Sinitic <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrates</a>, which the Chu may have acquired as a result of its southern migration into what Tian Jizhou believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a> or (para-) <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> area in southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent excavated texts, corroborated by dialect words recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Fangyan_(book)" title="Fangyan (book)">Fangyan</a></i>, further demonstrated substrate influences, but there are competing hypotheses on their genealogical affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehr2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201667_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201667-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Aberrant early Chinese dialect, originally from the North<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> (Norman & Mei 1976, Boltz 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> (Erkes 1930, Long & Ma 1983, Brooks 2001, Sagart et al. 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a> (Liu Xingge 1988, <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang" title="Zhengzhang Shangfang">Zhengzhang Shangfang</a> 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> (Zhang Yongyan 1992, Zhou Jixu 2001)</li> <li>Mixture of Austroasiatic, Hmong-Mien and Tibeto-Burman (Pullyblank 1983, Schuessler 2004 & 2007)</li> <li>Unknown</li></ul> <p>Noticing that both 荆 <i>Jīng</i> and 楚 <i>Chǔ</i> refer to the thorny <a href="/wiki/Chaste_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaste tree">chaste tree</a> (genus <a href="/wiki/Vitex" title="Vitex">Vitex</a>), Schuessler (2007) proposes two Austroasiatic comparanda:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>楚 <i>Chǔ</i> < Old Chinese *<i>tshraʔ</i> is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Proto-Monic</a> *<i>jrlaaʔ</i> "thorn, thorny bamboo (added to names of thorny plants)", <a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a> /cǝrlaʔ/, <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a> /jǝrlaaʔ/, all descending from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language#Shorto_(2006)" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Mon-Khmer</a> *<i>ɟlaʔ</i> "thorn";<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>荆 <i>Jīng</i> < Old Chinese *<i>kreŋ</i> is comparable to Khmer ជ្រាំង <i>crĕəng</i> “to bristle” and ប្រែង <i>praeng</i> “bristle”, with Chinese initial *<i>k-</i> possibly being a noun-forming prefix.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bureaucracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_shamans_or_attendants,_Chu_culture,_Jiangling,_Hubei_province,_China,_Warring_States_period,_4th-3rd_century_BC,_wood,_cinnabar,_black_lacquer_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland,_Oregon_-_DSC08570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pair_of_shamans_or_attendants%2C_Chu_culture%2C_Jiangling%2C_Hubei_province%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_period%2C_4th-3rd_century_BC%2C_wood%2C_cinnabar%2C_black_lacquer_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland%2C_Oregon_-_DSC08570.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pair_of_shamans_or_attendants%2C_Chu_culture%2C_Jiangling%2C_Hubei_province%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_period%2C_4th-3rd_century_BC%2C_wood%2C_cinnabar%2C_black_lacquer_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland%2C_Oregon_-_DSC08570.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pair_of_shamans_or_attendants%2C_Chu_culture%2C_Jiangling%2C_Hubei_province%2C_China%2C_Warring_States_period%2C_4th-3rd_century_BC%2C_wood%2C_cinnabar%2C_black_lacquer_-_Portland_Art_Museum_-_Portland%2C_Oregon_-_DSC08570.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3595" data-file-height="4405" /></a><figcaption>Pair of shamans or attendants, Chu culture, Jiangling, Hubei province, China, Warring States period, 4th-3rd century BC, wood, cinnabar, black lacquer. Portland Art Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%27ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mo'ao (page does not exist)">Mo'ao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">莫敖</span></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_(Chu_State)" title="Prime minister (Chu State)">Lingyin</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">令尹</span></span>) were the top government officials of Chu. Sima was the military commander of Chu's army. Lingyin, Mo'ao and Sima were the San Gong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三公</span></span>) of Chu. In the Spring and Autumn period, Zuoyin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">左尹</span></span>) and Youyin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">右尹</span></span>) were added as the undersecretaries of Lingyin. Likewise, Sima (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">司馬</span></span>) was assisted by Zuosima (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">左司馬</span></span>) and Yousima (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">右司馬</span></span>) respectively. Mo'ao's status was gradually lowered while Lingyin and Sima became more powerful posts in the Chu court.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ministers whose functions vary according to their titles were called Yin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尹</span></span>). For example: Lingyin (Prime minister), Gongyin (Minister of works), and Zhenyin were all suffixed by the word "Yin".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shenyin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">沈尹</span></span>) was the minister of religious duties or the high priest of Chu, multiple entries in <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a> indicated their role as oracles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Yins recorded by history were: Yuyin, Lianyin, Jiaoyin, Gongjiyin, Lingyin, Huanlie Zhi Yin (Commander of Palace guards) and Yueyin (Minister of Music). In counties and commanderies, Gong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公</span></span>), also known as Xianyin (minister of county) was the chief administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many cases, positions in Chu's bureaucracy were hereditarily held by members of a cadet branch of Chu's royal house of <a href="/wiki/Mi_(surname)" title="Mi (surname)">Mi</a>. Mo'ao, one of the three chancellors of Chu, was exclusively chosen from Qu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">屈</span></span>) clan. During the early spring and autumn period and before the <a href="/wiki/Ruo%27ao_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruo'ao rebellion">Ruo'ao rebellion</a>, Lingyin was a position held by Ruo'aos, namely Dou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鬭</span></span>) and Cheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">成</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Progenitors of Chu such as viscount <a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yi_(11th_century_BC)" title="Xiong Yi (11th century BC)">Xiong Yi</a> were said to originate from the <a href="/wiki/Jing_Mountains" title="Jing Mountains">Jing Mountains</a>; a chain of mountains located in today's <a href="/wiki/Hubei_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubei province">Hubei province</a>. Rulers of Chu systematically migrated states annexed by Chu to the Jing mountains in order to control them more efficiently. East of Jing mountains are the Tu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">塗</span></span>) mountains. In the north-east part of Chu are the <a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountains" title="Dabie Mountains">Dabie mountains</a>; the drainage divide of <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangtse_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtse river">Yangtse river</a>. The first capital of Chu, Danyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丹陽</span></span>) was located in today's <a href="/wiki/Zhijiang,_Hubei" title="Zhijiang, Hubei">Zhijiang</a>, Hubei province. Ying (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郢</span></span>), one of the later capitals of Chu, is known by its contemporary name <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>. In Chu's northern border lies the Fangcheng mountain. Strategically, Fangcheng is an ideal defense against states of <a href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plain (China)">central plain</a>. Due to its strategic value, numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_China" title="List of castles in China">castles</a> were built on the Fangcheng mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunmeng_Ze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunmeng Ze (page does not exist)">Yunmeng Ze</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jianghan_Plain" title="Jianghan Plain">Jianghan Plain</a> was an immense freshwater lake that historically existed in Chu's realm, It was crossed by Yanzi river, the northern Yunmeng was named Meng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">夢</span></span>), the southern Yunmeng was known as Yun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雲</span></span>). The lake's body covers parts of today's Zhijiang, <a href="/wiki/Jianli_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianli County">Jianli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shishou" title="Shishou">Shishou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macheng" title="Macheng">Macheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anlu" title="Anlu">Anlu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wu_Pass" title="Wu Pass">Shaoxi Pass</a> was an important outpost in the mountainous western border of Chu. It was located in today's Wuguan town of <a href="/wiki/Danfeng_County" title="Danfeng County">Danfeng County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Any forces that marched from the west, mainly from Qin, to Chu's realm would have to pass Shaoxi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_states_annexed_by_Chu">List of states annexed by Chu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of states annexed by Chu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>863 BC <a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a></li> <li>704 BC <a href="/wiki/State_of_Quan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Quan">Quan</a></li> <li>690 BC <a href="/wiki/Luo_(state)" title="Luo (state)">Luo</a></li> <li>688–680 BC <a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shen</a></li> <li>684–680 BC <a href="/wiki/Xi_(state)" title="Xi (state)">Xi</a></li> <li>678 BC <a href="/wiki/Deng_(state)" title="Deng (state)">Deng</a></li> <li>648 BC <a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">Huang</a></li> <li>after 643 BC <a href="/wiki/Dao_(state)" title="Dao (state)">Dao</a></li> <li>623 BC <a href="/wiki/Ji%C4%81ng_(state)" title="Jiāng (state)">Jiang</a> (江)</li> <li>622 BC <a href="/wiki/Liao_(Zhou_dynasty_state)" title="Liao (Zhou dynasty state)">Liao</a></li> <li>622 BC Lù (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">六</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>after 622 BC <a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a></li> <li>617 BC <a href="/wiki/Ji%C7%8Eng_(state)" title="Jiǎng (state)">Jiang</a> (蔣)</li> <li>611 BC Yong</li> <li>601 BC Shuliao<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sometime in the 6th century BC <a href="/wiki/Zhongli_(state)" title="Zhongli (state)">Zhongli</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnhui_Provincial_Institute201583_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnhui_Provincial_Institute201583-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>after 506 BC <a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a></li> <li>574 BC Shuyong</li> <li>538 BC Lai (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">賴國</span></span>)</li> <li>512 BC <a href="/wiki/Xu_(state)" title="Xu (state)">Xu</a></li> <li>479 BC <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a></li> <li>445 BC <a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qi</a></li> <li>447 BC <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li>431 BC <a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a></li> <li>after 418 BC <a href="/wiki/Pi_(state)" title="Pi (state)">Pi</a></li> <li>About 348 BC <a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li> <li>334 BC <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li>249 BC <a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(Warring_States_period)#Chu" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)">Rulers of Chu family tree</a></div> <dl><dt>Early rulers<sup id="cite_ref-shiji_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiji-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jilian" title="Jilian">Jilian</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">季連</span></span>), married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bi_Zhui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bi Zhui (page does not exist)">Bi Zhui</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">妣隹</span></span>), granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> king <a href="/wiki/Pangeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangeng">Pangeng</a>; adopted Mi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">芈</span></span>) as ancestral name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingbo" title="Yingbo">Yingbo</a> (𦀚伯) or Fuju (附沮), son of Jilian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxiong" title="Yuxiong">Yuxiong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鬻熊</span></span>), ruled 11th century BC: also called Xuexiong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">穴熊</span></span>), teacher of <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen of Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Li" title="Xiong Li">Xiong Li</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊麗</span></span>), ruled 11th century BC: son of Yuxiong, first use of clan name Yan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">酓</span></span>), later written as Xiong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Kuang" title="Xiong Kuang">Xiong Kuang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊狂</span></span>), ruled 11th century BC: son of Xiong Li</li></ol> <dl><dt>Viscounts</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yi_(11th_century_BC)" title="Xiong Yi (11th century BC)">Xiong Yi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊繹</span></span>), ruled 11th century BC: son of Xiong Kuang, enfeoffed by <a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Zhou" title="King Cheng of Zhou">King Cheng of Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Ai" title="Xiong Ai">Xiong Ai</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊艾</span></span>), ruled <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 977</span> BC: son of Xiong Yi, defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/King_Zhao_of_Zhou" title="King Zhao of Zhou">King Zhao of Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Dan" title="Xiong Dan">Xiong Dan</a> (熊䵣), ruled <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 941</span> BC: son of Xiong Ai, defeated <a href="/wiki/King_Mu_of_Zhou" title="King Mu of Zhou">King Mu of Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Sheng" title="Xiong Sheng">Xiong Sheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊勝</span></span>), son of Xiong Dan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yang" title="Xiong Yang">Xiong Yang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊楊</span></span>), younger brother of Xiong Sheng</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Qu" title="Xiong Qu">Xiong Qu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊渠</span></span>), son of Xiong Yang, gave the title king to his three sons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Kang" title="Xiong Kang">Xiong Kang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊康</span></span>), son of Xiong Qu. <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> says Xiong Kang died early without ascending the throne, but the <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_Bamboo_Slips" title="Tsinghua Bamboo Slips">Tsinghua Bamboo Slips</a> recorded him as the successor of Xiong Qu.<sup id="cite_ref-jianbo_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jianbo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Zhi" title="Xiong Zhi">Xiong Zhi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊摯</span></span>), son of Xiong Kang, abdicated due to illness<sup id="cite_ref-jianbo_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jianbo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(elder)" title="Xiong Yan (elder)">Xiong Yan (elder)</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊延</span></span>), ruled ?–848 BC: younger brother of Xiong Zhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yong" title="Xiong Yong">Xiong Yong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊勇</span></span>), ruled 847–838 BC: son of Xiong Yan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(younger)" title="Xiong Yan (younger)">Xiong Yan (younger)</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊嚴</span></span>), ruled 837–828 BC: brother of Xiong Yong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shuang" title="Xiong Shuang">Xiong Shuang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊霜</span></span>), ruled 827–822 BC: son of Xiong Yan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Xun" title="Xiong Xun">Xiong Xun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊徇</span></span>), ruled 821–800 BC: youngest brother of Xiong Shuang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_E" title="Xiong E">Xiong E</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊咢</span></span>), ruled 799–791 BC: son of Xiong Xun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruo%27ao" title="Ruo'ao">Ruo'ao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">若敖</span></span>) (Xiong Yi 熊儀), ruled 790–764 BC: son of Xiong E</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27ao" title="Xiao'ao">Xiao'ao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">霄敖</span></span>) (Xiong Kan 熊坎), ruled 763–758 BC: son of Ruo'ao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmao" title="Fenmao">Fenmao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蚡冒</span></span>) (Xiong Xuan 熊眴) ruled 757–741 BC: son of Xiao'ao</li></ol> <dl><dt>Kings</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Chu" title="King Wu of Chu">King Wu of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚武王</span></span>) (Xiong Da 熊達), ruled 740–690 BC: either younger brother or younger son of Fenmao, murdered son of Fenmao and usurped the throne. Declared himself first king of Chu.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Chu" title="King Wen of Chu">King Wen of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚文王</span></span>) (Xiong Zi 熊貲), ruled 689–677 BC: son of King Wu, moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Ying_(Chu)" title="Ying (Chu)">Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%27ao" title="Du'ao">Du'ao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">堵敖</span></span>) or Zhuang'ao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">莊敖</span></span>) (Xiong Jian 熊艱), ruled 676–672 BC: son of King Wen, killed by younger brother, the future King Cheng</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cheng_of_Chu" title="King Cheng of Chu">King Cheng of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚成王</span></span>) (Xiong Yun 熊惲), ruled 671–626 BC: brother of Du'ao, defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">state of Jin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengpu" title="Battle of Chengpu">Battle of Chengpu</a>. Husband to <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Mao" title="Zheng Mao">Zheng Mao</a>. He was murdered by his son, the future King Mu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mu_of_Chu" title="King Mu of Chu">King Mu of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚穆王</span></span>) (Xiong Shangchen 熊商臣) ruled 625–614 BC: son of King Cheng</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚莊王</span></span>) (Xiong Lü 熊侶) ruled 613–591 BC: son of King Mu. Defeated the State of Jin at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bi" title="Battle of Bi">Battle of Bi</a>, and was recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Hegemon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Gong_of_Chu" title="King Gong of Chu">King Gong of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚共王</span></span>) (Xiong Shen 熊審) ruled 590–560 BC: son of King Zhuang. Defeated by Jin at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yanling" title="Battle of Yanling">Battle of Yanling</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Kang_of_Chu" title="King Kang of Chu">King Kang of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚康王</span></span>) (Xiong Zhao 熊招) ruled 559–545 BC: son of King Gong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia%27ao" title="Jia'ao">Jia'ao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郟敖</span></span>) (Xiong Yuan 熊員) ruled 544–541 BC: son of King Kang, murdered by his uncle, the future King Ling.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ling_of_Chu" title="King Ling of Chu">King Ling of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚靈王</span></span>) (Xiong Wei 熊圍, changed to Xiong Qian 熊虔) ruled 540–529 BC: uncle of Jia'ao and younger brother of King Kang, overthrown by his younger brothers and committed suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi%27ao" title="Zi'ao">Zi'ao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">訾敖</span></span>) (Xiong Bi 熊比) ruled 529 BC (less than 20 days): younger brother of King Ling, committed suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ping_of_Chu" title="King Ping of Chu">King Ping of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚平王</span></span>) (Xiong Qiji 熊弃疾, changed to Xiong Ju 熊居) ruled 528–516 BC: younger brother of Zi'ao, tricked Zi'ao into committing suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhao_of_Chu" title="King Zhao of Chu">King Zhao of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚昭王</span></span>) (Xiong Zhen 熊珍) ruled 515–489 BC: son of King Ping. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wu">State of Wu</a> captured the capital Ying and he fled to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Sui" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Sui">State of Sui</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hui_of_Chu" title="King Hui of Chu">King Hui of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚惠王</span></span>) (Xiong Zhang 熊章) ruled 488–432 BC: son of King Zhao. He conquered the states of <a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a>. The year before he died, <a href="/wiki/Zeng-hou-yi_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeng-hou-yi Tomb">Marquis Yi of Zeng</a> died, so he made a commemorative bell and attended the Marquis's funeral at <a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Jian_of_Chu" title="King Jian of Chu">King Jian of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚簡王</span></span>) (Xiong Zhong 熊中) ruled 431–408 BC: son of King Hui</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Sheng_of_Chu" title="King Sheng of Chu">King Sheng of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚聲王</span></span>) (Xiong Dang 熊當) ruled 407–402 BC: son of King Jian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Dao_of_Chu" title="King Dao of Chu">King Dao of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚悼王</span></span>) (Xiong Yi 熊疑) ruled 401–381 BC: son of King Sheng. He made <a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a> chancellor and reformed the Chu government and army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Su_of_Chu" title="King Su of Chu">King Su of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚肅王</span></span>) (Xiong Zang 熊臧) ruled 380–370 BC: son of King Dao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Xuan_of_Chu" title="King Xuan of Chu">King Xuan of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚宣王</span></span>) (Xiong Liangfu 熊良夫) ruled 369–340 BC: brother of King Su. Defeated and annexed the <a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zuo state</a> around 348 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Wei_of_Chu" title="King Wei of Chu">King Wei of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚威王</span></span>) (Xiong Shang 熊商) ruled 339–329 BC: son of King Xuan. Defeated and partitioned the <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Huai_of_Chu" title="King Huai of Chu">King Huai of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚懷王</span></span>) (Xiong Huai 熊槐) ruled 328–299 BC: son of King Wei, was tricked and held hostage by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">State of Qin</a> until death in 296 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Qingxiang_of_Chu" title="King Qingxiang of Chu">King Qingxiang of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚頃襄王</span></span>) (Xiong Heng 熊橫) ruled 298–263 BC: son of King Huai. As a prince, one of his elderly tutors was buried at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Guodian_Chu_Slips" title="Guodian Chu Slips">Guodian Chu Slips</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>. The Chu capital of Ying was captured and sacked by Qin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Kaolie_of_Chu" title="King Kaolie of Chu">King Kaolie of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚考烈王</span></span>) (Xiong Yuan 熊元) ruled 262–238 BC: son of King Qingxiang. Moved capital to <a href="/wiki/Shouchun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shouchun">Shouchun</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_You_of_Chu" title="King You of Chu">King You of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚幽王</span></span>) (Xiong Han 熊悍) ruled 237–228 BC: son of King Kaolie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ai_of_Chu" title="King Ai of Chu">King Ai of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚哀王</span></span>) (Xiong You 熊猶 or Xiong Hao 熊郝) ruled 228 BC: brother of King You, killed by Fuchu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuchu">Fuchu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚王負芻</span></span>) (熊負芻 Xiong Fuchu) ruled 227–223 BC: brother of King Ai. Captured by Qin troops and deposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Changping" title="Lord Changping">Lord Changping</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昌平君</span></span>) ruled 223 BC (Chu conquered by Qin): brother of Fuchu, killed in battle against Qin</li></ol> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng" title="Chen Sheng">Chen Sheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">陳勝</span></span>) as King Yin of Chu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚隱王</span></span>) ruled 210–209 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Ju" title="Jing Ju">Jing Ju</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">景駒</span></span>) as King Jia of Chu 楚假王 (Jia for fake) ruled 209–208 BC</li> <li>Xiong Xin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">熊心</span></span>) as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu" title="Emperor Yi of Chu">Emperor Yi of Chu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚義帝</span></span>) (originally King Huai II 楚後懷王) ruled 208–206 BC: grandson or great-grandson of King Huai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">項羽</span></span>) as Hegemon-King of Western Chu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西楚霸王</span></span>) ruled 206–202 BC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a>, poet who committed suicide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chunshen" title="Lord Chunshen">Lord Chunshen</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Lords_of_the_Warring_States" title="Four Lords of the Warring States">Four Lords of the Warring States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>, the Hegemon-King of Western Chu who defeated the Qin at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Julu</a> and vied with Liu Bang in the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Liu Bang</a>, later citizen of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> and then founder of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a></div> <p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a>, Chu is represented by a star in the "Twelve States" <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a>, part of the "<a href="/wiki/Girl_(Chinese_constellation)" title="Girl (Chinese constellation)">Girl</a>" <a href="/wiki/28_Mansions" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Mansions">lunar mansion</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Tortoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tortoise">Black Turtle</a>" <a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Symbols (China)">symbol</a>. Opinions differ, however, as to whether that star is <a href="/wiki/Phi_Capricorni" title="Phi Capricorni">Phi</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/24_Capricorni" title="24 Capricorni">24 Capricorni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also represented by the star <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Ophiuchi" title="Epsilon Ophiuchi">Epsilon Ophiuchi</a> in the "Right Wall" asterism in the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure" title="Heavenly Market enclosure">"Heavenly Market" enclosure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chuviridae" title="Chuviridae">Chuviridae</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jingchuvirales" title="Jingchuvirales">Jingchuvirales</a></i> are named after Chǔ.<sup id="cite_ref-2017.006M_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017.006M-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_(Chu_State)" title="Prime minister (Chu State)">Prime Minister of Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Silk_Manuscript" title="Chu Silk Manuscript">Chu Silk Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041343/http://www.sach.gov.cn/tabid/358/InfoID/11017/Default.aspx">"楚都丹陽"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sach.gov.cn/tabid/358/InfoID/11017/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 2011-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%A5%9A%E9%83%BD%E4%B8%B9%E9%99%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sach.gov.cn%2Ftabid%2F358%2FInfoID%2F11017%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chu-ancient-state-China-770-223-BC">"Chu"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chu&rft.date=2023-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChu-ancient-state-China-770-223-BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart2014332-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxterSagart2014332_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart (2014)</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711164216/http://epaper.hf365.com/hfwb/html/2011-01/25/content_376376.htm">"河南库区发掘工作圆满结束，出土文物已通过验收"</a>. 合肥晚报. 2011-01-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.hf365.com/hfwb/html/2011-01/25/content_376376.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%93%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%91%E6%8E%98%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%9F%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%B2%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E9%AA%8C%E6%94%B6&rft.pub=%E5%90%88%E8%82%A5%E6%99%9A%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.hf365.com%2Fhfwb%2Fhtml%2F2011-01%2F25%2Fcontent_376376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930160433/http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_01/25/4440732_0.shtml">"科大考古队觅宝千余件"</a>. 凤凰网. 2011-01-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_01/25/4440732_0.shtml">the original</a> on 2018-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E9%98%9F%E8%A7%85%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%99%E4%BB%B6&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fgundong%2Fdetail_2011_01%2F25%2F4440732_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theobald, Ulrich. (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/rulers-chu.html">"The Regional State of Chu 楚"</a> in <i>ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Zhengming. (2019) <i>A History Of Chu (Volume 1)</i> Honolulu: Enrich Professional Publishing. p. 46-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shiji-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shiji_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shiji_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shiji_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima_Qian" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310023405/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sj_040.htm">"楚世家 (House of Chu)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sj_040.htm">the original</a> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian&rft.atitle=%E6%A5%9A%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%B6+%28House+of+Chu%29&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guoxue.com%2Fshibu%2F24shi%2Fshiji%2Fsj_040.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804013822/http://www.iguoxue.cn/html/17/n-104317.html">"Yu Ding: Evidence of the Extermination of the State of E during the Western Zhou Dynasty (禹鼎：西周灭鄂国的见证)"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iguoxue.cn/html/17/n-104317.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yu+Ding%3A+Evidence+of+the+Extermination+of+the+State+of+E+during+the+Western+Zhou+Dynasty+%28%E7%A6%B9%E9%BC%8E%EF%BC%9A%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8%E7%81%AD%E9%84%82%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%81%E8%AF%81%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iguoxue.cn%2Fhtml%2F17%2Fn-104317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lothar von Falkenahausen in Cambridge History of Ancient China, 1999, page 516</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cho-Yun_Hsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho-Yun Hsu">Cho-Yun Hsu</a> in Cambridge History of Ancient China, 1999, page 556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/saxon/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=xwomen/texts/chunqiu.xml&style=xwomen/xsl/dynaxml.xsl&chunk.id=d2.11&toc.depth=1&toc.id=0&doc.lang=bilingual">"5.僖公 BOOK V. DUKE XI"</a>. <i>The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities</i> (in Chinese). Translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a> (with modifications from Andrew Miller)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>from <a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">Zuo zhuan</a>, twelfth year of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xi_of_Lu" title="Duke Xi of Lu">Duke Xi of Lu</a>《左傳·僖公十二年》: "黃人恃諸侯之睦于齊也，不共楚職，曰，自郢及我，九百里，焉能害我。夏，楚滅黃。 'The people of Huang, relying on the friendship of the States with Qi, did not render the tribute which was due from them to Chu, saying "From Ying [the capital of Chu] to us is 900 li; what harm can Chu do to us?" This summer, Chu extinguished Huang."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+for+Advanced+Technology+in+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=5.%E5%83%96%E5%85%AC+BOOK+V.+DUKE+XI.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.iath.virginia.edu%2Fsaxon%2Fservlet%2FSaxonServlet%3Fsource%3Dxwomen%2Ftexts%2Fchunqiu.xml%26style%3Dxwomen%2Fxsl%2Fdynaxml.xsl%26chunk.id%3Dd2.11%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3D0%26doc.lang%3Dbilingual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGu1993" class="citation book cs1">Gu, Donggao (1993). <i>春秋大事表</i>. Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 940–945, 972, 1140, 2055–2066. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787101012187" title="Special:BookSources/9787101012187"><bdi>9787101012187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%A8&rft.pages=940-945%2C+972%2C+1140%2C+2055-2066&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Book+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9787101012187&rft.aulast=Gu&rft.aufirst=Donggao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrindley2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiiBTCgAAQBAJpgPA86_86]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrindley2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiiBTCgAAQBAJpgPA86_86]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrindley2015">Brindley (2015)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiBTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_and_Zheng,_page_188_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li and Zheng, page 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.sina.com.cn/longbook/his/1110945539_haibanzhanguo/82.shtml">"The Warring States"</a> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Warring+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.sina.com.cn%2Flongbook%2Fhis%2F1110945539_haibanzhanguo%2F82.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traditionally taken to be the Qu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">屈</span></span>), Jing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">景</span></span>), and Zhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昭</span></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, "Biography of Xiang Yu" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">項羽本紀</span></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Constance A., Cook (1999). <i>Defining Chu : Image and Reality in Ancient China</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 3, 21–22, 32, 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824818857" title="Special:BookSources/0824818857"><bdi>0824818857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Chu+%3A+Image+and+Reality+in+Ancient+China&rft.pages=3%2C+21-22%2C+32%2C+168&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0824818857&rft.aulast=Constance+A.&rft.aufirst=Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Constance A., Cook (1999). <i>Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–4, 149, 151–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824818857" title="Special:BookSources/0824818857"><bdi>0824818857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Chu%3A+Image+and+Reality+in+Ancient+China&rft.pages=1-4%2C+149%2C+151-165&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0824818857&rft.aulast=Constance+A.&rft.aufirst=Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Constance A., Cook (1999). <i>Defining Chu : Image and Reality in Ancient China</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 140–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824818857" title="Special:BookSources/0824818857"><bdi>0824818857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Chu+%3A+Image+and+Reality+in+Ancient+China&rft.pages=140-150&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0824818857&rft.aulast=Constance+A.&rft.aufirst=Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng2020" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Peng (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=741"><i>Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process By Peng Peng</i></a>. cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604979626" title="Special:BookSources/9781604979626"><bdi>9781604979626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalworking+in+Bronze+Age+China%3A+The+Lost-Wax+Process+By+Peng+Peng&rft.pub=cambria+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781604979626&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambriapress.com%2Fpub.cfm%3Fbid%3D741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Hera S. (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp081_monkey_sun_wukong.pdf">"Indigenous or Foreign? A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Indigenous+or+Foreign%3F+A+Look+at+the+Origins+of+the+Monkey+Hero+Sun+Wukong&rft.pages=53-54&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hera+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp081_monkey_sun_wukong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Qingzhang (2008). <i>中國學術思想研究輯刊: 二編, Volume 6</i>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789866528071" title="Special:BookSources/9789866528071"><bdi>9789866528071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%BC%AF%E5%88%8A%3A+%E4%BA%8C%E7%B7%A8%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=176&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789866528071&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Qingzhang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYù1993" class="citation book cs1">Yù, Suíshēng (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=1014106851.nh&dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD2014"><i>Liăng-Zhōu jīnwén yùnwén he xiān-Qín 'Chŭ-yīn</i></a> (2 ed.). Journal of Chuxiong Teacher's College. pp. 105–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Li%C4%83ng-Zh%C5%8Du+j%C4%ABnw%C3%A9n+y%C3%B9nw%C3%A9n+he+xi%C4%81n-Q%C3%ADn+%27Ch%C5%AD-y%C4%ABn&rft.pages=105-109&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chuxiong+Teacher%27s+College&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Y%C3%B9&rft.aufirst=Su%C3%ADsh%C4%93ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgb.oversea.cnki.net%2FKCMS%2Fdetail%2Fdetail.aspx%3Ffilename%3D1014106851.nh%26dbcode%3DCMFD%26dbname%3DCMFD2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPolla2010" class="citation journal cs1">LaPolla, Randy J. (2010-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2010.05.036">"Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages"</a>. <i>Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. The Harmony of Civilization and Prosperity for All: Selected Papers of Beijing Forum(2004-2008). <b>2</b> (5): 6858–6868. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2010.05.036">10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-0428">1877-0428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Language+Contact+and+Language+Change+in+the+History+of+the+Sinitic+Languages&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=6858-6868&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2010.05.036&rft.issn=1877-0428&rft.aulast=LaPolla&rft.aufirst=Randy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2010.05.036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTian1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, Jizhou (1989). "Chuguo ji qi minzu (The country of Chu and its nationalities)". <i>Zhongguo Minzushi Yanjiu</i>. <b>2</b>: 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zhongguo+Minzushi+Yanjiu&rft.atitle=Chuguo+ji+qi+minzu+%28The+country+of+Chu+and+its+nationalities%29&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Jizhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehr2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehr2009_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehr2009">Behr 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201667-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain201667_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain 2016</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">You Rujie 1992, Dong Kun 2006 etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ye, Xiaofeng (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114031908/http://acad.cssn.cn/zt/zt_xkzt/zt_wxzt/bw7/nyxs/201507/W020150728818382888024.pdf">"上古楚语中的南亚语成分 (Austroasiatic elements in ancient Chu dialect)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minzu Yuwen</i>. <b>3</b>: 28–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acad.cssn.cn/zt/zt_xkzt/zt_wxzt/bw7/nyxs/201507/W020150728818382888024.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minzu+Yuwen&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%A5%9A%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%88%90%E5%88%86+%28Austroasiatic+elements+in+ancient+Chu+dialect%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=28-36&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Xiaofeng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facad.cssn.cn%2Fzt%2Fzt_xkzt%2Fzt_wxzt%2Fbw7%2Fnyxs%2F201507%2FW020150728818382888024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuessler, Axel. 2007. <i>An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 193, 316-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Leonard_Shorto" title="Harry Leonard Shorto">Shorto, H.</a> <i>A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary</i>, Ed. Paul Sidwell, 2006. #205. p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>中國早期國家性質</i>. Zhishufang Press. 2003. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789867938176" title="Special:BookSources/9789867938176"><bdi>9789867938176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Zhishufang+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789867938176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2012" class="citation book cs1">Song, Zhiying (2012). <i>《左传》研究文献辑刊（全二十二册）</i>. Beijing: National Library of China publishing house. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787501346158" title="Special:BookSources/9787501346158"><bdi>9787501346158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B7%A6%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%BE%91%E5%88%8A%EF%BC%88%E5%85%A8%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=National+Library+of+China+publishing+house&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9787501346158&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Zhiying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, Chengfang (Autumn 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206045800/http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=866#_edn39">"從新出文字材料論楚沈尹氏之族屬源流"</a>. <i>Jianbo(简帛)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=866#_edn39">the original</a> on 2015-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-28</span></span> – via 简帛网.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jianbo%28%E7%AE%80%E5%B8%9B%29&rft.atitle=%E5%BE%9E%E6%96%B0%E5%87%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E8%AB%96%E6%A5%9A%E6%B2%88%E5%B0%B9%E6%B0%8F%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%8F%E5%B1%AC%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Chengfang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsm.org.cn%2Fshow_article.php%3Fid%3D866%23_edn39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2012" class="citation book cs1">Hong, Gang (2012). <i>财政史研究</i>. 中国财政经济出版社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gongyang_Zhuan" title="Gongyang Zhuan">Gongyang Zhuan</a>, Duke Wen, 6th year of, Duke Xuan, 8th year of</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnhui_Provincial_Institute201583-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnhui_Provincial_Institute201583_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnhui_Provincial_Institute2015">Anhui Provincial Institute (2015)</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, the <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_Bamboo_Slips" title="Tsinghua Bamboo Slips">Tsinghua Bamboo Slips</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jianbo-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jianbo_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jianbo_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiju_(子居)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziju (子居). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232646/http://www.jianbo.org/admin3/2011/ziju001.htm"><bdi lang="zh">清华简《楚居》解析</bdi></a> (in Chinese). jianbo.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jianbo.org/admin3/2011/ziju001.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E7%AE%80%E3%80%8A%E6%A5%9A%E5%B1%85%E3%80%8B%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90&rft.pub=jianbo.org&rft.au=Ziju+%28%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%85%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jianbo.org%2Fadmin3%2F2011%2Fziju001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> calls him Xiong Zhihong (熊摯紅), and says his younger Xiong Yan killed him and usurped the throne. However, <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guoyu_(book)" title="Guoyu (book)">Guoyu</a></i> both say that Xiong Zhi abdicated due to illness and was succeeded by brother Xiong Yan. <i>Shiji</i> also says he was the younger brother of Xiong Kang, but historians generally agree that he was the son of Xiong Kang.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060704.html"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天文教育資訊網</span></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522123616/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060704.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 4 Jul 2006. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, Richard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Capricornus*.html">Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning: Capricornus</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uchicago_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Ophiuchus*.html">"Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning: Ophiuchus"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Hinckley+Allen%3A+Star+Names+%E2%80%93+Their+Lore+and+Meaning%3A+Ophiuchus&rft.pub=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FTopics%2Fastronomy%2F_Texts%2Fsecondary%2FALLSTA%2FOphiuchus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AEEA. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天文教育資訊網</span></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522000339/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0606/ap060624.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 24 Jun 2006. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017.006M-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017.006M_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfKrupovicZhangMaes" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Yuri; Krupovic, Mart; <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen" title="Zhang Yongzhen">Zhang, Yong Zhen</a>; Maes, Piet; Dolja, Valerian; Koonin, Eugene V.; Kuhn, Jens H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113122434/https://talk.ictvonline.org/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/13-237-00-00-00-00-76-13/2017.006M.A.v1.Negarnaviricota.docx">"Megataxonomy of negative-sense RNA viruses"</a>. <i>International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talk.ictvonline.org/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/13-237-00-00-00-00-76-13/2017.006M.A.v1.Negarnaviricota.docx">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(docx)</span> on 13 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+on+Taxonomy+of+Viruses+%28ICTV%29&rft.atitle=Megataxonomy+of+negative-sense+RNA+viruses&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft.au=Krupovic%2C+Mart&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yong+Zhen&rft.au=Maes%2C+Piet&rft.au=Dolja%2C+Valerian&rft.au=Koonin%2C+Eugene+V.&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Jens+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalk.ictvonline.org%2Fcfs-file%2F__key%2Ftelligent-evolution-components-attachments%2F13-237-00-00-00-00-76-13%2F2017.006M.A.v1.Negarnaviricota.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnhui_Provincial_Institute2015" class="citation journal cs1">Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Bengbu Museum (June 2015). "The Excavation of the tomb of Bai, Lord of the Zhongli State". <i>Chinese Archaeology</i>. <b>14</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>: 62–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fchar-2014-0008">10.1515/char-2014-0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Excavation+of+the+tomb+of+Bai%2C+Lord+of+the+Zhongli+State&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-85&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fchar-2014-0008&rft.au=Anhui+Provincial+Institute+of+Cultural+Relics+and+Archaeology+and+Bengbu+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a>; et al. (2014), <i>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5"><bdi>978-0-19-994537-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Chinese%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994537-5&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Sagart%2C+Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2017" class="citation book cs1">Behr, Wolfgang (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3824366">"The language of the bronze inscriptions"</a>. In Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.). <i>Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscritpions from Ancient China</i>. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. 9–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-629-96639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-629-96639-3"><bdi>978-9-629-96639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+language+of+the+bronze+inscriptions&rft.btitle=Kinship%3A+Studies+of+Recently+Discovered+Bronze+Inscritpions+from+Ancient+China&rft.pages=9-32&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+Press+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-629-96639-3&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3824366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2009" class="citation journal cs1">Behr, Wolfgang (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1693898">"Dialects, diachrony, diglossia or all three? Tomb text glimpses into the language(s) of Chǔ"</a>. <i>TTW-3, Zürich, 26.-29.VI.2009, "Genius Loci"</i>: 1–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TTW-3%2C+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+26.-29.VI.2009%2C+%22Genius+Loci%22&rft.atitle=Dialects%2C+diachrony%2C+diglossia+or+all+three%3F+Tomb+text+glimpses+into+the+language%28s%29+of+Ch%C7%94&rft.pages=1-48&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Behr&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1693898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrindley2015" class="citation cs2">Brindley, Erica Fox (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiBTCgAAQBAJ"><i>Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c, 400 BC–50 AD</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107084780" title="Special:BookSources/9781107084780"><bdi>9781107084780</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+the+Yue%3A+Perceptions+and+Identities+on+the+Southern+Frontier%2C+c%2C+400+BC%E2%80%9350+AD&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107084780&rft.aulast=Brindley&rft.aufirst=Erica+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiBTCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlain, James R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26296118">"Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam"</a>. <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>. <b>104</b>: 27–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Kra-Dai+and+the+Proto-History+of+South+China+and+Vietnam&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=27-77&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26296118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookJohn_S._Major2004" class="citation cs2">Cook, Constance A.; et al., eds. (January 2004), <i>Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China</i>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2905-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2905-0"><bdi>0-8248-2905-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Chu%3A+Image+and+Reality+in+Ancient+China&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=0-8248-2905-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《史記》</span></span>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSo2000" class="citation cs2">So, Jenny F. (2000), <i>Music in the Age of Confucius</i>, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97953-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97953-4"><bdi>0-295-97953-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Age+of+Confucius&rft.pub=Freer+Gallery+of+Art+and+Arthur+M.+Sackler+Gallery%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-295-97953-4&rft.aulast=So&rft.aufirst=Jenny+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang Shuyi (2008), <i>Investigation of the Pre-Qin Surname System </i><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">(《先秦姓氏制度考察》)</span></span><i><span></span></i> (in Chinese), Fuzhou: Fujian People's Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+the+Pre-Qin+Surname+System+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%28%E3%80%8A%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%93%E6%B0%8F%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8B%29%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.place=Fuzhou&rft.pub=Fujian+People%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Shuyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChu+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Qiuming" title="Zuo Qiuming">Zuo Qiuming</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《左传》</span></span>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Miyake" title="Marc Miyake">Miyake, Marc</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amritas.com/180512.htm">Chu and Kra-Dai</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Chinese_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zhou dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Chinese_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Ancient Chinese states</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zhou_dynasty_states" title="List of Zhou dynasty states">Zhou dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_(state)" title="Cao (state)">Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_(state)" title="Chen (state)">Chen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei_(state)" title="Bei (state)">Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_(state)" title="Chao (state)">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_(state)" title="Dao (state)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Spring_and_Autumn_period)" title="Dai (Spring and Autumn period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_(state)" title="Deng (state)">Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_(state)" title="E (state)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guo" title="Eastern Guo">Eastern Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Guo" title="Western Guo">Western Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumie" title="Gumie">Gumie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhu" title="Guzhu">Guzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(NW_Zhou_state)" title="Han (NW Zhou state)">Han (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(SE_Zhou_state)" title="Han (SE Zhou state)">Han (SE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_(state)" title="Hua (state)">Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_(state)" title="Huang (state)">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_(state)" title="Huo (state)">Huo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Beijing)" title="Ji (state in modern Beijing)">Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_(state_in_modern_Shandong)" title="Ji (state in modern Shandong)"> Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia (state) (page does not exist)">Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_(state)" title="Ju (state)">Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(state)" title="Lai (state)">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_(state)" title="Liang (state)">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_(Zhou_dynasty_state)" title="Liao (Zhou dynasty state)">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_(state)" title="Lü (state)">Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_(state)" title="Luo (state)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_(Chinese_state)" title="Na (Chinese state)">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_(Western_Zhou_state)" title="Peng (Western Zhou state)">Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_(state)" title="Pi (state)">Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Henan)" title="Qi (Henan)">Qǐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_(state)" title="Quan (state)">Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_(state)" title="Rui (state)">Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruo_(state)" title="Ruo (state)">Ruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(state)" title="Shen (state)">Shēn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%9Bn_(state)" title="Shěn (state)">Shěn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_(state)" title="Sui (state)">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_(state)" title="Tan (state)">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(state)" title="Xi (state)">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(state)" title="Xian (state)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing_(state)" title="Xing (state)">Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_(state)" title="Xu (state)">Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C7%94_(state)" title="Xǔ (state)">Xǔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_(state)" title="Yang (state)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_(state)" title="Ying (state)"> Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Jin#Conquests_of_Yu_and_Guo" title="Duke Xian of Jin">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_(state)" title="Zeng (state)">Zeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongli_(state)" title="Zhongli (state)">Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoulai" title="Zhoulai">Zhoulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(state)" title="Ba (state)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_(state)" title="Cai (state)">Cai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Warring_States_period)" title="Dai (Warring States period)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_(state)" title="Eastern Zhou (state)">Eastern Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_(state)" title="Lu (state)">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(state)" title="Song (state)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(state)" title="Teng (state)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou_(state)" title="Western Zhou (state)">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiqu" title="Yiqu">Yiqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_(state)" title="Zou (state)">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&oldid=1245393736">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chu_(state)&oldid=1245393736</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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6.52% 93.940 1 Template:Zhou_dynasty_topics"," 6.29% 90.622 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 5.24% 75.494 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.15% 74.194 1 Template:ISO_3166_code"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.898","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18128432,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnhui_Provincial_Institute2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxterSagart2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrindley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamberlain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstance_A.1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCookJohn_S._Major2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGu1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaPolla2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeng2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSima_Qian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTian1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfKrupovicZhangMaes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYù1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiju_(子居)\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chu\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Former Country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 106,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Proper name\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhou dynasty topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2tcdr","timestamp":"20241129175133","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chu (state)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chu_(state)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q504759","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q504759","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-04T02:58:28Z","dateModified":"2024-09-12T19:23:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d6\/%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E5%89%8D350%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AE%80%EF%BC%89.png","headline":"Southern Chinese state (c. 1030\u2013223 BCE) during the Zhou dynasty and Warring States Period"}</script> </body> </html>