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<span>Epigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Muslim_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Muslim_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Traditional Muslim historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Muslim_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_sciences_of_biography,_hadith,_and_Isnad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sciences_of_biography,_hadith,_and_Isnad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Religious sciences of biography, hadith, and Isnad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_sciences_of_biography,_hadith,_and_Isnad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Famous Muslim historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Muslim_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_academic_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_academic_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern academic scholarship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_academic_scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern academic scholarship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_academic_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_academic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_academic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Establishment of academic research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_academic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_revisionist_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_revisionist_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The revisionist challenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_revisionist_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholars_combining_traditional_and_academic_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholars_combining_traditional_and_academic_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scholars combining traditional and academic scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholars_combining_traditional_and_academic_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="علم التاريخ عند المسلمين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التاريخ عند المسلمين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_tarix%C3%A7iliyinin_t%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99kk%C3%BCl_prosesi" title="İslam tarixçiliyinin təşəkkül prosesi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam tarixçiliyinin təşəkkül prosesi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইসলামের প্রাথমিক ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামের প্রাথমিক ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamische_Geschichtsschreibung" title="Islamische Geschichtsschreibung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islamische Geschichtsschreibung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تاریخ‌نگاری صدر اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ‌نگاری صدر اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorsprong_van_de_islam" title="Oorsprong van de islam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorsprong van de islam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_arabska" title="Historiografia arabska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historiografia arabska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografija_ranog_islama" title="Historiografija ranog islama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historiografija ranog islama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamilainen_historiankirjoitus" title="Islamilainen historiankirjoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamilainen historiankirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erken_%C4%B0slam_Tarih%C3%A7ili%C4%9Fi" title="Erken İslam Tarihçiliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erken İslam Tarihçiliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" 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style="width:18.0em;border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_studies" title="Category:Islamic studies">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a> / <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Modern philosophy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Concept of God</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid"><i>Tawhid</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Islamic monotheism)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sufism)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquettical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim hygienical jurisprudence">Hygienical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science in medieval times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></span></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.1em 0.7em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">Islamization of knowledge</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>historiography of early Islam</b> is the secular <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">scholarly literature</a> on the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, terminating in the incipient <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> around the beginning of the 9th century. </p><p>Muslims developed methodologies such as the "science of biography" and the "<a href="/wiki/Hadith_sciences" title="Hadith sciences">science of hadith</a>" to evaluate the reliability of these narratives, while prominent figures like Ibn Khaldun introduced critical <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historiographical methods</a>, emphasizing the importance of context and the systematic evaluation of historical data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th-century_Islamic_sources">7th-century Islamic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 7th-century Islamic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 568–645 CE</span>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a>. Between <abbr>c.</abbr> 568 and 645 CE</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/opendigi/MaVI165#p=1">Tübingen fragment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dated</a> between c. 649 and 675 CE (though written in the post-8th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kufic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufic script">Kufic script</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a>. Between c. 578 and 669 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'anic</a> Mosaic on the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>. 692 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a>. The work is an early <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> collection, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="Sulaym ibn Qays">Sulaym ibn Qays</a> (death 694–714), and it is often recognised as the earliest such collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayhom_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayhom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a manuscript of the work dating to the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Shia scholars are dubious about the authenticity of some features of the book,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Western scholars are almost unanimously sceptical concerning the work, with most placing its initial composition in the eighth or ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is generally considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphic</a> by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayhom_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayhom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th-century_non-Islamic_sources">7th-century non-Islamic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 7th-century non-Islamic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous early references to Islam in non-Islamic sources. Many have been collected in historiographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland" title="Robert G. Hoyland">Robert G. Hoyland</a>'s compilation <i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Islam_As_Others_Saw_It" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeing Islam As Others Saw It">Seeing Islam As Others Saw It</a></i>. One of the first books to analyze these works was <i><a href="/wiki/Hagarism" title="Hagarism">Hagarism</a></i> authored by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a>. <i>Hagarism</i> contends that looking at the early non-Islamic sources provides a much different picture of early Islamic history than the later Islamic sources do. The date of composition of some of the early non-Islamic sources is controversial. <i>Hagarism</i> has been widely dismissed by academics as being too conjectural in its hypothesis and biased in its sources.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>634 <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Iacobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrina Iacobi">Doctrina Iacobi</a></li> <li>636 <a href="/wiki/Fragment_on_the_Arab_Conquests" title="Fragment on the Arab Conquests">Fragment on the Arab Conquests</a></li> <li>639 <a href="/wiki/Sophronius_of_Jerusalem" title="Sophronius of Jerusalem">Sophronius</a>, Patriarch of Jerusalem</li> <li>640 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Presbyter" title="Thomas the Presbyter">Thomas the Presbyter</a></li> <li>640 <i><a href="/wiki/Homily_on_the_Child_Saints_of_Babylon" title="Homily on the Child Saints of Babylon">Homily on the Child Saints of Babylon</a></i></li> <li>643 <a href="/wiki/PERF_558" title="PERF 558">PERF 558</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>644 <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Shenute" title="Apocalypse of Shenute">Coptic Apocalypse of Pseudo-Shenute</a></i></li> <li>648 Life of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_of_Qartmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel of Qartmin">Gabriel of Qartmin</a></li> <li>650 <a href="/wiki/Fredegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredegar">Fredegar</a></li> <li>655 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Pope Martin I</a></li> <li>659 <a href="/wiki/Isho%27yahb_III_of_Adiabene" class="mw-redirect" title="Isho'yahb III of Adiabene">Isho'yahb III of Adiabene</a></li> <li>660 <a href="/wiki/Sebeos" title="Sebeos">Sebeos</a>, Bishop of the Bagratunis</li> <li>660 <i><a href="/wiki/Khuzistan_Chronicle" title="Khuzistan Chronicle">Khuzistan Chronicle</a></i></li> <li>662 <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li>665 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li> <li>670 <a href="/wiki/Arculf" title="Arculf">Arculf</a>, a pilgrim</li> <li>676 Synod of <a href="/wiki/Giwargis_I_(Church_of_the_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giwargis I (Church of the East)">Giwargis I</a></li> <li>680 <a href="/wiki/George_of_Resh%27aina" title="George of Resh'aina">George of Resh'aina</a></li> <li>680 <a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Rabbi_Simon_ben_Yohai" title="The Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai">The Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai</a></li> <li>680 <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li>681 <a href="/wiki/Trophies_of_Damascus" title="Trophies of Damascus">Trophies of Damascus</a></li> <li>687 <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Balad" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius of Balad">Athanasius of Balad</a>, Patriarch of Antioch</li> <li>687 <a href="/wiki/John_bar_Penkaye" title="John bar Penkaye">John bar Penkaye</a></li> <li>690 Syriac <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius</a></li> <li>692 Syriac <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Ephraem" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem</a></li> <li>694 <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nikiu" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Nikiu">John of Nikiu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epigraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_D._Nevo" title="Yehuda D. Nevo">Yehuda D. Nevo</a> and Judith Koren, there are thousands of pagan and monotheist epigraphs or rock inscriptions throughout the Arabian peninsula and in the Syro-Jordanian desert immediately north, many of them dating from the 7th and 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-YDNJKMQtIS2000:437-8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YDNJKMQtIS2000:437-8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leor_Halevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leor Halevi (page does not exist)">Leor Halevi</a>, Muslim tombstones from 30-40 AH / 650-660 CE named Allah (Arabic for God) and referred to the names of the months of the Hijri calendar, but showed few other indications of Islamization. From 70-110 AH/690-730 CE, Muslim tombstones began to reveal deeper signs of Islamization, invoking Muhammad and quoted from the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some epigraphs found from the first century of Islam include: </p> <ul><li>Analysis of a sandstone inscription found in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> determined that it read: "In the name of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>/ I, Zuhayr, wrote (this) at the time 'Umar died/year four/And twenty." It is worthwhile pointing out that <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> bin al-Khattāb died on the last night of the month of Dhūl-Hijjah of the year 23 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>, and was buried next day on the first day of Muharram of the new year 24 AH/644 CE. Thus the date mentioned in the inscription (above) conforms to the established and known date of the death of ʿUmar bin al-Khattāb.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Historiography_of_early_Islam#Dubious" title="Talk:Historiography of early Islam">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Jerusalem 32 - An Inscription unearthed at the south-west corner of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Ḥaram al-Sharīf</a> in Jerusalem during excavations conducted by Professor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in 1968 from 32 AH / 652 CE mentions, "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful...the protection of Allah and the guarantee of His <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Messenger</a>... And witnessed it ʿ<a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_%27Awf" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf">Abd al-Raḥmān bin ʿAwf al-Zuhrī</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abū ʿUbaydah bin al-Jarrāḥ</a> and its writer - <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muʿāwiya</a>....the year thirty two"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An Inscription, at <a href="/wiki/Tayma" title="Tayma">Taymāʾ</a>, Saudi Arabia, c. 36 AH / 656 CE reads, "I am Qays, the scribe of Abū Kutayr. Curse of Allah on [those] who murdered ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthmān ibn ʿAffān</a> and [those who] have led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">killing</a> without mercy."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek Inscription In The Baths Of <a href="/wiki/Hamat_Gader" title="Hamat Gader">Hammat Gader</a>, 42 AH / 662-63 CE mentions, "In the days of the servant of God <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muʿāwiya</a> (<i>abdalla Maavia</i>), the commander of the faithful (<i>amēra almoumenēn</i>) the hot baths of the people there were saved and rebuilt..."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader,_663_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Greek Inscription In The Baths Of Hammat Gader, 42 AH / 662-63 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader%2C_663_AD.png/213px-Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader%2C_663_AD.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader%2C_663_AD.png/320px-Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader%2C_663_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader%2C_663_AD.png/426px-Greek_Muawiya_inscription_of_Hammat_Gader%2C_663_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Greek Inscription In The Baths Of Hammat Gader, 42 AH / 662-63 CE Mentioning Caliph Muawiyah</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tombstone of a woman named ʿAbāssa Bint Juraij, kept in Museum of Islamic Art Cairo, from 71 AH / 691 CE mentions,"In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. The greatest misfortune for the people of Islām (<i>ahl al-Islām</i>) is the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> the Prophet, <a href="/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace be upon him">Peace be upon him</a>..."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An Inscription at Ḥuma al-Numoor, near <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ṭāʾif</a> from 78 AH / 697-698 CE mentions, "This was written in the year the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Masjid al-Ḥarām</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">built</a> in the seventy eighth year."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Muslim_historiography">Traditional Muslim historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditional Muslim historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_historiography_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Muslim historiography (disambiguation)">Muslim historiography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_sciences_of_biography,_hadith,_and_Isnad"><span id="Religious_sciences_of_biography.2C_hadith.2C_and_Isnad"></span>Religious sciences of biography, hadith, and Isnad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious sciences of biography, hadith, and Isnad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_of_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of hadith">Science of hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">Hadith terminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> believe that the historical traditions first began their development in the early 7th century with the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s life following his death. Because narratives regarding Muhammad and his <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a> came from various sources and a great many contradicted each other, it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable. In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the "science of <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Science_of_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of hadith">science of hadith</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">Isnad</a>" (chain of transmission). These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ilm_ar-Rijal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm ar-Rijal">Ilm ar-Rijal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) is the "science of biography" especially as practiced in Islam, where it was first applied to the <a href="/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">sira</a>, the life of the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> of Islam, Muhammad, and then the lives of the four <a href="/wiki/Rightly_Guided_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rightly Guided Caliphs">Rightly Guided Caliphs</a> who expanded Islamic dominance rapidly. Since validating the sayings of Muhammad is a major study ("Isnad"), accurate biography has always been of great interest to Muslim biographers, who accordingly attempted to sort out facts from accusations, bias from evidence, etc. The earliest surviving Islamic biography is Ibn Ishaq's <i><a href="/wiki/Sirat_Rasul_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirat Rasul Allah">Sirat Rasul Allah</a></i>, written in the 8th century, but known to us only from later quotes and recensions (9th–10th century). </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Science_of_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of hadith">science of hadith</a>" is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. The classification of Hadith into <a href="/wiki/Sahih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih">Sahih</a> (sound), <a href="/wiki/Hasan_(hadith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan (hadith)">Hasan</a> (good) and <a href="/wiki/Da%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'if">Da'if</a> (weak) was firmly established by <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Madini" title="Ali ibn al-Madini">Ali ibn al-Madini</a> (778CE/161AH – 849CE/234AH). Later, al-Madini's student <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> (810–870) authored a collection that he believed contained only Sahih hadith, which is now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a></i>. Al-Bukhari's <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historical methods</a> of testing hadiths and <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">isnads</a> is seen as the beginning of the method of <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a> and a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>. I. A. Ahmad writes:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The vagueness of ancient historians about their sources stands in stark contrast to the insistence that scholars such as Bukhari and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim</a> manifested in knowing every member in a chain of transmission and examining their reliability. They published their findings, which were then subjected to additional scrutiny by future scholars for consistency with each other and the Qur'an."</p></blockquote> <p>Other famous Muslim historians who studied the science of biography or science of hadith included <a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a> (died 712), <a href="/wiki/Wahb_ibn_Munabbih" title="Wahb ibn Munabbih">Wahb ibn Munabbih</a> (died 728), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (died 761), <a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">al-Waqidi</a> (745–822), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (died 834), <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> (1364–1442), and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_Asqalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hajar Asqalani">Ibn Hajar Asqalani</a> (1372–1449), among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography,_cultural_history,_and_philosophy_of_history"><span id="Historiography.2C_cultural_history.2C_and_philosophy_of_history"></span>Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></div> <p>The first detailed studies on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> itself and the first critiques on <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historical methods</a> appeared in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> historian and historiographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406), who is regarded as the father of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a>, especially for his historiographical writings in the <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> as <i>Prolegomena</i>) and <i>Kitab al-Ibar</i> (<i>Book of Advice</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Muqaddimah</i> also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systematic_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic bias">systematic bias</a> in history,<sup id="cite_ref-Mowlana_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowlana-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (March 2024)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> and he discussed the rise and fall of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal" title="Franz Rosenthal">Franz Rosenthal</a> wrote in the <i>History of Muslim Historiography</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Muslim historiography has at all times been united by the closest ties with the general development of scholarship in Islam, and the position of historical knowledge in MusIim education has exercised a decisive influence upon the intellectual level of historicai writing....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in the sociology</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>sociological understanding of history and the systematisation of historiography. The development of modern historical writing seems to have gained considerably in speed and substance through the utilization of a Muslim Literature which enabled western historians, from the seventeenth century on, to see a large section of the world through foreign eyes. The Muslim historiography helped indirectly and modestly to shape present day historical thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <i>Muqaddimah</i>, Ibn Khaldun warned of seven mistakes that he thought that historians regularly committed. In this criticism, he approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past. Ibn Khaldun often criticized "idle superstition and uncritical acceptance of historical data." As a result, he introduced a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to the study of history, which was considered something "new to his age", and he often referred to it as his "new science", now associated with <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systematic_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic bias">systematic bias</a> in history,<sup id="cite_ref-Mowlana_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowlana-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (March 2024)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> and he is thus considered to be the "father of historiography"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the "father of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_history">World history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> (838–923) is known for writing a detailed and comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> history in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> in 915. <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_%27Al%C4%AB_al-Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī">Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī</a> (896–956), known as the "<a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> of the Arabs", was the first to combine <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> in a large-scale work, <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold"><i>Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir</i> (<i>The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems</i>)</a>, a book on <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">world history</a>. </p><p>Until the 10th century, history most often meant political and military history, but this was not so with Central Asian historian <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī">Biruni</a> (973–1048). In his <i>Kitab fi Tahqiq ma l'il-Hind</i> (<i>Researches on India</i>), he did not record political and military history in any detail, but wrote more on <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in ancient India">scientific</a>, social and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">religious</a> history.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with his <i>Researches on India</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī">Biruni</a> discussed more on his idea of history in his <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronological</a> work <i>The Chronology of the Ancient Nations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_Muslim_historians">Famous Muslim historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Famous Muslim historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">List of Muslim historians</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a> (died 712) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Umar%27s_speech_of_forbidding_Mut%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of Umar's speech of forbidding Mut'ah">Hadith of Umar's speech of forbidding Mut'ah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a> (died 742) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Umar%27s_speech_of_forbidding_Mut%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of Umar's speech of forbidding Mut'ah">Hadith of Umar's speech of forbidding Mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_prohibition_of_Mut%27ah_at_Khaybar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar">Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (died 761) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">Sirah Rasul Allah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Malik">Imam Malik</a> (died 796) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Al-Muwatta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a> (745–822) <ul><li><i>Book of History and Campaigns</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Madini" title="Ali ibn al-Madini">Ali ibn al-Madini</a> (777–850) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Knowledge_about_the_Companions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Knowledge about the Companions">The Book of Knowledge about the Companions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (died 834) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sirah_Rasul_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirah Rasul Allah">Sirah Rasul Allah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Nun_al-Misri" title="Dhul-Nun al-Misri">Dhul-Nun al-Misri</a> (died 859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> (810–870) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_b._al-Hajjaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim b. al-Hajjaj">Muslim b. al-Hajjaj</a> (died 875) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a> (died 886) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ibn_Majah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Ibn Majah">Sunan Ibn Majah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Da%27ud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Da'ud">Abu Da'ud</a> (died 888) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abi_Da%27ud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abi Da'ud">Sunan Abi Da'ud</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">Al-Tirmidhi</a> (died 892) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Tirmidhi" title="Sunan al-Tirmidhi">Sunan al-Tirmidhi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_%27Al%C4%AB_al-Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī">Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī</a> (896–956) <ul><li><i>Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir</i> (<i>The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems</i>) (947)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Wahshiyya</a> (c. 904) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i>Kitab Shawq al-Mustaham</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasa%27i" title="Al-Nasa'i">Al-Nasa'i</a> (died 915) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_al-Sughra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan al-Sughra">Sunan al-Sughra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> (838–923) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Tabari" title="Tafsir al-Tabari">Tafsir al-Tabari</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> (died 892) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Futuh_al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab Futuh al-Buldan">Kitab Futuh al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_the_Nobles" title="Genealogies of the Nobles">Genealogies of the Nobles</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_al-Nishaburi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim al-Nishaburi">Hakim al-Nishaburi</a> (died 1014) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadrak_alaa_al-Sahihain" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain">Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a> (973–1048) <ul><li><i>Indica</i></li> <li><i>History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father</i></li> <li><i>History of Khawarazm</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a> (13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a> (died 1310/1320) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawd al-Qirtas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a> (1274–1348) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Major_History_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Major History of Islam">Major History of Islam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talkhis_al-Mustadrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkhis al-Mustadrak">Talkhis al-Mustadrak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tadhkirat_al-huffaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadhkirat al-huffaz">Tadhkirat al-huffaz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamal_fi_ma%60rifat_al-rijal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kamal fi ma`rifat al-rijal">Al-Kamal fi ma`rifat al-rijal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (1300-1373) <ul><li><i>Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya</i></li> <li><i>Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></i> (1377)</li> <li><i>Kitab al-Ibar</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> (1372–1449) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fath_al-Bari" title="Fath al-Bari">Fath al-Bari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Tahdhib_(Asqalani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdhib al-Tahdhib (Asqalani)">Tahdhib al-Tahdhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finding_the_Truth_in_Judging_the_Companinons" class="mw-redirect" title="Finding the Truth in Judging the Companinons">Finding the Truth in Judging the Companinons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulugh_al-Maram" title="Bulugh al-Maram">Bulugh al-Maram</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_academic_scholarship">Modern academic scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern academic scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest academic scholarship on Islam in Western countries tended to involve Christian and Jewish translators and commentators. They translated the readily available <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> texts from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> into European languages (including German, Italian, French, and English), then summarized and commented in a fashion that was often hostile to Islam. Notable Christian scholars included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Muir" title="William Muir">William Muir</a> (1819–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" title="Reinhart Dozy">Reinhart Dozy</a> (1820–1883) "Die Israeliten zu Mecca" (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">David Samuel Margoliouth</a> (1858–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_St._Clair_Tisdall" title="William St. Clair Tisdall">William St. Clair Tisdall</a> (1859–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Leone Caetani</a> (1869–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mingana" title="Alphonse Mingana">Alphonse Mingana</a> (1878–1937)</li></ul> <p>All these scholars worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>Another pioneer of Islamic studies, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> (1810–1874), a prominent <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, approached Islam from that standpoint in his <i><a href="/wiki/Was_hat_Mohammed_aus_dem_Judenthume_aufgenommen%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?">Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?</a></i> (<i>What did Muhammad borrow from Judaism?</i>) (1833). Geiger's themes continued in Rabbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_I._Katsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham I. Katsh (page does not exist)">Abraham I. Katsh</a>'s "Judaism and the Koran" (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_academic_research">Establishment of academic research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Establishment of academic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other scholars, notably those in the German tradition, took a more neutral view. (The 19th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> (1844–1918) offers a prime example.) They also started, cautiously, to question the truth of the Arabic texts. They took a <a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">source-critical</a> approach, trying to sort the Islamic texts into elements to be accepted as historically true, and elements to be discarded as polemic or as <a href="/wiki/Pious_fiction" title="Pious fiction">pious fiction</a>. Such scholars included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jan_de_Goeje" title="Michael Jan de Goeje">Michael Jan de Goeje</a> (1836–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a> (1836–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Goldziher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignaz Goldziher">Ignaz Goldziher</a> (1850–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lammens" title="Henri Lammens">Henri Lammens</a> (1862–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jeffery" title="Arthur Jeffery">Arthur Jeffery</a> (1892–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">H. A. R. Gibb</a> (1895–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a> (1902–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Watt">Montgomery Watt</a> (1909–2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_revisionist_challenge">The revisionist challenge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The revisionist challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_koran_sanaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Blue_koran_sanaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscripts">Manuscripts found in Sana'a</a>. The "subtexts" revealed using UV light are very different from today's Qur'an. <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Puin" title="Gerd R. Puin">Gerd R. Puin</a> believed this to mean an evolving text.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar phrase is used by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Conrad" title="Lawrence Conrad">Lawrence Conrad</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biography_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography of Muhammad">biography of Muhammad</a>. Because, according to his studies, Islamic scientific view on the date of birth of the Prophet until the second century A.H. had exhibited a diversity of 85 years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_School_of_Islamic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist School of Islamic Studies">Revisionist School of Islamic Studies</a>, or what has been described as a "wave of sceptical scholars",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> challenged a great deal of the received wisdom in Islamic studies. They argued that the Islamic historical tradition had been greatly corrupted in transmission. They tried to correct or reconstruct the early history of Islam from other, presumably more reliable, sources—such as found coins, inscriptions, and non-Islamic sources of that era. They argue that contrary to Islamic historical tradition, "Islam was like other religions, the product of a religious <i>evolution</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-crone-slaves-15_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crone-slaves-15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that there was an abrupt "discontinuity between the pre-Islamic and Islamic worlds" — i.e. between Persian and Byzantine civilization and Islamic religion, governance, culture — "strains the imagination". But if "we begin by assuming that there must have been some continuity, we need either go beyond the Islamic sources" which indicate abrupt change, or "reinterpret them".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest of this group was <a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a> (1928–2002). Wansbrough's works were widely noted, but not necessarily widely read, owing to (according to Fred Donner), his "awkward prose style, diffuse organization, and tendency to rely on suggestive implication rather than tight argument".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his scepticism influenced a number of younger scholars, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hinds" title="Martin Hinds">Martin Hinds</a> (1941–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> (1945-2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a> (1940- )</li></ul> <p>In 1977 Crone and Cook published <i><a href="/wiki/Hagarism:_The_Making_of_the_Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World">Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World</a></i>, which argued that the traditional early history of Islam is a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>, generated <i>after</i> the Arab conquests of Egypt, Syria, and Persia to give a solid ideological foundation to the new Arab regimes in those lands. <i>Hagarism</i> suggests that the Qur'an was composed later than the traditional narrative tell us, and that the Arab conquests may have been the <i>cause</i>, rather than the <i>consequence</i>, of Islam. The main evidence adduced for this thesis consisted of contemporary non-Muslim sources recording many early Islamic events. If such events could not be supported by outside evidence, then (according to Crone and Cook) they should be dismissed as myth. </p><p>Crone defended the use of non-Muslim sources saying that "of course these sources are hostile [to the conquering Muslims] and from a classical Islamic view they have simply got everything wrong; but unless we are willing to entertain the notion of an all-pervading literary conspiracy between the non-Muslim peoples of the Middle East, the crucial point remains that they have got things wrong on very much the same points."<sup id="cite_ref-crone-slaves-15_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crone-slaves-15-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crone and Cook's more recent work has involved intense scrutiny of early Islamic sources, but not their total rejection. (See, for instance, Crone's 1987 publications, <i>Roman, Provincial, and Islamic Law</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which assume the standard outline of early Islamic history while questioning certain aspects of it; also Cook's 2001 <i>Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also cites early Islamic sources as authoritative.) </p><p>Both Crone and Cook have later suggested that the central thesis of their book <i>"<a href="/wiki/Hagarism:_The_Making_of_the_Islamic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World">Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World</a></i>" was mistaken because the evidence they had to support the thesis was not sufficient or internally consistent enough. Crone has suggested that the book was “a graduate essay" and "a hypothesis," not "a conclusive finding.”<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972 construction workers discovered a cache of ancient Qur'ans – commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscripts">Sana'a manuscripts</a> – in a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, Yemen. The German scholar <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Puin" title="Gerd R. Puin">Gerd R. Puin</a> has been investigating these Qur'an fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to the early part of the 8th century. Puin has not published the entirety of his work, but has noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography. He has also suggested that some of the parchments were <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsests</a> which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Ohlig" title="Karl-Heinz Ohlig">Karl-Heinz Ohlig</a> has also researched Christian/Jewish roots of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and its related texts. He sees the name <i>Muhammad</i> itself ("the blessed", as in <a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Benedictus qui venit</a>) as part of that tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In their study of the traditional Islamic accounts of the early conquest of different cities—Damascus and Caesarea in Syria, Babilyn/al-Fusat and Alexandria in Egypt, Tustar in Khuzistan and Cordoba in Spain—scholars <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Noth" title="Albrecht Noth">Albrecht Noth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Conrad" title="Lawrence Conrad">Lawrence Conrad</a> find a suspicious pattern whereby the cities "are all described as having fallen into the hands of the Muslims in precisely the same fashion". There is a </p><blockquote><p>"traitor who, ... points out a weak spot in the city's fortification to the Muslim besiegers; a celebration in the city which diverts the attention of the besieged; then a few assault troops who scale the walls, ... a shout of Allahu akbar! ... from the assault troops as a sign that they have entered the town; the opening of one of the gates from inside, and the onslaught of the entire army."</p></blockquote><p> They conclude these accounts can not be "the reporting of history" but are instead stereotyped story tales with little historical value.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary scholars have tended to use the histories rather than the <i>hadith</i>, and to analyze the histories in terms of the tribal and political affiliations of the narrators (if that can be established), thus making it easier to guess in which direction the material might have been slanted. Notable scholars include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Donner" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred M. Donner">Fred M. Donner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Hawting" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Hawting">Gerald Hawting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey" title="Jonathan Berkey">Jonathan Berkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Andrew Rippin</a></li></ul> <p>An alternative postrevisionist approach has made use of <i>hadith</i> of uncertain authenticity to tell a history of early Islam after the death of Muhammad. Here the key has been to analyze <i>hadith</i> as collective memories that shaped the culture and society of urban Muslims in the late seventh and eighth centuries CE. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad%E2%80%B2s_Grave:_Death_Rites_and_the_Making_of_Islamic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad′s Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society (page does not exist)">Muhammad′s Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leor_Halevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leor Halevi (page does not exist)">Leor Halevi</a> is an example of this approach.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholars_combining_traditional_and_academic_scholarship">Scholars combining traditional and academic scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholars combining traditional and academic scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few scholars have attempted to bridge the divide between Islamic and Western-style secular scholarship. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hayward" title="Joel Hayward">Joel Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Jackson" title="Sherman Jackson">Sherman Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman</a></li></ul> <p>They have completed both Islamic and Western academic training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021108152157/http://www.moa.ubc.ca/spiritofislam/unity/kufic.html">"The Spirit of Islam: Experiencing Islam through Calligraphy"</a>. UBC Museum of Anthropology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moa.ubc.ca/spiritofislam/unity/kufic.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Islam%3A+Experiencing+Islam+through+Calligraphy&rft.pub=UBC+Museum+of+Anthropology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moa.ubc.ca%2Fspiritofislam%2Funity%2Fkufic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/newsfullview-landingpage/article/raritaet-entdeckt-koranhandschrift-stammt-aus-der-fruehzeit-des-islam.html">"Tübingen University fragment written 20-40 years after the death of the Prophet, analysis shows"</a>. <i>Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen</i>. 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"The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", <i>Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture</i> <b>12</b> (3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. S. Khan (1976). "al-Biruni and the Political History of India", <i>Oriens</i> <b>25</b>, p. 86-115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online text: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaismandthekor012707mbp">"Judaism And The Koran Biblical And Talmudic Backgrounds Of The Koran And Its Commentaries (1962) Author: Abraham I. Katsh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judaism+And+The+Koran+Biblical+And+Talmudic+Backgrounds+Of+The+Koran+And+Its+Commentaries+%281962%29+Author%3A+Abraham+I.+Katsh&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudaismandthekor012707mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1999" class="citation web cs1">Lester, Toby (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233826/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/">"What Is the Koran?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/01/what-is-the-koran/304024/">the original</a> on 25 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Koran%3F&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1999%2F01%2Fwhat-is-the-koran%2F304024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad1987" class="citation journal cs1">Conrad, Lawrence I. (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abraha-and-muhammad-some-observations-apropos-of-chronology-and-literary-topoi-in-the-early-arabic-historical-tradition1/3C7779B2986050C4381A72D79D2B8F3F">"Abraha and Muhammad: Some Observations Apropos of Chronology and Literary topoi in the Early Arabic Historical Tradition"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00049016">10.1017/S0041977X00049016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162350288">162350288</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Abraha+and+Muhammad%3A+Some+Observations+Apropos+of+Chronology+and+Literary+topoi+in+the+Early+Arabic+Historical+Tradition&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00049016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162350288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies%2Farticle%2Fabraha-and-muhammad-some-observations-apropos-of-chronology-and-literary-topoi-in-the-early-arabic-historical-tradition1%2F3C7779B2986050C4381A72D79D2B8F3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donner 1998 p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crone-slaves-15-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crone-slaves-15_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crone-slaves-15_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crone, P., <i>Slaves on Horses</i>, Cambridge, 1980, 15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">statement of the July 1975 Fifth colloquium of the Near Eastern History Group of Oxford University, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Warraq2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Warraq, ed. (2000). "1. Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw"><i>The Quest for the Historical Muhammad</i></a></span>. Prometheus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573927871" title="Special:BookSources/9781573927871"><bdi>9781573927871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Studies+on+Muhammad+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Muhammad&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781573927871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforhistoric00ibnw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donner 1998 p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8A_gAXDtVAEC"><i>Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Vol. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521529495" title="Special:BookSources/9780521529495"><bdi>9780521529495</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman%2C+Provincial+and+Islamic+Law%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Islamic+Patronate&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521529495&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8A_gAXDtVAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKVNvgAACAAJ"><i>Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</i></a>. Gorgias Islamic studies. Vol. 6 (reprint ed.). Gorgias Press (published 2004). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593331023" title="Special:BookSources/9781593331023"><bdi>9781593331023</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meccan+Trade+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.series=Gorgias+Islamic+studies&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781593331023&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjKVNvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Cook, Michael</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eb5NMAL46mUC"><i>Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2004). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139431606" title="Special:BookSources/9781139431606"><bdi>9781139431606</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Right+and+Forbidding+Wrong+in+Islamic+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781139431606&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deb5NMAL46mUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Ali (2005). "Hagarism: The Story of a Book Written by Infidels for Infidels". <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.944295">10.2139/ssrn.944295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Hagarism%3A+The+Story+of+a+Book+Written+by+Infidels+for+Infidels&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.944295&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atlantic Monthly Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cremesti.com/amalid/Islam/Yemeni_Ancient_Koranic_Texts.htm">Atlantic Monthly article: What is the Koran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202202434/http://cremesti.com/amalid/Islam/Yemeni_Ancient_Koranic_Texts.htm">Archived</a> 2006-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ohlig, The Hidden Origins of Islam: New Research into Its Early History, Muhammad as a Christological Honorific Title 2008 interview <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-756/i.html">http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-756/i.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Der frühe Islam: eine historisch-kritische Rekonstruktion anhand zeitgenössischer Quellen, Karl-Heinz Ohlig, p.333, Verlag Hans Schiler, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothConrad1994" class="citation book cs1">Noth, A.; Conrad, Lawrence I. (1994). <i>The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source Critical Study</i>. Translated by Bonner, Michael. London. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Arabic+Historical+Tradition%3A+A+Source+Critical+Study&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Noth&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Lawrence+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Warraq2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Warraq, ed. (2000). "1. Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw"><i>The Quest for the Historical Muhammad</i></a></span>. Prometheus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforhistoric00ibnw/page/53">53</a>-4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573927871" title="Special:BookSources/9781573927871"><bdi>9781573927871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Studies+on+Muhammad+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Muhammad&rft.pages=53-4&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781573927871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforhistoric00ibnw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halevi, Leor. Muhammad's Grave : Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society. New York (N.Y.): Columbia University Press, 2007 and 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYılmazİzgiErbayŞenel2024" class="citation journal cs1">Yılmaz, Halil İbrahim; İzgi, Mahmut Cihat; Erbay, Enes Ensar; Şenel, Samet (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-04058-2">"Studying early Islam in the third millennium: a bibliometric analysis"</a>. <i>Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): Article 1521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-024-04058-2">10.1057/s41599-024-04058-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Studying+early+Islam+in+the+third+millennium%3A+a+bibliometric+analysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+1521&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-024-04058-2&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1lmaz&rft.aufirst=Halil+%C4%B0brahim&rft.au=%C4%B0zgi%2C+Mahmut+Cihat&rft.au=Erbay%2C+Enes+Ensar&rft.au=%C5%9Eenel%2C+Samet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41599-024-04058-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC"><i>The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Donner, Fred</a> (1998). <i>Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing</i>. Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878501274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878501274"><bdi>978-0878501274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+Islamic+Origins%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Islamic+Historical+Writing&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0878501274&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland" title="Robert G. Hoyland">Hoyland, Robert</a> (1997). <i>Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam</i>. Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878501250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878501250"><bdi>978-0878501250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Islam+as+Others+Saw+It%3A+A+Survey+and+Evaluation+of+Christian%2C+Jewish+and+Zoroastrian+Writings+on+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0878501250&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1997). <i>The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0"><bdi>0-521-64696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-64696-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVansina1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vansina" title="Jan Vansina">Vansina, Jan</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oraltraditionash0000vans"><i>Oral Tradition as History</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299102142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299102142"><bdi>978-0299102142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Tradition+as+History&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0299102142&rft.aulast=Vansina&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foraltraditionash0000vans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+early+Islam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_early_Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58859/historiography">Muslim historiography</a> an article by online Britannica</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_document" title="Historical document">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">Logbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">Oral tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_diary" title="War diary">War diaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_record" title="Service record">Service records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fields_of_study" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Fields of study</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">Local history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhistory" title="Microhistory">Microhistory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> / <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">dating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedistics" title="Encyclopaedistics">Encyclopaedistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics (Money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">Oral history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">preservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_ecology" title="Historical ecology">Ecology</a> / <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_history" title="Business history">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geistesgeschichte" title="Geistesgeschichte">Geistesgeschichte</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_ecclesiastic_historiography" title="Medieval ecclesiastic historiography">Medieval churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Military historiography">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history" title="Constitutional history">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">Rural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Methodology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Methodology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_eras" title="Category:Historical eras">Historical eras</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Approaches,_schools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches,<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annales_school" title="Annales school">Annales school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mentalities" title="History of mentalities">History of mentalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_histoire" title="Nouvelle histoire">Nouvelle histoire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">Historiometry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">Cliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative historical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_historiography" title="Critical historiography">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">Decoloniality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_anthropology" title="Historical anthropology">Historical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical-critical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_historiography" title="Humanistic historiography">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiscipline_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiscipline of history (page does not exist)">Indiscipline of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisciplina_da_hist%C3%B3ria" class="extiw" title="pt:Indisciplina da história">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist historiography">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_civilisation" title="Ancestral civilisation">Ancestral civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_history" title="Popular history">Pop history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_history" title="Quantitative history">Quantitative history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_history" title="Transnational history">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Man theory">Great Man theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_and_continuity" title="Change and continuity">Change and continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_recurrence" title="Historic recurrence">Historic recurrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_significance" title="Historical significance">Historical significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiology">Historiology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiolog%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Historiología">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of history (page does not exist)">Theory of history</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorie_der_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Theorie der Geschichte">de</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">Black legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloniality_of_knowledge" title="Coloniality of knowledge">Coloniality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian%27s_fallacy" title="Historian's fallacy">Historian's fallacy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernisation theory">Modernisation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">Narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">Paradigm shift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">Pax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Paxes" title="Template:Paxes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-year_rule" title="Thirty-year rule">Thirty-year rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhistoricity" title="Transhistoricity">Transhistoricity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_studii" title="Translatio studii">Translatio studii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_ex_eventu" title="Vaticinium ex eventu">Vaticinium ex eventu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Periodization_ofmodern_history" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodization of<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long 18th</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_nineteenth_century" title="Long nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By country or region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_historiography" title="African historiography">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid construction techniques">Pyramid construction techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Egypt_Thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Egypt Thesis (page does not exist)">Black Egypt Thesis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tesis_del_Egipto_Negro" class="extiw" title="es:Hipótesis del Egipto Negro">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>Morocco <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rwanda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maafa" title="Maafa">Maafa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-hinterland_thesis" title="Metropolitan-hinterland thesis">Metropolitan-hinterland thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">Residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staples_thesis" title="Staples thesis">Staples thesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous population history</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Argentina" title="Historiography of Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Historiography of the May Revolution">May Revolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_May_Revolution" title="Causes of the May Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_revisionism_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical revisionism in Argentina (page does not exist)">Revisionist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionismo_hist%C3%B3rico_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Revisionismo histórico en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iquicha_War_of_1825%E2%80%931828#Historiography" title="Iquicha War of 1825–1828">Iquicha Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Colonial_Spanish_America" title="Historiography of Colonial Spanish America">Colonial Spanish America</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history#Historiography" title="African-American history">African-American history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">Neoabolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Legacy_and_historiography" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">Consensus history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Eras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_historians" title="Progressive historians">Progressive-era historians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Albania" title="Historiography of Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dealbanisation" title="Dealbanisation">Dealbanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_myth" title="Habsburg myth">Habsburg myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae_controversies" title="Balhae controversies">Balhae</a></li> <li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">Litvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_historiography" title="Bulgarian historiography">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Byzantine Empire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinische_Geschichtsschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung">de</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Byzantine_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Byzantine historiography (page does not exist)">Early</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Ранневизантийская историография">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_historiography" title="Croatian historiography">Croatia</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_ancient_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of ancient Europe (page does not exist)">Ancient</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Античная историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval historiography">Medieval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Средневековая историография">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Age_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Age historiography (page does not exist)">New Age</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Нового времени">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_historiography" title="Hellenic historiography">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalist_historiography" title="Korean nationalist historiography">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_controversies" title="Goguryeo controversies">Goguryeo controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Early settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiograpy_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiograpy of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_de_Portugal" class="extiw" title="pt:Historiografia de Portugal">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_historiography" title="Serbian historiography">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory" title="Götaland theory">Götaland theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwanese_historiography" title="History of Taiwanese historiography">Taiwan</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executed_Renaissance" title="Executed Renaissance">Executed Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy#Historiography" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Romanisation" title="Historiography of Romanisation">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Western Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_ancient_Rome" title="Prosopography of ancient Rome">Prosopography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Succession to the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Ottoman claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">Problem of two emperors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_thousand_years_of_Chinese_civilization" title="Five thousand years of Chinese civilization">5000-year civilization assertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_archaeology" title="History of Chinese archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunu_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunu School (page does not exist)">Wunu School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:无奴派">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_dynasty" title="Conquest dynasty">Conquest dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_Chineseness_of_the_Yuan_and_Qing_dynasties" title="Debate on the Chineseness of the Yuan and Qing dynasties">"Chineseness" debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ages_of_China" title="Golden ages of China">Golden ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement#Evaluation" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(international_relations)" title="Cordon sanitaire (international relations)">Cordon sanitaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankish_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankish Interregnum (page does not exist)">Frankish Interregnum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_franc" class="extiw" title="fr:Interrègne franc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Saracen_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Saracen in France (page does not exist)">Legendary Saracen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gendaire_sarrasin_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Légendaire sarrasin en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiographical_debate_on_the_location_of_Al%C3%A9sia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiographical debate on the location of Alésia (page does not exist)">Location of Alésia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_d%C3%A9bat_sur_la_localisation_d%27Al%C3%A9sia" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du débat sur la localisation d'Alésia">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Lyon (page does not exist)">Lyon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_Lyon" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie de Lyon">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturgeschichte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strukturgeschichte (page does not exist)">Strukturgeschichte</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturgeschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Strukturgeschichte">de</a>]</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybel-Ficker_controversy" title="Sybel-Ficker controversy">Sybel-Ficker controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_India" title="Historiography of India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indocentrism" title="Indocentrism">Indocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Historiography" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)#Analysis_of_the_government's_role" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/More_Irish_than_the_Irish_themselves" title="More Irish than the Irish themselves">More Irish than the Irish themselves</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Revolutionary period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy#Historiography" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historiae_Patriae_Monumenta" title="Historiae Patriae Monumenta">Historiae Patriae Monumenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Series_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Historical Series of the Bank of Italy">Historical Series of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italiani brava gente</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_italicarum_scriptores" title="Rerum italicarum scriptores">Rerum italicarum scriptores</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty#Assessment" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)#In_popular_culture" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland#Reasons,_legality_and_justifications" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_about_Polish_People%27s_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography about Polish People's Republic (page does not exist)">Polish People's Republic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografia_PRL" class="extiw" title="pl:Historiografia PRL">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Normanism" title="Anti-Normanism">Anti-Normanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Revolution_Russian_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Revolution Russian historiography (page does not exist)">Pre-Revolutionary Russia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Российская дореволюционная историография">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptic School (page does not exist)">Skeptic School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Скептическая школа">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Soviet famine of 1930–1933">Soviet famine of 1930–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor" title="Causes of the Holodomor">Causes of the Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_in_modern_politics" title="Holodomor in modern politics">Holodomor in modern politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">Black legend</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_(Spain)#White_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Legend (Spain)">White legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_on_Carlism_during_the_Francoist_era" title="Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era">Carlism in the Francoist era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legend_of_the_Spanish_Inquisition" title="Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limpieza_de_sangre_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limpieza de sangre controversy (page does not exist)">Limpieza de sangre controversy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre#Los_estatutos_de_limpieza_de_sangre,_¿el_origen_del_racismo_europeo?" class="extiw" title="es:Estatutos de limpieza de sangre">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_revolution_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic revolution of Spain (page does not exist)">Islamic revolution of Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revoluci%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A1mica_en_Occidente" class="extiw" title="es:La revolución islámica en Occidente">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty#Controversy_over_whether_the_American_Viceroyalties_were_Colonies_or_Provinces" title="Viceroyalty">Colonies or Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_decline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish decline (page does not exist)">Spanish decline</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadencia_espa%C3%B1ola" class="extiw" title="es:Decadencia española">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ser de España (page does not exist)">Ser de España</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Ser de España">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Kemalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Poor_Laws" title="Historiography of the Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Scotland" title="Historiography of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Stone_theory" title="Westminster Stone theory">Westminster Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_over_the_gentry" title="Storm over the gentry">Storm over the gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Suffragette Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_myth" title="Tudor myth">Tudor myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_(Richard_III)" title="Ricardian (Richard III)">Ricardians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent#Legacy" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BritishEmpire" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">British<br />Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(imperial_history)" title="Cambridge School (imperial history)">Cambridge School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%E2%80%93MacKenzie_debate" title="Porter–MacKenzie debate">Porter–MacKenzie debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_colonial_occupation" title="Second colonial occupation">Second colonial occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonial Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_war,_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By war, conflict</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_person" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By person</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Historiography of Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Historiography of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Evaluations_of_Husseini's_historical_significance" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Assessments_and_legacy" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Cato_the_Younger" title="Legacy of Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Che_Guevara" title="Legacy of Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Ching-kuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Ching-kuo (page does not exist)">Chiang Ching-kuo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣經國的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Chiang_Kai_Shek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Chiang Kai Shek (page does not exist)">Chiang Kai Shek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對蔣中正的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great#Historiography" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism#Initial_Western_reactions" title="Palamism">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Legacy of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia#Legacy" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)">Jiang Zemin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對江澤民的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Joseph_Stalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Joseph Stalin (page does not exist)">Joseph Stalin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87#Мнения_и_оценки_личности_Сталина" class="extiw" title="ru:Сталин, Иосиф Виссарионович">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn#Historiography" title="Legacy of José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_assessment_of_Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Louis_Riel" title="Historiography of Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">Mao Zedong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:对中国共产党的评论">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain#Legacy_and_reputation" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar#Legacy" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_personality_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of personality of Simón Bolívar (page does not exist)">Cult of personality</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Culto a la personalidad de Simón Bolívar">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin#Recognition_and_legacy" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Sun_Yat_Tse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Sun Yat Tse (page does not exist)">Sun Yat Tse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對孫中山的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas#Legacy,_veneration,_and_modern_reception" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Historical reputation of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Yuan_Shikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Yuan Shikai (page does not exist)">Yuan Shikai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對袁世凱的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhou_Enlai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhou Enlai (page does not exist)">Zhou Enlai</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對周恩來的評價">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Zhuge_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Zhuge Liang (page does not exist)">Zhuge Liang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%A9%95%E5%83%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:對諸葛亮的評價">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historicalrankings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_heads_of_government" title="Historical rankings of heads of government">Historical<br />rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany">Modern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Beatles" title="Cultural impact of the Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_studies" title="Lovecraft studies">H. P. Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_history_of_Jane_Austen" title="Reception history of Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Muhammad">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Madonna" title="Cultural impact of Madonna">Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Controversies surrounding Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_antiquity" title="Bears in antiquity">Bears in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_of_historiography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis of historiography (page does not exist)">Crisis of historiography</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_da_historiografia" class="extiw" title="pt:Crise da historiografia">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Professionalization_and_institutionalization_of_history" title="Professionalization and institutionalization of history">Professionalization and institutionalization of history</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_salon" title="Historiography of the salon">Salons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization">Western European colonialism and colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li>School of Thoughts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical school of economics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_religion" title="Historiography of religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Avestan geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy#Opposition" title="Papal supremacy">Opposition to Papal supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Criticism of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">Islamic golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites#Legacy" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Controversies" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutics_of_Vatican_Council_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II (page does not exist)">Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeneutica_del_Concilio_Vaticano_II" class="extiw" title="it:Ermeneutica del Concilio Vaticano II">it</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation#Conclusion_and_legacy" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits#Controversies" title="Jesuits">Jesuit historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern Jewish history</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft_des_Judentums" title="Wissenschaft des Judentums">Wissenschaft des Judentums</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Schools of thought <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panbabylonism" title="Panbabylonism">Panbabylonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urreligion" title="Urreligion">Urreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religions_school" title="History of religions school">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School_(history_of_religion)" title="Roman School (history of religion)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Revisionist school of Islamic studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Science</a> /<br />Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">Protestant Ethic and Capitalism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_theory_of_invention_and_scientific_development" title="Heroic theory of invention and scientific development">Heroic theory of invention and scientific development</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a 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