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id="toc-Battlefield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hougoumont" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hougoumont"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Hougoumont </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hougoumont-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Grand_Battery_starts_its_bombardment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Grand_Battery_starts_its_bombardment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 The Grand Battery starts its bombardment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Grand_Battery_starts_its_bombardment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon_spots_the_Prussians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon_spots_the_Prussians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Napoleon spots the Prussians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon_spots_the_Prussians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_French_infantry_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_French_infantry_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 First French infantry attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_French_infantry_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charge_of_the_British_heavy_cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charge_of_the_British_heavy_cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Charge of the British heavy cavalry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charge_of_the_British_heavy_cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_cavalry_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_cavalry_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 The French cavalry attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_cavalry_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_French_infantry_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_French_infantry_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Second French infantry attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_French_infantry_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_capture_of_La_Haye_Sainte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_capture_of_La_Haye_Sainte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 French capture of La Haye Sainte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_capture_of_La_Haye_Sainte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Prussian_IV_Corps:_Plancenoit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Prussian_IV_Corps:_Plancenoit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Prussian_IV_Corps:_Plancenoit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zieten's_flank_march" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zieten's_flank_march"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Zieten's flank march </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zieten's_flank_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_of_the_Imperial_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_of_the_Imperial_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Attack of the Imperial Guard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_of_the_Imperial_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussian_capture_of_Plancenoit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussian_capture_of_Plancenoit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.13 Prussian capture of Plancenoit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussian_capture_of_Plancenoit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_disintegration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_disintegration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.14 French disintegration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_disintegration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Historical importance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_the_reasons_for_Napoleon's_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_the_reasons_for_Napoleon's_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Views on the reasons for Napoleon's defeat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_the_reasons_for_Napoleon's_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_battlefield_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_battlefield_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 The battlefield today </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_battlefield_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coin_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coin_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Coin controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coin_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 NB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Reflist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Uniforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Waterloo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_by_Waterloo" title="Slag by Waterloo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag by Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88" title="معركة واترلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة واترلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Waterloo" title="Batalla de Waterloo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterlo_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Vaterlo döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vaterlo döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="واترلو دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واترلو دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ওয়াটারলুর যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াটারলুর যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Бітва пры Ватэрлоа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва пры Ватэрлоа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Битка при Ватерло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Ватерло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Waterlooa" title="Bitka kod Waterlooa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka kod Waterlooa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Waterloo" title="Emgann Waterloo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Waterloo" title="Batalla de Waterloo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%83" title="Ватерлоо патĕнчи çапăçу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ватерлоо патĕнчи çапăçу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Waterloo" title="Bitva u Waterloo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Waterloo" title="Brwydr Waterloo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Waterloo" title="Slaget ved Waterloo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Waterloo" title="Schlacht bei Waterloo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_lahing" title="Waterloo lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Waterloo lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CF%8E" title="Μάχη του Βατερλώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη του Βατερλώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Waterloo" title="Batalla de Waterloo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Waterloo" title="Batalo de Waterloo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlooko_gudua" title="Waterlooko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Waterlooko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88" title="نبرد واترلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد واترلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Waterloo" title="Bataille de Waterloo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_by_Waterloo" title="Slach by Waterloo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach by Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Waterloo" title="Cath Waterloo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A0r_Waterloo" title="Blàr Waterloo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blàr Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Waterloo" title="Batalla de Waterloo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B8%EB%A3%A8_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="워털루 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워털루 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Վաթեռլոյի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաթեռլոյի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="वाटरलू का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाटरलू का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Waterlooa" title="Bitka kod Waterlooa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Waterlooa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Waterloo" title="Batalio di Waterloo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Waterloo" title="Pertempuran Waterloo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Waterloo" title="Orrustan við Waterloo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan við Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Waterloo" title="Battaglia di Waterloo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%95" title="קרב ווטרלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב ווטרלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%97" title="ವಾಟರ್ಲೂ ಕಾಳಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಟರ್ಲೂ ಕಾಳಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ვატერლოოს ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვატერლოოს ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_Waterlooense" title="Proelium Waterlooense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium Waterlooense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterlo_kauja" title="Vaterlo kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vaterlo kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_vu_Waterloo" title="Schluecht vu Waterloo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht vu Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterlo_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Vaterlo mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaterlo mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataja_de_Waterloo" title="Bataja de Waterloo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bataja de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterlooi_csata" title="Waterlooi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Waterlooi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Битка кај Ватерло – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Ватерло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="വാട്ടർലൂ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാട്ടർലൂ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वॉटर्लूची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉटर्लूची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88" title="معركة واترلو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة واترلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Waterloo" title="Pertempuran Waterloo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ватерлоогийн дэргэдэх тулалдаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ватерлоогийн дэргэдэх тулалдаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ဝါးတာလူးတိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါးတာလူးတိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Waterloo" title="Slag bij Waterloo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ワーテルローの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワーテルローの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Waterloo" title="Slaget ved Waterloo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Waterloo" title="Slaget ved Waterloo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Waterloo" title="Batalha de Waterloo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ୱାଟରଲୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୱାଟରଲୁ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaterloo_jangi" title="Vaterloo jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vaterloo jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਵਾਟਰਲੂ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਟਰਲੂ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="واٹرلو دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="واٹرلو دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د واټرلو جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د واټرلو جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacht_bi_Waterloo" title="Slacht bi Waterloo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slacht bi Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Waterloo" title="Bitwa pod Waterloo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Waterloo" title="Batalha de Waterloo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Waterloo" title="Bătălia de la Waterloo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Битва при Ватерлоо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Ватерлоо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ci_napulun_(%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%89hananay_a_hunty/u_(%E6%BB%91%E9%90%B5%E7%9B%A7%EF%BC%89hananay_nipingayaw_a_kakawaw" title="ci napulun (拿破崙一世）hananay a hunty/u (滑鐵盧）hananay nipingayaw a kakawaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ci napulun (拿破崙一世）hananay a hunty/u (滑鐵盧）hananay nipingayaw a kakawaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Waterloo" title="Beteja e Waterloo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Waterloo" title="Bitka pri Waterloo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Waterlooju" title="Bitka pri Waterlooju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Waterlooju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%86" title="شەڕی واترلۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی واترلۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Битка код Ватерлоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Ватерлоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Waterlooa" title="Bitka kod Waterlooa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Waterlooa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloon_taistelu" title="Waterloon taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Waterloon taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Waterloo" title="Slaget vid Waterloo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வாட்டர்லூ போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாட்டர்லூ போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_b%C3%A4rele%C5%9Fe" title="Waterloo bäreleşe – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Waterloo bäreleşe" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9" title="ยุทธการที่วอเตอร์ลู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่วอเตอร์ลู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Muharebesi" title="Waterloo Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Waterloo Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Битва під Ватерлоо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва під Ватерлоо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88" title="جنگ واٹرلو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ واٹرلو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%95%DA%AD%D9%89" title="ۋاتېرلو جەڭى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋاتېرلو جەڭى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Waterloo" title="Trận Waterloo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batreye_di_Brinne-l%27-Alou" title="Batreye di Brinne-l'-Alou – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Batreye di Brinne-l'-Alou" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragway_ha_Waterloo" title="Aragway ha Waterloo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aragway ha Waterloo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%93%81%E5%8D%A2%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="滑铁卢战役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="滑铁卢战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%A9%E6%89%93%E8%80%81%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="窩打老戰役 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="窩打老戰役" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%93%81%E5%8D%A2%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="滑铁卢战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="滑铁卢战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Waterloo&params=50_40_41_N_4_24_44_E_region:BE-WBR_type:event">50°40′41″N 4°24′44″E / 50.67806°N 4.41222°E / 50.67806; 4.41222</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1815 battle of the Napoleonic Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Waterloo (disambiguation)">Battle of Waterloo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Waterloo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/300px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/450px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/600px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="846" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Waterloo_(painting,_Sadler_II)" title="The Battle of Waterloo (painting, Sadler II)">The Battle of Waterloo</a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Sadler_(painter)" title="William Sadler (painter)">William Sadler II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 June 1815; 209 years ago (1815-06-18)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (present-day Belgium)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Waterloo&params=50_40_41_N_4_24_44_E_region:BE-WBR_type:event">50°40′41″N 4°24′44″E / 50.67806°N 4.41222°E / 50.67806; 4.41222</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Coalition</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon</a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Charles_Reille" title="Honoré Charles Reille">Honoré Charles Reille</a> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mouton" title="Georges Mouton">Georges Mouton, Comte de Lobau</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey" title="Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey">Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill, Baron Hill</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Picton" title="Thomas Picton">Sir Thomas Picton</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/August_Neidhardt_von_Gneisenau" title="August Neidhardt von Gneisenau">August Neidhardt von Gneisenau</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Freiherr_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow">Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">Army of the North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="I Corps (Grande Armée)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="II Corps (Grande Armée)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="VI Corps (Grande Armée)">VI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/III_Cavalry_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="III Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)">III Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/IV_Cavalry_Corps_(Grande_Arm%C3%A9e)" title="IV Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée)">IV Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Anglo-Allied Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover"><img alt="Kingdom of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover"><img alt="Kingdom of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="II Corps (United Kingdom)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover"><img alt="Kingdom of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick"><img alt="Duchy of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Cavalry Corps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover"><img alt="Kingdom of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick"><img alt="Duchy of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau"><img alt="Duchy of Nassau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Anglo-Allied Reserves</li></ul> Prussian Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> I Corps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> II Corps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> IV Corps</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 72,000–73,000<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li>48,950<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> to 50,600 <a href="/wiki/Infantrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantrymen">infantrymen</a></li> <li>14,390 to 15,765<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalrymen">cavalrymen</a></li> <li>8,050 <a href="/wiki/Artillerymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillerymen">gunners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">engineers</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[nb 1]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • up to 252 <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">guns</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 2]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Total: 118,000–120,000 <ul><li>91,000 infantrymen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">[1]</a></li> <li>21,500 cavalrymen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">[1]</a></li> <li>7,500 gunners<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">[1]</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • at least 282 guns<a href="#cite_note-7">[nb 3]</a></li></ul></div><hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview">Wellington's army: 68,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[nb 4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 31,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="United Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 17,000</li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover"><img alt="Kingdom of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 11,000</li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick"><img alt="Duchy of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%281814-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 6,000</li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau"><img alt="Duchy of Nassau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> 3,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200575–76-12">[6]</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • 156 guns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994256-13">[7]</a></li></ul></div><hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Blücher's army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> 50,000<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • 126 guns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1983329-17">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 26,000–27,000<a href="#cite_note-18">[nb 5]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">wounded</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[nb 6]</a></li><li> • 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">captured</a> (including 6–7,000 wounded<a href="#cite_note-22">[e]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">[8]</a></li></ul></div> 15,000 deserted after the battle<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005420-23">[12]</a> 220 guns lost<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">[8]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: 24,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419-24">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 7]</a><hr />Wellington's army: 17,000 killed, wounded, or <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419-24">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[nb 8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • 3,500 killed</li><li> • 10,200 wounded</li><li> • 3,300 missing</li></ul></div><hr />Blücher's army: 6,604–7,000<a href="#cite_note-28">[f]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> • 1,144–1,200 killed</li><li> • 4,155–4,400 wounded</li><li> • 1,305–1,400 missing</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Both sides: 7,000 horses killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Gilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Gilly">Gilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Genappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Genappe">1st Genappe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Genappe_(18_June_1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Genappe (18 June 1815)">2nd Genappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Namur">Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cambrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Villers-Cotterêts 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 126px; left: 242.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 125.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> 500km 300miles</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 95.60561627008px; left: 65.886560241995px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 95.60561627008px; left: 62.386560241995px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Rochefort</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 95.60561627008px; left: 72.386560241995px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">7</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 95.60561627008px; left: 65.886560241995px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Maitland#Helenaincampaignwaterloo" title="Frederick Lewis Maitland"><img alt="Surrender of Napoleon on 15 July 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; left:123.47458530165px; top: 34.502784969395px; width: 29.675723300356px; height: 1px; background-color: transparent; outline-width: 0; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000; transform: rotate(70.974393962431deg);"></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 14.002784969395px; left: 127.31244695183px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 43.002784969395px; left: 142.81244695183px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> 6: Waterloo</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; left:115.58404809654px; top: 26.280394128179px; width: 21.803508501983px; height: 1px; background-color: transparent; outline-width: 0; border-bottom: 2px solid #000080; transform: rotate(-37.874983651098deg);"></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 13.280394128179px; left: 129.48580234753px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 27.280394128179px; left: 116.98580234753px; width: fit-content; text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">5</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 13.280394128179px; left: 129.48580234753px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre"><img alt="Battle of Wavre from 18 to 19 June 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; left:135.65961459061px; top: 24.386207676816px; width: 22.194827009486px; height: 1px; background-color: transparent; outline-width: 0; border-bottom: 2px solid #800000; transform: rotate(7.4314079711725deg);"></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 16.886207676816px; left: 129.25702809535px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 19.886207676816px; left: 157.75702809535px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">4</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 16.886207676816px; left: 129.25702809535px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny"><img alt="Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 15.986190508925px; left: 127.76999545619px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 15.986190508925px; left: 124.26999545619px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> </div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 15.986190508925px; left: 134.26999545619px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">3</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 15.986190508925px; left: 127.76999545619px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras"><img alt="Battle of Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 46.241751818403px; left: 103.74869897748px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 48.241751818403px; left: 100.24869897748px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Paris</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 46.241751818403px; left: 110.24869897748px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">2</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 46.241751818403px; left: 103.74869897748px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mai" title="Champ de Mai"><img alt="Champ de Mai on 1 June 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 146.18136289041px; left: 194.57207709222px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000080; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 142.18136289041px; left: 191.07207709222px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> Elba</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 146.18136289041px; left: 201.07207709222px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">1</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 146.18136289041px; left: 194.57207709222px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon#Exile_to_Elba" title="Napoleon"><img alt="Exile_to_Elba from 30 May 1814 to 26 February 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/47/6/en" data-zoom="5" data-lat="47" data-lon="6" data-overlays="["_9ad56b31ef01df6deba7b48b1bb6964632466488"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Napoleon in command</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Napoleon not in command</div></div></div></div> The Battle of Waterloo (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈʋaːtərloː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/Nl-waterloo.ogg\/Nl-waterloo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-waterloo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/Nl-waterloo.ogg/Nl-waterloo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-waterloo.ogg" title="File:Nl-waterloo.ogg">ⓘ</a>) was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a> (at that time in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>), marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. A French army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> was defeated by two armies of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Coalition">Seventh Coalition</a>. One of these was a British-led force with units from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington</a> (often referred to as the Anglo-allied army or Wellington's army). The other comprised three <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> (the 1st, 2nd and 4th corps) of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> army under Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Blücher</a>; a fourth corps (the 3rd) of this army fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a> on the same day. The battle was known contemporarily as the Battle of Mont Saint-Jean in France (after the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean,_Belgium" title="Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium">Mont-Saint-Jean</a>) and La Belle Alliance in Prussia ("the Beautiful Alliance"; after the inn of <a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Alliance" title="La Belle Alliance">La Belle Alliance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-29">[15]</a> Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815 (beginning the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>), many states that had previously opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition and hurriedly mobilised their armies. Wellington's and Blücher's armies were <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantoned</a> close to the northeastern border of France. Napoleon planned to <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">attack them separately</a>, before they could link up and invade France with other members of the coalition. On 16 June, Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a> with his main force, while a small portion of the French army contested the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a> to prevent the Anglo-allied army from reinforcing the Prussians. The Anglo-allied army held their ground at Quatre Bras, and on the 17th, the Prussians withdrew from Ligny in good order, while Wellington then withdrew in parallel with the Prussians northward to Waterloo on 17 June. Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, which resulted in the separate <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a> with the Prussian rear-guard on 18–19 June and prevented that French force from participating at Waterloo. Upon learning that the Prussian Army was able to support him, Wellington decided to offer battle on the <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean,_Belgium" title="Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium">Mont-Saint-Jean</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[16]</a> escarpment across the Brussels Road, near the village of Waterloo. Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of 18 June,<a href="#cite_note-31">[17]</a> and was eventually aided by the progressively arriving 50,000 Prussians who attacked the French flank and inflicted heavy casualties. In the evening, Napoleon assaulted the Anglo-allied line with his last reserves, the senior infantry battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a>. With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank, the Anglo-allied army repulsed the Imperial Guard, and the French army was routed. Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a> and Napoleon's last. It was also the second bloodiest single day battle of the Napoleonic Wars, after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a>. According to Wellington, the battle was "the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life".<a href="#cite_note-32">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">Napoleon abdicated</a> four days later, and coalition forces entered Paris on 7 July. The defeat at Waterloo marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days return from exile. It precipitated Napoleon's second and definitive abdication as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a>, and ended the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>. It set a historical milestone between serial European wars and decades of <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">relative peace</a>, often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a>. In popular culture, the phrase "meeting one's Waterloo" has become an expression for someone suffering a final defeat. The battlefield is located in the Belgian municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Braine-l%27Alleud" title="Braine-l'Alleud">Braine-l'Alleud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lasne" title="Lasne">Lasne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcelis2015-33">[19]</a> about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the town of Waterloo. The site of the battlefield today is dominated by the monument of the <a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Mound" title="Lion's Mound">Lion's Mound</a>, a large artificial hill constructed from earth taken from the battlefield itself, but the topography of the battlefield near the mound has not been preserved. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg/300px-Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg/450px-Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg/600px-Strategic_Situation_of_Western_Europe_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>The strategic situation in Western Europe in 1815: 250,000 Frenchmen faced about 850,000 allied soldiers on four fronts. In addition, Napoleon was forced to leave 20,000 men in Western France to reduce a royalist insurrection.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="5135" /></a><figcaption>The resurgent <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s strategy was to isolate the Anglo-allied and Prussian armies and <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">annihilate each one separately</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/170px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/255px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/340px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, commander of the Anglo-allied army, who had gained notable successes against the French in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bl%C3%BCcher_(nach_Gebauer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bl%C3%BCcher_%28nach_Gebauer%29.jpg/170px-Bl%C3%BCcher_%28nach_Gebauer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bl%C3%BCcher_%28nach_Gebauer%29.jpg/255px-Bl%C3%BCcher_%28nach_Gebauer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bl%C3%BCcher_%28nach_Gebauer%29.jpg/340px-Bl%C3%BCcher_%28nach_Gebauer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> commanded the Prussian army, one of the Coalition armies that defeated Napoleon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></figcaption></figure> On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="extiw" title="s:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna">declared him an outlaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Brown_University_Library''-34">[20]</a> Four days later, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> mobilised armies to defeat Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199359-35">[21]</a> Critically outnumbered, Napoleon knew that once his attempts at dissuading one or more members of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Coalition">Seventh Coalition</a> from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the coalition mobilised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016,_1017,_1093-36">[22]</a> Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the existing coalition forces south of Brussels before they were reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. Crucially, this would have bought him time to recruit and train more men before turning his armies against the Austrians and Russians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895320–323-37">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[24]</a> An additional consideration for Napoleon was that a French victory might cause French-speaking sympathisers in <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Belgium_(1814%E2%80%931815)" title="Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)">Belgium</a> to launch a friendly revolution. Also, coalition troops in Belgium were largely second line, as many units were of dubious quality and loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016,_1017-39">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell201516-40">[26]</a> The initial dispositions of Wellington, the British commander, were intended to counter the threat of Napoleon enveloping the Coalition armies by moving through <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> to the south-west of Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189582-41">[27]</a> This would have pushed Wellington closer to the Prussian forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a>, but might have cut Wellington's communications with his base at <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>. In order to delay Wellington's deployment, Napoleon spread false intelligence which suggested that Wellington's supply chain from the channel ports would be cut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer2005136–160-42">[28]</a> By June, Napoleon had raised a total army strength of about 300,000 men. The force at his disposal at Waterloo was less than one third that size, but the rank and file were mostly loyal and experienced soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold196753,_58,_110-43">[29]</a> Napoleon divided his army into a left wing commanded by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Marshal Ney</a>, a right wing commanded by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel,_marquis_de_Grouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy">Marshal Grouchy</a> and a reserve under his command (although all three elements remained close enough to support one another). Crossing the frontier near <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> before dawn on 15 June, the French <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign:_Start_of_hostilities_(15_June)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign: Start of hostilities (15 June)">rapidly overran Coalition outposts</a>, securing Napoleon's "central position" between Wellington's and Blücher's armies. He hoped this would prevent them from combining, and he would be able to destroy first the Prussian army, then Wellington's.<a href="#cite_note-44">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simner-45">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hussey2017-46">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[33]</a> Only very late on the night of 15 June was Wellington certain that the Charleroi attack was the main French thrust. In the early hours of 16 June, at the <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Richmond%27s_ball" title="Duchess of Richmond's ball">Duchess of Richmond's ball</a> in Brussels, he received a dispatch from the <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince of Orange</a> and was shocked by the speed of Napoleon's advance. He hastily ordered his army to concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Quatre_Bras" title="Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a>, where the Prince of Orange, with the brigade of Prince <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Carl_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Carl of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar</a>, was holding a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney's left wing. Prince Bernhard and General <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_George_de_Perponcher_Sedlnitsky" title="Hendrik George de Perponcher Sedlnitsky">Perponcher</a> were by all accounts better informed of the French advance than other allied officials and their later initiatives to hold the crossroads proved vital for the outcome. General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_de_Constant_Rebecque" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque">Constant de Rebeque</a>, commander of one of the Dutch divisions, disobeyed Wellington's orders to march to his previous chosen concentration area around Nivelles, and decided to hold the crossroads and send urgent messages to the prince and Perponcher. This fact shows how little Wellington believed in a fast French advance towards Brussels. He did not believe in recent intelligence given to him by General Dörnberg, one of his intelligence officials warning him of numerous French outposts south of Charleroi as well as some reports sent by the intelligence of the Prussian 1st corps. Had these two generals obeyed his orders, Quatre-Bras in all probability would have fallen to the French giving them time to support Napoleon's attack on the Prussians in the Sombreffe area via the fast, cobbled road, and the history of the campaign would have been significantly different.<a href="#cite_note-48">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971508-49">[35]</a> Ney's orders were to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras so that he could later swing east and reinforce Napoleon if necessary. Ney found the crossroads lightly held by the Prince of Orange, who repelled Ney's initial attacks but was gradually driven back by overwhelming numbers of French troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a>. First reinforcements, and then Wellington arrived. He took command and drove Ney back, securing the crossroads by early evening, too late to send help to the Prussians, who had already been defeated.<a href="#cite_note-50">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simner-45">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perr2013-51">[37]</a> Meanwhile, on 16 June, Napoleon attacked and defeated Blücher at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a>, using part of the reserve and the right wing of his army. The Prussian centre gave way under heavy French assaults, but the flanks held their ground. <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign:_Ligny_through_Wavre_to_Waterloo" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo">The Prussian retreat from Ligny</a> went uninterrupted and seemingly unnoticed by the French. The bulk of their rearguard units held their positions until about midnight, and some elements did not move out until the following morning, ignored by the French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874144-52">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[39]</a> Crucially, the Prussians did not retreat to the east, along their own lines of communication. Instead, they, too, fell back northwards parallel to Wellington's line of march, still within supporting distance and in communication with him throughout. The Prussians rallied on <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Freiherr_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow">Bülow</a>'s IV Corps, which had not been engaged at Ligny and was in a strong position south of <a href="/wiki/Wavre" title="Wavre">Wavre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874144–145-54">[40]</a> With the Prussian retreat from Ligny, Wellington's position at Quatre Bras was untenable. The next day he withdrew northwards, to a defensive position that he had reconnoitred the previous year—the low <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">ridge</a> of Mont-Saint-Jean, south of the village of <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">Sonian Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971527-55">[41]</a> Napoleon, with the reserves, made a late start on 17 June and joined Ney at Quatre Bras at 13:00 to attack Wellington's army but found the position empty. The French pursued Wellington's retreating army to Waterloo; however, due to bad weather, mud and the head start that Napoleon's tardy advance had allowed Wellington, there was no substantial engagement, apart from a cavalry <a href="/wiki/Action_at_Genappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Genappe">action at Genappe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2020-57">[43]</a> Before leaving Ligny, Napoleon had ordered Grouchy, who commanded the right wing, to follow the retreating Prussians with 33,000 men. A late start, uncertainty about the direction the Prussians had taken, and the vagueness of the orders given to him meant that Grouchy was too late to prevent the Prussian army reaching Wavre, from where it could march to support Wellington. More importantly, the heavily outnumbered Prussian rearguard was able to use the River Dyle to fight a savage and prolonged action to delay Grouchy. Napoleon would get this information from Grouchy on the early morning of 18 June at a nearby farmhouse, La Caillou, where he was staying for the night; he responded to the message in mid-day.<a href="#cite_note-Waloo-58">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200564-59">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2020-57">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell2015122-60">[46]</a> As 17 June drew to a close, Wellington's army had arrived at its position at Waterloo, with the main body of Napoleon's army in pursuit. Blücher's army was gathering in and around Wavre, around 8 miles (13 km) to the east of the town. Early the next morning, Wellington received an assurance from Blücher that the Prussian army would support him. He decided to hold his ground and give battle.<a href="#cite_note-Watl1815-61">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2020-57">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armies">Armies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Armies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Marechal_Ney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="French Marshal Michel Ney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marechal_Ney.jpg/180px-Marechal_Ney.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marechal_Ney.jpg/270px-Marechal_Ney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marechal_Ney.jpg/360px-Marechal_Ney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2702" data-file-height="3217" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a>, who exercised tactical control of the greater part of the French forces for most of the battle</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:YoungwilliamII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="William II of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoungwilliamII.jpg/180px-YoungwilliamII.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoungwilliamII.jpg/270px-YoungwilliamII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoungwilliamII.jpg/360px-YoungwilliamII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="3400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a>, commander of the Anglo-allied <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign#I_Corps_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">I Corps</a></div></div></div></div></div> Three armies participated in the battle: Napoleon's Armée du Nord, a multinational army under Wellington, and a Prussian army under General Blücher. The French army of around 74,500 consisted of 54,014 infantry, 15,830 cavalry, and 8,775 artilleries with 254 guns.<a href="#cite_note-62">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[49]</a> Napoleon had used conscription to fill the ranks of the French army throughout his rule, but he did not conscript men for the 1815 campaign. His troops were mainly veterans with considerable experience and a fierce devotion to their Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover201430-64">[50]</a> The cavalry in particular was both numerous and formidable, and included fourteen regiments of armoured <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a>, and seven of highly versatile <a href="/wiki/Lancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancers">lancers</a> who were armed with lances, sabres and firearms.<a href="#cite_note-65">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sib-67">[53]</a> However, as the army took shape, French officers were allocated to units as they presented themselves for duty, so that many units were commanded by officers the soldiers did not know, and often did not trust. Crucially, some of these officers had little experience in working together as a unified force, so that support for other units was often not given.<a href="#cite_note-emo-68">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001133-69">[55]</a> The French were forced to march through rain and black coal-dust mud to reach Waterloo, and then to contend with mud and rain as they slept in the open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201429-70">[56]</a> Little food was available, but nevertheless the veteran soldiers were fiercely loyal to Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-emo-68">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201458-71">[57]</a> In December 1814, the British Army had been reduced by 47,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue2004228-72">[58]</a> This was largely achieved by the disbandment of the second battalion of 22 infantry regiments.<a href="#cite_note-73">[59]</a> Wellington later said that he had "an infamous army, very weak and ill-equipped, and a very inexperienced <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971485-74">[60]</a> His troops consisted of 74,326 men: 53,607 infantry, 13,400 cavalry, and 5,596 artillery with 156 guns plus engineers and staff.<a href="#cite_note-75">[61]</a> Of these, 27,985 (38%) were British, with another 7,686 (10%) from the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_German_Legion" title="King's German Legion">King's German Legion</a> (KGL). All of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> troops were regular soldiers, and the majority of them had served in the Peninsula. Of the 23 British line infantry regiments in action, only four (the 14th, 33rd, 69th, and 73rd Foot) had not served in the Peninsula, and a similar level of experience was to be found in the British cavalry and artillery. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chandler asserts that most of the British veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> were being transported to North America to fight in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661093-76">[62]</a> In addition, there were 21,035 (28.3%) Dutch-Belgian and Nassauer troops, 11,496 (15.5%) from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> and 6,124 (8.2%) from <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg#Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[63]</a> Many of the troops in the Coalition armies were inexperienced.<a href="#cite_note-78">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[h]</a> The Dutch army had been re-established in 1815, following the earlier defeat of Napoleon. With the exception of the British and some men from Hanover and Brunswick who had fought with the British army in Spain, many of the professional soldiers in the Coalition armies had spent some of their time in the French army or in armies allied to the Napoleonic regime. The historian <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero" title="Alessandro Barbero">Alessandro Barbero</a> states that in this heterogeneous army the difference between British and foreign troops did not prove significant under fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200619-80">[64]</a> Wellington was also acutely short of heavy cavalry, having only seven British and three Dutch regiments. The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a> imposed many of his staff officers on Wellington, including his second-in-command, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey" title="Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey">Earl of Uxbridge</a>. Uxbridge commanded the cavalry and had <a href="/wiki/Blank_cheque" title="Blank cheque">carte blanche</a> from Wellington to commit these forces at his discretion. Wellington stationed a further 17,000 troops at <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Belgium" title="Halle, Belgium">Halle</a>, 8 miles (13 km) away to the west. They were mostly composed of Dutch troops under the Prince of Orange's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Frederick of the Netherlands">Prince Frederick of the Netherlands</a>. They were placed as a guard against a wide flanking movement and also to act as a rearguard if Wellington was forced to retreat towards Antwerp and the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993239–240-81">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[i]</a> The Prussian army was in the throes of reorganisation. In 1815, the former Reserve regiments, Legions, and Freikorps volunteer formations from the wars of 1813–1814 were in the process of being absorbed into the line, along with many <a href="/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr">Landwehr</a> (militia) regiments. The Landwehr were mostly untrained and unequipped when they arrived in Belgium. The Prussian cavalry were in a similar state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200559-83">[66]</a> Its artillery was also reorganising and did not give its best performance—guns and equipment continued to arrive during and after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62-84">[67]</a> Offsetting these handicaps, the Prussian army had excellent and professional leadership in its <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">general staff</a>. These officers came from four schools developed for this purpose and thus worked to a common standard of training. This system was in marked contrast to the conflicting, vague orders issued by the French army. This staff system ensured that before Ligny, three-quarters of the Prussian army had concentrated for battle with 24 hours' notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62-84">[67]</a> After Ligny, the Prussian army, although defeated, was able to realign its supply train, reorganise itself, and intervene decisively on the Waterloo battlefield within 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62-84">[67]</a> Two-and-a-half Prussian army corps, or 48,000 men, were engaged at Waterloo; two brigades under Bülow, commander of IV Corps, attacked <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mouton" title="Georges Mouton">Lobau</a> at 16:30, while <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ernst_Karl,_Graf_von_Zieten" title="Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten">Zieten</a>'s I Corps and parts of <a href="/wiki/Pirch_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirch I">Pirch I</a>'s II Corps engaged at about 18:00.<a href="#cite_note-85">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield">Battlefield</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battlefield">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Waterloo_Battlefield_locations" title="List of Waterloo Battlefield locations">List of Waterloo Battlefield locations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo.1816.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Waterloo.1816.02.jpg/220px-Waterloo.1816.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Waterloo.1816.02.jpg/330px-Waterloo.1816.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Waterloo.1816.02.jpg/440px-Waterloo.1816.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="4126" /></a><figcaption>An 1816 map of the local topography and the location of the battle</figcaption></figure> The Waterloo position chosen by Wellington was a strong one. It consisted of a long ridge running east–west, perpendicular to, and bisected by, the main road to Brussels. Along the crest of the ridge ran the <a href="/wiki/Ohain,_Belgium" title="Ohain, Belgium">Ohain</a> road, a deep <a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">sunken lane</a>. Near the crossroads with the Brussels road was <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Elm" title="Waterloo Elm">a large elm tree</a> that was roughly in the centre of Wellington's position and served as his command post for much of the day. Wellington deployed his infantry in a line just behind the crest of the ridge following the Ohain road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200578–79-86">[69]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_slope_defence" title="Reverse slope defence">reverse slope</a>, as he had many times previously, Wellington concealed his strength from the French, with the exception of his <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a> and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200578–79-86">[69]</a> The length of front of the battlefield was also relatively short at 2.5 miles (4 km). This allowed Wellington to draw up his forces in depth, which he did in the centre and on the right, all the way towards the village of <a href="/wiki/Braine-l%27Alleud" title="Braine-l'Alleud">Braine-l'Alleud</a>, in the expectation that the Prussians would reinforce his left during the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200580-87">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_(14152126362).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_%2814152126362%29.jpg/300px-Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_%2814152126362%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_%2814152126362%29.jpg/450px-Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_%2814152126362%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_%2814152126362%29.jpg/600px-Belgium-6773_-_Battlefield_View_%2814152126362%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A view of the battlefield from the Lion's Mound. At the top right are the buildings of <a href="/wiki/La_Haye_Sainte" title="La Haye Sainte">La Haye Sainte</a>.</figcaption></figure> In front of the ridge, there were three positions that could be fortified. On the extreme right were the château, garden, and orchard of <a href="/wiki/Hougoumont_(farmhouse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hougoumont (farmhouse)">Hougoumont</a>. This was a large and well-built country house, initially hidden in trees. The house faced north along a sunken, covered lane (usually described by the British as "the hollow-way") along which it could be supplied. On the extreme left was the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Papelotte" title="Papelotte">Papelotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005149-88">[71]</a> Both Hougoumont and Papelotte were fortified and garrisoned, and thus anchored Wellington's <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanks</a> securely. Papelotte also commanded the road to Wavre that the Prussians would use to send reinforcements to Wellington's position. On the western side of the main road, and in front of the rest of Wellington's line, was the farmhouse and orchard of <a href="/wiki/La_Haye_Sainte" title="La Haye Sainte">La Haye Sainte</a>, which was garrisoned with 400 light infantry of the King's German Legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005149-88">[71]</a> On the opposite side of the road was a disused sand quarry, where the <a href="/wiki/95th_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="95th Rifles">95th Rifles</a> were posted as sharpshooters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190058-89">[72]</a> Wellington's forces positioning presented a formidable challenge to any attacking force. Any attempt to turn Wellington's right would entail taking the entrenched Hougoumont position. Any attack on his right centre would mean the attackers would have to march between <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">enfilading fire</a> from Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. On the left, any attack would also be enfiladed by fire from La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit, and any attempt at turning the left flank would entail fighting through the lanes and hedgerows surrounding Papelotte and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Waterloo_Battlefield_locations#Eastern_end_of_the_line_of_battle" title="List of Waterloo Battlefield locations">other garrisoned buildings</a> on that flank, and some very wet ground in the Smohain <a href="/wiki/Defile_(geography)" title="Defile (geography)">defile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141,_235-90">[73]</a> The French army formed on the slopes of another ridge to the south. Napoleon could not see Wellington's positions, so he drew his forces up symmetrically about the Brussels road. On the right was I Corps under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">d'Erlon</a> with 16,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, plus a cavalry reserve of 4,700. On the left was II Corps under <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Charles_Reille" title="Honoré Charles Reille">Reille</a> with 13,000 infantry, and 1,300 cavalry, and a cavalry reserve of 4,600. In the centre about the road south of the inn <a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Alliance" title="La Belle Alliance">La Belle Alliance</a> were a reserve including Lobau's VI Corps with 6,000 men, the 13,000 infantry of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_I)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)">Imperial Guard</a>, and a cavalry reserve of 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200583–85-91">[74]</a> In the right rear of the French position was the substantial village of <a href="/wiki/Plancenoit" title="Plancenoit">Plancenoit</a>, and at the extreme right, the Bois de Paris wood. Napoleon initially commanded the battle from Rossomme farm, where he could see the entire battlefield, but moved to a position near La Belle Alliance early in the afternoon. Command on the battlefield (which was largely hidden from his view) was delegated to Ney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200591-92">[75]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the Waterloo battlefield, 2012"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg/1100px-Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg/1650px-Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg/2200px-Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6882" data-file-height="1078" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_waterloo_v2.jpg" title="File:Panorama waterloo v2.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the Waterloo battlefield, 2012</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation">Preparation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/300px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/450px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/600px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Waterloo campaign</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo,_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st,_morning_of_the_battle_(Alison).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st%2C_morning_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st%2C_morning_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st%2C_morning_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st%2C_morning_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st%2C_morning_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_1st%2C_morning_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4311" data-file-height="3346" /></a><figcaption>Morning of the battle, initial disposition of opposing forces (Atlas to Alison's history of Europe)</figcaption></figure> Wellington rose at around 02:00 or 03:00 on 18 June, and wrote letters until dawn. He had earlier written to Blücher confirming that he would give battle at Mont-Saint-Jean if Blücher could provide him with at least one corps; otherwise he would retreat towards Brussels. At a late-night council, Blücher's chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/August_Neidhardt_von_Gneisenau" title="August Neidhardt von Gneisenau">August Neidhardt von Gneisenau</a>, had been distrustful of Wellington's strategy, but Blücher persuaded him that they should march to join Wellington's army. In the morning Wellington duly received a reply from Blücher, promising to support him with three corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971535–536-93">[76]</a> From 06:00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces. At Wavre, the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape, not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny. Although they had not taken casualties, IV Corps had been marching for two days, covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny. They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield, and progress was very slow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141-94">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gre2015-95">[78]</a> The roads were in poor condition after the night's heavy rain, and Bülow's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88 artillery pieces. Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre, blocking several streets along Bülow's intended route. As a result, the last part of the corps left at 10:00, six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo. Bülow's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141-94">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gre2015-95">[78]</a> Napoleon breakfasted off silver plate at Le Caillou, the house where he had spent the night. When <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a> suggested that Grouchy should be recalled to join the main force, Napoleon said, "Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington, you think he's a good general. I tell you Wellington is a bad general, the English are bad troops, and this affair is nothing more than eating breakfast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971547-96">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gre2015-95">[78]</a> Napoleon's seemingly dismissive remark may have been strategic, given his maxim "in war, morale is everything". He had acted similarly in the past, and on the morning of the battle of Waterloo may have been responding to the pessimism and objections of his chief of staff and senior generals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001163–166-97">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg/300px-Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg/450px-Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg/600px-Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Jean,_Belgium" title="Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium">Battle of Mont-Saint-Jean</a></figcaption></figure> Later on, being told by his brother, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jerome</a>, of some gossip overheard by a waiter between British officers at lunch at the King of Spain inn in Genappe that the Prussians were to march over from Wavre, Napoleon declared that the Prussians would need at least two days to recover and would be dealt with by Grouchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200573-98">[81]</a> Surprisingly, Jerome's overheard gossip aside, the French commanders present at the pre-battle conference at Le Caillou had no information about the alarming proximity of the Prussians and did not suspect that Blücher's men would start erupting onto the field of battle in great numbers just five hours later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001xxxii-99">[82]</a> Napoleon had delayed the start of the battle owing to the sodden ground, which would have made manoeuvring cavalry and artillery difficult. In addition, many of his forces had <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouacked</a> well to the south of La Belle Alliance. At 10:00, in response to a dispatch he had received from Grouchy six hours earlier, he sent a reply telling Grouchy to "head for Wavre [to Grouchy's north] in order to draw near to us [to the west of Grouchy]" and then "push before him" the Prussians to arrive at Waterloo "as soon as possible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971548-100">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gre2015-95">[78]</a> At 11:00, Napoleon drafted his general order: Reille's Corps on the left and d'Erlon's Corps to the right were to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean and keep abreast of one another. This order assumed Wellington's battle-line was in the village, rather than at the more forward position on the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonaparte1869292–293-101">[84]</a> To enable this, Jerome's division would make an initial attack on Hougoumont, which Napoleon expected would draw in Wellington's reserves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUS-QQxjHnn8CpgPA20_20]-102">[85]</a> since its loss would threaten his communications with the sea. A <a href="/wiki/Grand_Battery" title="Grand Battery">grande batterie</a> of the reserve artillery of I, II, and VI Corps was to then bombard the centre of Wellington's position from about 13:00. D'Erlon's corps would then attack Wellington's left, break through, and roll up his line from east to west. In his memoirs, Napoleon wrote that his intention was to separate Wellington's army from the Prussians and drive it back towards the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200595–98-103">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hougoumont">Hougoumont</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hougoumont">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hougoumont" title="Hougoumont">Hougoumont</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg/220px-Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg/330px-Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg/440px-Nassau_-_Hougoumont_-_Papendrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Nassau troops at Hougoumont farm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg/220px-800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg/330px-800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg/440px-800px-North_gate_Hougoumont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The gate on the north side assaulted by the 1st Légère who were led by Sous-lieutenant Legros<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamar2000119-104">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> Historian Andrew Roberts notes that "It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200555-105">[88]</a> Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at "about ten o'clock [Napoleon] commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley1815''To_Earl_Bathurst._Waterloo,_19_June_1815''-106">[89]</a> Other sources state that the attack began around 11:30.<a href="#cite_note-107">[j]</a> The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of <a href="/wiki/Foot_guards" title="Foot guards">Guards</a>, and the wood and park by Hanoverian <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger (military)">Jäger</a> and the 1/2nd Nassau.<a href="#cite_note-108">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005113–114-109">[90]</a> The initial attack by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bauduin" title="Pierre François Bauduin">Pierre François Bauduin</a>'s brigade emptied the wood and park, but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire, and cost Bauduin his life. As the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artillery, a second attack by Soye's brigade and what had been Bauduin's succeeded in reaching the north gate of the house. Sous-Lieutenant Legros, a French officer, broke the gate open with an axe, and some French troops managed to enter the courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiers1862215-110">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Guards" title="Scots Guards">Scots Guards</a> arrived to support the defence. There was a fierce melee, and the British managed to close the gate on the French troops streaming in. The Frenchmen trapped in the courtyard were all killed. Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon. Its surroundings were heavily invested by French light infantry, and coordinated attacks were made against the troops behind Hougoumont. Wellington's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it. In the afternoon, Napoleon personally ordered the house to be shelled to set it on fire,<a href="#cite_note-111">[l]</a> resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel. Du Plat's brigade of the King's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way, which they had to do without senior officers. Eventually they were relieved by the <a href="/wiki/71st_(Highland)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot">71st Highlanders</a>, a British infantry regiment. Adam's brigade was further reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Halkett" title="Hugh Halkett">Hugh Halkett</a>'s 3rd Hanoverian Brigade, and successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille. Hougoumont held out until the end of the battle. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I had occupied that post with a detachment from General <a href="/wiki/John_Byng,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford" title="John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford">Byng</a>'s brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel MacDonald, and afterwards of Colonel Home; and I am happy to add that it was maintained, throughout the day, with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wellington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth181510-112">[92]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When I reached <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lloyd (British Army officer)">Lloyd</a>'s abandoned guns, I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene: it was grand beyond description. Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible. Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen; there, gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the <a href="/wiki/Cuirassiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuirassiers">cuirassiers</a> were moving; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed—together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano. Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us, and it was time to leave contemplation, so I moved towards our columns, which were standing up in square.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Major Macready, Light Division, 30th British Regiment, Halkett's brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreasy1877[httpwwwstandinsefifteen15ahtm_Chapter_XV]-113">[93]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The fighting at Hougoumont has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to draw in Wellington's reserves which escalated into an all-day battle and drew in French reserves instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971552–554-114">[94]</a> In fact there is a good case to believe that both Napoleon and Wellington thought that holding Hougoumont was key to winning the battle. Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005298-115">[95]</a> and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon (33 battalions in all, 14,000 troops). Similarly, though the house never contained a large number of troops, Wellington devoted 21 battalions (12,000 troops) over the course of the afternoon in keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to reach the buildings. He moved several artillery batteries from his hard-pressed centre to support Hougoumont,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005305,_306-116">[96]</a> and later stated that "the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200557-117">[97]</a> Much like the fight for Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg in the US Civil War some fifty years later, the struggle for Hougoumont became the key battle within the battle. Hougoumont proved to be decisive terrain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Grand_Battery_starts_its_bombardment">The Grand Battery starts its bombardment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Grand Battery starts its bombardment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Battle_of_Waterloo.svg/300px-Battle_of_Waterloo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Battle_of_Waterloo.svg/450px-Battle_of_Waterloo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Battle_of_Waterloo.svg/600px-Battle_of_Waterloo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle: Napoleon's units are in blue, Wellington's in red, Blücher's in grey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo,_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd,_crisis_of_the_battle_(Alison).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd%2C_crisis_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd%2C_crisis_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd%2C_crisis_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd%2C_crisis_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd%2C_crisis_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Waterloo%2C_18_June_1815_-_sheet_2nd%2C_crisis_of_the_battle_%28Alison%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4291" data-file-height="3290" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the crisis of the battle (Atlas to Alison's history of Europe)</figcaption></figure> The 80 guns of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Battery" title="Grand Battery">Napoleon's grande batterie</a> drew up in the centre. These opened fire at 11:50, according to <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Lord Hill</a> (commander of the Anglo-allied II Corps),<a href="#cite_note-118">[m]</a> while other sources put the time between noon and 13:30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005131-119">[98]</a> The grande batterie was too far back to aim accurately, and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack, and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_George_de_Perponcher_Sedlnitsky" title="Hendrik George de Perponcher Sedlnitsky">Perponcher</a>'s 2nd Dutch division (the others were employing Wellington's characteristic "reverse slope defence").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993286-120">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[n]</a> The bombardment caused a large number of casualties. Although some projectiles buried themselves in the soft soil, most found their marks on the reverse slope of the ridge. The bombardment forced the cavalry of the Union Brigade (in third line) to move to its left, to reduce their casualty rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993287-122">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon_spots_the_Prussians">Napoleon spots the Prussians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Napoleon spots the Prussians">edit</a>]</div> At about 13:15, Napoleon saw the first columns of Prussians around the village of <a href="/wiki/Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert">Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert</a>, 4 to 5 miles (6.4 to 8.0 km) away from his right flank—about three hours march for an army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005136-123">[101]</a> Napoleon's reaction was to have Marshal Soult send a message to Grouchy telling him to come towards the battlefield and attack the arriving Prussians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005145-124">[102]</a> Grouchy, however, had been executing Napoleon's previous orders to follow the Prussians "with your sword against his back" towards Wavre, and was by then too far away to reach Waterloo.<a href="#cite_note-Daws2017-125">[103]</a> Grouchy was advised by his subordinate, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a>, to "march to the sound of the guns", but stuck to his orders and engaged the Prussian III Corps rearguard, under the command of Lieutenant-General Baron <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Thielmann" title="Johann von Thielmann">von Thielmann</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a>. Moreover, Soult's letter ordering Grouchy to move quickly to join Napoleon and attack Bülow would not actually reach Grouchy until after 20:00.<a href="#cite_note-Daws2017-125">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_French_infantry_attack">First French infantry attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First French infantry attack">edit</a>]</div> A little after 13:00, I Corps' attack began in large <a href="/wiki/Column_(formation)" title="Column (formation)">columns</a>. Bernard Cornwell writes "[column] suggests an elongated formation with its narrow end aimed like a spear at the enemy line, while in truth it was much more like a brick advancing sideways and d'Erlon's assault was made up of four such bricks, each one a division of French infantry".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell2015''Those_terrible_grey_horses,_how_they_fight''-126">[104]</a> Each division, with one exception, was drawn up in huge masses, consisting of the eight or nine battalions of which they were formed, deployed, and placed in a column one behind the other, with only five paces interval between the battalions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228-127">[105]</a> The one exception was the 1st Division (led by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Quiot_du_Passage" title="Joachim Jérôme Quiot du Passage">Quiot</a>, the commander of the 1st Brigade).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228-127">[105]</a> Its two brigades were formed in a similar manner, but side by side instead of behind one another. This was done because, being on the left of the four divisions, it was ordered to send one (Quiot's brigade) against the south and west of La Haye Sainte, while the other (<a href="/wiki/Baron_Charles-Francois_Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Charles-Francois Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a>') was to attack the eastern side of the same post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228-127">[105]</a> The divisions were to advance in <a href="/wiki/Echelon_(formation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echelon (formation)">echelon</a> from the left at a distance of 400 paces apart—the 2nd Division (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Donzelot" title="François-Xavier Donzelot">Donzelot</a>'s) on the right of Bourgeois' brigade, the 3rd Division (<a href="/wiki/Pierre-Louis_Binet_de_Marcognet" title="Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet">Marcognet</a>'s) next, and the 4th Division (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Durutte" title="Pierre François Joseph Durutte">Durutte</a>'s) on the right. They were led by Ney to the assault, each column having a front of about a hundred and sixty to two hundred <a href="/wiki/File_(formation)" title="File (formation)">files</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228-127">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG/220px-Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG/330px-Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG/440px-Ferme_de_la_Haie_Sainte_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>La Haye Sainte – one of Wellington's advanced defensible positions. As the battle progressed it became clear that its defence and control was of greatest tactical importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201464-128">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> The leftmost division advanced on the walled farmhouse compound <a href="/wiki/La_Haye_Sainte" title="La Haye Sainte">La Haye Sainte</a>. The farmhouse was defended by the King's German Legion. While one French battalion engaged the defenders from the front, the following battalions fanned out to either side and, with the support of several squadrons of cuirassiers, succeeded in isolating the farmhouse. The King's German Legion resolutely defended the farmhouse. Each time the French tried to scale the walls, the outnumbered Germans somehow held them off. The <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince of Orange</a> saw that La Haye Sainte had been cut off and tried to reinforce it by sending forward the Hanoverian Lüneburg Battalion in line. Cuirassiers concealed in a fold in the ground caught and destroyed it in minutes and then rode on past La Haye Sainte, almost to the crest of the ridge, where they covered d'Erlon's left flank as his attack developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993289–293-129">[107]</a> At about 13:30, d'Erlon started to advance his three other divisions, some 14,000 men over a front of about 1,000 metres (1,100 yards), against Wellington's left wing. At the point they aimed for, they faced 6,000 men: the first line consisted of the 1st brigade (<a href="/wiki/Van_Bylandt%27s_brigade" title="Van Bylandt's brigade">Van Bylandt's brigade</a>) of the 2nd Netherlands Division, flanked by the British brigades of Kempt and Pack on either side. The second line consisted of British and Hanoverian troops under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Picton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Picton">Sir Thomas Picton</a>, who were lying down in dead ground behind the ridge. All had suffered badly at Quatre Bras. In addition, Bylandt's brigade had been ordered to deploy its skirmishers in the hollow road and on the forward slope. The rest of the brigade was lying down just behind the road.<a href="#cite_note-130">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[p]</a> At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions, the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire. On the left of the brigade, where the 7th Dutch Militia stood, a "few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred".<a href="#cite_note-132">[108]</a> The battalion had no reserves and was unable to close the gap.<a href="#cite_note-136">[t]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg/220px-Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg/330px-Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg/440px-Andrieux_-_La_bataille_de_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Waterloo by <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment-Auguste_Andrieux" title="Clément-Auguste Andrieux">Clément-Auguste Andrieux</a></figcaption></figure> D'Erlon's men ascended the slope and advanced on the sunken road, Chemin d'Ohain, that ran from behind La Haye Sainte and continued east. It was lined on both sides by thick hedges, with Bylandt's brigade just across the road, while the British brigades had been lying down some 100 yards back from the road, Pack's to Bylandt's left and Kempt's to Bylandt's right. Kempt's 1,900 men were engaged by Bourgeois' brigade of 1,900 men of Quiot's division. In the centre, Donzelot's division had pushed back Bylandt's brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006134–138-137">[109]</a> On the right of the French advance was Marcognet's division, led by Grenier's brigade, consisting of the 45e Régiment de Ligne and followed by the 25e Régiment de Ligne, somewhat less than 2,000 men, and behind them, Nogue's brigade of the 21e and 45e regiments. Opposing them on the other side of the road was <a href="/wiki/Denis_Pack" title="Denis Pack">Pack</a>'s 9th Brigade, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/44th_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="44th Foot">44th Foot</a> and three Scottish regiments: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots" title="Royal Scots">Royal Scots</a>, the 42nd <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch" title="Black Watch">Black Watch</a>, and the 92nd Gordons, totalling something over 2,000 men. A very even fight between British and French infantry was about to occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006134–138-137">[109]</a> The French advance drove in the British skirmishers and reached the sunken road. As they did so, Pack's men stood up, formed into a four-deep line formation for fear of the French cavalry, advanced, and opened fire. However, a firefight had been anticipated and the French infantry had accordingly advanced in more linear formation. Now, fully deployed into line, they returned fire and successfully pressed the British troops; although the attack faltered at the centre, the line in front of d'Erlon's right started to crumble. Picton was killed shortly after ordering a counter-attack, and the British and Hanoverian troops also began to give way under the pressure of numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993296–297-138">[110]</a> Pack's regiments, all four ranks deep, advanced to attack the French in the road but faltered and began to fire on the French instead of charging. The 42nd Black Watch halted at the hedge and the resulting fire-fight drove back the British 92nd Foot, while the leading French 45e Ligne burst through the hedge cheering. Along the sunken road, the French were forcing the Anglo-allies back, the British line was dispersing, and at two o'clock in the afternoon Napoleon was winning the Battle of Waterloo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006138-139">[111]</a> Reports from <a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_M%C3%BCffling" title="Karl Freiherr von Müffling">Baron von Müffling</a>, the Prussian liaison officer attached to Wellington's army, relate that, "After 3 o'clock the Duke's situation became critical, unless the succour of the Prussian army arrived soon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum2002211-140">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charge_of_the_British_heavy_cavalry">Charge of the British heavy cavalry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charge of the British heavy cavalry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything. They never consider the situation, never think of manoeuvring before an enemy, and never keep back or provide a reserve.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wellington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006140–142-141">[113]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_Forever!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Scotland_Forever%21.jpg/300px-Scotland_Forever%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Scotland_Forever%21.jpg/450px-Scotland_Forever%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Scotland_Forever%21.jpg/600px-Scotland_Forever%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Scotland Forever!, the charge of the Royal Scots Greys at Waterloo painted by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Thompson" title="Elizabeth Thompson">Elizabeth Thompson</a></figcaption></figure> At this crucial juncture, Uxbridge ordered his two brigades of British heavy cavalry—formed unseen behind the ridge—to charge in support of the hard-pressed infantry. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)">1st Brigade</a>, known as the Household Brigade, commanded by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_Somerset" title="Lord Edward Somerset">Lord Edward Somerset</a>, consisted of guards regiments: the <a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment_of_Life_Guards" title="1st Regiment of Life Guards">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Regiment_of_Life_Guards" title="2nd Regiment of Life Guards">2nd Life Guards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards" title="Royal Horse Guards">Royal Horse Guards</a> (the Blues), and the <a href="/wiki/1st_King%27s_Dragoon_Guards" title="1st King's Dragoon Guards">1st (King's) Dragoon Guards</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="2nd Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)">2nd Brigade</a>, also known as the Union Brigade, commanded by Major-General <a href="/wiki/William_Ponsonby_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Ponsonby (British Army officer)">Sir William Ponsonby</a>, was so called as it consisted of an English (the <a href="/wiki/1st_The_Royal_Dragoons" title="1st The Royal Dragoons">1st or The Royals</a>), a Scottish (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Greys" title="Royal Scots Greys">2nd Scots Greys</a>), and an Irish (<a href="/wiki/6th_(Inniskilling)_Dragoons" title="6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons">6th or Inniskilling</a>) regiment of heavy dragoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001217-142">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990125-143">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kn%C3%B6tel_IV,_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg/170px-Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg/255px-Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg/340px-Kn%C3%B6tel_IV%2C_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>British Household Cavalry charging</figcaption></figure> More than 20 years of warfare had eroded the numbers of suitable cavalry mounts available on the European continent; this resulted in the British heavy cavalry entering the 1815 campaign with the finest horses of any contemporary cavalry arm. British cavalry troopers also received excellent mounted swordsmanship training. They were, however, inferior to the French in manoeuvring in large formations, were cavalier in attitude, and, unlike the infantry, some units had scant experience of warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006140–142-141">[113]</a> The Scots Greys, for example, had not been in action since 1795.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197217-144">[116]</a> According to Wellington, though they were superior individual horsemen, they were inflexible and lacked tactical ability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006140–142-141">[113]</a> "I considered one squadron a match for two French, I didn't like to see four British opposed to four French: and as the numbers increased and order, of course, became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmanHall1902119-145">[117]</a> The two brigades had a combined field strength of about 2,000 (2,651 official strength); they charged with the 47-year-old Uxbridge leading them and a very inadequate number of squadrons held in reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005188-146">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[u]</a> There is evidence that Uxbridge gave an order, the morning of the battle, to all cavalry brigade commanders to commit their commands on their own initiative, as direct orders from himself might not always be forthcoming, and to "support movements to their front".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover2004''Letter_16:_Frederick_Stovin_(ADC_to_Sir_Thomas_Picton)''-148">[119]</a> It appears that Uxbridge expected the brigades of <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Ormsby_Vandeleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur">Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussey_Vivian,_1st_Baron_Vivian" title="Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian">Hussey Vivian</a>, and the Dutch cavalry to provide support to the British heavies. Uxbridge later regretted leading the charge in person, saying "I committed a great mistake", when he should have been organising an adequate reserve to move forward in support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891''Letter_5'',_pp._7–10-149">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg/170px-Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg/255px-Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg/340px-Richard_Ansdell_%E2%80%94_The_Fight_For_The_Standard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ewart" title="Charles Ewart">Sergeant Ewart</a> of the Scots Greys capturing the eagle of the 45e Ligne in The Fight For The Standard by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ansdell" title="Richard Ansdell">Richard Ansdell</a></figcaption></figure> The Household Brigade crossed the crest of the Anglo-allied position and charged downhill. The cuirassiers guarding d'Erlon's left flank were still dispersed, and so were swept over the deeply sunken main road and then routed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005426,_note_18-150">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[v]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lord Edward Somerset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye1900182-153">[123]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, in Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk, described the following scene:<blockquote>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Elley" title="John Elley">John Elley</a>, who led the charge of the heavy brigade, was [...] at one time surrounded by several of the cuirassiers; but, being a tall and uncommonly powerful man, completely master of his sword and horse, he cut his way out, leaving several of his assailants on the ground, marked with wounds, indicating the unusual strength of the arm which inflicted them. Indeed, had not the ghastly evidence remained on the field, many of the blows dealt upon this occasion would have seemed borrowed from the annals of knight-errantry [...]</blockquote>Continuing their attack, the squadrons on the left of the Household Brigade then destroyed Aulard's brigade. Despite attempts to recall them, they continued past La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill on blown horses facing Schmitz's brigade <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">formed in squares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2013160-154">[124]</a> To their left, the Union Brigade suddenly swept through the infantry lines, giving rise to the legend that some of the <a href="/wiki/92nd_(Gordon_Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot">92nd Gordon Highland Regiment</a> clung onto their stirrups and accompanied them into the charge.<a href="#cite_note-155">[w]</a> From the centre leftwards, the Royal Dragoons destroyed Bourgeois' brigade, capturing the eagle of the 105e Ligne. The Inniskillings routed the other brigade of Quoit's division, and the Scots Greys came upon the lead French regiment, 45e Ligne, as it was still reforming after having crossed the sunken road and broken through the hedge row in pursuit of the British infantry. The Greys captured the eagle of the 45e Ligne<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005198–204-156">[125]</a> and overwhelmed Grenier's brigade. These would be the only two <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Eagle" title="French Imperial Eagle">French eagles</a> captured by the British during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006155-157">[126]</a> On Wellington's extreme left, Durutte's division had time to form squares and fend off groups of Greys. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg/170px-Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg/255px-Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg/340px-Chevau-l%C3%A9ger_lancier_du_2e_r%C3%A9giment_by_Bellange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Private of the Chevau-légers of the line (lancers) who routed the Union Brigade</figcaption></figure> As with the Household Cavalry, the officers of the Royals and Inniskillings found it very difficult to rein back their troops, who lost all cohesion. Having taken casualties, and still trying to reorder themselves, the Scots Greys and the rest of the Union Brigade found themselves before the main French lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994304-158">[127]</a> Their horses were blown, and they were still in disorder without any idea of what their next collective objective was. Some attacked nearby gun batteries of the Grande Battery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWooten199342-159">[128]</a> Although the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off, they put very many out of action as the gun crews were killed or fled the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005211-160">[129]</a> Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Greys stated that his regiment was rallied before going on to attack the French artillery: Hamilton, the regimental commander, rather than holding them back cried out to his men "Charge, charge the guns!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1999252-161">[130]</a> Napoleon promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack by the cuirassier brigades of Farine and Travers and Jaquinot's two <a href="/wiki/Chevau-l%C3%A9ger" title="Chevau-léger">Chevau-léger</a> (lancer) regiments in the I Corps <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> division. Disorganized and milling about the bottom of the valley between Hougoumont and La Belle Alliance, the Scots Greys and the rest of the British heavy cavalry were taken by surprise by the countercharge of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Jean_Baptiste_Milhaud" title="Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud">Milhaud</a>'s cuirassiers, joined by lancers from Baron Jaquinot's 1st Cavalry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994303–304-162">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg/220px-Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg/330px-Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg/440px-Alphonse%2BLalauze-P.%2BEugene%2BOf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Dutch Belgian carabiniers at Waterloo</figcaption></figure> As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers, he was attacked by Jaquinot's lancers and captured. A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander. The French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994304-158">[127]</a> By the time Ponsonby died, the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French. Milhaud's and Jaquinot's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley. The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895425–426-163">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199986-164">[133]</a> A countercharge, by British light dragoons under Major-General Vandeleur and Dutch–Belgian light dragoons and <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a> under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89tienne_de_Ghigny" title="Charles Étienne de Ghigny">Ghigny</a> on the left wing, and Dutch–Belgian <a href="/wiki/Carabinier" title="Carabinier">carabiniers</a> under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dominicus_Trip_van_Zoudtlandt" title="Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt">Trip</a> in the centre, repelled the French cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005219–223-165">[134]</a> All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates, as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-166">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[x]</a> Some historians, Barbero for example,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006142–143-168">[136]</a> believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were, as a result, considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest.<a href="#cite_note-169">[y]</a> The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed (including its commander, William Ponsonby, and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys) and wounded. The 2nd Life Guards and the King's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily (with Colonel Fuller, commander of the King's DG, killed). However, the 1st Life Guards, on the extreme right of the charge, and the Blues, who formed a reserve, had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.<a href="#cite_note-170">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[z]</a> On the rolls the official, or paper strength, for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006142–143-168">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[aa]</a> and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001217-142">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[ab]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg/300px-De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg/450px-De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg/600px-De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="9818" data-file-height="6500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Willem_Pieneman" title="Jan Willem Pieneman">Jan Willem Pieneman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Waterloo_(Pieneman_painting)" title="The Battle of Waterloo (Pieneman painting)">The Battle of Waterloo</a> (1824). Duke of Wellington, centre, flanked on his left by Lord Uxbridge in hussar uniform. On the image's far left, Cpl. Styles of the Royal Dragoons flourishes the eagle of the 105e Ligne. The wounded Prince of Orange is carried from the field in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> Some historians, such as Chandler, Weller, Uffindell, and Corum, assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable force following their first, epic charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller2010104-174">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum200282-175">[139]</a> Barbero states that the Scots Greys were practically wiped out and that the other two regiments of the Union Brigade suffered comparable losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006164-176">[140]</a> Other historians, such as Clark-Kennedy and Wood, citing British eyewitness accounts, describe the continuing role of the heavy cavalry after their charge. The heavy brigades, far from being ineffective, continued to provide valuable services. They countercharged French cavalry numerous times (both brigades),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891Letters:_18,_26,_104-177">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111-178">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2001142–143-179">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895164,_171-180">[144]</a> halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack (Household Brigade only),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189138-181">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990144-182">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotton184990–91-183">[147]</a> were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis, and filled gaps in the Anglo-allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations (both brigades).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891Letters_9,_18,_36-184">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990146-185">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975110–111-186">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895177-187">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1999270–271-188">[152]</a> This service was rendered at a very high cost, as close combat with French cavalry, carbine fire, infantry musketry, and—more deadly than all of these—artillery fire steadily eroded the number of effectives in the two brigades.<a href="#cite_note-189">[ac]</a> At 6 o'clock in the afternoon the whole Union Brigade could field only three squadrons, though these countercharged French cavalry, losing half their number in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111-178">[142]</a> At the end of the fighting, the two brigades, by this time combined, could muster one squadron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111-178">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895177-187">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189139-190">[153]</a> Fourteen thousand French troops of d'Erlon's I Corps had been committed to this attack. The I Corps had been driven in rout back across the valley, costing Napoleon 3,000 casualties<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspositoElting1999354,_Map_166-191">[154]</a> including over 2,000 prisoners taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006156-192">[155]</a> Also some valuable time was lost, as the charge had dispersed numerous units and it would take until 16:00 for d'Erlon's shaken corps to reform. And although elements of the Prussians now began to appear on the field to his right, Napoleon had already ordered Lobau's VI corps to move to the right flank to hold them back before d'Erlon's attack began. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_cavalry_attack">The French cavalry attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The French cavalry attack">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg/220px-Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg/330px-Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg/440px-Marechal_Ney_%C3%A0_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Marshal Ney</a> leading the French cavalry charge, from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dumoulin" title="Louis Dumoulin">Louis Dumoulin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Panorama_of_the_Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo">Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo</a></figcaption></figure> A little before 16:00, Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington's centre. He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat, and sought to exploit it. Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps, Ney had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. Ney therefore tried to break Wellington's centre with cavalry alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895443–449-193">[156]</a> Initially, Milhaud's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lefebvre-Desnouettes" title="Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes">Lefebvre-Desnoëttes</a>' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard, some 4,800 sabres, were committed. When these were repulsed, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_%C3%89tienne_de_Kellermann" title="François Étienne de Kellermann">Kellermann</a>'s heavy cavalry corps and <a href="/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Guyot" title="Claude-Étienne Guyot">Guyot</a>'s heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault, a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001356-194">[157]</a> When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspositoElting1999354,_Map_166-191">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_cuirassiers_vs_Nassauers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/French_cuirassiers_vs_Nassauers.jpg/220px-French_cuirassiers_vs_Nassauers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/French_cuirassiers_vs_Nassauers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassiers</a>, by Louis Dumoulin</figcaption></figure> Wellington's infantry responded by forming squares (hollow box-formations four ranks deep). Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle—a 500-man battalion square would have been no more than 60 feet (18 m) in length on a side. <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">Infantry squares</a> that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry, as cavalry could not engage with soldiers behind a hedge of bayonets, but were themselves vulnerable to fire from the squares. Horses would not charge a square, nor could they be outflanked, but they were vulnerable to artillery or infantry. Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached, and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895444,_447-195">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001273,_414-196">[159]</a> Witnesses in the British infantry recorded 12 assaults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895170-197">[160]</a> However, due to the wide frontage of cavalry formations and the 950m space between Hougoumont and La Haie Sainte, any massed cavalry advance would, in reality, consist of a number of successive waves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001356-194">[157]</a> Kellermann, recognising the futility of the attacks, tried to reserve the elite carabinier brigade from joining in, but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001359-198">[161]</a> A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack, an officer in the Foot Guards, recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">About four p.m., the enemy's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden, and we saw large masses of cavalry advance: not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge. You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming, long moving line, which, ever advancing, glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight. On they came until they got near enough, whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host. One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass. They were the famous cuirassiers, almost all old soldiers, who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe. In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us, shouting "Vive l'Empereur!" The word of command, "Prepare to receive cavalry", had been given, every man in the front ranks knelt, and a wall bristling with steel, held together by steady hands, presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Captain Rees Howell Gronow, Foot Guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGronow1862''The_Duke_of_Wellington_in_our_square''-199">[162]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg/220px-Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg/330px-Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg/440px-Artillery_in_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>"The artillery officers had the range so accurately, that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses" (Original inscription and drawing after <a href="/wiki/George_Jones_(painter)" title="George Jones (painter)">George Jones</a>)</figcaption></figure> In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller1992211,_212-200">[163]</a> Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate; at Waterloo, however, co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive. The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo-allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001252,_361-201">[164]</a> Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties, but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect, at targets beyond the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315-202">[165]</a> If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations, and were not panicked, cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them. The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares, the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive countercharges of Wellington's light cavalry regiments, the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade, and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315-202">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg/260px-Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg/390px-Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg/520px-Charge_of_the_French_Cuirassiers_at_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry</figcaption></figure> At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges. <a href="/wiki/Cavali%C3%A9_Mercer" title="Cavalié Mercer">Captain Mercer</a>, who commanded <a href="/wiki/G_Parachute_Battery_(Mercer%27s_Troop)_Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="G Parachute Battery (Mercer's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery">'G' Troop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Horse Artillery">Royal Horse Artillery</a>, thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine-pounders in action against the cavalry throughout, to great effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315-202">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[ad]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us, and then gave the word, "Fire!" The effect was terrible. Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once; and the round shot, penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent ... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower's scythe. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Captain <a href="/wiki/Cavali%C3%A9_Mercer" title="Cavalié Mercer">Cavalié Mercer</a>, RHA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a321-204">[166]</a></cite></div></blockquote> For reasons that remain unclear, no attempt was made to <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">spike</a> other Anglo-allied guns while they were in French possession. In line with Wellington's orders, gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack. After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont-Saint-Jean ridge, the French cavalry was spent.<a href="#cite_note-205">[ae]</a> Their casualties cannot easily be estimated. Senior French cavalry officers, in particular the generals, experienced heavy losses. Four divisional commanders were wounded, nine brigadiers wounded, and one killed—testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001359-198">[161]</a> Illustratively, Houssaye reports that the Grenadiers à Cheval numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June, but just 462 on 19 June, while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye1900522-206">[167]</a> Overall, Guyot's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47% of its strength. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_French_infantry_attack">Second French infantry attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second French infantry attack">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_(d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_%28d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo%29.jpg/220px-Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_%28d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_%28d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo%29.jpg/330px-Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_%28d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_%28d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo%29.jpg/440px-Charge_des_lanciers_de_la_Garde_%C3%A0_Waterloo_%28d%C3%A9tail_du_Panorama_de_Waterloo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2e_r%C3%A9giment_de_chevau-l%C3%A9gers_lanciers_de_la_Garde_Imp%C3%A9riale" class="mw-redirect" title="2e régiment de chevau-légers lanciers de la Garde Impériale">2nd Guard Lancers</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Grenadiers_%C3%A0_Cheval_de_la_Garde_Imp%C3%A9riale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadiers à Cheval de la Garde Impériale">Grenadiers à Cheval</a> in support<a href="#cite_note-207">[af]</a></figcaption></figure> Eventually it became obvious, even to Ney, that cavalry alone were achieving little. Belatedly, he organised a combined-arms attack, using <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bachelu" title="Gilbert Bachelu">Bachelu's</a> division and Tissot's regiment of Foy's division from Reille's II Corps (about 6,500 infantrymen) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight. This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks (between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361-208">[168]</a> It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge. The British cavalry were unable, however, to break the French infantry, and fell back with losses from musketry fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189114,_38–39-209">[169]</a> Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers, under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dominicus_Trip_van_Zoudtlandt" title="Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt">Trip</a>, to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891pp._14–15_and_letters_6,_7_and_9-210">[170]</a> However, there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources,<a href="#cite_note-211">[ag]</a> and Wellington wrote in his Dispatch to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Secretary for War Bathurst</a> on 19 June 1815 that General Trip had "conducted himself much to my satisfaction".<a href="#cite_note-212">[171]</a> Uxbridge then ordered a charge by three squadrons of the 3rd Hussars of the King's German Legion. They broke through the French cavalry, but became hemmed in, were cut off and suffered severe losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891p464-213">[172]</a> Meanwhile, Bachelu's and Tissot's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam's infantry brigade, and they eventually fell back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361-208">[168]</a> Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington's centre, artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many. Wellington's cavalry, except for Sir John Vandeleur's and Sir Hussey Vivian's brigades on the far left, had all been committed to the fight, and had taken significant losses. The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars, the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present, fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895465-214">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[ah]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_capture_of_La_Haye_Sainte">French capture of La Haye Sainte</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French capture of La Haye Sainte">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The storming of La Haye Sainte by Knötel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg/220px-Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg/330px-Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg/440px-Knotel_-_The_storming_of_La_Haye_Sainte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>The storming of La Haye Sainte by Knötel</figcaption></figure> At approximately the same time as Ney's combined-arms assault on the centre-right of Wellington's line, rallied elements of D'Erlon's I Corps, spearheaded by the 13th Légère, renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful, partly because the King's German Legion's ammunition ran out. However, the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day, and this had stalled the French advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201459–60,_63–64-216">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeamish1995367-217">[175]</a> With La Haye Sainte captured, Ney then moved skirmishers and <a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">horse artillery</a> up towards Wellington's centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895483-218">[176]</a> French artillery began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895484-219">[177]</a> The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006236-220">[178]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident. It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo-allied army, and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre. The French lost no time in taking advantage of this, by pushing forward infantry supported by guns, which enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten's left and Kempt's right ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Captain James Shaw, <a href="/wiki/43rd_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Foot">43rd Foot</a>, Chief of Staff 3rd Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999134-221">[179]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006234-222">[180]</a> Ney was on the verge of breaking the Anglo-allied centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999134-221">[179]</a> Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares. The situation for the Anglo-allies was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment's colours and all of Halkett's brigade's colours were sent to the rear for safety, described by historian Alessandro Barbero as, "... a measure that was without precedent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006241-223">[181]</a> Wellington, noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte, with his staff rode closer to it. French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road. The Prince of Orange then ordered a single battalion of the KGL, the Fifth, to recapture the farm despite the obvious presence of enemy cavalry. Their Colonel, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Ompteda" title="Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda">Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda</a> obeyed and led the battalion down the slope, chasing off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank, killed him, destroyed his battalion and took its colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006234-222">[180]</a> A Dutch–Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge retreated from the field instead, fired on by their own infantry. Merlen's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart. The Netherlands Cavalry Division, Wellington's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry, despite its losses, were masters of the field, compelling the Anglo-allied infantry to remain in square. More and more French artillery was brought forward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006235–236-224">[182]</a> A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1/1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties. When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers. Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer's battery and shot up its horses and limbers and pushed Mercer back. Mercer later recalled, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appalling. Every shot almost took effect, and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated. ... The saddle-bags, in many instances were torn from horses' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel-horses in the troop down they dropped<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006235–236-224">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a325–326-225">[183]</a></blockquote> French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions, especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th. Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery, the 27th had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the tirailleurs. That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot, the Inniskillings, who lost two thirds of their strength within that three or four hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006239-226">[184]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The banks on the road side, the garden wall, the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers, who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th, who at this time, it may literally be said, were lying dead in square; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful, without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot, and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edward Cotton, 7th Hussars, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotton1849106–107-227">[185]</a></cite></div></blockquote> During this time many of Wellington's generals and aides were killed or wounded including <a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_1st_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan">FitzRoy Somerset</a>, Canning, <a href="/wiki/William_Howe_De_Lancey" title="William Howe De Lancey">de Lancey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_Alten" title="Charles, Count Alten">Alten</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Cooke_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Cooke (British Army officer)">Cooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006240-228">[186]</a> The situation was now critical and Wellington, trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it, was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians. He later wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable. Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006242-229">[187]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Prussian_IV_Corps:_Plancenoit">Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign:_Ligny_through_Wavre_to_Waterloo#Prussians_advance_to_the_Wood_of_Paris" title="Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo">Prussians attack out of the Wood of Paris</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Night or the Prussians must come.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wellington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006242-229">[187]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg/260px-Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg/390px-Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg/520px-Prussian_Attack_Plancenoit_by_Adolf_Northern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The Prussian attack on <a href="/wiki/Plancenoit" title="Plancenoit">Plancenoit</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Northen" title="Adolph Northen">Adolph Northen</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign#Prussian_IV_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">Prussian IV Corps</a> (Bülow's) was the first to arrive in strength. Bülow's objective was Plancenoit, which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions. Blücher intended to secure his right upon the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_Frichermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Châteaux Frichermont">Châteaux Frichermont</a> using the Bois de Paris road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999116-230">[188]</a> Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10:00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington's centre was under attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199995-231">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[ai]</a> General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16:30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999116-230">[188]</a> At about this time, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign#Prussian_15th_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">Prussian 15th Brigade</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Heinrich_von_Losthin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Heinrich von Losthin (page does not exist)">Losthin's</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heinrich_von_Losthin" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Heinrich von Losthin">de</a>]) was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington's left flank in the Frichermont-<a href="/wiki/La_Haye,_Lasne" title="La Haye, Lasne">La Haie</a> area, with the brigade's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999117-233">[190]</a> Napoleon sent Lobau's corps to stop the rest of Bülow's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit. The 15th Brigade threw Lobau's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge, then proceeded up the Frichermont heights, battering French Chasseurs with 12-pounder artillery fire, and pushed on to Plancenoit. This sent Lobau's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area, driving Lobau past the rear of the Armee Du Nord's right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat. Hiller's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit.<a href="#cite_note-Hussey2017-46">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siborne1848-234">[191]</a> Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau, who was now seriously pressed. The Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard fighting, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999122-235">[192]</a> Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle/Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting—they did not deign to fire their muskets—this force recaptured the village.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999122-235">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zieten's_flank_march">Zieten's flank march</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zieten's flank march">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Waterloo_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Situation from 17:30 to 20:00</figcaption></figure> Throughout the late afternoon, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign#Prussian_I_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">Prussian I Corps</a> (Zieten's) had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie. General <a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_M%C3%BCffling" title="Karl Freiherr von Müffling">Müffling</a>, the Prussian liaison to Wellington, rode to meet Zieten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999125-236">[193]</a> Zieten had by this time brought up the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign#Prussian_1st_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">Prussian 1st Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Franciscus_von_Steinmetz" title="Karl Friedrich Franciscus von Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a>'s), but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade (Laurens'). These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten, fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat, was starting to move away from Wellington's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit. Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow, which Zieten obeyed, starting to march to Bülow's aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999125-236">[193]</a> Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington's left flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999125-236">[193]</a> Müffling warned Zieten that "The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum2002232-237">[194]</a> Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly, and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999125-236">[193]</a> The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre, and when Prussian I Corps (Zieten's) appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy, "the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale" and "the sight of Zieten's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon's army".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum2002233-238">[195]</a> I Corps proceeded to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19:30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape. The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left, Plancenoit on the right, and the centre on La Haie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999139-239">[196]</a> Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999139-239">[196]</a> but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment (Laurens') as it retook both. The 24th advanced against the new French position, was repulsed, and returned to the attack supported by Silesian Schützen (riflemen) and the F/1st Landwehr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999140-240">[197]</a> The French initially fell back before the renewed assault, but now began seriously to contest ground, attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999140-240">[197]</a> The Prussian 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_campaign#Prussian_4th_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign">13th Landwehr Regiment</a> and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions. Further attacks by the 13th Landwehr and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999141-241">[198]</a> Durutte's division, finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten's I Corps cavalry reserve, retreated from the battlefield. The rest of d'Erlon's I Corps also broke and fled in panic, while to the west the French Middle Guard were assaulting Wellington's centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum2002232–233-242">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874187–190-243">[200]</a> The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road, the only line of retreat available to the French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_of_the_Imperial_Guard">Attack of the Imperial Guard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Attack of the Imperial Guard">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg/220px-Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg/330px-Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg/440px-Crofts-Napoleon%27s_last_grand_attack_at_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon addresses the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(France)" title="Old Guard (France)">Old Guard</a> as it prepares to attack the Anglo-allied centre at Waterloo</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, with Wellington's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the hitherto-undefeated Imperial Guard infantry. This attack, mounted at around 19:30, was intended to break through Wellington's centre and roll up his line away from the Prussians. Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history, it had been unclear which units actually participated. It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard,<a href="#cite_note-244">[aj]</a> and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard. Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack's second line, though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the Anglo-allied line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001391-245">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[ak]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... I saw four regiments of the middle guard, conducted by the Emperor, arriving. With these troops, he wished to renew the attack, and penetrate the centre of the enemy. He ordered me to lead them on; generals, officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity; but this body of troops was too weak to resist, for a long time, the forces opposed to it by the enemy, and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had, for a few moments, inspired. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marshal M. Ney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth181573,_74-247">[202]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png/170px-Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png/255px-Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png/340px-Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">Grenadier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(France)" title="Old Guard (France)">Old Guard</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Grenadier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Grenadier (page does not exist)">Le Grenadier</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Detaille" title="Édouard Detaille">Édouard Detaille</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg/170px-General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg/255px-General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg/340px-General_D_H_Chass%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="3346" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/David_Hendrik_Chass%C3%A9" title="David Hendrik Chassé">David Hendrik Chassé</a></figcaption></figure> Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard. The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares, each about 550 men strong, with the 1st/3rd Grenadiers, led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Louis_Friant" title="Louis Friant">Friant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul-Jean-Baptiste_Poret_de_Morvan" title="Paul-Jean-Baptiste Poret de Morvan">Poret de Morvan</a>, on the right along the road, to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers, then the 1st/3rd Chasseurs under General <a href="/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Michel" title="Claude-Étienne Michel">Michel</a>, next the 2nd/3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion. Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares. Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney, mounted on his 5th horse of the day, led the advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2013191–192-248">[203]</a> Behind them, in reserve, were the three battalions of the Old Guard, right to left 1st/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/2nd Chasseurs and 1st/2nd Chasseurs. Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault; however, Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Anglo-allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre. Napoleon sent Ney's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust, but Crabbé was unable to get there in time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard. On the left infantry from Reille's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced. On the right all the now rallied elements of D'Érlon's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the Anglo-allied line. French artillery also moved forward in support; Duchand's battery, in particular, inflicting losses on <a href="/wiki/Colin_Halkett" title="Colin Halkett">Colin Halkett</a>'s brigade.<a href="#cite_note-249">[204]</a> Halkett's front line, consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd, traded fire with the 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments, Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade having been ordered to pull back, retreated in a mob. Other Anglo-allied troops began to give way as well. A counterattack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge's brigade from the Anglo-allied second line, led by the Prince of Orange, was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded. The survivors of Halkett's brigade were reformed, and engaged the French in a firefight.<a href="#cite_note-250">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg/220px-De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg/330px-De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg/440px-De_batterij_Krahmer_de_Bichin_bij_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Dutch artillery, under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Carel_Frederik_Krahmer_de_Bichin" title="Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin">Krahmer de Bichin</a> (on horseback), place a gun in position against the French Guard (on the right side).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg/220px-The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg/330px-The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg/440px-The_Chass%C3%A9_Division_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_by_Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Chassé leads the advance of his division</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I saw the Garde Impériale advancing while the English troops were leaving the plateau en masse and moving in the direction of Waterloo; the battle seemed lost...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/David_Hendrik_Chass%C3%A9" title="David Hendrik Chassé">David Hendrik Chassé</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker-Smith2016134-252">[207]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Dutch divisional commander Chassé, on his own initiative, decided at this critical moment to advance with his relatively fresh Dutch division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2013196–199-253">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker-Smith2016134-252">[207]</a> Chassé first ordered his artillery forward;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker-Smith2016134-252">[207]</a> led by a battery of Dutch horse-artillery commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Carel_Frederik_Krahmer_de_Bichin" title="Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin">Krahmer de Bichin</a>. The battery opened a destructive fire into the 1st/3rd Grenadiers' flank.<a href="#cite_note-254">[209]</a> This still did not stop the Guard's advance, so Chassé, who was affectionately called "Generaal Bajonet" by his soldiers, ordered his first brigade, commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Detmers" title="Hendrik Detmers">Hendrik Detmers</a>, to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet.<a href="#cite_note-255">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Aa1858322-256">[211]</a> As the Guard wavered Chassé galloped among his men and found Captain De Haan with a few soldiers of the 19th Militia, whom he ordered into a flank attack. According to Chassé: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[De Haan] jumped over the hedge, reformed the line of about fifty men and the murderous fire he inflicted caused death and confusion among the enemy's lines. He took advantage of their confusion and advanced with the bayonet against them. I had the unspeakable joy to witness 300 Cuirassiers run away from 50 Dutchmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker-Smith2016134-252">[207]</a></blockquote> The French grenadiers then faltered and broke. The 4th Grenadiers, seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves, now wheeled right about and retired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2013199-257">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plas_Newydd_(Anglesey)_-_Waterloo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg/220px-Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg/330px-Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg/440px-Plas_Newydd_%28Anglesey%29_-_Waterloo_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>British 10th Hussars of Vivian's Brigade (red shakos – blue uniforms) attacking mixed French troops, including a square of Guard grenadiers (left, middle distance) in the final stages of the battle</figcaption></figure> To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st/ and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers. But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead. Suddenly 1,500 British Foot Guards under <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Maitland" title="Peregrine Maitland">Peregrine Maitland</a>, who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery, rose and devastated them with point-blank volleys. The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire, but some 300 fell from the first volley, including Colonel Mallet and General Michel, and both battalion commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2013200-258">[213]</a> A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke the leaderless squares, which fell back onto the following column. The 4th Chasseurs battalion, 800 strong, now came up onto the exposed battalions of British Foot Guards, who lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit. At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs. They opened fire and swept away the gunners. The left flank of their square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers, which the chasseurs drove back. But the skirmishers were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Oxfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot">52nd Light Infantry</a> (<a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">2nd Division</a>), led by <a href="/wiki/John_Colborne" class="mw-redirect" title="John Colborne">John Colborne</a>, which wheeled in line onto the chasseurs' flank and poured a devastating fire into them. The chasseurs returned a very sharp fire which killed or wounded some 150 men of the 52nd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2013203-259">[214]</a> The 52nd then charged,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874214–215-260">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190070-261">[216]</a> and under this onslaught, the chasseurs broke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190070-261">[216]</a> The last of the Guard retreated headlong. A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread: "La Garde recule. Sauve qui peut!" ("The Guard is retreating. Every man for himself!") Wellington now stood up in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_(horse)" title="Copenhagen (horse)">Copenhagen</a>'s stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance. His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874192,_225-262">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895553–559-263">[218]</a> The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions (some sources say four) just south of La Haye Sainte for a <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a>. A charge from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Adam" title="Frederick Adam">Adam</a>'s Brigade and the Hanoverian Landwehr Osnabrück Battalion, plus Vivian's and Vandeleur's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right, threw them into confusion. Those left in semi-cohesive units retreated towards La Belle Alliance. It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender, eliciting the famous, if apocryphal,<a href="#cite_note-264">[al]</a> retort "<a href="/wiki/La_Garde_meurt,_elle_ne_se_rend_pas!" class="mw-redirect" title="La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!">La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!</a>" ("The Guard dies, it does not surrender!").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-265">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[am]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussian_capture_of_Plancenoit">Prussian capture of Plancenoit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prussian capture of Plancenoit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Elsholtz_Erst%C3%BCrmung_von_Planchenois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The storming of Plancenoit by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Elsholtz" title="Ludwig Elsholtz">Ludwig Elsholtz</a></figcaption></figure> At about the same time, the Prussian 5th, 14th, and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit, in the third assault of the day. The church was by now on fire, while its graveyard—the French centre of resistance—had corpses strewn about "as if by a whirlwind". Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard, virtually all of which was now committed to the defence, along with remnants of Lobau's corps. The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south. Pirch's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps, advancing through the woods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999144–145-267">[220]</a> The 25th Regiment's musketeer battalions threw the 1/2e Grenadiers (Old Guard) out of the Chantelet woods, outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat. The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic, and became part of that rout. The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit. The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington's units. This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999144–145-267">[220]</a> French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated, neither side asking for nor offering quarter. The French Young Guard Division reported 96 per cent casualties, and two-thirds of Lobau's Corps ceased to exist.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg/220px-Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg/330px-Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg/440px-Ontmoeting_tussen_Nederlandsche_en_Pruisische_troepen_Bij_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>The first meeting of Dutch and Prussian troops in Plancenoit in the evening</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg/170px-Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg/255px-Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg/340px-Cuirass_holed_by_a_canonball_at_Waterloo_Antoine_Fauveau_18Juin_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carabiniers-%C3%A0-Cheval" class="mw-redirect" title="Carabiniers-à-Cheval">Carabinier-à-Cheval</a> cuirass holed by a cannonball at Waterloo, belonging to Antoine Fauveau (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Despite their great courage and stamina, the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering. The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows, aisles and doors. In the village itself—still the scene of bitter house-to-house fighting—everything was burning, adding to the confusion. However, once Major von Witzleben's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened, they began to withdraw. The Guard Chasseurs under General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Germain_Pelet-Clozeau" title="Jean-Jacques Germain Pelet-Clozeau">Pelet</a> formed the rearguard. The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush, leaving large masses of artillery, equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat. The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi. The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou. Unlike other parts of the battlefield, there were no cries of "Sauve qui peut!" here. Instead, the cry "Sauvons nos aigles!" ("Let's save our eagles!") could be heard.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Official History of the 25th Regiment, 4 Corps<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999144–145-267">[220]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_disintegration">French disintegration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: French disintegration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png/260px-Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png/390px-Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png/520px-Dernier_carre_de_la_Garde_-_gen_Hill.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Lord Hill</a> invites the last remnants of the French Imperial Guard to surrender, painted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Hillingford" title="Robert Alexander Hillingford">Robert Alexander Hillingford</a></figcaption></figure> The French right, left, and centre had all now failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999144–145-267">[220]</a> The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around La Belle Alliance; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat. He hoped to rally the French army behind them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKincaid2006435-268">[221]</a> but as retreat turned into rout, they too were forced to withdraw, one on either side of La Belle Alliance, in square as protection against Coalition cavalry. Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave, Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreasy1877[httpwwwstandinsefifteen15ahtm_Chapter_XV]-113">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComte_d'Erlon1815-269">[222]</a> Adam's Brigade charged and forced back this square,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190070-261">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999149-270">[223]</a> while the Prussians engaged the other. As dusk fell, both squares withdrew in relatively good order, but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the Prussian and Anglo-allied armies. The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing, broken French troops. Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23:00, with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt. There, Napoleon's abandoned carriage was captured, still containing <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annotated_Prince" class="extiw" title="s:The Annotated Prince">an annotated copy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>, and diamonds left behind in the rush to escape. These diamonds became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia's crown jewels; one Major Keller of the F/15th received the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> with oak leaves for the feat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999151-271">[224]</a> By this time 78 guns and 2,000 prisoners had also been taken, including more generals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999150-272">[225]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat. These brave grenadiers, the choice of the army, forced successively to retire, yielded ground foot by foot, till, overwhelmed by numbers, they were almost entirely annihilated. From that moment, a retrograde movement was declared, and the army formed nothing but a confused mass. There was not, however, a total rout, nor the cry of sauve qui peut, as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Marshal M. Ney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth181574-273">[226]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the middle of the position occupied by the French army, and exactly upon the height, is a farm [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], called La Belle Alliance. The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm, which was visible from every side. It was there that Napoleon was during the battle; it was thence that he gave his orders, that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory; and it was there that his ruin was decided. There, too, it was that, by happy chance, Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark, and mutually saluted each other as victors.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>General Gneisenau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth181523-274">[227]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Other sources agree that the meeting of the commanders took place near La Belle Alliance, with this occurring at around 21:00.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2012244-275">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2006327-276">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign#Invasion_of_France_and_the_occupation_of_Paris_(18_June_–_7_July)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign § Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris (18 June – 7 July)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris (1815)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_(1775-1851)_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_%281775-1851%29_-_The_Field_of_Waterloo_-_NG500_-_Tate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Waterloo_(painting)" title="The Field of Waterloo (painting)">The Field of Waterloo</a>, by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, 1818</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19,_1815,_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_(Deutsches_Historisches_Museum,_Berlin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19%2C_1815%2C_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%28Deutsches_Historisches_Museum%2C_Berlin%29.jpg/220px-The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19%2C_1815%2C_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%28Deutsches_Historisches_Museum%2C_Berlin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19%2C_1815%2C_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%28Deutsches_Historisches_Museum%2C_Berlin%29.jpg/330px-The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19%2C_1815%2C_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%28Deutsches_Historisches_Museum%2C_Berlin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19%2C_1815%2C_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%28Deutsches_Historisches_Museum%2C_Berlin%29.jpg/440px-The_morning_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo_on_June_19%2C_1815%2C_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%28Deutsches_Historisches_Museum%2C_Berlin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>"The morning after the battle of Waterloo", by <a href="/wiki/John_Heaviside_Clark" title="John Heaviside Clark">John Heaviside Clark</a>, 1816</figcaption></figure> Waterloo cost Wellington around 17,000 dead or wounded, and Blücher some 7,000 (810 of which were suffered by just one unit: the 18th Regiment, which served in Bülow's 15th Brigade, had fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit, and won 33 <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Crosses</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantle2000-277">[230]</a> Napoleon's losses were 24,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded, including 6,000 to 7,000 captured with an additional 15,000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312-19">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[231]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">22 June. This morning I went to visit the field of battle, which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo, on the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold. I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return. The multitude of carcasses, the heaps of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move, and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger, as the Allies were, of course, obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them, formed a spectacle I shall never forget. The wounded, both of the Allies and the French, remain in an equally deplorable state.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Major W. E. Frye.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye2004''June_22''-279">[232]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg/220px-Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg/330px-Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg/440px-Invasion_of_France_in_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Invasion of France by the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815</figcaption></figure> At 10:30 on 19 June, General Grouchy, still following his orders, defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order—though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield. Wellington sent <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wellingon%27s_Waterloo_dispatch_to_Lord_Bathurst,_19_June_1815" class="extiw" title="s:Wellingon's Waterloo dispatch to Lord Bathurst, 19 June 1815">his official dispatch</a> describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">London Gazette Extraordinary</a> on 22 June.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette,_17028-280">[233]</a> Wellington, Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris. After his troops fell back, Napoleon fled to Paris following his defeat, arriving at 5:30 am on 21 June. Napoleon wrote to his brother and regent in Paris, Joseph, believing that he could still raise an army to fight back the Anglo-Prussian forces. Napoleon believed he could rally French supporters to his cause and call upon conscripts to hold off invading forces until General Grouchy's army could reinforce him in Paris. However, following defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon's support from the French public and his own army waned, including by General Ney, who believed that Paris would fall if Napoleon remained in power. Napoleon's brother Lucien and Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout advised him to continue fighting, dissolve the Chamber of Deputies from Louis XVIII's constitutional government, and for Napoleon to rule France as a military dictator, which Napoleon had been under the guise of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> from 1804 until 1814. To circumvent Napoleon overthrowing the Chamber of Deputies and a possible French Civil War, the Chamber of Deputies voted to become permanent on 21 June after persuasion from Lafayette. On 22 June, Napoleon wished to abdicate in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a>, after realizing that he lacked military, public, and governmental support for his claim to continue to rule France. Napoleon's proposal for the instatement of his son was swiftly rejected by the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-281">[234]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Napoleon announced his <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">second abdication</a> on 24 June 1815. In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Davout">Davout</a>, Napoleon's minister of war, was defeated by Blücher at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a> on 3 July 1815.<a href="#cite_note-282">[235]</a> Allegedly, Napoleon tried to escape to North America, but the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was blockading French ports to forestall such a move. He finally surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Maitland" title="Frederick Lewis Maitland">Frederick Maitland</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)" title="HMS Bellerophon (1786)">HMS Bellerophon</a> on 15 July. There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out; <a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a> capitulated on 13 September 1815, the last to do so. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> was restored to the throne of France and Napoleon was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, where he died in 1821. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 20 November 1815.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999274–276,_320-283">[236]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Royal Highness, – Exposed to the factions which divide my country, and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe, I have terminated my political career; and I come, like <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a>, to throw myself upon the hospitality (m'asseoir sur le foyer) of the British people. I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws, and throw myself upon the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of my enemies.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Napoleon. (letter of surrender to the <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">Prince Regent</a>; translation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth181557-284">[237]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg/260px-David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg/390px-David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg/520px-David_Wilkie_Chelsea_Pensioners_Reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">Sir David Wilkie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chelsea_Pensioners_reading_the_Waterloo_Dispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch">The Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch</a>, 1822</figcaption></figure> Peregrine Maitland's <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">1st Foot Guards</a>, who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Middle Guard, were mistakenly thought to have defeated the Grenadiers of the Old Guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006264-285">[238]</a> They were thus awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers. Britain's Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts. The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816, their uniforms, of Polish origin, were based on those of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_1st_Light_Cavalry_Regiment_of_the_Imperial_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 1st Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard">Imperial Guard lancers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunckenFuncken196752-286">[239]</a> Teeth of tens of thousands of dead soldiers were removed by surviving troops, locals or even scavengers who had travelled there from Britain, then used for making denture replacements in Britain and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-287">[240]</a> The so-called "Waterloo teeth" were in demand because they came from relatively healthy young men. Despite the efforts of scavengers both human and otherwise, human remains could still be seen at Waterloo a year after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-288">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_importance">Historical importance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical importance">edit</a>]</div> Waterloo proved a decisive battle in more than one sense. Each generation in Europe up to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> looked back at Waterloo as the turning point that dictated the course of subsequent world history, seeing it in retrospect as the event that ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>, an era characterised by relative peace, material prosperity and technological progress.<a href="#cite_note-289">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[243]</a> The battle definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe—and involved other regions of the world—since the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of the early 1790s. It also ended the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history.<a href="#cite_note-291">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[an]</a> There followed almost four decades of international peace in Europe. No further major international conflict occurred until the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1853–1856. Changes to the configuration of European states, as refashioned in the aftermath of Waterloo, included the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> of reactionary governments intent on repressing revolutionary and democratic ideas, and the reshaping of the former <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> into a <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> increasingly marked by the political dominance of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. The bicentenary of Waterloo prompted renewed attention to the geopolitical and economic legacy of the battle and to the century of relative transatlantic peace which followed.<a href="#cite_note-293">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[ao]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_the_reasons_for_Napoleon's_defeat">Views on the reasons for Napoleon's defeat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Views on the reasons for Napoleon's defeat">edit</a>]</div> General <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri, Baron Jomini</a>, one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war, had a number of theories to explain Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.<a href="#cite_note-297">[ap]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In my opinion, four principal causes led to this disaster: The first, and most influential, was the arrival, skilfully combined, of Blücher, and the false movement that favoured this arrival;<a href="#cite_note-298">[aq]</a> the second, was the admirable firmness of the British infantry, joined to the sang-froid and aplomb of its chiefs; the third, was the horrible weather, that had softened the ground, and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome, and retarded till one o'clock the attack that should have been made in the morning; the fourth, was the inconceivable formation of the first corps, in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Antoine-Henri Jomini<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJomini1864223,_224-299">[248]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Prussian soldier, historian, and theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, who as a young colonel had served as chief-of-staff to Thielmann's Prussian III Corps during the Waterloo campaign, expressed the following opinion: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Bonaparte and the authors who support him have always attempted to portray the great catastrophes that befell him as the result of chance. They seek to make their readers believe that through his great wisdom and extraordinary energy the whole project had already moved forward with the greatest confidence, that complete success was but a hair's breadth away, when treachery, accident, or even fate, as they sometimes call it, ruined everything. He and his supporters do not want to admit that huge mistakes, sheer recklessness, and, above all, overreaching ambition that exceeded all realistic possibilities, were the true causes.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carl von Clausewitz<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassfordMoranPedlow2015ch._3-300">[249]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Wellington wrote in his dispatch to London: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I should not do justice to my own feelings, or to Marshal Blücher and the Prussian army, if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them. The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy's flank was a most decisive one; and, even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed, and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded<a href="#cite_note-Gazette,_17028-280">[233]</a></blockquote> In his famous study of the Campaign of 1815, the Prussian Clausewitz does not agree with Wellington on this assessment. Indeed, he claims that if Bonaparte had attacked in the morning, the battle would probably have been decided by the time the Prussians arrived, and an attack by Blücher, while not impossible or useless, would have been much less certain of success.<a href="#cite_note-301">[250]</a> Parkinson (2000) adds: "Neither army beat Napoleon alone. But whatever the part played by Prussian troops in the actual moment when the Imperial Guard was repulsed, it is difficult to see how Wellington could have staved off defeat, when his centre had been almost shattered, his reserves were almost all committed, the French right remained unmolested and the Imperial Guard intact. ... Blücher may not have been totally responsible for victory over Napoleon, but he deserved full credit for preventing a British defeat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkinson2000240–241-302">[251]</a> Steele (2014) writes: "Blücher's arrival not only diverted vital reinforcements, but also forced Napoleon to accelerate his effort against Wellington. The tide of battle had been turned by the hard-driving Blücher. As his Prussians pushed in Napoleon's flank, Wellington was able to shift to the offensive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele2014178-303">[252]</a> It has also been noted that Wellington's maps of the battlefield were based on a recent reconnaissance and therefore more up to date than those used by Napoleon, who had to rely on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Ferraris" title="Joseph de Ferraris">Ferraris</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Capitaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Capitaine (page does not exist)">Capitaine</a> maps of 1794.<a href="#cite_note-304">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_battlefield_today">The battlefield today</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The battlefield today">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Waterloo_Battlefield_locations" title="List of Waterloo Battlefield locations">List of Waterloo Battlefield locations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_%281%29.JPG/220px-0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_%281%29.JPG/440px-0_Braine-l%27Alleud_051012_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>The immense Butte du Lion ("<a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Mound" title="Lion's Mound">Lion's Mound</a>") overlooking the battlefield of Waterloo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance. Tourism began the day after the battle, with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June "a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels, the inmates of which, alighting, proceeded to examine the field".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a345-305">[254]</a> In 1820, the Netherlands' King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> ordered the construction of a monument. The <a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Mound" title="Lion's Mound">Lion's Mound</a>, a giant artificial hill, was constructed here using 300,000 cubic metres (390,000 cu yd) of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line, effectively removing the southern bank of Wellington's sunken road. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place, are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815. By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real relief has been taken away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, exclaimed, "They have altered my field of battle!" Where the great pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHugo1862Chapter_VII:_Napoleon_in_a_Good_Humor-306">[255]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield as described by Hugo was never documented, however.<a href="#cite_note-307">[256]</a> Other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle. These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels–Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont, La Haye Sainte, and La Belle Alliance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monuments">Monuments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Monuments">edit</a>]</div> Apart from the Lion's Mound, there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments throughout the battlefield. A cluster of monuments at the Brussels–Charleroi and Braine L'Alleud–Ohain crossroads marks the mass graves of British, Dutch, Hanoverian and King's German Legion troops. A monument to the French dead, entitled L'Aigle blessé ("The Wounded Eagle"), marks the location where it is believed one of the Imperial Guard units formed a square during the closing moments of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoorebeeke20076–21-308">[257]</a> A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Plancenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position. The <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Philibert_Duhesme" title="Guillaume Philibert Duhesme">Duhesme</a> mausoleum is one among the few graves of the fallen. It is located at the side of Saint Martin's Church in Ways, a hamlet in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Genappe" title="Genappe">Genappe</a>. Seventeen fallen officers are buried in the crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cemetery#The_British_Waterloo_Campaign_Monument" title="Brussels Cemetery">British Monument</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cemetery" title="Brussels Cemetery">Brussels Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoorebeeke20076–21-308">[257]</a> Had the French won the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon planned to commemorate the victory by building a pyramid of white stones, akin to the pyramids he had seen during his <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">invasion of Egypt in 1798</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remains">Remains</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Remains">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Oorlogsleed%27,_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%27Oorlogsleed%27%2C_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg/220px-%27Oorlogsleed%27%2C_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%27Oorlogsleed%27%2C_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg/330px-%27Oorlogsleed%27%2C_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%27Oorlogsleed%27%2C_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg/440px-%27Oorlogsleed%27%2C_woman_and_child_at_the_Battle_of_Waterloo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Sutler" title="Sutler">sutler</a> with her dead Dutch husband, by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Josephus_Eeckhout" title="Jacobus Josephus Eeckhout">Jacobus Josephus Eeckhout</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the battle, the bodies of the tens of thousands who died were hastily buried in mass graves across the battlefield – a process that took at least ten days, according to accounts by those who visited the battlefield just after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-:0-310">[259]</a> Remarkably, there is no record of any such mass grave being discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries; only two complete human skeletons have been found.<a href="#cite_note-Kuta1-311">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-310">[259]</a> The remains of a soldier thought to be 23-year-old Friederich Brandt were discovered in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2015-312">[261]</a> He was a slightly hunchbacked infantryman, 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in) tall, and was hit in the chest by a French bullet. His coins, rifle and position on the battlefield identified him as an Hanoverian fighting in the King's German Legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel2012-313">[262]</a> In 2022 a second skeleton was found in a ditch near a former field hospital by the Waterloo Uncovered charity.<a href="#cite_note-Kuta1-311">[260]</a> In December 2022, the historians Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wilkin" title="Bernard Wilkin">Bernard Wilkin</a> (Belgium) and Robin Schäfer (Germany), assisted by Belgian archaeologist Dominique Bosquet, discovered and recovered the largest assembly of remains of Waterloo battlefield casualties found in recent times. In the aftermath of the historian's research into the fate of the fallen once buried on the Waterloo battlefield (see below), several local individuals had come forward who were in the possession of human remains recovered on it. Forensic examination has shown that these remains belonged to at least four soldiers, some of whom are likely to be Prussian. Another set of human remains, initially discovered on the central battlefield by illegal metal detecting and consisting of the remains of six British soldiers, was also recovered by the team. Objects found with the casualties on the central battlefield point to the fact that at least one of them served in the First Foot Guards.<a href="#cite_note-Kolirin1-314">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[264]</a> A possible reason for the absence of human remains in any quantity is that European battlefields of the time were often scoured for bones to make <a href="/wiki/Bone_meal" title="Bone meal">bone meal</a>, which was much in demand as a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> before the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">superphosphates</a> in the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-310">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wilkin" title="Bernard Wilkin">Bernard Wilkin</a> and Robin Schäfer, supported by the British archaeologist Tony Pollard, concluded that in the aftermath of the conflict, local farmers dug up the corpses of horses and men and sold them to the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_sugar_factory" title="Waterloo sugar factory">Waterloo sugar factory</a>. There, the ground-down bones were fired in kilns to make bone-char, which was then used to filter sugar syrup as part of the production process.<a href="#cite_note-316">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coin_controversy">Coin controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Coin controversy">edit</a>]</div> As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle, in 2015 <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> minted a two-<a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle. France officially protested against this issue of coins, while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorfs2015-318">[267]</a> After 180,000 coins were minted but not released, the issue was melted. Instead, Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non-standard value of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠2+1/2⁠ euros. Legally valid only within the issuing country it was minted in brass, packaged, and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 euros. A ten-euro coin, showing Wellington, Blücher, their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon, was also available in silver for 42 euros.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottasova2015-319">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Military career of Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Timeline of the Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Napoleonic battles">List of Napoleonic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Medal" title="Waterloo Medal">Waterloo Medal</a> awarded to those soldiers of the British Army who fought at the battle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo_reenactment" title="Battle of Waterloo reenactment">Battle of Waterloo reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Uxbridge%27s_leg" title="Lord Uxbridge's leg">Lord Uxbridge's leg</a> was shattered by a <a href="/wiki/Grape-shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape-shot">grape-shot</a> at the Battle of Waterloo and removed by a surgeon. The artificial leg used by Uxbridge for the rest of his life was donated to a Waterloo Museum after his death. There is also a second leg on display at his house, Plas Newydd, on Anglesey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(1970_film)" title="Waterloo (1970 film)">Waterloo (1970 film)</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Bondarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(song)" title="Waterloo (song)">Waterloo (1974 song)</a> by <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <ul><li>72,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">[1]</a></li> <li>73,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199968–69-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> (25,000 British and 6,000 <a href="/wiki/King%27s_German_Legion" title="King's German Legion">King's German Legion</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <ul><li>45,000 with 44 guns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">[8]</a></li> <li>50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney18744-15">[9]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <ul><li>24–26,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312-19">[11]</a></li> <li>25,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">[8]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> 24,000 to 26,000 dead and wounded including 6,000 to 7,000 captured (according to Barbero).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312-19">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <ul><li>6,604<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169–170-27">[14]</a></li> <li>7,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419-24">[13]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Cavali%C3%A9_Mercer" title="Cavalié Mercer">Cavalié Mercer</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Horse Artillery">RHA</a>, thought the Brunswickers "...perfect children. None of the privates, perhaps were over eighteen years of age" (<a href="#CITEREFMercer1891">Mercer 1891</a>, p. 218). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> On 13 June, the commandant at <a href="/wiki/Ath" title="Ath">Ath</a> requested powder and cartridges as members of a Hanoverian reserve regiment there had never yet fired a shot (<a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, p. 486). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> The straight-line distance from Halle to Braine-l'Alleud, Wellington's far right flank is nearly the same as the straight-line distance from Wavre to <a href="/wiki/Frichermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Frichermont">Frichermont</a>, Wellington's far left flank, around 8 miles (13 km). </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "The hour at which Waterloo began, though there were 150,000 actors in the great tragedy, was long a matter of dispute. The Duke of Wellington puts it at 10:00. General Alava says half-past eleven, Napoleon and Drouet say noon, and Ney 13:00. Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired, and this evidence is now accepted as proving that the first flash of red flame which marked the opening of the world-shaking tragedy of Waterloo took place at exactly ten minutes to twelve" (<a href="#CITEREFFitchett2006">Fitchett 2006</a>, Chapter: King-making Waterloo). "...watches had to be set by solar time, this meant that it was rare for two watches to agree... For example, on 9 June, ... the French I Corps had been at Lille, while the IV Corps was at Metz. Assuming an officer had set his watch at noon and then meticulously wound it twice a day but not reset it during the approach march, by the time the two corps reached the vicinity of Waterloo, the I Corps officer's watch would have read 12:40 p.m. at a time when the IV Corps officer's read 11:20 a.m., and it was noon at Waterloo. This is an extreme example, and unlikely to have actually been the case, but it demonstrates the problem quite well" (<a href="#CITEREFNofi1998">Nofi 1998</a>, p. 182). </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> That is, the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment. Among Prussian regiments, "F/12th" denoted the fusilier battalion of the 12th Regiment. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Seeing the flames, Wellington sent a note to the house's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost (<a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 298). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired ... At ten minutes to twelve the first heavy gun rang sullenly from the French ridge" (<a href="#CITEREFFitchett2006">Fitchett 2006</a>, Chapter: King-making Waterloo). </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division, that had been on the forward slope during the night, withdrew to a position behind the ridge between the regiments of Kempt and Pack around 12:00 (<a href="#CITEREFBasWommersom1909">Bas & Wommersom 1909</a>, pp. 332–333). </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Website of current Dutch historian Marco Bijl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8militia.net/">8militia.net</a>;<a href="#CITEREFEenens1879">Eenens 1879</a>, pp. 14–30, 131–198; De Jongh, W.A.: Veldtocht van den Jare 1815, Historisch verhaal; in De Nieuwe Militaire Spectator (Nijmegen 1866), pp. 13–27.(This is the original account of Colonel de Jongh, commander of the Dutch 8th Militia. It can be downloaded at the site of Marco Bijl above.); Löben Sels, Ernst van Bijdragen tot de krijgsgeschiedenis van Napoleon Bonaparte / door E. van Löben Sels Part 4; Veldtogten van 1814 in Frankrijk, en van 1815 in de Nederlanden (Battles). 1842. 's-Gravenhage : de Erven Doorman, pp. 601–682; Allebrandi, Sebastian. Herinneringen uit mijne tienjarige militaire loopbaan. 1835. Amsterdam : Van Kesteren, pp. 21–30; (Allebrandi was a soldier in the Dutch 7th Militia, so his account is therefore important). </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen's 'History of the 2nd division'. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of the 2nd Division and located right behind the Bylandt brigade the whole day (<a href="#CITEREFBasWommersom1909">Bas & Wommersom 1909</a>, pp. 134–136(vol.2)). He wrote a 32-page report, right after the battle. This report forms the basis of most of the other literature mentioned here: see <a href="#CITEREFBasWommersom1909">Bas & Wommersom 1909</a>, pp. 289–352(vol.3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5wLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61">Google Books</a>; Boulger has an English translation of the report (<a href="#CITEREFBoulger1901">Boulger 1901</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPawly2001">Pawly 2001</a>, pp. 37–43; The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke. The total casualties for the whole brigade for the day was around 800 killed and wounded (<a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, pp. 310–311). </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Van Zuylen report; he refers to himself as "the chief-of-staff" (<a href="#CITEREFBasWommersom1909">Bas & Wommersom 1909</a>, pp. 338–339(vol. 3)). </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled. This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances. The British troops of the 1/95th Battalion, also under great pressure from the French, did the same at the time. This flight did not involve all of the Dutch battalions, as has been asserted by some historians. Van Zuylen rallied 400 men, according to his estimate, who were ready to join the counterattack and even captured two French fanions (<a href="#CITEREFBasWommersom1909">Bas & Wommersom 1909</a>, pp. 338–341(vol. 3); <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, pp. 293–295). </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> The brigade's losses were very heavy: one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia, who had most of their officers killed or wounded, the brigade commander <a href="/wiki/Willem_Frederik_van_Bylandt" title="Willem Frederik van Bylandt">Bylandt</a> being one of the wounded who had to be evacuated; he transferred command of the brigade to Lt. Kol. De Jongh.<a href="#cite_note-133">[q]</a> D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade (8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion) were forced to retreat to the square of the 5th Dutch Militia, which was in reserve between Picton's troops, about 100 paces to the rear. There they regrouped under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Hendrik_van_Zuylen_van_Nijevelt" title="Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt">Van Zuylen van Nijevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[s]</a> A moment later, the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack, which actually occurred around 10 minutes later. The following letters are used: the accounts of General Kempt, Calvert of the 32nd Infantry, Cruikshank of the 79th, Winchester & Hope of the 92nd, Evans (Ponsonby Cavalry brigade) and Clark Kennedy of the Royal Dragoons (<a href="#CITEREFGlover2004">Glover 2004</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]). These are the only letters that actually state some details about the Dutch and Belgian troops. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> The Royal Horse Guards (2 squadrons) were in reserve for the Household Brigade (9 or 10 squadrons strong) but the Union Brigade (9 squadrons) had no reserve (Letter 5, <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, pp. 7–10; Letter 16 <a href="#CITEREFGlover2004">Glover 2004</a>). The total may have been 18 squadrons as there is an uncertainty in the sources as to whether the King's Dragoon Guards fielded three or four squadrons. Uxbridge implies 4 squadrons (Letter 5 <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, pp. 7–10), however, Capt. Naylor of the King's implies 3 when he states he commanded the centre squadron of the regiment (Letter 21, <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, pp. 46–47). </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> An episode famously used later by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>. The sunken lane acted as a trap, funnelling the flight of the French cavalry to their own right and away from the British cavalry. Some of the cuirassiers then found themselves hemmed in by the steep sides of the sunken lane, with a confused mass of their own infantry in front of them, the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane, and Somerset's heavy cavalry still pressing them from behind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895410–411-151">[122]</a> The novelty of fighting armoured foes impressed the British cavalrymen, as was recorded by the commander of the Household Brigade. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The tale was related, in old age, by a <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeant Major">Sergeant Major</a> Dickinson of the Scots Greys, the last British survivor of the charge (<a href="#CITEREFLow1911">Low 1911</a>, pp. 137, 143). </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses lost – 672. Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed – 264, wounded – 310, missing – 38, totals – 612, horses lost – 631 (<a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 544). </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark-Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons 'Royals', in a letter in <a href="/wiki/H._T._Siborne" class="mw-redirect" title="H. T. Siborne">H. T. Siborne</a>'s book, he makes an estimate of around 900 men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge (<a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, Letter 35, p. 69). Clark-Kennedy does not, however, explain how his estimate was arrived at. The shortfall of 432 men (the equivalent of a whole regiment) from the paper strength of the brigade is large. However, another officer of the brigade, John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons, says that the effective strength of the brigade did not "exceed 1,200" (<a href="#CITEREFGlover2007">Glover 2007</a>, p. 59). </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Siborne" title="William Siborne">William Siborne</a> was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals, such as Uxbridge, down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns. This makes his history particularly useful (though only from the British and KGL perspective); some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son, a British Major General (H. T. Siborne). Parts of William Siborne's account were, and are, highly controversial. The very negative light shed by Siborne on the conduct of the Dutch–Belgian troops during the battle, which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection of the opinions of his British informants, prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian Captain <a href="/wiki/Willem_Jan_Knoop" title="Willem Jan Knoop">Willem Jan Knoop</a> in his "Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden" en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger. Breda 1846; 2nd printing 1847. Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after-battle reports, drawn up within days of the battle, not on twenty-year-old recollections of veterans, as Siborne did. Siborne rejected the rebuttal. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more than 360 horses. The text of this memorandum from Torrens to Wellington Barbero refers to is available in Hamilton-Williams, p.75. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses lost – 672. Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed – 264, wounded – 310, missing – 38, totals – 612, horses lost – 631 (<a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 544). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> In a cavalry unit an "effective" was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse. The military term "effective" describes a soldier, piece of equipment (e.g. a tank or aircraft) or military unit capable of fighting or carrying out its intended purpose. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> This qualification may have been self-serving on Mercer's part. Wellington himself sought refuge in the "shaky" Brunswick squares at the time and observed what he interpreted as acts of cowardice by British artillerymen, who "... ran off the field entirely, taking with them limbers, ammunition, and everything ..." as he wrote in a letter of 21 December 1815 to the Master-General of the Ordnance, Lord Mulgrave. The incident even justified the denial of pensions to members of the Artillery Corps in his view. So, where Mercer claimed heroism, Wellington saw the opposite. See for the full text of Wellington's letter, and an attempted rebuttal <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1879" class="citation cs2">Duncan, F. (1879), "Appendix A", History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofroyalre02duncuoft#page/444/mode/2up">444</a>–464</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Regiment+of+Artillery&rft.pages=444-464&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> – The letter was originally published in WSD, vol. XIV (1858 ed.), pp. 618–620 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders, so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been impossible for any ranker. Each British cannon had a number of headless nails for spiking stored in a box on the gun carriage, so the French would have had the means to disable the guns readily available, had they known (<a href="#CITEREFWeller1992">Weller 1992</a>, p. 114). </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo: Ali, Crebère, Désirée, Jaffa, Marie and Tauris (<a href="#CITEREFSummerville2007">Summerville 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_cXSrh0C_IC&pg=PA315">p. 315</a>) Lozier states it was Désirée (<a href="#CITEREFLozier2010">Lozier 2010</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> On the contrary, many contradicted this British account vehemently. See e.g.<a href="#CITEREFEenens1879">Eenens 1879</a>, pp. 131–198. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT23">Google Books</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoop1847" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Jan_Knoop" title="Willem Jan Knoop">Knoop, W.J.</a> (1847) [1846], "Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden", en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger (2nd ed.), Breda</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beschouwingen+over+Siborne%27s+Geschiedenis+van+den+oorlog+van+1815+in+Frankrijk+en+de+Nederlanden&rft.btitle=en+wederlegging+van+de+in+dat+werk+voorkomende+beschuldigingen+tegen+het+Nederlandsche+leger&rft.place=Breda&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Knoop&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraan1817" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Benjamin_Craan" title="Willem Benjamin Craan">Craan, W.B.</a> (1817), An historical account of the battle of Waterloo, translated by Gore, A., pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc00goregoog">30</a>–31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+account+of+the+battle+of+Waterloo&rft.pages=30-31&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Craan&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> – written in 1816 on the basis of eyewitness accounts does not mention the incident). </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> The commander of the Cumberland Hussars, who was later court-martialled and cashiered, claimed that as his troopers (all well-to-do young Hanoverians) owned their own horses he could not order them to remain on the field. Following the battle the regiment was broken up and the troopers assigned duties they, no doubt, considered ignominious. Four were posted to Captain Mercer's horse artillery troop, where he found them "amazingly sulky and snappish with every one".(<a href="#CITEREFMercer1870b">Mercer 1870b</a>, p. 62) </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch would take the poorer road to "Froidmont" (Frichermont), while Zieten would take the longer northern, but better made, road via Ohain (<a href="#CITEREFChesney1874">Chesney 1874</a>, pp. 173–178). </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle, so while five Imperial Guard formations went forward, they may have comprised six battalions (<a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]). Similarly, Lewis, 2013, pp. 188–190.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> The attacking battalions were 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st/3rd, 2nd/3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard; those remaining in reserve were the 2nd/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/1st and 2nd/2nd Chasseurs of the Old Guard (<a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, p. 392). </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> "'The Guard dies, but it does not surrender!' is another of these fictitious historical sayings. General Cambronne, to whom it is attributed, never uttered. Victor Hugo, in Les Misérables, has restored the true text. It is composed of a single word [Merde!]".(<a href="#CITEREFMasson1869">Masson 1869</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> The reply is commonly attributed to General <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cambronne" title="Pierre Cambronne">Pierre Cambronne</a>, originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison de Rougemont in Journal General published on 24 June 1815,(<a href="#CITEREFShapiro2006">Shapiro 2006</a>, p. 128) although Cambronne claimed he replied "Merde!" (<a href="#CITEREFBoller1989">Boller 1989</a>, p. 12) However, according to letters in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> in June 1932, Cambronne was already a prisoner of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Halkett" title="Hugh Halkett">Hugh Halkett</a>, so the retort, if ever given, or in whatever form it took, may have come from <a href="/wiki/Claude-Etienne_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude-Etienne Michel">General Michel</a> instead.<a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFParry1900">Parry 1900</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Through the finality of Napoleon's defeat, "met his/her Waterloo" has entered the English lexicon as a phrase to describe someone's circumstances when they have met with absolute and final defeat. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Napoleon's last escapade was important politically because it "compelled all the powers at Vienna to bury their remaining differences in order to achieve a peace which would enshrine the principles of the balance of power".(<a href="#CITEREFKennedy1987">Kennedy 1987</a>, p. 37) "No international disturbance comparable in magnitude...has ever been followed by such a protracted period of peace". (<a href="#CITEREFPalmer1956">Palmer 1956</a>, p. 420) Recovering, after Waterloo, from six decades of abnormal obstacles to transatlantic commerce (from the Seven Years' War onwards), increasingly industrialized Europe and North America, by 1914, accounted for over 90% of global coal, iron and steel production and 76% of international trade.(<a href="#CITEREFPaxton1985">Paxton 1985</a>, p. 2) </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Jomini was Swiss, but was an officer, eventually a general, in the French army and had served on the staff of Marshal Ney. He later served in the Russian army. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> This "false movement" was the detachment of Grouchy's force in pursuit of the Prussians: Napoleon had overestimated the extent of his victory at Ligny and underestimated the resilience of the Prussians. He also seems to have discounted the presence of Bülow's substantial corps, which had not been in action at Ligny. Had Napoleon retained Grouchy's 30,000 men as a guard for his right flank, it is likely that these troops could have held off the Prussians and allowed the rest of Napoleon's army to attack Wellington's army unmolested. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NB">NB</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: NB">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 7,232 gunners (according to Clodfelter).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 246 guns according to Bodart and Clodfelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Bodart's older estimate of 288 guns total for the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> 49,608 infantry, 12,408 cavalry, and 5,645 artillery according to Clodfelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Hougoumont" title="Hougoumont">Hougoumont</a> stronghold alone, the French lost 5,000 men out of 12,700 engaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> Allied artillery inflicted 14,000 casualties with 21,500 rounds fired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> (including 4,500 killed or wounded by the Prussians;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">[8]</a> 19,500–21,500 by Wellington<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312-19">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">[8]</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> French artillery inflicted 13,300 casualties with 20,760 rounds fired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Hougoumont" title="Hougoumont">Hougoumont</a> stronghold, the British and Hanoverian losses were only 847 men out of 2,200 engaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflist">Reflist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Reflist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908487_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodart1908">Bodart 1908</a>, p. 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199968–69-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199968–69_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169_4-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 61 cites Siborne's numbers. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1994">Hamilton-Williams 1994</a>, p. 256 gives 68,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200575–76-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200575–76_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994256-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994256_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1994">Hamilton-Williams 1994</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017170_14-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney18744-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney18744_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesney1874">Chesney 1874</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden1983329-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowden1983329_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowden1983">Bowden 1983</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006312_19-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005420-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005420_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005419_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169–170-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017169–170_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, pp. 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Albert Smith, Charles Dickens, William Harrison Ainsworth (eds.) (1851) Bentley's Miscellany, Volume 30, Publisher, Richard Bentley, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Waterloo/The-Battles-of-Quatre-Bras-and-Ligny">"Battle of Waterloo – The Battles of Quatre-Bras and Ligny | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201201350/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Waterloo/The-Battles-of-Quatre-Bras-and-Ligny">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Waterloo+%E2%80%93+The+Battles+of+Quatre-Bras+and+Ligny+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Waterloo%2FThe-Battles-of-Quatre-Bras-and-Ligny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo">"Battle of Waterloo | National Army Museum"</a>. www.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Waterloo+%7C+National+Army+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Fbattle-waterloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" class="extiw" title="q:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wikiquote:Wellington</a> citing Creevey Papers, ch. x, p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcelis2015-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcelis2015_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcelis2015">Marcelis 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Brown_University_Library''-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Brown_University_Library''_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown_University_Library">Brown University Library</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199359-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams199359_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016,_1017,_1093-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016,_1017,_1093_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandler1966">Chandler 1966</a>, pp. 1016, 1017, 1093. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895320–323-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895320–323_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 320–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterloo-campaign.nl/bestanden/files/preambles/plannen.nap.pdf">"The campaign of 1815: a study – A fundamental choice: a defensive or offensive war"</a> (PDF). Waterloo Campaign NL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.waterloo-campaign.nl/bestanden/files/preambles/plannen.nap.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+campaign+of+1815%3A+a+study+%E2%80%93+A+fundamental+choice%3A+a+defensive+or+offensive+war&rft.pub=Waterloo+Campaign+NL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterloo-campaign.nl%2Fbestanden%2Ffiles%2Fpreambles%2Fplannen.nap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016,_1017-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661016,_1017_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandler1966">Chandler 1966</a>, pp. 1016, 1017. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell201516-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornwell201516_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornwell2015">Cornwell 2015</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189582-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne189582_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer2005136–160-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer2005136–160_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer2005">Hofschröer 2005</a>, pp. 136–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold196753,_58,_110-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold196753,_58,_110_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerold1967">Herold 1967</a>, pp. 53, 58, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo">"Battle of Waterloo – Opening moves"</a>. National Army Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404113305/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Waterloo+%E2%80%93+Opening+moves&rft.pub=National+Army+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Fbattle-waterloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simner-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simner_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simner_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Simner2015" class="citation book cs1">Mark Simner (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQAnCgAAQBAJ">An Illustrated Introduction to the Battle of Waterloo – Quatre Bras and Ligny</a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4667-1"><bdi>978-1-4456-4667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Introduction+to+the+Battle+of+Waterloo+%E2%80%93+Quatre+Bras+and+Ligny&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4667-1&rft.au=Mark+Simner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQAnCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussey2017-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hussey2017_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hussey2017_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hussey2017" class="citation book cs1">John Hussey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VDVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178">Waterloo: The Campaign of 1815, Volume II: From Waterloo to the Restoration of Peace in Europe</a>. Pen and Sword. pp. 178–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-202-5"><bdi>978-1-78438-202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo%3A+The+Campaign+of+1815%2C+Volume+II%3A+From+Waterloo+to+the+Restoration+of+Peace+in+Europe&rft.pages=178-&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78438-202-5&rft.au=John+Hussey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VDVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlasdair_White" class="citation book cs1">Alasdair White. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35009953">The Road to Waterloo: a concise history of the 1815 campaign</a>. Academia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822203454/https://www.academia.edu/35009953">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Waterloo%3A+a+concise+history+of+the+1815+campaign&rft.pub=Academia&rft.au=Alasdair+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35009953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Clayton, Tim. Waterloo(2014)e-book edition. Pags 137-140 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971508-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971508_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125023608/http://waterloobattletours.users.btopenworld.com/page14.html">"The Battle of Quatre Bras (June 16th 1815)"</a>. Archive Org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterloobattletours.users.btopenworld.com/page14.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Quatre+Bras+%28June+16th+1815%29&rft.pub=Archive+Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaterloobattletours.users.btopenworld.com%2Fpage14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perr2013-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Perr2013_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Perrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Perrett (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8o7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51">Why the Germans Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Black Eagle</a>. Pen and Sword. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-197-0"><bdi>978-1-78159-197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Germans+Lost%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Black+Eagle&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-197-0&rft.au=Bryan+Perrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8o7BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874144-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1874144_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesney1874">Chesney 1874</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Summerfield2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen Summerfield (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36063281">"Becke's Waterloo Logistics"</a>. Ken Trotman Publishing. Academia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822203456/https://www.academia.edu/36063281">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ken+Trotman+Publishing&rft.atitle=Becke%27s+Waterloo+Logistics&rft.date=2018-01&rft.au=Stephen+Summerfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36063281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesney1874144–145-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChesney1874144–145_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesney1874">Chesney 1874</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971527-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971527_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, p. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/waterloo">"Waterloo – A damned near-run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life"</a>. AETN UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924221219/https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/waterloo">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterloo+%E2%80%93+A+damned+near-run+thing.+The+nearest+run+thing+you+ever+saw+in+your+life.&rft.pub=AETN+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.co.uk%2Fhistory-of-the-battle-of-waterloo%2Fwaterloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze2020-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2020_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2020_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2020_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2020" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSvJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA858">The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 608–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939406-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939406-7"><bdi>978-0-19-939406-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=608-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939406-7&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSvJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waloo-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Waloo_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattle_of_Waterloo1815" class="citation book cs1">Battle of Waterloo (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oUAAAAQAAJ">The battle of Waterloo, containing the series of accounts published by authority, British and foreign pp.=45</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+battle+of+Waterloo%2C+containing+the+series+of+accounts+published+by+authority%2C+British+and+foreign+pp.%3D45&rft.date=1815&rft.au=Battle+of+Waterloo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2oUAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200564-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200564_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer2005">Hofschröer 2005</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell2015122-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornwell2015122_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornwell2015">Cornwell 2015</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watl1815-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Watl1815_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattle_of_Waterloo1815" class="citation book cs1">Battle of Waterloo (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6">A short detail of the battle of Waterloo</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+detail+of+the+battle+of+Waterloo&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1815&rft.au=Battle+of+Waterloo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDwIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 68 gives 73,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Bowden, in Armies at Waterloo gives 74,500 men and 254 guns. Pag 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover201430-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover201430_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlover2014">Glover 2014</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.S._Allen2020" class="citation web cs1">T.S. Allen (14 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/elite-units-and-shock-tactics-how-napoleon-almost-conquered-europe-123346">"Elite Units and Shock Tactics: How Napoleon (Almost) Conquered Europe"</a>. National Interest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171052/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/elite-units-and-shock-tactics-how-napoleon-almost-conquered-europe-123346">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elite+Units+and+Shock+Tactics%3A+How+Napoleon+%28Almost%29+Conquered+Europe&rft.pub=National+Interest&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.au=T.S.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fblog%2Fbuzz%2Felite-units-and-shock-tactics-how-napoleon-almost-conquered-europe-123346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717034251/http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Waterloo_OB/French.htm">"L'Armée du Nord"</a>. web archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Waterloo_OB/French.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Arm%C3%A9e+du+Nord&rft.pub=web+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleonic-literature.com%2FWaterloo_OB%2FFrench.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sib-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Sib_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiborne1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Siborne" title="William Siborne">Siborne, William</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxQazrQnHSkC">The Waterloo Campaign, 1815</a>. E. Arber. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign%2C+1815&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=E.+Arber&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Siborne&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxQazrQnHSkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emo-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emo_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emo_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Huh" class="citation web cs1">Eric Huh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-huh.pdf">"The Causes of Napoleon Bonaparte's Loss at Waterloo 1815 – p. 170-178"</a> (PDF). Emory Endeavors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-huh.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte%27s+Loss+at+Waterloo+1815+%E2%80%93+p.+170-178&rft.pub=Emory+Endeavors&rft.au=Eric+Huh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.emory.edu%2Fhome%2Fdocuments%2Fendeavors%2Fvolume5%2Fgunpowder-age-v-huh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001133-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2001133_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2001">Roberts 2001</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201429-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms201429_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimms2014">Simms 2014</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201458-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms201458_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimms2014">Simms 2014</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortescue2004228-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortescue2004228_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortescue2004">Fortescue 2004</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur2009" class="citation journal cs1">MacArthur, Roderick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44232822">"British Army establishments during the Napoleonic Wars (Part 1)"</a>. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 87 (350): 150–172. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44232822">44232822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=British+Army+establishments+during+the+Napoleonic+Wars+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=350&rft.pages=150-172&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44232822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44232822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971485-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971485_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, p. 485. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Bowden, Scott. Armies at Waterloo. pag.272 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler19661093-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler19661093_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChandler1966">Chandler 1966</a>, p. 1093. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Bowden, Scott. Armies at Waterloo. pag 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200619-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200619_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993239–240-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993239–240_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200559-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200559_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer2005">Hofschröer 2005</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer200560–62_84-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer2005">Hofschröer 2005</a>, pp. 60–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterlooassociation.org.uk/2018/06/04/prussian-advance/">"The Prussian March"</a>. Waterloo Association. 4 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209204251/https://www.waterlooassociation.org.uk/2018/06/04/prussian-advance/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waterloo+Association&rft.atitle=The+Prussian+March&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterlooassociation.org.uk%2F2018%2F06%2F04%2Fprussian-advance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200578–79-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200578–79_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200578–79_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200580-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200580_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005149-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005149_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005149_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry190058-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry190058_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParry1900">Parry 1900</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141,_235-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141,_235_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 141, 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200583–85-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200583–85_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 83–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200591-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200591_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971535–536-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971535–536_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, pp. 535–536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005141_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gre2015-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gre2015_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gre2015_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gre2015_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gre2015_95-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Grehan2015" class="citation book cs1">John Grehan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0KuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA342">Voices from the Past: Waterloo 1815: History's most famous battle told through eyewitness accounts, newspaper reports, parliamentary debate, memoirs and diaries</a>. Frontline Books. pp. 105–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78383-199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78383-199-9"><bdi>978-1-78383-199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Past%3A+Waterloo+1815%3A+History%27s+most+famous+battle+told+through+eyewitness+accounts%2C+newspaper+reports%2C+parliamentary+debate%2C+memoirs+and+diaries&rft.pages=105-&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78383-199-9&rft.au=John+Grehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0KuCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971547-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971547_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, p. 547. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001163–166-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2001163–166_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2001">Roberts 2001</a>, pp. 163–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200573-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200573_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001xxxii-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2001xxxii_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2001">Roberts 2001</a>, p. xxxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971548-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971548_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonaparte1869292–293-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonaparte1869292–293_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonaparte1869">Bonaparte 1869</a>, pp. 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUS-QQxjHnn8CpgPA20_20]-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUS-QQxjHnn8CpgPA20_20]_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher1994">Fletcher 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=US-QQxjHnn8C&pg=PA20">20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200595–98-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero200595–98_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 95–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamar2000119-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamar2000119_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamar2000">Lamar 2000</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200555-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200555_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2005">Roberts 2005</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellesley1815''To_Earl_Bathurst._Waterloo,_19_June_1815''-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellesley1815''To_Earl_Bathurst._Waterloo,_19_June_1815''_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWellesley1815">Wellesley 1815</a>, To Earl Bathurst. Waterloo, 19 June 1815. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005113–114-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005113–114_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiers1862215-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThiers1862215_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThiers1862">Thiers 1862</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth181510-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth181510_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBooth1815">Booth 1815</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreasy1877[httpwwwstandinsefifteen15ahtm_Chapter_XV]-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreasy1877[httpwwwstandinsefifteen15ahtm_Chapter_XV]_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreasy1877[httpwwwstandinsefifteen15ahtm_Chapter_XV]_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreasy1877">Creasy 1877</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standin.se/fifteen15a.htm">Chapter XV</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongford1971552–554-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongford1971552–554_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongford1971">Longford 1971</a>, pp. 552–554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005298-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005298_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005305,_306-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005305,_306_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 305, 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200557-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200557_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2005">Roberts 2005</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005131-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005131_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993286-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993286_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993287-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993287_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005136-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005136_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005145-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005145_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Daws2017-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daws2017_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daws2017_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2017" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Paul L. 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Pen & Sword Books. pp. 309–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-0069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-0069-8"><bdi>978-1-5267-0069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Grouchy%3A+The+Last+Great+Waterloo+Mystery+Unravelled&rft.pages=309-&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-0069-8&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du2HNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornwell2015''Those_terrible_grey_horses,_how_they_fight''-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornwell2015''Those_terrible_grey_horses,_how_they_fight''_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornwell2015">Cornwell 2015</a>, Those terrible grey horses, how they fight. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaweis1908228_127-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaweis1908">Haweis 1908</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201464-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms201464_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimms2014">Simms 2014</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993289–293-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1993289–293_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993">Hamilton-Williams 1993</a>, pp. 289–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Van Zuylen report <a href="#CITEREFBasWommersom1909">Bas & Wommersom 1909</a>, pp. 338–339(vol. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006134–138-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006134–138_137-0">a</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001217-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001217_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001217_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990125-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990125_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnglesey1990">Anglesey 1990</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197217-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197217_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant 1972</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmanHall1902119-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmanHall1902119_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOmanHall1902">Oman & Hall 1902</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005188-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005188_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover2004''Letter_16:_Frederick_Stovin_(ADC_to_Sir_Thomas_Picton)''-148"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2013160-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2013160_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2013">Barbero 2013</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005198–204-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005198–204_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 198–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006155-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006155_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994304-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994304_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994304_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1994">Hamilton-Williams 1994</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWooten199342-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWooten199342_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWooten1993">Wooten 1993</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005211-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005211_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1999252-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1999252_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher1999">Fletcher 1999</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994303–304-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton-Williams1994303–304_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton-Williams1994">Hamilton-Williams 1994</a>, pp. 303–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895425–426-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895425–426_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 425–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199986-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199986_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005219–223-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2005219–223_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2005">Barbero 2005</a>, pp. 219–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> For initial strengths (<a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, p. 217). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006142–143-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006142–143_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006142–143_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 329, 349 (composition of brigades); pp. 422–424 (actions of brigades). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller2010104-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller2010104_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeller2010">Weller 2010</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum200282-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUffindellCorum200282_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUffindellCorum2002">Uffindell & Corum 2002</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006164-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006164_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891Letters:_18,_26,_104-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1891Letters:_18,_26,_104_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, Letters: 18, 26, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975111_178-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark-Kennedy1975">Clark-Kennedy 1975</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2001142–143-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2001142–143_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2001">Fletcher 2001</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895164,_171-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1895164,_171_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood1895">Wood 1895</a>, pp. 164, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189138-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne189138_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990144-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990144_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnglesey1990">Anglesey 1990</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotton184990–91-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotton184990–91_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCotton1849">Cotton 1849</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891Letters_9,_18,_36-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1891Letters_9,_18,_36_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, Letters 9, 18, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990146-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnglesey1990146_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnglesey1990">Anglesey 1990</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975110–111-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark-Kennedy1975110–111_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark-Kennedy1975">Clark-Kennedy 1975</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895177-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1895177_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1895177_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood1895">Wood 1895</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1999270–271-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher1999270–271_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher1999">Fletcher 1999</a>, pp. 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189139-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne189139_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspositoElting1999354,_Map_166-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspositoElting1999354,_Map_166_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEspositoElting1999354,_Map_166_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEspositoElting1999">Esposito & Elting 1999</a>, p. 354, Map 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006156-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006156_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895443–449-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895443–449_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 443–449. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001356-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001356_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001356_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895444,_447-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895444,_447_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, pp. 444, 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001273,_414-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001273,_414_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, pp. 273, 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1895170-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1895170_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood1895">Wood 1895</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001359-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001359_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001359_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGronow1862''The_Duke_of_Wellington_in_our_square''-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGronow1862''The_Duke_of_Wellington_in_our_square''_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGronow1862">Gronow 1862</a>, The Duke of Wellington in our square. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeller1992211,_212-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeller1992211,_212_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeller1992">Weller 1992</a>, pp. 211, 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001252,_361-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001252,_361_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, pp. 252, 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a313–315_202-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMercer1870a">Mercer 1870a</a>, pp. 313–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a321-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a321_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMercer1870a">Mercer 1870a</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoussaye1900522-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoussaye1900522_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoussaye1900">Houssaye 1900</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2001361_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2001">Adkin 2001</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne189114,_38–39-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne189114,_38–39_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, pp. 14, 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891pp._14–15_and_letters_6,_7_and_9-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1891pp._14–15_and_letters_6,_7_and_9_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, pp. 14–15 and letters 6, 7 and 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Wellington, Arthur Wellesley duke of (1838). 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Vol. 12. p. 484. at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeBLal_vpjxjfXnp_AZHPQpVU-UFzfpbXwoKQ-CqtxwBOVTcS_23H131Kvev7imkGgpnZp6FJmq01yDuzD3mXh5IpPd6s8BuioVnBOchjuSkldzoadfjgEbIYxr89Qyfn8z5yBIz7VYWwgWuvy0pslQKJ67d9CSA8OBT9u_EZamK-8OHITiVGO3rq1RLeeihzPg3c-P6pIDXSW3Jg2Ix-g-Imf2Z06WKaChTRbsgkJTsWH9TQ92HnYXSN7KY54g842E1t87ukuylfnK42cStt81y-ttKMBPwmdUuxCdCJMUqWgomFk">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512125804/https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeBLal_vpjxjfXnp_AZHPQpVU-UFzfpbXwoKQ-CqtxwBOVTcS_23H131Kvev7imkGgpnZp6FJmq01yDuzD3mXh5IpPd6s8BuioVnBOchjuSkldzoadfjgEbIYxr89Qyfn8z5yBIz7VYWwgWuvy0pslQKJ67d9CSA8OBT9u_EZamK-8OHITiVGO3rq1RLeeihzPg3c-P6pIDXSW3Jg2Ix-g-Imf2Z06WKaChTRbsgkJTsWH9TQ92HnYXSN7KY54g842E1t87ukuylfnK42cStt81y-ttKMBPwmdUuxCdCJMUqWgomFk">Archived</a> 12 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1891p464-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1891p464_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1891">Siborne 1891</a>, p464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895465-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895465_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimms201459–60,_63–64-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimms201459–60,_63–64_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimms2014">Simms 2014</a>, pp. 59–60, 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeamish1995367-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeamish1995367_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeamish1995">Beamish 1995</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895483-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895483_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1895484-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1895484_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiborne1895">Siborne 1895</a>, p. 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006236-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006236_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999134-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999134_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999134_221-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006234-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006234_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006234_222-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006241-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006241_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006235–236-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006235–236_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006235–236_224-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a325–326-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1870a325–326_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMercer1870a">Mercer 1870a</a>, pp. 325–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006239-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006239_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, pp. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECotton1849106–107-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECotton1849106–107_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCotton1849">Cotton 1849</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006240-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006240_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006242-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006242_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbero2006242_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarbero2006">Barbero 2006</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999116-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999116_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999116_230-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199995-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer199995_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999117-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofschröer1999117_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofschröer1999">Hofschröer 1999</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-Siborne1848-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Siborne1848_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiborne1848" class="citation book cs1">Siborne, William (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxQazrQnHSkC">The Waterloo Campaign, 1815</a>. 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SAGE Journals: 39–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591572401701703">10.1177/003591572401701703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19301006">19301006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+British+Medical+Arrangements+during+the+Waterloo+Campaign&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003591572401701703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19301006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=H.A.L.+Howell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye2004''June_22''-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye2004''June_22''_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrye2004">Frye 2004</a>, June 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette,_17028-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazette,_17028_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazette,_17028_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette17028" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17028/page/1213">"No. 17028"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 22 June 1815. p. 1213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+17028&rft.pages=1213&rft.date=1815-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F17028%2Fpage%2F1213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2010" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2010). 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The Battle: A new history of Waterloo. Translated by Cullen, John. London: Atlantic Books Ltd (published 2013). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782391388" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782391388"><bdi>978-1782391388</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2018. <q>Most [...] would have agreed with the French writer's statement: 'On that day, the perspective of the human race was altered. Waterloo is the hinge of the Nineteenth Century.' [...] Later, the twentieth century swept away the illusions of unlimited progress and perpetual peace that had become widespread after Waterloo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue&rft.btitle=The+Battle%3A+A+new+history+of+Waterloo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1782391388&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEoMT0B0CfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Barbero (2005), pp. 422–423 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRapport2015">Rapport 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2015">Black 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeling2015">Keeling 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJomini1864223,_224-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJomini1864223,_224_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJomini1864">Jomini 1864</a>, pp. 223, 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassfordMoranPedlow2015ch._3-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassfordMoranPedlow2015ch._3_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBassfordMoranPedlow2015">Bassford, Moran & Pedlow 2015</a>, ch. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five40-49.htm">"Part 5 of Clautwitz: On Waterloo, Chapters 40–49"</a>. clausewitz.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061404/https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five40-49.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022. 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Retrieved 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rescuing+the+farm+where+Wellington+won+the+battle+of+Waterloo&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Shute&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F10218931%2FRescuing-the-farm-where-Wellington-won-the-battle-of-Waterloo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoorebeeke20076–21-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoorebeeke20076–21_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoorebeeke20076–21_308-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoorebeeke2007">Hoorebeeke 2007</a>, pp. 6–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScurr2022" class="citation book cs1">Scurr, Ruth (2022). Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows. Vintage. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life+in+Gardens+and+Shadows&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Scurr&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_310-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_310-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, Tony (17 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15740773.2021.2051895">"These spots of excavation tell: using early visitor accounts to map the missing graves of waterloo"</a>. Journal of Conflict Archaeology. 16 (2): 75–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15740773.2021.2051895">10.1080/15740773.2021.2051895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-0773">1574-0773</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249833895">249833895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Archaeology&rft.atitle=These+spots+of+excavation+tell%3A+using+early+visitor+accounts+to+map+the+missing+graves+of+waterloo&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-113&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249833895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1574-0773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15740773.2021.2051895&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15740773.2021.2051895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuta1-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuta1_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuta1_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuta2021" class="citation web cs1">Kuta, Sarah (21 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-uncover-rare-human-skeleton-waterloo-battlefield-180980439/">"Archaeologists Uncover Rare Human Skeleton at Waterloo"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126014401/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-uncover-rare-human-skeleton-waterloo-battlefield-180980439/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+Uncover+Rare+Human+Skeleton+at+Waterloo&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft.aulast=Kuta&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Farchaeologists-uncover-rare-human-skeleton-waterloo-battlefield-180980439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2015-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2015_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2015">Dunn 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeel2012-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeel2012_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeel2012">Peel 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolirin1-314"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolirin1_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemicker2023" class="citation news cs1">Hemicker, Lorenz (24 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/geschichte/schlacht-von-waterloo-forscher-finden-ueberreste-von-preussischen-soldaten-18622829.html">"Tote Preußen auf dem Dachboden Seit Jahrzehnten suchen Forscher Überreste der Gefallenen von Waterloo. Nun ist ein deutsch-belgisches Team auf eine Sensation gestoßen"</a>. Faz.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126080403/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/geschichte/schlacht-von-waterloo-forscher-finden-ueberreste-von-preussischen-soldaten-18622829.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faz.net&rft.atitle=Tote+Preu%C3%9Fen+auf+dem+Dachboden+Seit+Jahrzehnten+suchen+Forscher+%C3%9Cberreste+der+Gefallenen+von+Waterloo.+Nun+ist+ein+deutsch-belgisches+Team+auf+eine+Sensation+gesto%C3%9Fen.&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft.aulast=Hemicker&rft.aufirst=Lorenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fpolitik%2Fgeschichte%2Fschlacht-von-waterloo-forscher-finden-ueberreste-von-preussischen-soldaten-18622829.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2023" class="citation news cs1">Blackburn, Jack (25 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/human-bones-remains-found-attic-battle-waterloo-9qgkcqzh7">"Battle of Waterloo Bones found in Attic"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126080403/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/human-bones-remains-found-attic-battle-waterloo-9qgkcqzh7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Waterloo+Bones+found+in+Attic&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhuman-bones-remains-found-attic-battle-waterloo-9qgkcqzh7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomannWilkinSchäfer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Homann, Arne; Wilkin, Bernard; Schäfer, Robin (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102550987">"Die Toten von Waterloo: Aus dem Massengrab in die Zuckerfabrik?"</a>. Archäologie in Deutschland. 2023 (3 (Juni-Juli)): 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+in+Deutschland&rft.atitle=Die+Toten+von+Waterloo%3A+Aus+dem+Massengrab+in+die+Zuckerfabrik%3F&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=3+%28Juni-Juli%29&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Homann&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F102550987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäferWilkin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Schäfer, Robin; Wilkin, Bernard (1 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/111460708">"The real fate of the Waterloo fallen. The exploitation of bones in 19th century Belgium"</a>. Journal of Belgian History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Belgian+History&rft.atitle=The+real+fate+of+the+Waterloo+fallen.+The+exploitation+of+bones+in+19th+century+Belgium&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F111460708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorfs2015-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorfs2015_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTorfs2015">Torfs 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottasova2015-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottasova2015_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKottasova2015">Kottasova 2015</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Aa1858" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van der Aa, Abraham Jacob (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/aa__001biog04_01/aa__001biog04_01_0429.php">"David Hendrik, Baron Chasse"</a>. Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 19 (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David+Hendrik%2C+Baron+Chasse&rft.btitle=Biographisch+woordenboek+der+Nederlanden.+Deel+19&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Van+der+Aa&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Faa__001biog04_01%2Faa__001biog04_01_0429.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkin2001" class="citation cs2">Adkin, Mark (2001), The Waterloo Companion, Aurum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-764-0"><bdi>978-1-85410-764-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Companion&rft.pub=Aurum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85410-764-0&rft.aulast=Adkin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglesey1990" class="citation cs2">Anglesey, Marquess of (George C.H.V. Paget) (1990), One Leg: The Life and Letters of Henry William Paget, First Marquess of Anglesey, K.G. 1768–1854, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-518-2"><bdi>978-0-85052-518-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Leg%3A+The+Life+and+Letters+of+Henry+William+Paget%2C+First+Marquess+of+Anglesey%2C+K.G.+1768%E2%80%931854&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-518-2&rft.aulast=Anglesey&rft.aufirst=Marquess+of+%28George+C.H.V.+Paget%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker-Smith2016" class="citation cs2">Baker-Smith, Veronica (2016), Wellington's Hidden Heroes: The Dutch and the Belgians at Waterloo, Casemate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612003320" title="Special:BookSources/9781612003320"><bdi>9781612003320</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Hidden+Heroes%3A+The+Dutch+and+the+Belgians+at+Waterloo&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781612003320&rft.aulast=Baker-Smith&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero" title="Alessandro Barbero">Barbero, Alessandro</a> (2005), The Battle: A New History of Waterloo, Atlantic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-310-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-310-7"><bdi>978-1-84354-310-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle%3A+A+New+History+of+Waterloo&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-310-7&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero2006" class="citation cs2">Barbero, Alessandro (2006), The Battle: A New History of Waterloo (translated by John Cullen) (paperback ed.), Walker & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1500-5"><bdi>978-0-8027-1500-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle%3A+A+New+History+of+Waterloo+%28translated+by+John+Cullen%29&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1500-5&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero2013" class="citation cs2">Barbero, Alessandro (2013), The Battle: A New History of Waterloo, Atlantic Books, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEoMT0B0CfAC&pg=PT160">160</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-138-8"><bdi>978-1-78239-138-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle%3A+A+New+History+of+Waterloo&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78239-138-8&rft.aulast=Barbero&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasWommersom1909" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bas" title="François de Bas">Bas, F de</a>; Wommersom, J. 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Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Cornwell, Bernard</a> (2015), "Those terrible grey horses, how they fight", Waterloo: The History of Four Days, Three Armies and Three Battles, Lulu Press, Inc, p. ~<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6N3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT137">128</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-92522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-312-92522-9"><bdi>978-1-312-92522-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Those+terrible+grey+horses%2C+how+they+fight&rft.btitle=Waterloo%3A+The+History+of+Four+Days%2C+Three+Armies+and+Three+Battles&rft.pages=~128&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-312-92522-9&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2006" class="citation cs2">Corrigan, Gordon (2006), Wellington (reprint, eBook ed.), Continuum International Publishing Group, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AgapOzStrAC&pg=PA32">327</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2590-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-2590-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=reprint%2C+eBook&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2590-4&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton1849" class="citation cs2">Cotton, Edward (1849), A voice from Waterloo. A history of the battle, on 18 June 1815., London: B.L. Green</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+voice+from+Waterloo.+A+history+of+the+battle%2C+on+18+June+1815.&rft.pub=London%3A+B.L.+Green&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreasy1877" class="citation cs2">Creasy, Sir Edward (1877), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4061">The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo</a>, London: Richard Bentley & Son, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80559-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80559-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifteen+Decisive+Battles+of+the+World%3A+from+Marathon+to+Waterloo&rft.pub=London%3A+Richard+Bentley+%26+Son&rft.date=1877&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80559-2&rft.aulast=Creasy&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F4061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation cs2">Davies, Huw (2012), Wellington's Wars: The Making of a Military Genius (illustrated ed.), Yale University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sCxNtg1H8IC&pg=PA244">244</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16417-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16417-6"><bdi>978-0-300-16417-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Wars%3A+The+Making+of+a+Military+Genius&rft.pages=244&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16417-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Huw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEenens1879" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexis-Michel_Eenens" title="Alexis-Michel Eenens">Eenens, A.M</a> (1879), "Dissertation sur la participation des troupes des Pays-Bas a la campagne de 1815 en Belgique", in: Societé royale des beaux arts et de littérature de Gand, Messager des Sciences Historiques, Gand: Vanderhaegen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Dissertation+sur+la+participation+des+troupes+des+Pays-Bas+a+la+campagne+de+1815+en+Belgique%22%2C+in%3A+Societ%C3%A9+royale+des+beaux+arts+et+de+litt%C3%A9rature+de+Gand%2C+Messager+des+Sciences+Historiques&rft.place=Gand&rft.pub=Vanderhaegen&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Eenens&rft.aufirst=A.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComte_d'Erlon1815" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Comte d'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet</a> (1815), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008105416/http://www.napoleonbonaparte.nl/newspaper/dedham/drouet.html">Drouet's account of Waterloo to the French Parliament</a>, Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonbonaparte.nl/newspaper/dedham/drouet.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2007, retrieved 14 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drouet%27s+account+of+Waterloo+to+the+French+Parliament&rft.pub=Napoleon+Bonaparte+Internet+Guide&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Comte+d%27Erlon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste+Drouet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleonbonaparte.nl%2Fnewspaper%2Fdedham%2Fdrouet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspositoElting1999" class="citation cs2">Esposito, Vincent Joseph; Elting, John (1999), A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars, Greenhill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-346-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-346-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+and+Atlas+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-346-7&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Joseph&rft.au=Elting%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2013" class="citation cs2">Field, Andrew W. (2013), Waterloo The French Perspective, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-043-0"><bdi>978-1-78159-043-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+The+French+Perspective&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-043-0&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Andrew+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitchett2006" class="citation cs2">Fitchett, W.H. (2006) [1897], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19255/19255-h/19255-h.htm#chap1900">"Chapter: King-making Waterloo"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19255">Deeds that Won the Empire. Historic Battle Scenes</a>, London: John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter%3A+King-making+Waterloo&rft.btitle=Deeds+that+Won+the+Empire.+Historic+Battle+Scenes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fitchett&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19255%2F19255-h%2F19255-h.htm%23chap1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fletcher, Ian (1994), Wellington's Foot Guards, vol. 52 of Elite Series (illustrated ed.), Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-392-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-392-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Foot+Guards&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-392-6&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1999" class="citation cs2">Fletcher, Ian (1999), Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15, Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-016-9"><bdi>978-1-86227-016-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galloping+at+Everything%3A+The+British+Cavalry+in+the+Peninsula+and+at+Waterloo+1808%E2%80%9315&rft.place=Staplehurst%2C+UK&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-016-9&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2001" class="citation cs2">Fletcher, Ian (2001), A Desperate Business: Wellington, The British Army and the Waterloo Campaign, Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Desperate+Business%3A+Wellington%2C+The+British+Army+and+the+Waterloo+Campaign&rft.place=Staplehurst%2C+UK&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, John William (2004) [1920]. A History of the British Army, Vol. 10: 1814-1815. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84-342724-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84-342724-9"><bdi>1-84-342724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Army%2C+Vol.+10%3A+1814-1815&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84-342724-9&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2004" class="citation cs2">Frye, W.E. (2004) [1908], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10939">After Waterloo: Reminiscences of European Travel 1815–1819</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, retrieved 29 April 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Waterloo%3A+Reminiscences+of+European+Travel+1815%E2%80%931819&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=W.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F10939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunckenFuncken1967" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Funcken, Fred; Funcken, Lilianne (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecostumeetlesar0000lili/page/52/mode/2up?q=lanciers">Le costume et les armes des soldats de tous les temps</a> (in French), <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Casterman" title="Casterman">Casterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-203-14303-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-203-14303-7"><bdi>2-203-14303-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+costume+et+les+armes+des+soldats+de+tous+les+temps&rft.place=Tournai&rft.pub=Casterman&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=2-203-14303-7&rft.aulast=Funcken&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Funcken%2C+Lilianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecostumeetlesar0000lili%2Fpage%2F52%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dlanciers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2004" class="citation cs2">Glover, G. (2004), Letters from the Battle of Waterloo: the unpublished correspondence by Anglo-allied officers from the Siborne papers, London: Greenhill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-597-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-597-3"><bdi>978-1-85367-597-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+the+Battle+of+Waterloo%3A+the+unpublished+correspondence+by+Anglo-allied+officers+from+the+Siborne+papers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-597-3&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2007" class="citation cs2">Glover, Gareth (2007), From Corunna to Waterloo: the Letters and Journals of Two Napoleonic Hussars, 1801–1816, London: Greenhill Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Corunna+to+Waterloo%3A+the+Letters+and+Journals+of+Two+Napoleonic+Hussars%2C+1801%E2%80%931816&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2014" class="citation cs2">Glover, Gareth (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfpsBQAAQBAJ">Waterloo: Myth and Reality</a>, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-356-1"><bdi>978-1-78159-356-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-356-1&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfpsBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1972" class="citation cs2">Grant, Charles (1972), Royal Scots Greys (Men-at-Arms), Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-059-0"><bdi>978-0-85045-059-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Scots+Greys+%28Men-at-Arms%29&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-059-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronow1862" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rees_Howell_Gronow" title="Rees Howell Gronow">Gronow, R.H.</a> (1862), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3798">Reminiscences of Captain Gronow</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4043-2792-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4043-2792-4"><bdi>978-1-4043-2792-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+Captain+Gronow&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1862&rft.isbn=978-1-4043-2792-4&rft.aulast=Gronow&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F3798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton-Williams1993" class="citation cs2">Hamilton-Williams, David (1993), Waterloo. New Perspectives. The Great Battle Reappraised, London: Arms & Armour Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-05225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-05225-8"><bdi>978-0-471-05225-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo.+New+Perspectives.+The+Great+Battle+Reappraised&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-471-05225-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton-Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton-Williams1994" class="citation cs2">Hamilton-Williams, David (1994), Waterloo, New Perspectives, The Great Battle Reappraised (Paperback ed.), New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-14571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-14571-4"><bdi>978-0-471-14571-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo%2C+New+Perspectives%2C+The+Great+Battle+Reappraised&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-471-14571-4&rft.aulast=Hamilton-Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold1967" class="citation cs2">Herold, J. Christopher (1967), The Battle of Waterloo, New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-91603-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-91603-0"><bdi>978-0-304-91603-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Waterloo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-304-91603-0&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaweis1908" class="citation cs2">Haweis, James Walter (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924024320891">The campaign of 1815, chiefly in Flanders</a>, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024320891#page/n250/mode/1up">228</a>–229</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+campaign+of+1815%2C+chiefly+in+Flanders&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+and+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Haweis&rft.aufirst=James+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924024320891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschröer1999" class="citation cs2">Hofschröer, Peter (1999), 1815: The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory, vol. 2, London: Greenhill Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-368-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-368-9"><bdi>978-1-85367-368-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1815%3A+The+Waterloo+Campaign.+The+German+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-368-9&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschröer2005" class="citation cs2">Hofschröer, Peter (2005), Waterloo 1815: Quatre Bras and Ligny, London: Leo Cooper, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-168-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-168-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+1815%3A+Quatre+Bras+and+Ligny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-168-4&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Homann, Arne; Wilkin, Bernard; Schäfer, Robin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102550987/Die_Toten_von_Waterloo_Aus_dem_Massengrab_in_die_Zuckerfabrik_The_dead_of_Waterloo_From_the_common_grave_to_the_sugar_factory_Les_morts_de_Waterloo_A_partir_de_la_fosse_commune_%C3%A0_la_sucrerie">"Die Toten von Waterloo: Aus dem Massengrab in die Zuckerfabrik?"</a>. Archäologie in Deutschland. 2023 (3 (Juni-Juli)): 44–45.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoorebeeke2007" class="citation cs2">Hoorebeeke, C. van (September–October 2007), "Blackman, John-Lucie: pourquoi sa tombe est-elle à Hougomont?", Bulletin de l'Association Belge Napoléonienne, no. 118, pp. 6–21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Association+Belge+Napol%C3%A9onienne&rft.atitle=Blackman%2C+John-Lucie%3A+pourquoi+sa+tombe+est-elle+%C3%A0+Hougomont%3F&rft.issue=118&rft.pages=6-21&rft.date=2007-09%2F2007-10&rft.aulast=Hoorebeeke&rft.aufirst=C.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoussaye1900" class="citation cs2">Houssaye, Henri (1900), Waterloo (translated from the French), London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+%28translated+from+the+French%29&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Houssaye&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1862" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo, Victor</a> (1862), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/77/">"Chapter VII: Napoleon in a Good Humor"</a>, Les Misérables, The Literature Network, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165710/http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/les_miserables/77/">archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007, retrieved 14 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+VII%3A+Napoleon+in+a+Good+Humor&rft.btitle=Les+Mis%C3%A9rables&rft.pub=The+Literature+Network&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fvictor_hugo%2Fles_miserables%2F77%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJomini1864" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Jomini, Antoine-Henri</a> (1864), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVdEAAAAIAAJ">The Political and Military History of the Campaign of Waterloo</a> (3rd ed.), New York; D. 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(2006), "The Final Attack The Rifle Brigade Advance 7 pm 18 June 1815", in Lewis-Stemple, John (ed.), England: The Autobiography: 2,000 Years of English History by Those Who Saw it Happen (reprint ed.), UK: Penguin, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRArkAr-yxoC&pg=PT434">434</a>–436, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192869-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192869-2"><bdi>978-0-14-192869-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Final+Attack+The+Rifle+Brigade+Advance+7+pm+18+June+1815&rft.btitle=England%3A+The+Autobiography%3A+2%2C000+Years+of+English+History+by+Those+Who+Saw+it+Happen&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=434-436&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192869-2&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Captain+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottasova2015" class="citation cs2">Kottasova, Ivana (10 June 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/10/news/waterloo-coin-belgium-france/index.html">France's new Waterloo? Euro coin marks Napoleon's defeat</a>, CNN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%27s+new+Waterloo%3F+Euro+coin+marks+Napoleon%27s+defeat&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Kottasova&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F10%2Fnews%2Fwaterloo-coin-belgium-france%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamar2000" class="citation cs2">Lamar, Glenn J. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NBnAAAAMAAJ">Jérôme Bonaparte: The War Years, 1800–1815</a>, Greenwood Press, p. 119, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30997-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30997-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30997-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+Bonaparte%3A+The+War+Years%2C+1800%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30997-7&rft.aulast=Lamar&rft.aufirst=Glenn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NBnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1971), Wellington: the Years of the Sword, London: Panther, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-03548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-03548-1"><bdi>978-0-586-03548-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3A+the+Years+of+the+Sword&rft.pub=London%3A+Panther&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-586-03548-1&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1911" class="citation cs2">Low, E. Bruce (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withnapoleonatwa00macbuoft">"The Waterloo Papers"</a>, in MacBride, M. (ed.), With Napoleon at Waterloo, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Waterloo+Papers&rft.btitle=With+Napoleon+at+Waterloo&rft.place=London&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=E.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithnapoleonatwa00macbuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozier2010" class="citation cs2">Lozier, J.F. (18 June 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/faq/c_horses.html">What was the name of Napoleon's horse?</a>, The Napoleon Series, retrieved 29 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+was+the+name+of+Napoleon%27s+horse%3F&rft.pub=The+Napoleon+Series&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft.aulast=Lozier&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Ffaq%2Fc_horses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantle2000" class="citation cs2">Mantle, Robert (December 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_resinf2.html">Prussian Reserve Infantry 1813–1815: Part II: Organisation</a>, Napoleonic Association</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prussian+Reserve+Infantry+1813%E2%80%931815%3A+Part+II%3A+Organisation&rft.pub=Napoleonic+Association&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Mantle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fmilitary%2Forganization%2Fc_resinf2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988">.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcelis2015" class="citation cs2">Marcelis, David (10 June 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-napoleon-met-his-waterloo-he-was-out-of-town-1433894903">"When Napoleon Met His Waterloo, He Was Out of Town"</a>, The Wall Street Journal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=When+Napoleon+Met+His+Waterloo%2C+He+Was+Out+of+Town&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Marcelis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhen-napoleon-met-his-waterloo-he-was-out-of-town-1433894903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1870a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cavali%C3%A9_Mercer" title="Cavalié Mercer">Mercer, A.C.</a> (1870a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofwaterlo01mercuoft">Journal of the Waterloo Campaign: Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815</a>, vol. 1, Edinburgh / London: W. Blackwood</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+Kept+Throughout+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.place=Edinburgh+%2F+London&rft.pub=W.+Blackwood&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofwaterlo01mercuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1870b" class="citation cs2">Mercer, A.C. (1870b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofwaterlo02mercuoft">"Waterloo, 18 June 1815: The Royal Horse Artillery Repulse Enemy Cavalry, late afternoon"</a>, Journal of the Waterloo Campaign: Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waterloo%2C+18+June+1815%3A+The+Royal+Horse+Artillery+Repulse+Enemy+Cavalry%2C+late+afternoon&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+Kept+Throughout+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofwaterlo02mercuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1891" class="citation cs2">Mercer, A.C. (1891), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterlooletterss00sibo">"No 89:Royal Artillery"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Taylor_Siborne" title="Herbert Taylor Siborne">Siborne, Herbert Taylor</a> (ed.), Waterloo letters: a selection from original and hitherto unpublished letters bearing on the operations of the 16th, 17th, and 18th June, 1815, by officers who served in the campaign, London: Cassell & Company, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/waterlooletterss00sibo#page/218/mode/1up">218</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No+89%3ARoyal+Artillery&rft.btitle=Waterloo+letters%3A+a+selection+from+original+and+hitherto+unpublished+letters+bearing+on+the+operations+of+the+16th%2C+17th%2C+and+18th+June%2C+1815%2C+by+officers+who+served+in+the+campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterlooletterss00sibo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1869" class="citation cs2">Masson, David; et al. (1869), "Historical Forgeries and Kosciuszko's "Finis Poloniae"", Macmillan's Magazine, vol. 19, Macmillan and Company, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xt76rS3-RbwC&pg=PA164">164</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macmillan%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Historical+Forgeries+and+Kosciuszko%27s+%22Finis+Poloniae%22&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNofi1998" class="citation cs2">Nofi, Albert A. (1998) [1993], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaign0000nofi">The Waterloo campaign, June 1815</a>, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-29-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-29-6"><bdi>978-0-938289-29-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+campaign%2C+June+1815&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Combined+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-938289-29-6&rft.aulast=Nofi&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterloocampaign0000nofi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmanHall1902" class="citation cs2">Oman, Charles; Hall, John A. (1902), A History of the Peninsular War, Clarendon Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6pBAQAAMAAJ">119</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Hall%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1956" class="citation cs2">Palmer, R.R. (1956), A History of the Modern World, New York: Knopf</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Knopf&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2000" class="citation cs2">Parkinson, Roger (2000), Hussar General: The Life of Blücher, Man of Waterloo, Wordsworth Military Library, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x58TZVEU_Q4C&pg=PA240">240</a>–241, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840222531" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840222531"><bdi>978-1840222531</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hussar+General%3A+The+Life+of+Bl%C3%BCcher%2C+Man+of+Waterloo&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1840222531&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1900" class="citation cs2">Parry, D.H. (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071449/http://gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca/waterloo.htm">"Waterloo"</a>, Battle of the nineteenth century, vol. 1, London: Cassell and Company, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca/waterloo.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2008, retrieved 14 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waterloo&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pub=London%3A+Cassell+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaslight.mtroyal.ab.ca%2Fwaterloo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2015" class="citation cs2">Dunn, James (5 April 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/only-full-skeleton-retrieved-from-battle-of-waterloo-in-200-years-identified-by-historian-after-10157110.html">"Only full skeleton retrieved from Battle of Waterloo in 200 years identified by historian after being found under car park"</a>, The Independent</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Only+full+skeleton+retrieved+from+Battle+of+Waterloo+in+200+years+identified+by+historian+after+being+found+under+car+park&rft.date=2015-04-05&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fonly-full-skeleton-retrieved-from-battle-of-waterloo-in-200-years-identified-by-historian-after-10157110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawly2001" class="citation cs2">Pawly, Ronald (2001), Wellington's Belgian Allies, Men at Arms nr 98. 1815, Osprey, pp. 37–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-158-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-158-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Belgian+Allies&rft.series=Men+at+Arms+nr+98.+1815&rft.pages=37-43&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-158-9&rft.aulast=Pawly&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1985" class="citation cs2">Paxton, Robert O. (1985), Europe in the 20th Century, Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Orlando%3A+Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peel, Hugues Van (11 December 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_le-soldat-retrouve-sur-le-site-de-waterloo-etait-prussien?id=7890492">Le soldat retrouvé sur le site de Waterloo serait Hanovrien</a> (in French), <a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+soldat+retrouv%C3%A9+sur+le+site+de+Waterloo+serait+Hanovrien&rft.pub=RTBF&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=Hugues+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtbf.be%2Finfo%2Fregions%2Fdetail_le-soldat-retrouve-sur-le-site-de-waterloo-etait-prussien%3Fid%3D7890492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapport2015" class="citation cs2">Rapport, Mike (13 May 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/books/review/waterloo.html">"Waterloo"</a>, The New York Times</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Waterloo&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=Rapport&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2F17%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fwaterloo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2001" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Andrew (2001), Napoleon and Wellington, London: Phoenix Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-480-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-480-2"><bdi>978-1-84212-480-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Wellington&rft.pub=London%3A+Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-480-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2005" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Andrew (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterloojune181800robe">Waterloo: 18 June 1815, the Battle for Modern Europe</a>, New York: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008866-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008866-8"><bdi>978-0-06-008866-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo%3A+18+June+1815%2C+the+Battle+for+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=New+York%3A+HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-008866-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterloojune181800robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2006" class="citation cs2">Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300107982/page/128">The Yale Book of Quotations</a> (illustrated ed.), Yale University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300107982/page/128">[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&pg=PA128 128]</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10798-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Book+of+Quotations&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300107982%2Fpage%2F128+%26%2391%3Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5-GR-qtgXsC%26pg%3DPA128+128%26%2393%3B&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10798-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300107982%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiborne1891" class="citation cs2">Siborne, Herbert Taylor (1891), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterlooletterss00sibo">The Waterloo Letters</a>, London: Cassell & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Siborne&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterlooletterss00sibo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiborne1895" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Siborne" title="William Siborne">Siborne, William</a> (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/waterloocampaig01sibogoog#page/n6/mode/2up">The Waterloo Campaign, 1815</a> (4th ed.), Westminster: A. Constable</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign%2C+1815&rft.place=Westminster&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=A.+Constable&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Siborne&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fwaterloocampaig01sibogoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2014" class="citation cs2">Simms, Brendan (2014), The Longest Afternoon: The 400 Men Who Decided the Battle of Waterloo, Allen Lane, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-00460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-00460-9"><bdi>978-0-241-00460-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Afternoon%3A+The+400+Men+Who+Decided+the+Battle+of+Waterloo&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-241-00460-9&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation cs2">Smith, Digby (1998), The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book, London & Pennsylvania: Greenhill Books & Stackpole Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-276-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-276-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenhill+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book&rft.pub=London+%26+Pennsylvania%3A+Greenhill+Books+%26+Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-276-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2014" class="citation cs2">Steele, Charles (2014), Zabecki, David T. (ed.), Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History, ABC-CLIO, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">178</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+at+War%3A+400+Years+of+Military+History&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerville2007" class="citation cs2">Summerville, Christopher J (2007), Who was who at Waterloo: a biography of the battle, Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-78405-5"><bdi>978-0-582-78405-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+was+who+at+Waterloo%3A+a+biography+of+the+battle&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-78405-5&rft.aulast=Summerville&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiers1862" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers, Adolphe</a> (1862), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoireduconsul20thieuoft">Histoire du consulat et de l'empire, faisant suite à l'Histoire de la révolution française</a> (in French), vol. 20, Paris: Lheureux et Cie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+consulat+et+de+l%27empire%2C+faisant+suite+%C3%A0+l%27Histoire+de+la+r%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Lheureux+et+Cie.&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Thiers&rft.aufirst=Adolphe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoireduconsul20thieuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorfs2015" class="citation cs2">Torfs, Michaël (12 March 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws.english/News/1.2267618">"Belgium withdraws 'controversial' Waterloo coin under French pressure, but has a plan B"</a>, flandersnews.be</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=flandersnews.be&rft.atitle=Belgium+withdraws+%27controversial%27+Waterloo+coin+under+French+pressure%2C+but+has+a+plan+B&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.aulast=Torfs&rft.aufirst=Micha%C3%ABl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderedactie.be%2Fcm%2Fvrtnieuws.english%2FNews%2F1.2267618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUffindellCorum2002" class="citation cs2">Uffindell, Andrew; Corum, Michael (2002), On The Fields Of Glory: The Battlefields of the 1815 Campaign, Frontline Books, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30uaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">211</a>, 232–233, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-514-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-514-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-514-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Fields+Of+Glory%3A+The+Battlefields+of+the+1815+Campaign&rft.pages=211%2C+232-233&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-514-0&rft.aulast=Uffindell&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Corum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller1992" class="citation cs2">Weller, J. (1992), Wellington at Waterloo, London: Greenhill Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-109-8"><bdi>978-1-85367-109-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+at+Waterloo&rft.pub=London%3A+Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-109-8&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller2010" class="citation cs2">Weller, J. (2010), Wellington at Waterloo, Frontline Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-5-869" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-5-869"><bdi>978-1-84832-5-869</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+at+Waterloo&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-5-869&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellesley1815" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellesley, Arthur</a> (1815), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/archives/wellington/1815_06f.htm">"Wellington's Dispatches 19 June 1815"</a>, Wellington's Dispatches Peninsular and Waterloo 1808–1815, War Times Journal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wellington%27s+Dispatches+19+June+1815&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Dispatches+Peninsular+and+Waterloo+1808%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=War+Times+Journal&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Wellesley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtj.com%2Farchives%2Fwellington%2F1815_06f.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation cs2">White, John (14 December 2011), Burnham, Robert (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/miscellaneous/c_cambronne.html">Cambronne's Words, Letters to The Times (June 1932)</a>, the Napoleon Series, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825203333/http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/miscellaneous/c_cambronne.html">archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2007, retrieved 14 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambronne%27s+Words%2C+Letters+to+The+Times+%28June+1932%29&rft.pub=the+Napoleon+Series&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fresearch%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fc_cambronne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1895" class="citation cs2">Wood, Evelyn (1895), Cavalry in the Waterloo Campaign, London: <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Low,_Marston_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampson Low, Marston and Company">Sampson Low, Marston and Company</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavalry+in+the+Waterloo+Campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+and+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooten1993" class="citation cs2">Wooten, Geoffrey (1993), Waterloo, 1815: The Birth Of Modern Europe, Osprey Campaign Series, vol. 15, London: Reed International Books, p. 42</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo%2C+1815%3A+The+Birth+Of+Modern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.series=Osprey+Campaign+Series&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Reed+International+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wooten&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bijl, Marco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114161435/http://home.scarlet.be/~tsh40803/8/8st.html">8th Dutch Militia</a> a history of the 8th Dutch Militia battalion and the Bylandt Brigade, of which it was a part, in the 1815 campaign (using original sources from the Dutch and Belgian national archives)</li> <li>de Wit, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterloo-campaign.nl/">The campaign of 1815: a study</a>. Study of the campaign of 1815, based on sources from all participating armies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223084211/http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Waterloo_Cowards.html">The Cowards at Waterloo</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Waterloo_Cowards.html">the original</a> on 23 December 2015, retrieved 23 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cowards+at+Waterloo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napolun.com%2Fmirror%2Fnapoleonistyka.atspace.com%2FWaterloo_Cowards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dellevoet, A. (2001), Cowards at Waterloo?: A Re-Examination of Bijlandt's Dutch-Belgian Brigade in the Campaign of 1815, Stackpole books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cowards+at+Waterloo%3F%3A+A+Re-Examination+of+Bijlandt%27s+Dutch-Belgian+Brigade+in+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.pub=Stackpole+books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dellevoet&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wilkin, Bernard and Schäfer, Robin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/111460708/The_real_fate_of_the_Waterloo_fallen_The_exploitation_of_bones_in_19th_century_Belgium">The real fate of the Waterloo Fallen. The exploitation of bones in 19th century Belgium</a>, Brussels, Journal of Belgian History, Cegesoma, December 2023</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Bonaparte, Napoleon (1995), Chandler, David G.; Cairnes, William E. (eds.), The Military Maxims of Napoleon, Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80618-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80618-6"><bdi>978-0-306-80618-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Maxims+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80618-6&rft.aulast=Bonaparte&rft.aufirst=Napoleon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Buttery, David. Waterloo Battlefield Guide (Pen and Sword, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Chandler, David G. (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan">Campaigns of Napoleon</a>, New York: Scribner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-523660-8"><bdi>978-0-02-523660-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-02-523660-8&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofnapol00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Chilcott, Christopher (2015), The Royal Waggon Train: Maintaining the British Army 1803–1833, RLC Association Trust Fund</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Waggon+Train%3A+Maintaining+the+British+Army+1803%E2%80%931833&rft.pub=RLC+Association+Trust+Fund&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Chilcott&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz, Carl von</a>; Wellesley, Arthur (2010), Christopher Bassford; Daniel Moran; Gregory Pedlow (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/index.htm">On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815</a>, Clausewitz.com, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4537-0150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4537-0150-8"><bdi>978-1-4537-0150-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Waterloo%3A+Clausewitz%2C+Wellington%2C+and+the+Campaign+of+1815&rft.pub=Clausewitz.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4537-0150-8&rft.aulast=Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft.au=Wellesley%2C+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2F1815%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> This on-line text contains Clausewitz's 58-chapter study of the Campaign of 1815 and Wellington's lengthy 1842 essay written in response to Clausewitz, as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cookson, John E. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiV5Q7uupVUC">The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820658-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820658-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Armed+Nation%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820658-3&rft.aulast=Cookson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiV5Q7uupVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gleig, George Robert, ed. (1845), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112122928/http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Book_24/Book24.htm">The Light Dragoon</a>, London: George Routledge & Co., archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Book_24/Book24.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+Dragoon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Routledge+%26+Co.&rft.date=1845&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleonic-literature.com%2FBook_24%2FBook24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Esdaile, Charles J. Walking Waterloo: A Guide (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Walking-Waterloo-Guide-Charles-Esdaile/dp/1526740788/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Glover, Michael (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwars00glov">The Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History, 1792–1815</a>, New York: Hippocrene Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88254-473-1"><bdi>978-0-88254-473-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars%3A+An+Illustrated+History%2C+1792%E2%80%931815&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-88254-473-1&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonicwars00glov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hofschröer, Peter (1998), 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras, vol. 1, London: Greenhill Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-304-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-304-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1815%3A+The+Waterloo+Campaign%3A+Wellington%2C+His+German+Allies+and+the+Battles+of+Ligny+and+Quatre+Bras&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-304-7&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hofschröer, Peter (2004), Wellington's Smallest Victory: The Duke, the Model Maker and the Secret of Waterloo, London: Faber & Faber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21769-4"><bdi>978-0-571-21769-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%27s+Smallest+Victory%3A+The+Duke%2C+the+Model+Maker+and+the+Secret+of+Waterloo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-571-21769-4&rft.aulast=Hofschr%C3%B6er&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a> (1997) [1968], Waterloo a Near Run Thing, London: Phoenix/Windrush Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-719-3"><bdi>978-1-84212-719-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterloo+a+Near+Run+Thing&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix%2FWindrush+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-719-3&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/The_Face_of_Battle" title="The Face of Battle">The face of battle</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+face+of+battle&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988">; A study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faceofbattl00keeg">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Snow, Peter (2010), To War with Wellington, From the Peninsula to Waterloo, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-103-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-103-0"><bdi>978-1-84854-103-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+War+with+Wellington%2C+From+the+Peninsula+to+Waterloo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-103-0&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towarwithwelling0000snow">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Balen, Malcolm. A Model Victory: Waterloo and the Battle for History (Harper Perennial, 2006).</li> <li>Bridoux, Jeff. "'Next to a battle lost, the greatest misery is a battle gained': the Battle of Waterloo-myth and reality". Intelligence and National Security 36.5 (2021): 754–770.</li> <li>Esdaile. Charles J. "Napoleon at Waterloo: The events of 18 June 1815 analyzed via historical simulation". JAMS: Journal of Advanced Military Studies 12#2 (2021) pp. 11–44</li> <li>Evans, Mark, et al. "Waterloo Uncovered: From discoveries in conflict archaeology to military veteran collaboration and recovery on one of the world's most famous battlefields", in Historic Landscapes and Mental Well-Being (2019): 253–265. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/33921/4/20_Evans_etal_proof.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Francois, Pieter. "'The Best Way to See Waterloo is with your Eyes Shut' British 'Histourism,' Authenticity and Commercialism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 22#1 (2013): 25–41.</li> <li>Heffernan, Julian Jimenez. "Lying Epitaphs: 'Vanity Fair', Waterloo, and the Cult of the Dead". Victorian Literature and Culture 40#1 (2012): 25–45.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Heinzen, Jasper (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140506051226/http://www.muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_and_memory/v026/26.1.heinzen.html">"A Negotiated Truce: The Battle of Waterloo in European Memory since the Second World War"</a>, History & Memory, 26 (1): 39–74, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fhistmemo.26.1.39">10.2979/histmemo.26.1.39</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159698207">159698207</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_and_memory/v026/26.1.heinzen.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Memory&rft.atitle=A+Negotiated+Truce%3A+The+Battle+of+Waterloo+in+European+Memory+since+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-74&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fhistmemo.26.1.39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159698207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heinzen&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fhistory_and_memory%2Fv026%2F26.1.heinzen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kennaway, James. "Military surgery as national romance: the memory of British heroic fortitude at Waterloo". War & Society 39.2 (2020): 77–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07292473.2020.1741771">online</a></li> <li>Keirstead, Christopher and Marysa Demoor, eds. "Special Issue: Waterloo and Its Afterlife in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical and Newspaper Press". Victorian Periodicals Review 48#4 (2015).</li> <li>Mongin, Philippe. "A game-theoretic analysis of the Waterloo campaign and some comments on the analytic narrative project". Cliometrica 12.3 (2018): 451–480. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/MONAGA.1.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Reynolds, Luke Alexander Lewis. "Who Owned Waterloo? Wellington's Veterans and the Battle for Relevance" (PhD. Diss. City University of New York, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4392&context=gc_etds">online</a>.</li> <li>Rigney, Ann. "Reframing Waterloo: Memory, mediation, experience", in The Varieties of Historical Experience (Routledge, 2019) pp. 121–139.</li> <li>Seaton, A.V. "War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914". Annals of Tourism Research 26#1 (1999): 130–158.</li> <li>Scott, Walter. Scott on Waterloo edited by Paul O'Keeffe. (Vintage Books, 2015).</li> <li>Shaw, Philip. Waterloo and the Romantic Imagination (Palgrave, 2002).</li> <li>Turner, Harry. Courage, Blood & Luck: Poems of Waterloo (Pen and Sword Military, 2013).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Maps">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Shepherd, William R. (1923), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/waterloo_battle.jpg">"Map of the battlefield"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_shepherd_1923.html">Historical Atlas</a>, New York: Henry Holt and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Map+of+the+battlefield&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fhistorical%2Fshepherd%2Fwaterloo_battle.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-156.jpg">The map</a> from the 1911 edition is also available online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/BATTLE_OF_WATERLOO.htm">Battle of Waterloo maps and diagrams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?&msa=0&msid=113384660960350206735.00000111ccfa54c3759d7&z=12&om=1">Map of the battlefield on modern Google map and satellite photographs showing main locations of the battlefield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm1383">1816 Map of the battlefield with initial dispositions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Benjamin_Craan" title="Willem Benjamin Craan">Willem Benjamin Craan</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=z84wlc9K5lB4.k_XQZ6gsCz54">Battle of Waterloo</a>, Google Maps</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Waterloo&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fd%2Fviewer%3Fmid%3Dz84wlc9K5lB4.k_XQZ6gsCz54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Glover, Gareth, ed. Letters from the battle of Waterloo: unpublished correspondence by Allied officers from the Siborne papers (Casemate Publishers, 2018).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/world-history/breaking-news-wellington-defeats-napoleon-waterloo">Earliest report of the battle in a London newspaper from The Morning Post 22 June 1815</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette17037" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17037/page/1359">"No. 17037"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 8 July 1815. pp. 1359–1362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+17037&rft.pages=1359-1362&rft.date=1815-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F17037%2Fpage%2F1359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> Casualty returns.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cook, Christopher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903162907/http://home.iprimus.com.au/cpcook/indexLW.htm">Eye witness accounts of Napoleonic warfare</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.iprimus.com.au/cpcook/indexLW.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+witness+accounts+of+Napoleonic+warfare&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.iprimus.com.au%2Fcpcook%2FindexLW.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Staff (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091204193626/http://books.national-army-museum.ac.uk/waterloo-medal-roll-pr-24201.html">Book review of the "Waterloo Medal Roll Call"</a>, The [British] National Archive, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.national-army-museum.ac.uk/waterloo-medal-roll-pr-24201.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+review+of+the+%22Waterloo+Medal+Roll+Call%22&rft.pub=The+%5BBritish%5D+National+Archive&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.national-army-museum.ac.uk%2Fwaterloo-medal-roll-pr-24201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Staff (9 July 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/medals-british-armed-services-campaign-service.htm">British military campaign and service medals</a>, The [British] National Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+military+campaign+and+service+medals&rft.pub=The+%5BBritish%5D+National+Archive&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Frecords%2Fresearch-guides%2Fmedals-british-armed-services-campaign-service.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> – "For records of medals awarded for service before 1914, search by name on the Ancestry website. There are separate search pages for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=1686">Army</a> (sourced from WO 100)..."</li> <li>Staff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/battle_waterloo_01.shtml">Empire and Sea Power: The Battle of Waterloo</a> Retrieved on 9 June 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/">BBC History Waterloo</a>, Retrieved on 9 June 2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Uniforms">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>French, Prussian and Anglo-allied uniforms during the Battle of Waterloo : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/unites.php">Mont-Saint-Jean</a> (FR)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/waterlooexhibition/parliament-and-waterloo/">Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116184425/http://booknotes.org/Watch/174208-1/Andrew+Roberts.aspx">"Booknotes: Watch"</a>. Booknotes. 12 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/174208-1/Andrew+Roberts.aspx">the original</a> on 16 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Booknotes&rft.atitle=Booknotes%3A+Watch&rft.date=2003-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booknotes.org%2FWatch%2F174208-1%2FAndrew%2BRoberts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> Interview with Andrew Roberts on Napoleon & Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders Who Fought It</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guides1815.org">"Guides 1815"</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guides+1815&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guides1815.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> Official guides of the Waterloo battlefield.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228231423/http://www.waterloo200.org/">"Waterloo 200"</a>. National Army Museum, London. 10 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterloo200.org/">the original</a> on 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Army+Museum%2C+London&rft.atitle=Waterloo+200&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterloo200.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"> (British site)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls509.wix.com/archaeologyawaterloo">"Farm of Hougoumont"</a>. Archaeology @ Waterloo. Retrieved 30 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+%40+Waterloo&rft.atitle=Farm+of+Hougoumont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftls509.wix.com%2Farchaeologyawaterloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>George Nafgizer collection Waterloo ORBATs for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128090053/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBE.pdf">French</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBF.pdf">Allied</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230025256/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBF.pdf">Archived</a> 30 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euroclio.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Teaching-1815-Rethinking-Waterloo-from-multiple-perspectives-Francesco-Scatigna-EUROCLIO.pdf">"Rethinking Waterloo from Multiple Perspectives"</a> (PDF). European Association of History Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://euroclio.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Teaching-1815-Rethinking-Waterloo-from-multiple-perspectives-Francesco-Scatigna-EUROCLIO.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Association+of+History+Education&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Waterloo+from+Multiple+Perspectives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuroclio.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F07%2FTeaching-1815-Rethinking-Waterloo-from-multiple-perspectives-Francesco-Scatigna-EUROCLIO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Waterloo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meet_one%27s_Waterloo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:meet one's Waterloo">meet one's Waterloo</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Waterloo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Waterloo_Campaign" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Hundred_Days" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Days" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Template:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Template talk:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waterloo_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waterloo Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Days" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Waterloo Campaign – Main battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Battle of Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleonic_Eagle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/70px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/105px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Napoleonic_Eagle.svg/140px-Napoleonic_Eagle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="548" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Battle of Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">Battle of La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Battle of Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Battle of Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Timeline of the Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_mobilisation_during_the_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days">Military mobilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign">Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Napoleonic Wars Battle of Waterloo </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Battle of Wavre</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli- gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France, <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Waterloo,_Belgium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_Royal_de_Waterloo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athénée Royal de Waterloo (page does not exist)">Athénée Royal de Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_norske_skolen_i_Brussel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den norske skolen i Brussel (page does not exist)">Den norske skolen i Brussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_School_of_Bruxelles-Argenteuil" title="European School of Bruxelles-Argenteuil">European School of Bruxelles-Argenteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_International_School_(Belgium)" title="St. John's International School (Belgium)">St. John's International School</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_School_of_Brussels" title="Scandinavian School of Brussels">Scandinavian School of Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_railway_station,_Belgium" title="Waterloo railway station, Belgium">Waterloo railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Joseph,_Waterloo" title="Church of Saint Joseph, Waterloo">Church of Saint Joseph, Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Khurshidbanu_Natavan_(Waterloo,_2016)" title="Statue of Khurshidbanu Natavan (Waterloo, 2016)">Statue of Khurshidbanu Natavan </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASUB_Waterloo" title="ASUB Waterloo">ASUB Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Waterloo</a> took place in nearby <a href="/wiki/Braine-l%27Alleud" title="Braine-l'Alleud">Braine-l'Alleud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lasne" title="Lasne">Lasne</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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