CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>War of the Austrian Succession - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"330150e1-628e-484b-ae0f-0feed73595a8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"War_of_the_Austrian_Succession","wgTitle":"War of the Austrian Succession","wgCurRevisionId":1258421057,"wgRevisionId":1258421057,"wgArticleId":52266,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from August 2013","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter", "CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","War of the Austrian Succession","1740s conflicts","1740s in the Habsburg monarchy","18th-century conflicts","Global conflicts","Rebellions against the Habsburg monarchy","Wars involving the Dutch Republic","Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy","Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe","1740s in India","Maria Theresa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"War_of_the_Austrian_Succession","wgRelevantArticleId":52266,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false, "wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q32929","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg/1200px-War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg/800px-War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg/640px-War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="War of the Austrian Succession - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-War_of_the_Austrian_Succession rootpage-War_of_the_Austrian_Succession skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=War+of+the+Austrian+Succession" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=War+of+the+Austrian+Succession" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=War+of+the+Austrian+Succession" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=War+of+the+Austrian+Succession" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1740" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1740"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campaign of 1740</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1740-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1741" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1741"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Campaign of 1741</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1741-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1742" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1742"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campaign of 1742</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1742-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1743" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1743"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Campaign of 1743</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1743-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1744" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1744"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Campaign of 1744</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1744-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1745" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1745"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Campaign of 1745</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1745-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Campaigns,_1741–1747" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Campaigns,_1741–1747"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Italian Campaigns, 1741–1747</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Campaigns,_1741–1747-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Low_Countries,_1745–1748" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Low_Countries,_1745–1748"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>The Low Countries, 1745–1748</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Low_Countries,_1745–1748-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Peace_of_1748" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Peace_of_1748"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>The Peace of 1748</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Peace_of_1748-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Naval operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naval operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>West Indies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Northern waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Indian Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_methods_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_methods_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Military methods and technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_methods_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strength_of_armies,_1740" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength_of_armies,_1740"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Strength of armies, 1740</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strength_of_armies,_1740-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Related wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War of the Austrian Succession</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrykse_Erfenisoorlog" title="Oostenrykse Erfenisoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oostenrykse Erfenisoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الخلافة النمساوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الخلافة النمساوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Socesi%C3%B3n_Austriaca" title="Guerra de Socesión Austriaca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de Socesión Austriaca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya_irsi_u%C4%9Frunda_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99" title="Avstriya irsi uğrunda müharibə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstriya irsi uğrunda müharibə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اوتریش ورارث ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتریش ورارث ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92-t%C4%93-l%C4%AB_K%C3%A8-s%C3%AAng_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Ò-tē-lī Kè-sêng Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ò-tē-lī Kè-sêng Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Война за австрийското наследство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война за австрийското наследство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_za_austrijsko_naslije%C4%91e" title="Rat za austrijsko naslijeđe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rat za austrijsko naslijeđe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_H%C3%AArezh_Aostria" title="Brezel Hêrezh Aostria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Hêrezh Aostria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Successi%C3%B3_Austr%C3%ADaca" title="Guerra de Successió Austríaca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Successió Austríaca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95%D1%88%C4%95%D0%BD_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%83%C3%A7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Австри эткерĕшĕн çапăçни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Австри эткерĕшĕн çапăçни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lky_o_rakousk%C3%A9_d%C4%9Bdictv%C3%AD" title="Války o rakouské dědictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Války o rakouské dědictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Olyniaeth_Awstria" title="Rhyfel Olyniaeth Awstria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Olyniaeth Awstria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_%C3%B8strigske_arvef%C3%B8lgekrig" title="Den østrigske arvefølgekrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den østrigske arvefølgekrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichischer_Erbfolgekrieg" title="Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_p%C3%A4riluss%C3%B5da" title="Austria pärilussõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austria pärilussõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Πόλεμος της Αυστριακής Διαδοχής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος της Αυστριακής Διαδοχής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_sucesi%C3%B3n_austr%C3%ADaca" title="Guerra de sucesión austríaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de sucesión austríaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriako_Ondorengotza_Gerra" title="Austriako Ondorengotza Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Austriako Ondorengotza Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="جنگ جانشینی اتریش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جانشینی اتریش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Succession_d%27Autriche" title="Guerre de Succession d'Autriche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Succession d'Autriche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Chomharbas_na_hOstaire" title="Cogadh Chomharbas na hOstaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Chomharbas na hOstaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Sucesi%C3%B3n_Austr%C3%ADaca" title="Guerra de Sucesión Austríaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Sucesión Austríaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EC%9C%84_%EA%B3%84%EC%8A%B9_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="오스트리아 왕위 계승 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트리아 왕위 계승 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ավստրիական ժառանգության պատերազմներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրիական ժառանգության պատերազմներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrijski_nasljedni_rat" title="Austrijski nasljedni rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austrijski nasljedni rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_pri_Austriana_sucedo" title="Milito pri Austriana sucedo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito pri Austriana sucedo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Suksesi_Austria" title="Perang Suksesi Austria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Suksesi Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADska_erf%C3%B0astr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Austurríska erfðastríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austurríska erfðastríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_successione_austriaca" title="Guerra di successione austriaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di successione austriaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלחמת הירושה האוסטרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הירושה האוסטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1" title="ომი ავსტრიული მემკვიდრეობისათვის – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომი ავსტრიული მემკვიდრეობისათვის" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%A1_par_Austrijas_mantojumu" title="Karš par Austrijas mantojumu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karš par Austrijas mantojumu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89istr%C3%A4icheschen_Ierffollegkrich" title="Éisträicheschen Ierffollegkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Éisträicheschen Ierffollegkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrijos_%C4%AFp%C4%97dinyst%C4%97s_karas" title="Austrijos įpėdinystės karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austrijos įpėdinystės karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A6ra_de_sucescion_aostriaca" title="Goæra de sucescion aostriaca – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Goæra de sucescion aostriaca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osztr%C3%A1k_%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%C3%B6s%C3%B6d%C3%A9si_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Osztrák örökösödési háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Osztrák örökösödési háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Warisan_Austria" title="Perang Warisan Austria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Warisan Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrijkse_Successieoorlog" title="Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%B6%99%E6%89%BF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="オーストリア継承戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストリア継承戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_%C3%B8sterrikske_arvef%C3%B8lgekrig" title="Den østerrikske arvefølgekrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den østerrikske arvefølgekrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_austerrikske_arvef%C3%B8lgjekrigen" title="Den austerrikske arvefølgjekrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den austerrikske arvefølgjekrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Succession_d%27%C3%80ustria" title="Guèrra de Succession d'Àustria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Succession d'Àustria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF_%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د اتریش د ځای ناستي توب جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اتریش د ځای ناستي توب جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_%C3%ABd_sucession_austr%C3%ACaca" title="Guèra ëd sucession austrìaca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra ëd sucession austrìaca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_sukcesj%C4%99_austriack%C4%85" title="Wojna o sukcesję austriacką – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o sukcesję austriacką" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Sucess%C3%A3o_Austr%C3%ADaca" title="Guerra de Sucessão Austríaca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Sucessão Austríaca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_Succesiune_Austriac%C4%83" title="Războiul de Succesiune Austriacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de Succesiune Austriacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Война за австрийское наследство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за австрийское наследство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="War of the Austrian Succession" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_o_rak%C3%BAske_dedi%C4%8Dstvo" title="Vojna o rakúske dedičstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojna o rakúske dedičstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrijska_nasledstvena_vojna" title="Avstrijska nasledstvena vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avstrijska nasledstvena vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Рат за аустријско наслеђе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат за аустријско наслеђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_za_austrijsko_naslije%C4%91e" title="Rat za austrijsko naslijeđe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat za austrijsko naslijeđe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4vallan_perimyssota" title="Itävallan perimyssota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itävallan perimyssota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterrikiska_tronf%C3%B6ljdskriget" title="Österrikiska tronföljdskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Österrikiska tronföljdskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆசுத்திரிய வாரிசுரிமைப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசுத்திரிய வாரிசுரிமைப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามสืบราชบัลลังก์ออสเตรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามสืบราชบัลลังก์ออสเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avusturya_Veraset_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Avusturya Veraset Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avusturya Veraset Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Війна за австрійську спадщину – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна за австрійську спадщину" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_K%E1%BA%BF_v%E1%BB%8B_%C3%81o" title="Chiến tranh Kế vị Áo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Kế vị Áo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="奥地利王位继承战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥地利王位继承战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q32929#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&oldid=1258421057" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&id=1258421057&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWar_of_the_Austrian_Succession"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWar_of_the_Austrian_Succession"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q32929" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1740–1748 war between European powers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War of the Austrian Succession</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">French–Habsburg rivalry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_rivalry" title="Austro-Prussian rivalry">Austro-Prussian rivalry</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg/280px-War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg/420px-War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg/560px-War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><br />Left to right:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson%27s_voyage_around_the_world" title="George Anson's voyage around the world">Capture of the <i>Nuestra Señora de Covadonga</i></a> (20 April 1743)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Fontenoy</a> (11 May 1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenfriedberg" title="Battle of Hohenfriedberg">Hohenfriedberg</a> (4 June 1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">Siege of Bergen op Zoom</a> (14 July – 18 September 1747)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>16 December 1740 – 18 October 1748 <br />(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <ul><li>Prussian control of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> confirmed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchies of Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Piacenza">Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a> ceded to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="House of Bourbon-Parma">Spanish Bourbons</a></li> <li>All other territories restored to pre-war owners</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Prussia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span> (1740–42, 1744–45)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bavaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/15px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/23px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/30px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span> (1741–45)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Saxony"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></span> (1741–42)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a> (1741–42)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> (1745–48)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Sweden</a> (1741–43)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducado_de_Modena_(antes_de_1830).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/25px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/38px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/50px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Modena">Duchy of Modena</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover"><img alt="Province of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Dutch Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></span> (1744–48)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Saxony"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></span> (1743–45)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a> (1742–48)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span> (1741–43, 1748)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV of France</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Maurice, Count of Saxony</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_1st_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie">François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Woldemar,_Comte_de_Lowendal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar, Comte de Lowendal">Ulrich Lowendal</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">Leopold II</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Infante Philip</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Thierry_du_Mont,_comte_de_Gages" title="Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages">Count of Gages</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria"><img alt="Electorate of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/15px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/23px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/30px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles VII</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria"><img alt="Electorate of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/15px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/23px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg/30px-Electoral_Standard_of_Bavaria_%281623-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emil_Lewenhaupt" title="Charles Emil Lewenhaupt">Charles Lewenhaupt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa"><img alt="Republic of Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_De_Mari" title="Lorenzo De Mari">Lorenzo De Mari</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducado_de_Modena_(antes_de_1830).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/25px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/38px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/50px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_III_d%27Este" title="Francesco III d'Este">Francesco III d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_von_Khevenh%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller">Ludwig Khevenhüller</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine" title="Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ferdinand_von_Abensberg_und_Traun" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun">Otto von Traun</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg"><img alt="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></b> (personal union) <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Spencer Compton</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mathews" title="Thomas Mathews">Thomas Mathews</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Anthonie_van_der_Heim" title="Anthonie van der Heim">Anthonie van der Heim</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_August,_Prince_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Prince of Waldeck</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cronstr%C3%B6m" title="Isaac Cronström">Isaac Cronström</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus II</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Rutowsky" title="Frederick Augustus Rutowsky">Count Rutowsky</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_the_Savoyard_States_%28late_16th_-_late_18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel III</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth I</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lacy" title="Peter Lacy">Peter Lacy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Anikitovich_Repnin" title="Vasily Anikitovich Repnin">Vasily Repnin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>1740:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 200,000<br /><b>1742:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281701-1750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> 120,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></a></span></span> 70,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony"><img alt="Electorate of Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 35,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>1747:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 204,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 120,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer200114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer200114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 127,000 <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy"><img alt="Savoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/23px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/35px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/46px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> 55,000 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanlon1997120_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon1997120-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>1742:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover"><img alt="Province of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 30,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>France</b>: <br /> 158,400 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <b>Prussia</b>:<br />23,100 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <b>Spain</b>:<br />3,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Habsburg monarchy</b>:<br />148,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <b>Great Britain</b>:<br />26,400 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>Dutch Republic:</b><br /> 14,630 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <b>Savoy-Sardinia:</b><br />7,840 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total: 750,000 dead or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201781_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201781-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="Template:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">War of the Austrian Succession</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Flanders and the Rhine</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" title="Battle of Dettingen">Dettingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menin_(1744)" title="Siege of Menin (1744)">Menin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ypres_(1744)" title="Siege of Ypres (1744)">Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Lauterbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Lauterbourg (page does not exist)">Lauterbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1744)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Wissembourg (1744) (page does not exist)">Wissembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Furnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Furnes (page does not exist)">Furnes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breisgau_(1744)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Breisgau (1744) (page does not exist)">Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Fontenoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1745)" title="Siege of Tournai (1745)">Tournai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melle" title="Battle of Melle">Melle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ghent" title="Fall of Ghent">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Oudenarde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Oudenarde (page does not exist)">Oudenarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend_(1745)" title="Siege of Ostend (1745)">Ostende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brussels" title="Siege of Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Antwerp (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1746)" title="Siege of Mons (1746)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1746)" title="Siege of Namur (1746)">Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocoux" title="Battle of Rocoux">Rocoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Lauffeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hulst_(1747)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hulst (1747) (page does not exist)">Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Campaign_of_1748" title="Rhine Campaign of 1748">Rhine Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1748)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1748)">Maastricht</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bohemia and Moravia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1741)" title="Battle of Prague (1741)">1st Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Olm%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Olmütz (page does not exist)">Olmütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Eger_(1742)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Eger (1742) (page does not exist)">1st Eger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chotusitz" title="Battle of Chotusitz">Chotusitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahay" title="Battle of Sahay">Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prague_(1742)" title="Siege of Prague (1742)">2nd Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Eger_(1743)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Eger (1743) (page does not exist)">2nd Eger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Prague_(1744)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Prague (1744) (page does not exist)">3rd Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Budweis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Budweis (page does not exist)">Budweis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tabor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tabor (page does not exist)">Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soor" title="Battle of Soor">Soor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Silesia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gro%C3%9F-Glogau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Groß-Glogau (page does not exist)">Groß-Glogau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mollwitz" title="Battle of Mollwitz">Mollwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brieg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brieg (page does not exist)">Brieg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neisse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neisse (page does not exist)">Neisse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Glatz_(1742)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Glatz (1742) (page does not exist)">Glatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenfriedberg" title="Battle of Hohenfriedberg">Hohenfriedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kosel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Kosel (page does not exist)">Kosel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hennersdorf" title="Battle of Hennersdorf">Hennersdorf</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bavaria</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simbach" title="Battle of Simbach">Simbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Deggendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Deggendorf (page does not exist)">Deggendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockade_of_Straubing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockade of Straubing (page does not exist)">Straubing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ingolstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ingolstadt (page does not exist)">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vilshofen" title="Battle of Vilshofen">Vilshofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen">Pfaffenhofen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Austria</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._P%C3%B6lten" title="Battle of St. Pölten">St. Pölten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%A4rding" title="Battle of Schärding">Schärding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Linz" title="Capitulation of Linz">Linz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Saxony</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kesselsdorf" title="Battle of Kesselsdorf">Kesselsdorf</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First Silesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second Silesian War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Italian_Campaigns,_1741–47">Italian campaigns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Naval_operations">Sea battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">First Carnatic War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>War of the Austrian Succession</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Related conflicts include <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">First Carnatic War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second Silesian Wars</a>. </p><p>Its pretext was the right of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> to succeed her father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles VI</a>, as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> saw it as an opportunity to challenge Habsburg power, while Maria Theresa was backed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Allies</a>. As the conflict widened, it drew in other participants, among them <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of liberty">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. </p><p>Prussia occupied the Austrian province of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> in 1740, although Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in Northern Italy. By early 1748, France held most of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, but was close to bankruptcy due to the cost of the war and a crippling British naval blockade. The stalemate led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> which confirmed Maria Theresa in her titles but failed to resolve underlying tensions between the signatories, many of whom were unhappy with the terms. France achieved minimal gains for vast expenditure, while the Spanish gained the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchies of Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Piacenza">Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a>. </p><p>Prussia, often considered the clearest winner, acquired Silesia from Austria, an outcome that undermined the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Austrian_Alliance" title="Anglo-Austrian Alliance">Anglo-Austrian Alliance</a>, since Maria Theresa deeply resented Britain's insistence she cede Silesia to make peace and made it her main objective to regain it. At the same time, the war demonstrated that Hanover, then held in personal union with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British Crown</a>, was vulnerable to Prussian attacks, while many British politicians felt they received little benefit from the enormous subsidies paid to Austria. The result was the realignment known as the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a>. Austria and France ended the <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">rivalry</a> which had dominated European affairs for centuries, while Prussia allied with Great Britain. These changes set the scene for the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1756. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immediate cause of the war was the death in 1740 of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> (1685–1740) and the inheritance of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, often collectively referred to as Austria. The 1703 <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Pact_of_Succession" title="Mutual Pact of Succession">Mutual Pact of Succession</a> provided that if the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> became extinct in the male line, these possessions would go first to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress">Maria Amalia</a>, daughters of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a>, then those of Charles, his younger brother. Since <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> excluded women from the inheritance, this agreement required approval by the various Habsburg territories and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19957–9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19957–9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles succeeded Joseph in 1711 and two years later issued the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a>, which confirmed the principle of female inheritance. However, it also modified the 1703 agreement by placing the rights of his own children first and after his first child Maria Theresa was born in 1717, Charles' internal and external policy was dominated by ensuring her succession ahead of his two nieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to their respective marriages to <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles Albert of Bavaria</a> in 1719, both nieces were obliged to formally renounce their rights to the inheritance. Charles assumed the rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> would secure his daughter's throne, since neither would be prepared to allow the other to inherit, but instead he gave his two greatest rivals a claim to the Habsburg lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn192933–37_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn192933–37-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg/290px-Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg/435px-Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg/580px-Maria_Theresia_im_Spitzenbesetzten_Kleid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>, whose succession was the proximate cause of the war</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles was also seeking to ensure the succession of Maria Theresa not just to her family lands but the titles and powers of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Although held by a Habsburg for over 300 years, it was an elective position and could not be held by a woman. The problem was exacerbated by tensions within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, caused by dramatic increases in the size and <a href="/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power in international relations">power</a> of Bavaria, Prussia, and Saxony, mirrored by the post-1683 expansion of Habsburg power into lands previously held by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. These were the centrifugal forces behind a war that reshaped the traditional <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a>; the various legal claims were largely pretexts and seen as such. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19953_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19953-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bavaria and Saxony refused to be bound by the decision of the Imperial Diet, while in 1738 France agreed to back the 'just claims' of Charles Albert of Bavaria despite previously accepting the Pragmatic Sanction in 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199982_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199982-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to offset this involved Austria in the 1733–1735 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739</a>, and it was weakened by the losses incurred. The situation was compounded by a failure to prepare Maria Theresa for her new role, and many European statesmen were skeptical Austria could survive the contest that would follow Charles' death, which finally came about in October 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxe2010242_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxe2010242-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategies">Strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On land, fighting focused on three main theatres, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, along with a wider naval conflict. The war itself can be divided into three separate but connected conflicts, the first being the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a> between Prussia and Austria. In the second, Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, while the third featured an increasingly global contest between Britain and France. In the end, French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands gave them clear dominance on land, while Britain's victories at sea cemented its place as the dominant naval power. </p><p>For much of the 18th century, French military strategy focused on potential threats on its eastern and northern borders, which required a strong land army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman200780_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman200780-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its colonies were left to fend for themselves, or given minimal resources, anticipating they would likely be lost anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2004356_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2004356-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy was driven by a combination of geography, and the superiority of the British navy, which made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull200714_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull200714-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expectation was military victory in Europe would compensate for any colonial losses; in 1748, France recovered possessions like <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>, in return for withdrawing from the Austrian Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1984285_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984285-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British tried to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETill200677_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETill200677-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sought to offset the disadvantage this created in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France. In the War of the Austrian Succession, the British were allied with Austria; by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, they were allied with its enemy, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. In contrast to France, once Britain became engaged in the war, it took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to expand it into the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199945_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199945-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British pursued a dual strategy of <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a> and bombardment of enemy ports, and also utilized their ability to move troops by sea to the utmost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVego2003156–157_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVego2003156–157-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would harass enemy shipping and attack enemy outposts, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort. This plan worked better in North America than in Europe, but set the stage for the Seven Years' War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1740">Campaign of 1740</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1740"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png/220px-Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png/330px-Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png/440px-Crown_of_Bohemia_1648.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a>; in 1742, most of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1742)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1742)">ceded</a> to Prussia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II</a> succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William</a> as king of Prussia on 31 May 1740 at the age of 28. Although Prussia had increased in importance over the prior few decades, its disparate and scattered territories prevented it wielding significant power, a reality Frederick intended to change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas19663_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas19663-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Emperor Charles VI on 20 October 1740 provided him with an ideal opportunity to acquire Silesia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2016291–332_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2016291–332-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he needed to do so before <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus of Saxony and Poland</a> could pre-empt him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005507_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005507-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a population of 16 million, Austria had an authorised <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)">standing army</a> of 157,000, although financial restraints meant its true size was considerably less than that in 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199462_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199462-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since they had a much greater area to defend, their army was more of "a sieve" than a shield against foreign invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199320_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199320-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> was better trained and led than its opponents, while its standing army of 80,000 was disproportionately large, at around 4% of its 2.2 million population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199324_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199324-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To add to these advantages, in April 1739 Frederick ensured Austria faced war on two fronts when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> of France agreed to attack from the west, while Prussia did so from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007129_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007129-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early December 1740, the Prussian army assembled along the river <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and on 16 December invaded Silesia without a formal declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007164_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007164-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Austrian military resources were concentrated in Hungary and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, they had fewer than 3,000 troops in Silesia, although this increased to 7,000 shortly before the invasion. They held on to the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Glogau" class="mw-redirect" title="Glogau">Glogau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brzeg" title="Brzeg">Brieg</a>, but abandoned the rest of the province and withdrew into <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>, with both sides taking up winter quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199568_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199568-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In under two weeks Prussia had occupied most of the richest province in the Holy Roman Empire, containing a population of over one million, and the commercial centre of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> along with mining, weaving and dyeing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmour201299–101_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmour201299–101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Frederick underestimated Maria Theresa's determination to reverse her loss, while the retention of Austrian fortresses in Southern Silesia meant a quick victory could not be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199569–72_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199569–72-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Campaign_of_1741"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1741">Campaign of 1741</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1741"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:322px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:320px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War of the Austrian Succession is located in Central Europe"><img alt="War of the Austrian Succession is located in Central Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/320px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/480px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/640px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.903%;left:54.185%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Linz"><img alt="Linz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Linz</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.984%;left:68.535%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brieg"><img alt="Brieg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Brieg</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.874%;left:63.528%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Vienna</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.589%;left:54.783%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Prague</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.867%;left:67.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neisse"><img alt="Neisse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Neisse</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.67%;left:75.561%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Budapest"><img alt="Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Budapest</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.146%;left:68.087%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mollwitz"><img alt="Mollwitz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Mollwitz</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.061%;left:55.904%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tábor"><img alt="Tábor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Tábor</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.521%;left:42.003%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Munich"><img alt="Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Munich</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.935%;left:41.256%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tyrol"><img alt="Tyrol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Tyrol</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_location_map.svg" title="File:Central Europe location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Central European campaign, 1741</div></div></div> <p>Early in the year, an Austrian army under <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reinhard_von_Neipperg" title="Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg">von Neipperg</a> relieved <a href="/wiki/Nysa,_Poland" title="Nysa, Poland">Neisse</a>, and marched on <a href="/wiki/Brzeg" title="Brzeg">Brieg</a>, threatening to cut the Prussians off. On 10 April, just outside Brieg, they were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mollwitz" title="Battle of Mollwitz">Battle of Mollwitz</a>; Frederick made serious mistakes in his first battle, and was so close to defeat that his subordinates ordered him to avoid capture and leave the battlefield. His deputy <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Christoph_Graf_von_Schwerin" title="Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin">von Schwerin</a> managed to drag out a victory, both sides losing nearly 25% of their strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas196646_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas196646-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 June, Frederick signed an alliance against Austria with France, who crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> on 15 August. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199813_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199813-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A combined Franco-Bavarian force now advanced along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, towards <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> on 14 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007223_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007223-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joined by a Saxon army of 20,000, they advanced on <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> from three different points, initially meeting little resistance. Before long, the Austrians had an army at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1bor" title="Tábor">Tábor</a>, while Neipperg was recalled from Silesia to defend Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191140_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191140-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently close to defeat, on 21 September Maria Theresa made an emotional speech to the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Hungarian Diet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>. They approved a <i>levée en masse</i>, which ultimately produced 22,000 troops, rather than the promised 60,000, but was an assertion of loyalty long remembered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199586_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199586-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Theresa was also helped by deep divisions among her opponents and Frederick's duplicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199589_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199589-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to weaken Saxony, on 9 October he signed the Klein–Schnellendorf agreement with Neipperg and in what is now considered a memorable act of diplomatic subterfuge, the Austrians surrendered Neisse after a mock defence. Under the prevailing rules of war, this allowed them to receive a pass to the nearest friendly territory and thus be used against Prussia's allies elsewhere, rather than being taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199588_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199588-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her best general, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_von_Khevenh%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller">von Khevenhüller</a> incorporated them into an army being assembled for a winter offensive to retake Upper Austria, and attack Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Frederick completed his conquest of Silesia, a French force under <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Maurice de Saxe</a> took Prague on 26 November 1741, allowing the Bavarian elector, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles Albert</a>, to be crowned King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The year ended with Khevenhüller decisively defeating a bigger Franco-Bavarian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._P%C3%B6lten" title="Battle of St. Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a> and advancing up the Danube towards Linz, while a second column under Johann Bärenklau moved through the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, towards <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1742">Campaign of 1742</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1742"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 January, von Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%A4rding" title="Battle of Schärding">Schärding</a> while seven days later 10,000 French soldiers surrendered at Linz. On 12 February, Charles Albert of Bavaria was crowned Emperor Charles VII, the first non-Habsburg to hold the position in 300 years, although Bärenklau captured <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> the same day. Although technically all allies, Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria had no desire to see France established in the Empire, nor to see one another gain relative ground. Maria Theresa ended Austria's secret truce with Frederick, first releasing the details. The Austrians assembled a second army of 28,000 to retake Prague, under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine" title="Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter201222_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter201222-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="War of the Austrian Succession is located in Czech Republic"><img alt="War of the Austrian Succession is located in Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/300px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/450px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/600px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.556%;left:35.36%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Prague</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:94.444%;left:22.072%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Schärding"><img alt="Schärding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Schärding</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.889%;left:34.685%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zahájí"><img alt="Zahájí" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Zahájí</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.556%;left:48.423%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chotusice"><img alt="Chotusice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Chotusice</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.889%;left:45.045%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kutná Hora"><img alt="Kutná Hora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Kutná Hora</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.556%;left:65.09%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Židlochovice"><img alt="Židlochovice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Židlochovice</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.667%;left:73.649%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Olomouc"><img alt="Olomouc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Olomouc</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.889%;left:65.541%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kłodzko"><img alt="Kłodzko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kłodzko</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" title="File:Relief Map of Czech Republic.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Bohemia and Moravia, 1742</div></div></div> <p>News of the secret truce badly damaged the relationship between Frederick and his allies, but Emperor Charles asked him to relieve the pressure by invading Moravia. Frederick had used the interval to reorganise his cavalry, previously neglected in favour of the infantry, and who performed poorly at Mollwitz; they would prove more effective in the 1742 campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007208_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007208-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1741, von Schwerin had captured <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olmütz</a>; Frederick took <a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko" title="Kłodzko">Glatz</a>, before moving onto <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDidlochovice" title="Židlochovice">Groß Seelowitz</a> in March 1742. This allowed him to threaten Vienna; a few Prussian patrols even appeared in the suburbs, before withdrawing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy201539_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy201539-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early May, he took the offensive, and moved into north-east Bohemia; by 16 May, he had 10,000 infantry at <a href="/wiki/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Kutná Hora">Kuttenberg</a>, and another 18,000 men under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau</a> a day's march behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1975103_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1975103-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the afternoon of 16 May, Charles of Lorraine's cavalry ran into Leopold's rearguard. Leopold recognized he was in contact with the Austrian main force and so accelerated his march ahead to close the gap with Frederick. At 2:00 am on 17 May, his exhausted troops stopped at the small village of <a href="/wiki/Chotusice" title="Chotusice">Chotusitz</a>, still three hours from Kutná Hora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fought later the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chotusitz" title="Battle of Chotusitz">Battle of Chotusitz</a> was inconclusive, but technically a Prussian victory, since the Austrians withdrew. On 24 May, French Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_1st_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie">de Broglie</a> won a minor action at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahay" title="Battle of Sahay">Sahay</a>. The two victories left the strategic situation unchanged, since Charles was still able to move against Prague, while the Prussian presence in Moravia remained a threat to Vienna. </p><p>However, Habsburg policy was generally to avoid fighting on too many fronts at the same time; Prussia was the most dangerous, and most difficult to defeat. Although recovering Silesia remained a priority for decades, Maria Theresa was willing to agree a temporary truce with Prussia to improve her position elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018170_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suited Frederick, who was short of money and men and also suspected France was preparing a separate peace. In June, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">Treaty of Breslau</a> ended the First Silesian War; Prussian troops withdrew from Bohemia, and Austria <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prague_(1742)" title="Siege of Prague (1742)">recaptured Prague</a> in December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter201227_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter201227-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1743">Campaign of 1743</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1743"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War of the Austrian Succession is located in Central Europe"><img alt="War of the Austrian Succession is located in Central Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/350px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/525px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Europe_location_map.svg/700px-Central_Europe_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.398%;left:26.981%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mainz"><img alt="Mainz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Mainz</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.913%;left:30.568%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dettingen"><img alt="Dettingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dettingen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.874%;left:63.528%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Vienna</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.589%;left:54.783%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Prague</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.314%;left:47.309%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Simbach"><img alt="Simbach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Simbach</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.67%;left:75.561%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Budapest"><img alt="Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Budapest</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.958%;left:27.653%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Worms"><img alt="Worms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Worms</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:97.411%;left:31.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Milan"><img alt="Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Milan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.521%;left:42.003%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Munich"><img alt="Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Munich</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.256%;left:39.013%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Augsburg"><img alt="Augsburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Augsburg</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Europe_location_map.svg" title="File:Central Europe location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Key locations, 1743</div></div></div> <p>At the beginning of the year, Louis XV insisted Broglie be given command of the Franco-Bavarian forces, creating tension with the Bavarians, and their general <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_von_Seckendorff" title="Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff">von Seckendorff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007274_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007274-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most of his lands occupied by the Austrians, Charles VII fled to <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, from where he initiated talks with Vienna and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, feeling he had been abandoned by his French allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995114_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995114-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divided at the top, and their troops weakened by disease, the Franco-Bavarian forces offered limited resistance to the Austrian advance; on 9 May, the Bavarians were defeated outside <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simbach" title="Battle of Simbach">Simbach</a>, by Charles of Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-June, the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Army" title="Pragmatic Army">Pragmatic Army</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a>, on the north bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>. Here they were joined by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>, who was attending the enthronement of a new <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">Elector of Mainz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late June, the Allies were running short of supplies and withdrew towards the nearest supply depot at <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a>, the road to which ran through Dettingen, now a part of <a href="/wiki/Karlstein_am_Main" title="Karlstein am Main">Karlstein am Main</a>, where 23,000 French troops blocked the road. Despite a strong position, mistakes made by their commander <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Gramont,_6th_Duke_of_Gramont" title="Louis de Gramont, 6th Duke of Gramont">Gramont</a>, allowed the Allies to win a narrow <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" title="Battle of Dettingen">victory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérini1896295_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérini1896295-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the last time a British monarch would personally lead troops in battle. </p><p>While the Pragmatic Army were able to continue their retreat, they had to abandon their wounded, and although reinforced by Charles of Lorraine were unable to agree what to do next. Charles later described Allied headquarters as a 'republic', while <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">Adrien Maurice de Noailles</a> told Louis XV he was 'heavily indebted to the irresolutions of George II.' They ended by doing nothing, and in October, took up winter quarters in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995117–118_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995117–118-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg/170px-Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg/255px-Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg/340px-Clementi_-_Charles_Emmanuel_III_in_armour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia</a>, who entered the war by the September <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Worms_(1743)" title="Treaty of Worms (1743)">Treaty of Worms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Frederick had responded to Dettingen by renewing his search for allies, and building up his army once again. In July, the Russian court discovered an alleged <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Lopukhina" title="Natalia Lopukhina">plot</a> to overthrow Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a>, and restore three-year old <a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan VI">Ivan VI</a>, with his mother Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Leopoldovna" title="Anna Leopoldovna">Anna Leopoldovna</a> as his regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007275_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007275-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this amounted to anything more than drunken gossip is disputed; one suggestion is that it was a fabrication by Frederick, designed to remove anti-Prussian opponents, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Chancellor Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anna Bestuzhev, wife of his brother Mikhail, and her friend <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Lopukhina" title="Natalia Lopukhina">Natalia Lopukhina</a>, confessed to the plot after 25 days of torture; they were publicly flogged, and had their tongues removed before being exiled to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Fredrick's supporters referred to it as the "Botta Conspiracy", alleging the involvement of Austrian envoy <a href="/wiki/Antoniotto_Botta_Adorno" title="Antoniotto Botta Adorno">Antoniotto Botta Adorno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln1981197_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln1981197-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Tsarina Elizabeth demanded Botta be punished, Maria Theresa refused, and the episode poisoned the relationship between Austria and Russia. Frederick managed to divide his two main opponents, but <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a> remained in place, leaving the overall position unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 September, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_III_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia">Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia</a>, Maria Theresa and Britain agreed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Worms_(1743)" title="Treaty of Worms (1743)">Treaty of Worms</a>, intended to expel <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a> from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, along with lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>. In return, Charles Emmanuel renounced his claim to the strategic <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction, and provided 40,000 troops, paid for by Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochedlinger2003255_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochedlinger2003255-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France and Spain responded with the <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille#The_second_Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Second Pacte de Famille</a> in October, and Louis XV began plans to invade the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. The year ended with Saxony agreeing a pact of mutual defence with Austria, leaving Prussia isolated, and facing a renewed offensive as Maria Theresa sought to regain Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995126–127_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995126–127-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1744">Campaign of 1744</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1744"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg/170px-Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg/255px-Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg/340px-Louis_XV_by_Maurice-Quentin_de_La_Tour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="3764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour" title="Maurice Quentin de La Tour">Maurice Quentin de La Tour</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the 1743 Treaty of Fontainebleau, Louis XV and his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> agreed on joint action against Britain. This included <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">a proposed invasion of Britain</a>, aimed at restoring the exiled <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuarts</a>, and over the winter, 12,000 French troops and transports were assembled at <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2013171_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2013171-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the February 1744 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Battle of Toulon</a>, a combined Franco-Spanish fleet fought an indecisive action with a British naval force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mathews" title="Thomas Mathews">Admiral Mathews</a>. Although Mathews prevented them exiting the Mediterranean and supporting the invasion attempt, he was forced to retreat, which led to his dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaugh2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaugh2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Success allowed Spain to land troops in Northern Italy, and in April they captured the important port of <a href="/wiki/Villefranche-sur-Mer" title="Villefranche-sur-Mer">Villefranche-sur-Mer</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995137_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995137-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, storms sank or severely damaged many French ships, while most of Louis' ministers opposed what they considered an expensive and futile diversion of resources. The invasion was cancelled on 11 March, Louis formally declared war on Britain, and in May, a French army invaded the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201629_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201629-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in 1744, they were greatly helped by divisions between the Pragmatic Allies, making it very difficult to formulate a consistent strategy. The British and Hanoverians detested each other, Austrian resources were focused in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> were reluctant to declare war on France, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade Louis to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995132_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995132-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch however did want to protect their <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Treaty" title="Barrier Treaty">Barrier fortresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cronstr%C3%B6m" title="Isaac Cronström">Isaac Cronström</a> thus argued to engage the French in the open field. <a href="/wiki/George_Wade" title="George Wade">George Wade</a>, supreme commander of the allied army, disagreed. He was under strict orders of the British government to not risk losing his connection to <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> and not to risk British or Hanoverians troops becoming prisoners of war, which also meant that he refused to put them on garrison duty. The British feared another <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> uprising and therefore wanted to be able to send their troops home in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002187_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002187-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the French made rapid progress, quickly capturing most of the Dutch-held Barrier fortresses along the border, including <a href="/wiki/Menen" title="Menen">Menen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>. When an Austrian army under Prince Charles of Lorraine invaded Alsace in early June, Louis went on the defensive in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>, and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> to meet this threat. In early August, he fell dangerously ill with <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, a disease often fatal at the time; although he later recovered, this temporarily paralysed the French command system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993175_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993175-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the bulk of the Austrian army occupied in Eastern France, Frederick launched the <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second Silesian War</a> on 15 August, and by the end of the month, all 80,000 of his troops were in Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007289_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007289-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Maria Theresa's main objective was to regain Silesia, the speed of the Prussian advance took the Austrians by surprise. On 23 August, Prince Charles withdrew from Alsace to defend Bohemia, with little interference from the French due to Louis' illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007290–294_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007290–294-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg/170px-Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg/255px-Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg/340px-Friedrich_ii_campenhausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="2231" /></a><figcaption>Frederick the Great, by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Camphausen" title="Wilhelm Camphausen">Wilhelm Camphausen</a>; his position at the end of 1744 was extremely precarious</figcaption></figure> <p>By mid-September, Frederick had captured Prague, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1bor" title="Tábor">Tabor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budweis" class="mw-redirect" title="Budweis">Budweis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hlubok%C3%A1_nad_Vltavou" title="Hluboká nad Vltavou">Frauenberg</a>; he now advanced up the river <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Moldau</a>, hoping to catch the Austrians between his forces, and the Franco-Bavarian army he assumed was in pursuit. However, the Bavarians contented themselves with re-occupying Munich, while the French settled down to besiege <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, a town of far less importance to Maria Theresa than Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995134_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995134-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick was left dangerously exposed, a situation worsened in early October when Saxony joined the coalition against him as an active belligerent. Under pressure from Charles of Lorraine and a combined Austro-Saxon force under Count <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ferdinand_von_Abensperg_und_Traun" title="Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun">Traun</a>, the Prussians were forced to retreat; by the time they entered Silesia in late November, Frederick's army was reduced to 36,000, half of whom then died of dysentery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy201556_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy201556-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the surrender of Freiburg and French advances in the Southern Netherlands, Austria seemed well-positioned at the end of 1744. Frederick's retreat damaged his reputation and weakened his army, but the most significant impact was on Franco-Prussian relations, with Louis accused of failing to support Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995135_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, an Austrian attack on the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> was unsuccessful, largely due to the incompetence of their commanders. In the north, arguments over strategy, and Spanish accusations of French cowardice at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> prevented them from taking full advantage of their victories earlier in the year. This was offset by similar divisions among their opponents; Charles Emmanuel was reluctant to see the Bourbons expelled from Italy, leaving the Habsburgs as the dominant power, while his territorial ambitions could only be achieved at Austrian expense. As a result, neither side could make significant progress in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995139_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995139-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1745">Campaign of 1745</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1745"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg/170px-Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg/255px-Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg/340px-Martin_van_Meytens_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Maria Theresa's husband, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>, elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>Frederick's position continued to deteriorate; on 8 January, Austria, Britain, the Dutch Republic and Saxony signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1745)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1745)">Treaty of Warsaw</a>, which was clearly aimed at Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995142_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995142-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was accompanied by ominous signs of Russian military activity in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, followed by the death of Emperor Charles VII on 20 January. Since Maria Theresa's husband, Grand Duke Francis, was the best-supported candidate to replace him, this was a major setback for the Franco-Prussian alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995140_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995140-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles' son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III_Joseph,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian III Joseph</a> made one last effort to drive the Austrians out of Bavaria, but his demoralised and ill-equipped army was out-manoeuvered by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_J%C3%B3zsef_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Károly József Batthyány">Count Batthyány</a>, while a Franco-Bavarian army was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen">Pfaffenhofen</a> on 15 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993203_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993203-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most of his electorate once again occupied, on 22 April he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_F%C3%BCssen" title="Treaty of Füssen">Treaty of Füssen</a>, in which he agreed to vote for Francis Stephen as Emperor, and made peace with Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995141_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995141-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia was now isolated; attempts by Frederick to divide his opponents by supporting <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus of Saxony</a> for Emperor were unsuccessful, while neither Britain or Russia was willing to mediate for him with Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bavaria's exit allowed France to focus on the Low Countries, which Saxe persuaded Louis XV provided the best opportunity of defeating Britain, whose financial backing was crucial to the Pragmatic Alliance. He proposed to attack <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, a vital link in the trading network for Northern Europe, and strongest of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Treaty" title="Barrier Treaty">Barrier Forts</a>, this forcing the Allies to fight on ground of his own choosing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003107_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003107-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 May, he won a hard-fought victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Fontenoy</a>, a success that established French dominance in the Netherlands, and caused bitter disputes between the British and Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143–144_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143–144-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 June, Frederick won a major victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenfriedberg" title="Battle of Hohenfriedberg">Hohenfriedberg</a>, but despite this, Austria and Saxony continued the war. Prussian requests for French support were ignored; Louis had been warned by his ministers state finances were increasingly strained, making it important to focus their efforts. One area was the Netherlands, particularly after British troops were recalled to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>. The other was Italy, where a Franco-Spanish army under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Francois_des_Marets,_marquis_de_Maillebois" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Francois des Marets, marquis de Maillebois">Maillebois</a> and Infante <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip</a> defeated the Sardinians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano" title="Battle of Bassignano">Bassignano</a> on 27 September, then captured <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenza" title="Valenza">Valenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993218_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993218-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg/240px-Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg/360px-Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg/480px-Battle_of_Fontenoy_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>Victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Fontenoy</a> in May 1745 re-established French confidence</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result, France made no effort to block the election of Duke Francis, who was proclaimed Emperor Francis I on 13 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995146–147_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995146–147-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolstered by this significant political victory, Maria Theresa continued her attempts to regain Silesia, only to be defeated once again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soor" title="Battle of Soor">Battle of Soor</a> on 30 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007333_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007333-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 December, the Prussians forced Saxony out of the war with victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kesselsdorf" title="Battle of Kesselsdorf">Battle of Kesselsdorf</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a> on 25th. Austria accepted Frederick's ownership of Silesia, while Saxony paid him an indemnity of one million crowns; in return, Prussia accepted the Pragmatic Sanction, acknowledged Francis as Emperor, and evacuated Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995148_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995148-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1745, Germany ceased to be an active military theatre; although Frederick knew Maria Theresa still intended to regain Silesia, both sides needed a period of peace in order to re-organise. French objectives were less clear; for centuries, the central plank of its foreign policy was weakening the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, but it began the war due to concern at British commercial growth post-1713. Since the war in Northern Italy was largely fought to support Spanish aims, this left the Netherlands as the only remaining theatre where France could achieve strategic victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another significant development was the start of the realignment of alliances that became the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a> in 1756. Under the August 'Convention of Hanover', Frederick and George II mutually guaranteed the borders of Hanover and Prussia to each other, and British diplomats tried to persuade Austria to end the Second Silesian War. Franco-Prussian relationships were marked by mutual distrust, while Maria Theresa resented British attempts to persuade her to accept the loss of Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995153_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995153-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_Campaigns,_1741–1747"><span id="Italian_Campaigns.2C_1741.E2.80.931747"></span>Italian Campaigns, 1741–1747</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian Campaigns, 1741–1747"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Italian_Campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:_Italy" title="Template:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession: Italy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:_Italy" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession: Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession: Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Italian_Campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">War of the Austrian Succession</span></a>:<br />Italian Campaigns</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_June_1742" title="Action of 14 June 1742">Saint Tropez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Santo" title="Battle of Campo Santo">Campo Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casteldelfino" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Casteldelfino">Casteldelfino (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Villafranca_(1744)" title="Siege of Villafranca (1744)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casteldelfino" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Casteldelfino">Casteldelfino (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velletri_(1744)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Velletri (1744)">Velletri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madonna_dell%27Olmo" title="Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo">Madonna dell'Olmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano" title="Battle of Bassignano">Bassignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piacenza" title="Battle of Piacenza">Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rottofreddo" title="Battle of Rottofreddo">Rottofreddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1746)" title="Siege of Genoa (1746)">Genoa (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antibes" title="Siege of Antibes">Antibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1747)" title="Siege of Genoa (1747)">Genoa (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assietta" title="Battle of Assietta">Assietta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_familia_de_Felipe_V_(Van_Loo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/280px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/420px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/560px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>'s family by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_van_Loo" title="Louis-Michel van Loo">Louis-Michel van Loo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In central Italy an army of Spaniards and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Neapolitans</a> was collected for the purpose of conquering the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>. In 1741, the allied army of 40,000 Spaniards and Neapolitans under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carrillo_de_Albornoz,_1st_Duke_of_Montemar" title="José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar">Duke of Montemar</a> had advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena">Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena</a> had allied himself with them, but the vigilant Austrian commander, Count <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ferdinand_von_Abensberg_und_Traun" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun">Otto Ferdinand von Traun</a> had out-marched them, captured Modena and forced the Duke to make a separate peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191140_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191140-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aggressiveness of the Spanish in Italy forced Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and King Charles Emmanuel of Sardinia into negotiations in early 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These negotiations were held at Turin. Maria Theresa sent her envoy <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Schulenburg-Oeynhausen" title="Ludwig von Schulenburg-Oeynhausen">Count Schulenburg</a> and King Charles Emmanuel sent the <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Vincenzo_Ferrero_d%27Ormea" title="Carlo Vincenzo Ferrero d'Ormea">Marquis d'Ormea</a>. On 1 February 1742, Schulenburg and Ormea signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Turin" title="Convention of Turin">Convention of Turin</a> which resolved (or postponed resolution) many differences and formed an alliance between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1742, field marshal Count Traun held his own with ease against the Spanish and Neapolitans. On 19 August 1742, Naples was forced by the arrival of a British naval squadron in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>' own harbour, to withdraw her 10,000 troops from the Montemar force to provide for home defence.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish force under Montemar was now too weak to advance in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and a second Spanish army was sent to Italy via France. Sardinia had allied herself with Austria in the Convention of Turin and at the same time neither state was at war with France and this led to curious complications, combats being fought in the <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re_(river)" title="Isère (river)">Isère</a> valley between the troops of Sardinia and of Spain, in which the French took no part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191141_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191141-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1742, the Duke of Montemar was replaced as head of the Spanish forces in Italy by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Thierry_du_Mont,_comte_de_Gages" title="Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages">Count Gages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1743, the Spanish on the <a href="/wiki/Panaro_(river)" title="Panaro (river)">Panaro</a> had achieved a victory over Traun at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Santo" title="Battle of Campo Santo">Campo Santo</a> on 8 February 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the next six months were wasted in inaction and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Christian,_Prince_of_Lobkowicz" title="Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz">Johann Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz</a>, joining Traun with reinforcements from Austria, drove back the Spanish to <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>. Observing from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> hailed the Spanish retreat as "the finest military manoeuvre of the whole century".<sup id="cite_ref-Cranston183_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cranston183-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish-Savoyard War in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> continued without much result, the only incident of note being the first <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casteldelfino" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Casteldelfino">Battle of Casteldelfino</a> (7–10 October 1743), when an initial French offensive was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191141_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191141-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1744, the Italian war became serious. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714) Spain and Austria had been ruled by branches of the same (<a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>) royal house. Consequently, the foreign policies of Austria and Spain in regards to Italy had a symmetry of interests and these interests were usually opposed to the interests of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> controlled France.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> and the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the childless last Habsburg monarch (<a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a>) had been replaced by the Bourbon grandson of the French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip of Anjou</a>, who became Philip V in Spain. Spain's dominance of Italy and Italian territories subsequently passed to Austria. Now the symmetry of foreign policy interests in regards to Italy existed between Bourbon France and Bourbon Spain with Habsburg Austria usually in opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia had followed the long-established foreign policy of Savoy of opposing Spanish interference in northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-p243_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-p243-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now in 1744, Savoy was faced with a grandiose military plan of the combined Spanish and French armies (called the <a href="/wiki/Gallispan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallispan">Gallispan</a> army) for conquest of northern Italy. </p><p>However, in implementing this plan, the Gallispan generals at the front were hampered by the orders of their respective governments. For example, the commander of the French army in the field, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis François, Prince of Conti">Prince of Conti</a>, could not get along with, or even reason with, the <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Miguel_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Avalos_y_Spinola" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime Miguel de Guzmán de Avalos y Spinola">Marquis de La Mina</a>, the Supreme commander of all Spanish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p166_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p166-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince of Conti felt that the Marquis "deferred blindly to all orders coming from Spain" without any consideration of the realities on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p166_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p166-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In preparation for the military campaign the Gallispan forces sought to cross the Alps in June 1744 and regroup the army in <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> uniting there with the army on the lower Po.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/170px-Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/255px-Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/340px-Retrato_de_Carlos_III_de_Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The support of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> allowed a road into central Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p166_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p166-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Prince of Conti stayed in the north, Count <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bonaventure_du_Mont,_comte_de_Gages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bonaventure du Mont, comte de Gages">Gages</a> followed this road to the south. But then the Austrian commander, Prince Lobkowitz took the offensive and drove the Spanish army of the Count de Gages further southward towards the Neapolitan frontier near the small town of <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a>. From June through August 1744, Velletri became the scene of extensive military maneuvering between the French-Spanish army under the command of the Count Gages and the Austrian forces under the command of Prince Lobkowitz<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King of Naples (the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a>) was increasingly worried about the Austrian army operating so close to his borders and decided to assist the Spaniards. Together a combined army of French, Spanish and Neapolitans surprised the Austrian army on the night of 16–17 June 1744. The Austrians were routed from three important hills around the town of Velletri during the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p164_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p164-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle is sometimes called the "Battle of Nemi" after the small town of Nemi located nearby. Because of this surprise attack, the combined army was able to take possession of the town of Velletri. Thus, the surprise attack has also been called the "first <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velletri_(1744)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Velletri (1744)">Battle of Velletri</a>". </p><p>In early August 1744, the King of Naples paid a visit in person to the newly captured town of Velletri.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p164_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p164-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing about the presence of the King, the Austrians developed a plan for a daring raid on Velletri. During the predawn hours of 11 August 1744, about 6,000 Austrians under the direct command of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Ulysses_Browne" title="Maximilian Ulysses Browne">Count Browne</a> staged a surprise raid on the town of Velletri. They were attempting to abduct the King of Naples during his stay in the town. However, after occupying Velletri and searching the entire town, the Austrians found no hint of the King of Naples. The King had become aware of what was happening and had fled through a window of the palace where he was staying and rode off half-dressed on horseback out of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the second Battle of Velletri. The failure of the raid on Velletri meant that the Austrian march toward Naples was over. The defeated Austrians were ordered north where they could be used in the Piedmont of northern Italy to assist the King of Sardinia against the Prince of Conti. Count de Gages followed the Austrians north with a weak force. Meanwhile, the King of Naples returned home. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_of_Bourbon_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis François, Prince of Conti">Prince of Conti</a> by Alexis Simon Belle</figcaption></figure> <p>The war in the Alps and the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> had already been keenly contested before the Prince of Conti and the Gallispan army had come down out of the Alps. First, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Villafranca_(1744)" title="Siege of Villafranca (1744)">Fort de Villefranche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_du_mont_Alban" title="Fort du mont Alban">Fort du mont Alban</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> had been stormed by Conti on 20 April 1744. After coming down out of the Alps, Prince Conti began his advance into Piedmont on 5 July 1744.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 July 1744, the Gallispan army engaged the Sardinian army in some desperate fighting at <a href="/wiki/Peyre-Longue" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyre-Longue">Peyre-Longue</a> on 18 July 1744.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the battle, the Gallispan army took control of <a href="/wiki/Casteldelfino" title="Casteldelfino">Casteldelfino</a> in the second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casteldelfino" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Casteldelfino">Battle of Casteldelfino</a>. Conti then moved on to <a href="/wiki/Demonte" title="Demonte">Demonte</a> where on the night of 8–9 August 1744, (a mere 36 hours before the Spanish army in south of Italy fought the second Battle of Velletri, [as noted above]) the Gallispan army took the fortress of Demonte from the Sardinians in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Demonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Demonte (page does not exist)">Battle of Demonte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King of Sardinia was defeated yet again by Conti in a great Battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madonna_dell%27Olmo" title="Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo">Madonna dell'Olmo</a> on 30 September 1744 near Coni (<a href="/wiki/Cuneo" title="Cuneo">Cuneo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conti did not, however, succeed in taking the huge fortress at Coni and had to retire into Dauphiné for his winter quarters. Thus, the Gallispan army never did combine with the Spanish army under Count of Gages in the south and now the Austro-Sardinian army lay between them. </p><p>The campaign in Italy in 1745 was also no mere war of posts. The Convention of Turin of February 1742 (described above), which established a provisional relationship between Austria and Sardinia had caused some consternation in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. However, when this provisional relationship was given a more durable and reliable character in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Worms_(1743)" title="Treaty of Worms (1743)">Treaty of Worms (1743)</a> signed on 13 September 1743,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government of Genoa became fearful. This fear of diplomatic isolation had caused the Genoese Republic to abandon its neutrality in the war and join the Bourbon cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p205_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p205-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the Genoese Republic signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of France, Spain and Naples. On 26 June 1745, Genoa declared war on Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning-p205_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-p205-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff/lossy-page1-260px-Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff/lossy-page1-390px-Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff/lossy-page1-520px-Battle_of_Bassignana_1745.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4602" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The Genoese charge during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano" title="Battle of Bassignano">Battle of Bassignano</a> in 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>Empress Maria Theresa was frustrated with the failure of Lobkowitz to stop the advance of Gages. Accordingly, Lobkowitz was replaced with Count Schulenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A change in the command of the Austrians, encouraged the Bourbon allies to strike first in the spring of 1745. Accordingly, Count de Gages moved from Modena towards <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, the Gallispan army in the Alps under the new command of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Francois_des_Marets,_marquis_de_Maillebois" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Francois des Marets, marquis de Maillebois">Marshal Maillebois</a> (Prince Conti and Marshal Maillebois had exchanged commands over the winter of 1744–1745<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) advanced through the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tanaro" title="Tanaro">Tanaro</a>. In the middle of July 1745, the two armies were at last concentrated between the <a href="/wiki/Scrivia" title="Scrivia">Scrivia</a> and the Tanaro. Together Count de Gages's army and the Gallispan army composed an unusually large number of 80,000 men. A swift march on <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> drew the Austrian commander thither and in his absence the allies fell upon and completely defeated the Sardinians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassignano" title="Battle of Bassignano">Bassignano</a> on 27 September 1745, a victory which was quickly followed by the capture of <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenza" title="Valenza">Valenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Jomini</a> calls the concentration of forces which effected the victory "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le plus remarquable de toute la Guerre</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191142_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191142-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_de_Parma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Felipe_de_Parma.jpg/170px-Felipe_de_Parma.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Felipe_de_Parma.jpg/255px-Felipe_de_Parma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Felipe_de_Parma.jpg/340px-Felipe_de_Parma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Infante Philip of Spain</a> by Laurent Pécheux</figcaption></figure> <p>The complicated politics of Italy, however, are reflected in the fact that Count Maillebois was ultimately unable to turn his victory to account. Indeed, early in 1746, Austrian troops, freed by the Austrian peace with Frederick II of Prussia, passed through the Tyrol into Italy, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1746)" title="Siege of Genoa (1746)">capturing Genoa</a> after a siege. The Gallispan winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a>, Italy, were brusquely attacked and a French garrison of 6,000 men at Asti was forced to capitulate.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Ulysses_Browne" title="Maximilian Ulysses Browne">Maximilian Ulysses Browne</a> with an Austrian corps struck at the allies on the Lower Po, and cut off their communication with the main body of the Gallispan army in Piedmont. A series of minor actions thus completely destroyed the great concentration of Gallispan troops and the Austrians reconquered the Duchy of Milan and took possession of much of northern Italy. The allies separated, Maillebois covering <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, the Spaniards marching against Browne. The latter was promptly and heavily reinforced and all that the Spaniards could do was to entrench themselves at Piacenza, Philip, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> as supreme commander calling up Maillebois to his aid. The French, skilfully conducted and marching rapidly, joined forces once more, but their situation was critical, for only two marches behind them the army of the King of Sardinia was in pursuit, and before them lay the principal army of the Austrians. The pitched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piacenza" title="Battle of Piacenza">Battle of Piacenza</a> on 16 June 1746 was hard-fought but ended in an Austrian victory, with the Spanish army heavily mauled. That the army escaped at all was in the highest degree creditable to Maillebois and to his son and chief of staff. Under their leadership the Gallispan army eluded both the Austrians and the Sardinians and defeated an Austrian corps in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rottofreddo" title="Battle of Rottofreddo">Battle of Rottofreddo</a> on 12 August 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the Austrian army made good its retreat back to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191142–43_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191142–43-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Austrian army was a mere shadow of its former self, when they returned to Genoa, the Austrians were soon in control of northern Italy. The Austrians occupied the Republic of Genoa on 6 September 1746.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But they met with no success in their forays towards the Alps. Soon Genoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_Genoa_(1746)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolt of Genoa (1746) (page does not exist)">revolted</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_di_Genova" class="extiw" title="it:Rivolta di Genova">it</a>]</span> and drove out the Austrians on 5–11 December 1746. As an Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> stalled, and the French, now commanded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Auguste_Fouquet,_duc_de_Belle-Isle" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle">Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle</a>, took the offensive (1747).<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_p311_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning_p311-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genoa held out against a second <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_(1747)" title="Siege of Genoa (1747)">Austrian siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As usual the plan of campaign had been referred to Paris and Madrid. A picked corps of the French army under the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Armand_Fouquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Charles Armand Fouquet">Chevalier de Belle-Isle</a> (the younger brother of Marshal Belle-Isle<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_p311_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning_p311-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was ordered to storm the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Exilles" title="Fort of Exilles">fortified pass of Exilles</a> on 10 July 1747. However, the defending army of the Worms allies (Austria and Savoy) handed the French army a crushing defeat at this battle, which became known as the (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assietta" title="Battle of Assietta">Colle dell'Assietta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Browning312_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning312-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this battle, the chevalier, and with him much of the elite of the French nobility, were killed on the barricades.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning312_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning312-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desultory campaigns continued between the Worms allies and the French until the conclusion of peace at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Aix-la-Chapelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191143_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191143-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Low_Countries,_1745–1748"><span id="The_Low_Countries.2C_1745.E2.80.931748"></span>The Low Countries, 1745–1748</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Low Countries, 1745–1748"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_Countries_1740.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Low_Countries_1740.png/280px-Low_Countries_1740.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Low_Countries_1740.png/420px-Low_Countries_1740.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Low_Countries_1740.png/560px-Low_Countries_1740.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Low Countries; <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a>, upper center</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch, British and Austrians withdrew from Fontenoy in good order but Tournai <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1745)" title="Siege of Tournai (1745)">fell to French forces</a> and through a swift advance, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oudenaarde" title="Oudenaarde">Oudenarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a> soon followed. By the end of July, the French stood on the threshold of <a href="/wiki/Zeelandic_Flanders" title="Zeelandic Flanders">Dutch Flanders</a>, the south-western corner of the Dutch Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French-backed <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising</a> of August, 1745 forced the British to transfer troops from Flanders to deal with it. This prompted the French to seize the strategic ports of <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium" title="Nieuwpoort, Belgium">Nieuwpoort</a>, threatening Britain's links to mainland Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau,_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau%2C_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg/150px-Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau%2C_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau%2C_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg/225px-Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau%2C_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau%2C_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg/300px-Willem_Karel_Hendrik_Friso_van_Oranje-Nassau%2C_attributed_to_Johann_Valentin_Tischbein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="3630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> of all the Dutch provinces after the bloodless <a href="/wiki/Orangist_revolution" title="Orangist revolution">Orangist revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brussels" title="Siege of Brussels">Brussels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. After defeating the Jacobite Rebellion at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Culloden</a> in April, the British launched a diversionary <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lorient" title="Raid on Lorient">raid on Lorient</a> in an unsuccessful attempt to divert French forces, while the new Austrian commander, Prince Charles of Lorraine, was defeated by Saxe at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocoux" title="Battle of Rocoux">Battle of Rocoux</a> in October.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_p.753_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_p.753-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> itself was now in danger. In April 1747, the French began reducing the <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Fortresses" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier Fortresses">Barrier Fortresses</a> along the border with the Austrian Netherlands and invaded Dutch Flanders, which they swiftly captured. A <a href="/wiki/Orangist_revolution" title="Orangist revolution">general anger and panic</a> broke out under the Dutch population, who still remembered the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">French invasion of 1672</a>, and they demanded that <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William IV, Prince of Orange">William IV</a> should be appointed <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Regenten" title="Regenten">regents</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, fearing violence against them, soon appointed William stadtholder. The remaining provinces followed and by 10 May the <a href="/wiki/Second_Stadtholderless_Period" title="Second Stadtholderless Period">Second Stadtholderless Period</a> had ended. William was also appointed head of all the Dutch armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002299_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002299-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategic situation, however, failed to change and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Lauffeld</a> on 2 July 1747, Saxe won another victory over a British and Dutch army under the <a href="/wiki/Karl_August,_Prince_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Prince of Waldeck</a> and Cumberland; the French then besieged <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1748)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1748)">Maastricht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">Bergen op Zoom</a>, which fell in September.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_p.753_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_p.753-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Navy" title="Dutch States Navy">Dutch States Navy</a> was in the poorest condition it had ever been in, its positioning in the estuaries and rivers of Zeeland and Holland, however, prevented French incursions into those provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Jonge1861208–230_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Jonge1861208–230-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French advance lent greater urgency to ongoing peace talks at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a>, which took place to the sound of French artillery firing on Maastricht. Following their 1746 alliance with Austria, an army of <a href="/wiki/30,000_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="30,000 Russians">30,000 Russians</a> marched from <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> to the Rhine, but arrived too late to be of use. Maastricht surrendered on 7 May and on 18 October 1748, the war ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker,_pp._755–756_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker,_pp._755–756-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Peace_of_1748">The Peace of 1748</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Peace of 1748"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a></div><p> Negotiations between Britain and France had been taking place at <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> since June 1746; the terms they agreed were then imposed on the other parties at Aix-la-Chapelle. Despite their victories in Flanders, French Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d%27Arnouville" title="Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville">Machault</a> repeatedly warned of the impending collapse of their financial system. The British naval blockade led to the collapse of French customs receipts and caused severe food shortages, especially among the poor; after <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)">Cape Finisterre</a> in October, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> could no longer protect their colonies or trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maastricht_1748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Maastricht_1748.jpg/220px-Maastricht_1748.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Maastricht_1748.jpg/330px-Maastricht_1748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Maastricht_1748.jpg/440px-Maastricht_1748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The surrender of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, 7 May 1748</figcaption></figure><p>This was followed in November by a convention between Britain and Russia; in February 1748, a <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Campaign_of_1748" title="Rhine Campaign of 1748">Russian corps of 37,000 arrived in the Rhineland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1748)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1748)">Maastricht</a> surrendered to French forces in May 1748, ending the war was increasingly urgent. Louis XV therefore agreed to return the Austrian Netherlands, whose acquisition had cost so much. Few of his countrymen understood this decision; combined with the lack of tangible benefits for helping Prussia, it led to the phrase "as stupid as the Peace".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commission to negotiate competing territorial claims in North America was set up, but made very little progress. Britain regained <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madras" title="Battle of Madras">Madras</a>, in return for restoring <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Louisbourg, in Nova Scotia</a>, much to the fury of British colonists. Neither of the two main protagonists appeared to have gained much for their investment and both viewed the Treaty as an armistice, not a peace.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1748-1766_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/350px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/525px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/700px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Europe in the years after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>In Austria, reactions were mixed; Maria Theresa was determined to regain Silesia and resented British support for Prussia's occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Treaty confirmed her right to the Monarchy, while the Habsburgs had survived a potentially disastrous crisis, regained the Austrian Netherlands without fighting and made only minor concessions in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrative and financial reforms made it stronger in 1750 than 1740, while its strategic position was strengthened through installing Habsburg allies as rulers of key territories in Northwest Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and Northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the other combatants, Spain retained its predominance in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> and made minor gains in Northern Italy, gaining the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> for Infante Philip. With French support, Prussia doubled in size with the acquisition of Silesia but twice made peace without informing their ally; Louis XV already disliked Frederick and now viewed him as untrustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning,_p._150_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning,_p._150-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Dutch Republic the signing of the peace terms, the elevation of the Prince of Orange and the birth of <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">his son</a> caused great joy, but dissatisfaction towards the ruling regime remained. William IV had changed little, did not reckon with his political opponents and, like them, was accused of French sympathies. Many began to think that improvements would not be obtained unless they were violently demanded; and so <a href="/wiki/Pachtersoproer" title="Pachtersoproer">riots arose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Lennep1880334–335_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Lennep1880334–335-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war confirmed the decline of the Dutch Republic, and the dismantlement of the Barrier fortresses marked the end of its period as a great power; combined with a sense they received little value for the subsidies paid to Maria Theresa, Britain moved to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_alliance_(1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Prussian alliance (1756)">align itself with Prussia</a>, rather than Austria, in order to protect Hanover from French aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning,_p._150_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning,_p._150-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These factors led to the realignment known as the 1756 <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a> and the 1756 to 1763 <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which was even grander in scale than its predecessor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="King_George&#039;s_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_Of_Austrian_Succession:_King_George%27s_War" title="Template:Campaignbox War Of Austrian Succession: King George's War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_Of_Austrian_Succession:_King_George%27s_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War Of Austrian Succession: King George's War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_Of_Austrian_Succession:_King_George%27s_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War Of Austrian Succession: King George's War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="King_George&#039;s_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War"><span class="wrap">King George's War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">Planned French invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso" title="Raid on Canso">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Campaign_(1744)" title="Newfoundland Campaign (1744)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">Annapolis Royal 1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1745)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1745)">Annapolis Royal 2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Port_Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Port Toulouse (page does not exist)">Port Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Vigilant" title="Capture of Vigilant">Capture of <i>Vigilant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_Tatamagouche" title="Naval battle off Tatamagouche">Tatamagouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">1st Northeast Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saratoga" title="Raid on Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)">2nd Northeast Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Port-la-Joye" title="Battle at Port-la-Joye">Ile Saint-Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_expedition" title="Duc d'Anville expedition">d'Anville Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Massachusetts" title="Siege of Fort Massachusetts">Fort Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Grand Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_at_Number_4" title="Siege of Fort at Number 4">Fort at Number 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)">3rd Northeast Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Austrian Succession</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The war was also conducted in North America and India. In North America the conflict was known in the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British colonies</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, and did not begin until after formal war declarations of France and Britain reached the colonies in May 1744. The frontiers between <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> and the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> were the site of frequent small scale raids, primarily by French colonial troops and their Indian allies against British targets, although several attempts were made by British colonists to organise expeditions against New France. The most significant incident was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">the capture</a> of the French <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Île Royale) by an expedition (29 April – 16 June 1745) of colonial militia organised by <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">William Shirley</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/William_Pepperrell" title="William Pepperrell">William Pepperrell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (then part of Massachusetts), and assisted by a Royal Navy fleet. <a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_expedition" title="Duc d'Anville expedition">A French expedition</a> to recover Louisbourg in 1746 failed due to bad weather, disease, and the death of its commander. Louisbourg was returned to France in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, generating much anger among the British colonists, who felt they had eliminated a nest of privateers with its capture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1707).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (founded in 1600)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg/220px-Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg/330px-Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg/440px-Bombardement_de_Pondichery_en_1748_par_la_flotte_anglaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>British Admiral Edward Boscawen <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1748)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1748)">besieged Pondicherry</a> in the later months of 1748.</figcaption></figure> <p>The war marked the beginning of a powerful struggle between <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">India</a> and of European military ascendancy and political intervention in the subcontinent. Major hostilities began with the arrival of a naval squadron under <a href="/wiki/Bertrand-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais" title="Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais">Mahé de la Bourdonnais</a>, carrying troops from France. In September 1746 Bourdonnais landed his troops near <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> and laid siege to the port. Although it was the main British settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>, Madras was weakly fortified and had only a small garrison, reflecting the thoroughly commercial nature of the European presence in India hitherto. On 10 September, only six days after the arrival of the French force, Madras surrendered. The terms of the surrender agreed by Bourdonnais provided for the settlement to be ransomed back for a cash payment by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. However, this concession was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dupleix" title="Joseph François Dupleix">Dupleix</a>, the governor general of the Indian possessions of the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">Compagnie des Indes</a>. When Bourdonnais was forced to leave India in October after the devastation of his squadron by a cyclone Dupleix reneged on the agreement. The <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Nawab of the Carnatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwaruddin_Muhammed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan">Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan</a> intervened in support of the British and advanced to retake Madras, but despite vast superiority in numbers his army was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambur" title="Battle of Ambur">easily and bloodily</a> crushed by the French, in the first demonstration of the gap in quality that had opened up between European and Indian armies.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French now turned to the remaining British settlement in the Carnatic, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._David" title="Fort St. David">Fort St. David</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a>, which was dangerously close to the main French settlement of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a>. The first French force sent against Cuddalore was surprised and defeated nearby by the forces of the Nawab and the British garrison in December 1746. Early in 1747 a second expedition laid siege to Fort St David but withdrew on the arrival of a British naval squadron in March. A final attempt in June 1748 avoided the fort and attacked the weakly fortified town of Cuddalore itself, but was routed by the British garrison. </p><p>With the arrival of a naval squadron under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Boscawen" title="Edward Boscawen">Edward Boscawen</a>, carrying troops and artillery, the British went on the offensive, laying siege to Pondichéry. They enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers over the defenders, but the settlement had been heavily fortified by Dupleix and after two months the siege was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peace settlement brought the return of Madras to the British company, exchanged for Louisbourg in Canada. However, the conflict between the two companies continued by proxy during the interval before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, with British and French forces fighting on behalf of rival claimants to the thrones of Hyderabad and the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Carnatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_operations">Naval operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Naval operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Sea_battles" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Sea_battles" title="Template:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession:Sea battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Sea_battles" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession:Sea battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Sea_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession:Sea battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Austrian_Succession:Sea_battles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">War of the Austrian Succession</span></a>:<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sea battles</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_May_1744" title="Action of 8 May 1744">8 May 1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anguilla" title="Battle of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lorient" title="Raid on Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Cape Finisterre">1st Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_Glorioso" title="Voyage of the Glorioso"><i>Glorioso</i> campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre" title="Second Battle of Cape Finisterre">2nd Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_31_January_1748" title="Action of 31 January 1748">31 January 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_March_1748" title="Action of 18 March 1748">18 March 1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Louis-du-Sud" title="Battle of Saint-Louis-du-Sud">Saint-Louis-du-Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The naval <a href="/wiki/Operation_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation (military)">operations</a> of this war were entangled with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>, which broke out in 1739 in consequence of the long disputes between Britain and Spain over their conflicting claims in America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191143_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191143-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was remarkable for the prominence of privateering on both sides. It was carried on by the Spaniards in the West Indies with great success, and actively at home. The French were no less active in all seas. Mahé de la Bourdonnais's attack on Madras partook largely of the nature of a privateering venture. The British retaliated with vigour. The total number of captures by French and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a> was in all probability larger than the list of British—as the French wit <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> drolly put it upon hearing his government's boast, namely, that more British merchants were taken because there were many more British merchant ships to take; but partly also because the British government had not yet begun to enforce the use of <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> so strictly as it did in later times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191145_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191145-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Indies">West Indies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_Jenkins&#039;_Ear" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="Template:Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_Jenkins&#039;_Ear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear"><span class="wrap">War of Jenkins' Ear</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Americas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mose" title="Siege of Fort Mose">Fort Mosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1740)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1740)">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Anson%27s_voyage_around_the_world" title="George Anson's voyage around the world">Anson expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Cuba_(1741)" title="Invasion of Cuba (1741)">1st Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Georgia_(1742)" title="Invasion of Georgia (1742)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Marsh" title="Battle of Bloody Marsh">Bloody Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Hole_Creek" title="Battle of Gully Hole Creek">Gully Hole Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira" title="Battle of La Guaira">La Guaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Cabello" title="Battle of Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Matina" title="Raid on Matina">Matina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1748)" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748)">2nd Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Brunswick_Town" title="Raid on Brunswick Town">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1748)" title="Battle of Havana (1748)">Havana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_April_1740" title="Action of 8 April 1740">8 April 1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Fuerteventura_in_1740" title="Attacks on Fuerteventura in 1740">Fuerteventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_June_1742" title="Action of 14 June 1742">Saint Tropez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Cape Sicié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Villafranca_(1744)" title="Siege of Villafranca (1744)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_Glorioso" title="Voyage of the Glorioso"><i>Glorioso</i> campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_March_1748" title="Action of 18 March 1748">18 March 1748</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Austrian Succession</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/170px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/255px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/340px-Edward_Vernon_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral">Vice-Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Vernon" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Vernon">Edward Vernon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>War on Spain was declared by Great Britain on 23 October 1739, which has become known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>. A plan was laid for combined operations against the Spanish colonies from east and west. One force, military and naval, was to assault them from the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>. Another, to be commanded by Commodore <a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">George Anson</a>, afterwards Lord Anson, was to round <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> and to fall upon the Pacific coast of Latin America. Delays, bad preparations, <a href="/wiki/Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dockyard">dockyard</a> corruption, and the squabbles of the naval and military officers concerned caused the failure of a hopeful scheme. On 21 November 1739, Admiral Vernon did, however, succeed in capturing the ill-defended Spanish harbour of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">Porto Bello</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. When Vernon had been joined by Sir <a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a> with massive naval reinforcements and a strong body of troops, an attack was made on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (9 March – 24 April 1741). The delay had given the Spanish under <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Eslava" title="Sebastián de Eslava">Sebastián de Eslava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a> time to prepare. After two months of skilful defence by the Spanish, the British attack finally succumbed to a massive outbreak of disease and withdrew having suffered a dreadful loss of lives and ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war in the West Indies, after two other unsuccessful attacks had been made on Spanish territory, died down and did not revive until 1748. The expedition under Anson sailed late, was very ill-provided, and less strong than had been intended. It consisted of six ships and left Britain on 18 September 1740. Anson returned alone with his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Centurion_(1732)" title="HMS Centurion (1732)">Centurion</a></i> on 15 June 1744. The other vessels had either failed to round the Horn or had been lost. But Anson had harried the coast of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and had captured a Spanish galleon of immense value near the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, completing a <a href="/wiki/George_Anson%27s_voyage_around_the_world" title="George Anson's voyage around the world">circumnavigation of the world</a>. His cruise was a great feat of resolution and endurance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191145_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191145-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the failure of the British invasions and a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Marsh" title="Battle of Bloody Marsh">counter invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> in 1742, belligerent naval actions in the Caribbean were left to the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> of both sides. Fearing great financial and economic losses should a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">treasure fleet</a> be captured, the Spanish reduced the risk by increasing the number of convoys, thereby reducing their value. They also increased the number of ports they visited and reduced the predictability of their voyages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1744, a British force of 300 men accompanied by two <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> successfully captured the French half of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a>, occupying it until the 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>. In late May 1745 two French royal frigates of 36 and 30 guns respectively under Commodore La Touché, plus three privateers in retaliation sailed from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> to invade and capture the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> but were repelled with heavy loss in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anguilla" title="Battle of Anguilla">Battle of Anguilla</a>. </p><p>The last year of the war saw two significant actions in the Caribbean. A second British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1748)" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba (1748)">assault on Santiago de Cuba</a> which also ended in failure and a naval action which arose from an accidental encounter between two convoys. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1748)" title="Battle of Havana (1748)">action</a> unfolded in a confused way with each side at once anxious to cover its own trade and to intercept that of the other. Capture was rendered particularly desirable for the British by the fact that the Spanish homeward-bound fleet would be laden with <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> from the American mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191145_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191145-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage lay with the British when one Spanish warship ran aground and another was captured but the British commander failed to capitalise and the Spanish fleet took shelter in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg/250px-Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg/375px-Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg/500px-Combate_de_Tol%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The Franco-Spanish fleet commanded by Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Navarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan José Navarro">Juan José Navarro</a> drove off the British fleet under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mathews" title="Thomas Mathews">Thomas Mathews</a> near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Toulon in 1744</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Anson was pursuing his <a href="/wiki/George_Anson%27s_voyage_around_the_world" title="George Anson's voyage around the world">voyage round the world</a>, Spain was mainly intent on the Italian policy of the king. A squadron was fitted out at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> to convey troops to Italy. It was watched by the British admiral <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Haddock" title="Nicholas Haddock">Nicholas Haddock</a>. When the blockading squadron was forced off by want of provisions, the Spanish admiral Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Navarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan José Navarro">Juan José Navarro</a> put to sea. He was followed, but when the British force came in sight of him Navarro had been joined by a French squadron under <a href="/wiki/Claude-%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_de_Court_de_La_Bruy%C3%A8re" title="Claude-Élisée de Court de La Bruyère">Claude-Élisée de Court de La Bruyère</a> (December 1741). The French admiral told Haddock that he would support the Spaniards if they were attacked and Haddock retired. France and Great Britain were not yet openly at war, but both were engaged in the struggle in Germany—Great Britain as the ally of the Queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa; France as the supporter of the Bavarian claimant of the empire. Navarro and de Court went on to <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, where they remained until February 1744. A British fleet watched them, under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lestock" title="Richard Lestock">Richard Lestock</a>, until Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mathews" title="Thomas Mathews">Thomas Mathews</a> was sent out as commander-in-chief and as Minister to the Court of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sporadic manifestations of hostility between the French and British took place in different seas, but avowed war did not begin until the French government issued its declaration of 30 March, to which Great Britain replied on 31 March. This formality had been preceded by <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1744)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)">French preparations for the invasion of England</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1744)" title="Battle of Toulon (1744)">Battle of Toulon</a> between the British and a Franco-Spanish fleet. On 11 February, a most confused battle was fought, in which the van and centre of the British fleet was engaged with the Spanish rear and centre of the allies. Lestock, who was on the worst possible terms with his superior, took no part in the action. Mathews fought with spirit but in a disorderly way, breaking the formation of his fleet, and showing no power of direction, while Navarro's smaller fleet retained cohesion and fought off the energetic but confused attacks of its larger enemy until the arrival of the French fleet forced the heavily damaged British fleet to withdraw. The Spanish fleet then sailed to Italy where it delivered a fresh army and supplies that had a decisive impact upon the war. The mismanagement of the British fleet in the battle, by arousing deep anger among the people, led to a drastic reform of the British navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_waters">Northern waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Northern waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French scheme to invade Britain was arranged in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> leaders, and soldiers were to be transported from <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>. In February 1744, a French fleet of twenty sail of the line entered the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Aymar_de_Roquefeuil_et_du_Bousquet" title="Jacques Aymar de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet">Jacques Aymar, comte de Roquefeuil</a>, before the British force under Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Norris (Royal Navy officer)">John Norris</a> was ready to oppose him. But the French force was ill-equipped, the admiral was nervous, his mind dwelt on all the misfortunes which might possibly happen, and the weather was bad. De Roquefeuil came up almost as far as <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">The Downs</a>, where he learnt that Sir John Norris was at hand with twenty-five sail of the line, and thereupon precipitately retreated. The military expedition prepared at Dunkirk to cross under cover of De Roquefeuil's fleet naturally did not start. The utter weakness of the French at sea, due to long neglect of the fleet and the bankrupt state of the treasury, was shown during the Jacobite rising of 1745, when France made no attempt to profit by the distress of the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch, having by this time joined Great Britain, made a serious addition to the naval power opposed to France, though the Dutch Republic was compelled by the necessity for maintaining an army in Flanders to play a very subordinate part at sea. Not being stimulated by formidable attack, and having immediate interests both at home and in Germany, the British government was slow to make use of its latest naval strength. Spain, which could do nothing of an offensive character, was almost neglected. During 1745 the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> expedition which took Louisburg (30 April – 16 June) was covered by a British naval force, but little else was accomplished by the naval efforts of any of the belligerents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1746, a British combined naval and military expedition to the coast of France—the first of a long series of similar ventures which in the end were derided as "breaking windows with guineas"—was carried out during August and October. The aim was the capture of the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a>'s dockyard at <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, but it was not attained.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1747 until the close of the war in October 1748, the naval policy of the British government, without reaching a high level, was more energetic and coherent. A closer watch was kept on the French coast, and effectual means were taken to intercept communication between France and her American possessions. In the spring information was obtained that an important convoy for the East and West <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a> was to sail from <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convoy was intercepted by Anson on 3 May, and in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1747)" title="First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)">First Battle of Cape Finisterre</a>, British admiral George Anson's fourteen ships of the line wiped out the French escort of six ships of the line and three armed Indiamen, although in the meantime the merchant ships escaped. </p><p>On 14 October, another French convoy, protected by a strong squadron, was intercepted by a well-appointed and well-directed squadron of superior numbers—the squadrons were respectively eight French and fourteen British—in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)">Second Battle of Cape Finisterre</a> which followed, the French admiral, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Fran%C3%A7ois_des_Herbiers,_Marquis_de_l%27Estendu%C3%A8re" title="Henri-François des Herbiers, Marquis de l'Estenduère">Henri-François des Herbiers, Marquis de l'Estenduère</a>, succeeded in covering the escape of most of the merchant ships, but <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Hawke</a>'s British squadron took six of his warships. Most of the merchantmen were later intercepted and captured in the West Indies. This disaster convinced the French government of its helplessness at sea, and it made no further effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Ocean">Indian Ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indian Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">First Carnatic War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Carnatic_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_Carnatic_War" title="Template:Campaignbox First Carnatic War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Carnatic_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox First Carnatic War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_Carnatic_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox First Carnatic War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Carnatic_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War"><span class="wrap">First Carnatic War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_July_1746" title="Action of 6 July 1746">Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madras" title="Battle of Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adyar" title="Battle of Adyar">Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuddalore_(1748)" title="Siege of Cuddalore (1748)">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1748)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1748)">Pondicherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of the Austrian Succession</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In the East Indies, attacks on French commerce by a British squadron under <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Barnett" title="Curtis Barnett">Curtis Barnett</a> in 1745 led to the despatch of a French squadron commanded by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais" title="Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais">Mahé de la Bourdonnais</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_July_1746" title="Action of 6 July 1746">an inconclusive clash</a> off <a href="/wiki/Negapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Negapatnam">Negapatnam</a> in July 1746, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Peyton" title="Edward Peyton">Edward Peyton</a>, Barnett's successor, withdrew to Bengal, leaving Bourdonnais unopposed on the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>. He landed troops near <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madras" title="Battle of Madras">besieged the port</a> by land and sea, forcing it to surrender on 10 September 1746. In October the French squadron was devastated by a cyclone, losing four ships of the line and suffering heavy damage to four more, and the surviving ships withdrew. French land forces went on to make several attacks on the British settlement at <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a>, but the eventual replacement of the negligent Peyton by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffin_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Griffin (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Griffin</a> resulted in a return to British naval supremacy which put the French on the defensive. Despite the appearance of another French squadron, the arrival of large-scale British reinforcements under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Boscawen" title="Edward Boscawen">Edward Boscawen</a> (who considered but did not make an attack on <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Île de France</a> on the way) gave the British overwhelming dominance on land and sea, but <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1748)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1748)">the ensuing siege</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a> organised by Boscawen was unsuccessful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_methods_and_technologies">Military methods and technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military methods and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European warfare in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> was characterised by the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> in combination with more traditional <a href="/wiki/Edged_and_bladed_weapons" title="Edged and bladed weapons">bladed weapons</a>. Eighteenth-century European armies were built around units of massed <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalrymen</a> were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> were used principally for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">screening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tactical_communications" title="Tactical communications">tactical communications</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> were used as <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">tactical reserves</a> and deployed for <a href="/wiki/Shock_tactics" title="Shock tactics">shock attacks</a>. Smoothbore <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> and played the leading role in <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_38_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_38-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategic warfare in this period centred around control of key <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> positioned so as to command the surrounding regions and roads, with lengthy sieges a common feature of armed conflict. Decisive field battles were relatively rare, though they played a larger part in Frederick's theory of warfare than was typical among his contemporary rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The War of the Austrian Succession, like most European wars of the eighteenth century, was fought as a so-called <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet war">cabinet war</a> in which disciplined <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular armies</a> were equipped and supplied by the state to conduct warfare on behalf of the sovereign's interests. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Military logistics</a> was the decisive factor in many wars, as armies had grown too large to support themselves on prolonged campaigns by foraging and plunder alone. Military supplies were stored in centralised <a href="/wiki/Supply_depot" title="Supply depot">magazines</a> and distributed by <a href="/wiki/Baggage_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggage train">baggage trains</a> that were highly vulnerable to enemy raids.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">winter quarters</a> in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_38_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_38-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strength_of_armies,_1740"><span id="Strength_of_armies.2C_1740"></span>Strength of armies, 1740</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Strength of armies, 1740"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="F1F1F1"> <th align="left" width="100">Belligerent </th> <th align="left" width="100">Foot </th> <th align="left" width="100">Horse<br />Dragoons </th> <th align="left" width="100">Artillery </th> <th align="left" width="100">Engineers </th> <th align="left" width="100">Others </th> <th align="left" width="100">Militia </th> <th align="left" width="100">Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a></td> <td>76,000</td> <td>32,000</td> <td>2,600</td> <td>150</td> <td>0</td> <td>..</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td>36,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>200</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>..</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></td> <td>111,000</td> <td>19,000</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>..</td> <td>0</td> <td>30,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td> <td>19,000</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>2,000</td> <td>..</td> <td>6,000<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>130,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></td> <td>18,000</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>360</td> <td>23</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></td> <td>18,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>900</td> <td>..</td> <td>..</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a></td> <td>1,000</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Palatinate</a></td> <td>9,000</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>200</td> <td>15</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></td> <td>76,000</td> <td>22,000</td> <td>1,200</td> <td>43</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></td> <td>41,000</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>..</td> <td>..</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td>20,000</td> <td>8,800</td> <td>600</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The amount of British troops on the Continent however never reached above 48,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Authorised strength in 1747, actual closer to 90,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen200212_&_103_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen200212_&_103-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naval losses: 20 ships of the line, 16 frigates, 20 minor ships, 2,185 merchant ships and 1,738 naval guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naval losses: 17 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 1,249 merchant ships and 1,276 naval guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naval losses: 14 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 28 minor ships, 3,238 merchant ships and 1,012 naval guns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Österreichischer Erbfolgekrieg</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_wars">Related wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Related wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First Silesian War</a> (1740–1742) – Prussian invasion and ensuing Central European theatre of the war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second Silesian War</a> (1744–1745) – Renewed Prussian invasion and continuation of First Silesian War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">First Carnatic War</a> – Anglo-French rivalry in India often seen as a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a> – Swedish and Russian participation in the War of the Austrian Succession.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> – American participation in the War of the Austrian Succession.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> – Anglo-Spanish war which merged into the War of the Austrian Succession.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a> – France provided limited support to Charles Edward Stuart's invasion of Great Britain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="center"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1841px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Prussian infantry during the Battle of Mollwitz, 1741"><img alt="The Prussian infantry during the Battle of Mollwitz, 1741" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg/220px-Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg/330px-Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg/440px-Prussian_Army_during_battle_of_Mollwitz_1741.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Prussian infantry during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mollwitz" title="Battle of Mollwitz">Battle of Mollwitz</a>, 1741</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King George II at the Battle of Dettingen, 1743"><img alt="King George II at the Battle of Dettingen, 1743" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg/214px-GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg/321px-GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg/428px-GeorgeIIWootton1743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="2353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen" title="Battle of Dettingen">Battle of Dettingen</a>, 1743</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Duke of Lorraine and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine before Strasbourg, 1744"><img alt="The Duke of Lorraine and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine before Strasbourg, 1744" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg/209px-Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg/313px-Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg/418px-Duke_of_Lorraine_crossing_the_Rhine_before_Strasbourg-f4308865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3345" data-file-height="2563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Duke of Lorraine</a> and Imperial troops crossing the Rhine before <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, 1744</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the British landing on the island of Cape Breton to attack the fortress of Louisbourg, 1745"><img alt="View of the British landing on the island of Cape Breton to attack the fortress of Louisbourg, 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg/218px-Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg/327px-Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg/436px-Vue_du_debarquement_anglais_pour_l_attaque_de_Louisbourg_1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the British landing on the island of Cape Breton to attack the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">Louisbourg</a>, 1745</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The British fleet bombarding the Corsican port of Bastia in 1745"><img alt="The British fleet bombarding the Corsican port of Bastia in 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg/220px-Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg/330px-Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg/440px-Bombardement_de_Bastia_en_1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The British fleet bombarding the Corsican port of <a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a> in 1745</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745"><img alt="The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG/220px-Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG/330px-Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG/440px-Battle_of_Fontenoy_1745_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a>, 11 May 1745</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonels of the French Guards and British guards politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745"><img alt="Colonels of the French Guards and British guards politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/220px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/330px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg/440px-Battle-of-Fontenoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonels of the <a href="/wiki/Gardes_Fran%C3%A7aises" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardes Françaises">French Guards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">British guards</a> politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Rocoux in 1746, between the French and the British, Dutch and Austrians"><img alt="The Battle of Rocoux in 1746, between the French and the British, Dutch and Austrians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Roucoux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocoux" title="Battle of Rocoux">Battle of Rocoux</a> in 1746, between the French and the British, Dutch and Austrians</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Cape Finisterre, 1747"><img alt="The Battle of Cape Finisterre, 1747" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Samuel_Scott_-_Vice_Admiral_Sir_George_Anson%27s_Victory_off_Cape_Finisterre_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6567" data-file-height="3689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1747)" title="First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)">Battle of Cape Finisterre</a>, 1747</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marshal Maurice de Saxe at the Battle of Lauffeld, 1747"><img alt="Marshal Maurice de Saxe at the Battle of Lauffeld, 1747" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg/194px-Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg/291px-Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg/388px-Battle_of_Lauffeldt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marshal <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Saxe" title="Maurice de Saxe">Maurice de Saxe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lauffeld" title="Battle of Lauffeld">Battle of Lauffeld</a>, 1747</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taking and looting of the fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747"><img alt="Taking and looting of the fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg/220px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg/330px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg/440px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Bergen_op_Zoom_1747.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taking and looting of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1747)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)">Bergen-op-Zoom</a> in 1747</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002403_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002">Van Nimwegen 2002</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201778_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer200114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer200114_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwyer2001">Dwyer 2001</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002102_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002">Van Nimwegen 2002</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen200212_&_103-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen200212_&_103_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002">Van Nimwegen 2002</a>, p. 12 & 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon1997120-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanlon1997120_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanlon1997">Hanlon 1997</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorokin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AusSucc">Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201781-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201781_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19957–9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19957–9_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982108-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolborn1982108_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolborn1982">Holborn 1982</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn192933–37-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn192933–37_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorn1929">Horn 1929</a>, pp. 33–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19953-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19953_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199982-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199982_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1999">Black 1999</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxe2010242-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxe2010242_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoxe2010">Coxe 2010</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneman200780-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorneman200780_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorneman2007">Borneman 2007</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2004356-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2004356_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2004">Pritchard 2004</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull200714-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull200714_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDull2007">Dull 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1984285-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1984285_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1984">Lee 1984</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETill200677-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETill200677_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTill2006">Till 2006</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199945-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199945_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1999">Black 1999</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVego2003156–157-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVego2003156–157_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVego2003">Vego 2003</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas19663-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas19663_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuvaas1966">Luvaas 1966</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2016291–332-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2016291–332_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2016">Robinson 2016</a>, pp. 291–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2005507-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2005507_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2005">Davies 2005</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199462-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199462_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black 1994</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199320-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199320_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning199324-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning199324_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007129-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007129_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007164-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007164_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199568-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199568_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmour201299–101-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmour201299–101_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmour2012">Armour 2012</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199569–72-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199569–72_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, pp. 69–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas196646-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas196646_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuvaas1966">Luvaas 1966</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199813-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199813_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1998">Black 1998</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007223-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007223_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191140-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191140_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191140_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199586-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199586_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199589-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199589_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199588-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199588_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson199594_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter201222-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter201222_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowalter2012">Showalter 2012</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007208-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007208_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy201539-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy201539_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2015">Duffy 2015</a>, pp. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1975103-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1975103_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1975">Browning 1975</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry2013-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerry2013_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerry2013">Berry 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018170-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2018170_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2018">Mitchell 2018</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter201227-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter201227_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShowalter2012">Showalter 2012</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007274-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007274_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995114-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995114_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993136_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérini1896295-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérini1896295_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPérini1896">Périni 1896</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995117–118-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995117–118_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007275-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007275_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995128_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln1981197-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln1981197_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln1981">Lincoln 1981</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochedlinger2003255-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochedlinger2003255_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHochedlinger2003">Hochedlinger 2003</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995126–127-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995126–127_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2013171-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2013171_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding2013">Harding 2013</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaugh2004-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaugh2004_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaugh2004">Baugh 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995137-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995137_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiding201629-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiding201629_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiding2016">Riding 2016</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995132-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995132_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002187-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002187_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002">Van Nimwegen 2002</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993175-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993175_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007289-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007289_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007290–294-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007290–294_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, pp. 290–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995134-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995134_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy201556-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy201556_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2015">Duffy 2015</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995135-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995135_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995139-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995139_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995142-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995142_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995140-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995140_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993203-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993203_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995141-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995141_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003107-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003107_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkey2003">Starkey 2003</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143–144-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995143–144_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993218-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning1993218_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowning1993">Browning 1993</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995146–147-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995146–147_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007333-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey2007333_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey2007">Asprey 2007</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995148-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995148_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1983138–140_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay1983">McKay 1983</a>, pp. 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995153-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson1995153_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1995">Anderson 1995</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191141-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191141_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191141_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, pp. 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cranston183-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cranston183_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCranston1991" class="citation book cs1">Cranston, Maurice (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanjacquesearly0000cran/page/183"><i>Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1754</i></a>. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanjacquesearly0000cran/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-11862-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-11862-2"><bdi>0-226-11862-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Jacques%3A+The+Early+Life+and+Work+of+Jean-Jacques+Rousseau%2C+1712%E2%80%931754&rft.place=Chicago+%28IL%29&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-11862-2&rft.aulast=Cranston&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeanjacquesearly0000cran%2Fpage%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, pp. 231–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-p243-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-p243_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-p166-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p166_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p166_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p166_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-p164-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p164_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p164_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, pp. 186–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, pp. 142–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-p205-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p205_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning-p205_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browing, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191142-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191142_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191142–43-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191142–43_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, pp. 287–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning_p311-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning_p311_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning_p311_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning312-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning312_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning312_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191143-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191143_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191143_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning: <i>Austrian Succession</i>, 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i>. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO. p. 746. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1"><bdi>978-1-851-09667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+%28CA%29&rft.pages=746&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-851-09667-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker,_p.753-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_p.753_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_p.753_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, p. 753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002299-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002299_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002">Van Nimwegen 2002</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Jonge1861208–230-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Jonge1861208–230_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Jonge1861">De Jonge 1861</a>, pp. 208–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker,_pp._755–756-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker,_pp._755–756_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, pp. 755–756</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black (1999), pp. 97–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochedlinger, Michael; <i>Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797</i>, Longman, London, 2003, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill1971" class="citation journal cs1">McGill, W. J. (1971). "The Roots of Policy: Kaunitz in Vienna and Versailles, 1749–53". <i>Journal of Modern History</i> (43): 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Policy%3A+Kaunitz+in+Vienna+and+Versailles%2C+1749%E2%80%9353&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=229&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=McGill&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armour, pp. 99–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black (1994), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning,_p._150-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning,_p._150_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning,_p._150_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Lennep1880334–335-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Lennep1880334–335_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Lennep1880">Van Lennep 1880</a>, pp. 334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Forrest, "The Siege of Madras in 1746 and the action of La Bourdonnais." <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 2 (1908): 189–234. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3678377">https://doi.org/10.2307/3678377</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Sutton, <i>The East India Company's Maritime Service, 1746–1834: Masters of the Eastern Seas</i> (Boydell & Brewer, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack M. Sosin, "Louisburg and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> (1957): 516–535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191145-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191145_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191145_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191145_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay191144-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay191144_141-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harding</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_38-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_38_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_38_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994b">Black (1994b)</a>, pp. 38–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994b">Black (1994b)</a>, pp. 67–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2006">Clark (2006)</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreveld1977">Creveld (1977)</a>, pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896); <i>Oesterreichischer Erbfolge-Krieg</i>, vol. 1:1, Verlag L. W. Seidel & Sohn, Wien, pp. 372, 432–434, 444–445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 589–590</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 639, 642</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 620–621, 626–627</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 610–611</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 605</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 602</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 601</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, p. 573</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 661–662</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. und K. Kriegsarchiv (1896), vol. 1:1, pp. 585–586</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Smith_Anderson" title="Matthew Smith Anderson">Anderson, M. S.</a> (1995). <i>The War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05950-4"><bdi>978-0-582-05950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession+1740%E2%80%931748&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-582-05950-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmour2012" class="citation book cs1">Armour, Ian (2012). <i>A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918</i>. Bloomsbury Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84966-488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84966-488-2"><bdi>978-1-84966-488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe+1740%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84966-488-2&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprey2007" class="citation book cs1">Asprey, Robert B. (2007) [1986]. <i>Frederick the Great; The Magnificent Enigma</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-46900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-46900-0"><bdi>978-0-595-46900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great%3B+The+Magnificent+Enigma&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-595-46900-0&rft.aulast=Asprey&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaugh2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baugh, Daniel A (2004). "Mathews, Thomas 1676–1751". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18332">10.1093/ref:odnb/18332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mathews%2C+Thomas+1676%E2%80%931751&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18332&rft.aulast=Baugh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2013" class="citation web cs1">Berry, Jeff (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2013/03/chotusitz-1742_30.html">"Chotusitz 1742"</a>. <i>Obscure Battles</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Obscure+Battles&rft.atitle=Chotusitz+1742&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobscurebattles.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F03%2Fchotusitz-1742_30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1999" class="citation book cs1">Black, James (1999). <i>From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-934-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-934-3"><bdi>978-1-85728-934-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Louis+XIV+to+Napoleon%3A+The+Fate+of+a+Great+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-934-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1994). <i>British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–1793</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45001-0"><bdi>978-0-521-45001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+in+an+Age+of+Revolutions%2C+1783%E2%80%931793&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45001-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1994b" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (1994b). <i>European Warfare, 1660–1815</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/UCL_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="UCL Press">UCL Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-172-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-172-9"><bdi>978-1-85728-172-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Warfare%2C+1660%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-172-9&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1998" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (1998). <i>America or Europe?: British Foreign Policy, 1739–63</i>. University College London Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-49947-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-49947-6"><bdi>0-203-49947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+or+Europe%3F%3A+British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1739%E2%80%9363&rft.pub=University+College+London+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-203-49947-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2007" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2007). <i>The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076184-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076184-4"><bdi>978-0-06-076184-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+and+Indian+War%3A+Deciding+the+Fate+of+North+America&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-076184-4&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Browning" title="Reed Browning">Browning, Reed</a> (1975). <i>The Duke of Newcastle</i>. Yale University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5"><bdi>978-0-300-01746-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Newcastle&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01746-5&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1993" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Reed S. (1993). <i>The War of the Austrian Succession</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09483-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09483-6"><bdi>978-0-312-09483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-312-09483-6&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1873" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1873). <i>History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great</i>. Vol. V. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Friedrich+II+of+Prussia%2C+called+Frederick+the+Great&rft.place=London&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (1990). <i>The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough</i>. Spellmount Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946771-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-946771-42-1"><bdi>0-946771-42-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Marlborough&rft.pub=Spellmount+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-946771-42-1&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Clark, Christopher</a> (2006). <i>Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947</i>. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03196-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+and+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03196-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017) [2002]. <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures 1500–1999</i>. McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1204-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Reference+to+Casualty+and+Other+Figures+1500%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1204-4&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxe2010" class="citation book cs1">Coxe, William (2010) [1847]. <i>History of the House of Austria</i>. Nabu Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-148-32947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-148-32947-5"><bdi>978-1-148-32947-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+House+of+Austria&rft.pub=Nabu+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-148-32947-5&rft.aulast=Coxe&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreveld1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Creveld, Martin van</a> (1977). <i>Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21730-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21730-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21730-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplying+War%3A+Logistics+from+Wallenstein+to+Patton&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21730-9&rft.aulast=Creveld&rft.aufirst=Martin+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2005) [1982]. <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland; Volume 1: The Origins to 1795</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland%3B+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2015" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Christopher (2015) [1985]. <i>Frederick the Great: A Military Life</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92465-9"><bdi>978-1-138-92465-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great%3A+A+Military+Life&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-92465-9&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2007" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R. (2007). <i>The French Navy and the Seven Years' War</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1731-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-1731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Navy+and+the+Seven+Years%27+War&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1731-7&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Philip G (2001). <i>The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29268-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29268-0"><bdi>978-0-582-29268-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Prussia+1700%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29268-0&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(historian)" title="John Fortescue (historian)">Fortescue, Sir John William</a> (1899). <i>A History of the British Army</i>. Vol. II. London: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)" title="David Hannay (historian)">Hannay, David</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Austrian_Succession,_War_of_the" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Austrian Succession, War of the">Austrian Succession, War of the</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austrian+Succession%2C+War+of+the&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=39-45&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon1997" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, Gregory (1997). <i>The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+of+a+Military+Tradition%3A+Italian+Aristocrats+And+European+Conflicts%2C+1560%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2013" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Richard (2013). <i>The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-823-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Britain%27s+Global+Naval+Supremacy%3A+The+War+of+1739%E2%80%931748&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-823-4&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochedlinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). <i>Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 (Modern Wars in Perspective)</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29084-6"><bdi>978-0-582-29084-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%27s+Wars+of+Emergence%2C+1683%E2%80%931797+%28Modern+Wars+in+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29084-6&rft.aulast=Hochedlinger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1982" class="citation book cs1">Holborn, Hajo (1982). <i>A History of Modern Germany, Vol. 2: 1648–1840</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00796-0"><bdi>978-0-691-00796-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%2C+Vol.+2%3A+1648%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00796-0&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn1929" class="citation journal cs1">Horn, David Bayne (1929). "Saxony in the War of the Austrian Succession". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>44</b> (173): 33–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXLIV.CLXXIII.33">10.1093/ehr/XLIV.CLXXIII.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/552493">552493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Saxony+in+the+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=33-47&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXLIV.CLXXIII.33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F552493%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=David+Bayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrao2000" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles (2000). <i>The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (New Approaches to European History)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78034-6"><bdi>978-0-521-78034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1618%E2%80%931815+%28New+Approaches+to+European+History%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78034-6&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJomini2015" class="citation book cs1">Jomini, General Baron Antoine Henri de (2015) [1865]. <i>Treatise on Grand Military Operations; a Critical and Military History of the Wars of Frederick the Great, Volume 1</i>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-298-62742-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-298-62742-1"><bdi>978-1-298-62742-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Grand+Military+Operations%3B+a+Critical+and+Military+History+of+the+Wars+of+Frederick+the+Great%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-298-62742-1&rft.aulast=Jomini&rft.aufirst=General+Baron+Antoine+Henri+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (1984). <i>Aspects of European History, 1494–1789</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-37490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-37490-2"><bdi>978-0-416-37490-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+European+History%2C+1494%E2%80%931789&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-416-37490-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1981" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, W. Bruce (1981). <i>The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias</i>. New York: The Dial Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanovs%3A+Autocrats+of+All+the+Russias&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Dial+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuvaas1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Luvaas" title="Jay Luvaas">Luvaas, Jay</a> (1966). <i>Frederick the Great on the Art of War</i>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-78540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-78540-6"><bdi>978-1-111-78540-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great+on+the+Art+of+War&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-111-78540-6&rft.aulast=Luvaas&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1932" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, J. Alexander (1932). <i>Maria Theresa of Austria</i>. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria+Theresa+of+Austria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Pub.&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=J.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1983" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Derek (1983). <i>The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48554-9"><bdi>978-0-582-48554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Great+Powers+1648%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-582-48554-9&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2008" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2008). <i>1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World</i>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952639-1"><bdi>978-0-09-952639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1759%3A+The+Year+Britain+Became+Master+of+the+World&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-952639-1&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally2017" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Michael (2017). <i>Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland's bloody defeat</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1625-2"><bdi>978-1-4728-1625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fontenoy+1745%3A+Cumberland%27s+bloody+defeat&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1625-2&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, A Wess (2018). <i>The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17670-3"><bdi>978-0-691-17670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17670-3&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=A+Wess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérini1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Périni, Hardÿ de (1896). <i>Batailles françaises; Volume VI</i> (in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batailles+fran%C3%A7aises%3B+Volume+VI&rft.pub=Ernest+Flammarion%2C+Paris&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rini&rft.aufirst=Hard%C3%BF+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2004" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, James (2004). <i>In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82742-3"><bdi>978-0-521-82742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Empire%3A+The+French+in+the+Americas%2C+1670%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82742-3&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding2016" class="citation book cs1">Riding, Jacqueline (2016). <i>Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1912-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1912-8"><bdi>978-1-4088-1912-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacobites%3A+A+New+History+of+the+45+Rebellion&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-1912-8&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Daniel (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.73.2.0291">"Giving Peace to Europe: European Geopolitics, Colonial Political Culture, and the Hanoverian Monarchy in British North America, ca. 1740–63"</a>. <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 291–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.2.0291">10.5309/willmaryquar.73.2.0291</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.73.2.0291">10.5309/willmaryquar.73.2.0291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148249823">148249823</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Giving+Peace+to+Europe%3A+European+Geopolitics%2C+Colonial+Political+Culture%2C+and+the+Hanoverian+Monarchy+in+British+North+America%2C+ca.+1740%E2%80%9363&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-332&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148249823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.2.0291%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.2.0291&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.2.0291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2005" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, Brendan (2005). <i>The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06050-8"><bdi>978-0-393-06050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06050-8&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter2012" class="citation book cs1">Showalter, Dennis (2012). <i>Frederick the Great: A Military History</i>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-640-8"><bdi>978-1-84832-640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-640-8&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1965" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965). <i>Spain: A Modern History</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rhea+Marsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2003" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, Armstrong (2003). <i>War in the Age of Enlightenment 1700–1789</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97240-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97240-2"><bdi>0-275-97240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment+1700%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-97240-2&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1957" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Mark A. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20621"><i>The War of the Austrian Succession, in The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume VII</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 416–439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Austrian+Succession%2C+in+The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History%2C+Volume+VII&rft.pages=416-439&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.20621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTill2006" class="citation book cs1">Till, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20621"><i>Development of British Naval Thinking: Essays in Memory of Bryan Ranft</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5320-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+British+Naval+Thinking%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Bryan+Ranft&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5320-4&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.20621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVego2003" class="citation book cs1">Vego, Milan N. (2003). <i>Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas</i>. Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5389-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5389-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-5389-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Strategy+and+Operations+in+Narrow+Seas&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5389-1&rft.aulast=Vego&rft.aufirst=Milan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungLevy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Patricia T.; Levy, Jack S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066109350054">"Domestic politics and the escalation of commercial rivalry: Explaining the War of Jenkins' Ear, 1739–48"</a>. <i>European Journal of International Relations</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 209–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066109350054">10.1177/1354066109350054</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18541144">18541144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Domestic+politics+and+the+escalation+of+commercial+rivalry%3A+Explaining+the+War+of+Jenkins%27+Ear%2C+1739%E2%80%9348&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-232&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066109350054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18541144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Patricia+T.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Jack+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1354066109350054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002). <i>De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740–1748)</i> (in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6707-540-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-6707-540-X"><bdi>90-6707-540-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Republiek+der+Verenigde+Nederlanden+als+grote+mogendheid%3A+Buitenlandse+politiek+en+oorlogvoering+in+de+eerste+helft+van+de+achttiende+eeuw+en+in+het+bijzonder+tijdens+de+Oostenrijkse+Successieoorlog+%281740%E2%80%931748%29&rft.pub=De+Bataafsche+Leeuw&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-6707-540-X&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Jonge1861" class="citation book cs1">De Jonge, Cornelis (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/arch/jong102gesc09_01/pag/jong102gesc09_01.pdf#page=221"><i>Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen deel 4</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A.C. Kruseman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+het+Nederlandsche+zeewezen+deel+4&rft.pub=A.C.+Kruseman&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=De+Jonge&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Farch%2Fjong102gesc09_01%2Fpag%2Fjong102gesc09_01.pdf%23page%3D221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Lennep1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Lennep, Jacob (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/lenn006gesc07_01/lenn006gesc07_01_0024.php"><i>De geschiedenis van Nederland, aan het Nederlandsche Volk verteld</i></a> [<i>The history of the Netherlands, told to the Dutch nation</i>] (in Dutch). Leiden; z.j.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+geschiedenis+van+Nederland%2C+aan+het+Nederlandsche+Volk+verteld&rft.pub=Leiden%3B+z.j.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Van+Lennep&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Flenn006gesc07_01%2Flenn006gesc07_01_0024.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+the+Austrian+Succession" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32929#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172460-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009756">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerre de la succession d'Autriche (1740-1748)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967021r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerre de la succession d'Autriche (1740-1748)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967021r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="války o rakouské dědictví (1740-1748)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116660&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerra de Sucesión austríaca, 1740-1748"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX557597">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295745605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&oldid=1258421057">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&oldid=1258421057</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="Category:War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1740s_conflicts" title="Category:1740s conflicts">1740s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1740s_in_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:1740s in the Habsburg monarchy">1740s in the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_conflicts" title="Category:18th-century conflicts">18th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_conflicts" title="Category:Global conflicts">Global conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_against_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:Rebellions against the Habsburg monarchy">Rebellions against the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic">Wars involving the Dutch Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy">Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_succession_involving_the_states_and_peoples_of_Europe" title="Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe">Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1740s_in_India" title="Category:1740s in India">1740s in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maria_Theresa" title="Category:Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2013" title="Category:Use British English from August 2013">Use British English from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 16:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Austrian_Succession&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-6l9hc","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.982","walltime":"2.347","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20364,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":310190,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":56929,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":285190,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1906.048 1 -total"," 24.02% 457.860 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 20.48% 390.451 113 Template:Sfn"," 19.87% 378.649 50 Template:Cite_book"," 10.14% 193.280 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.48% 161.590 4 Template:Plainlist"," 8.21% 156.430 7 Template:Efn"," 6.99% 133.262 1 Template:Langx"," 6.17% 117.625 6 Template:Campaignbox"," 5.93% 113.116 50 Template:Flagicon"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.101","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18102836,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmour2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsprey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaugh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1994b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorneman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlyle1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandler1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCranston1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreveld1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Jonge1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDull2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanlon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannay1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHochedlinger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolborn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngrao2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJomini2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuvaas1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahan1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGill1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLynn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNally2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérini1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiding2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowalter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarkey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Lennep1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVego2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungLevy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaign_of_1741\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox First Carnatic War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox War Of Austrian Succession: King George's War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox War of Jenkins' Ear\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession: Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession:Sea battles\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite odnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Austrian Succession, War of The\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 8,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 50,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map many\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 113,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","31.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","18.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","11.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.0"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","60","5.0"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","60","5.0"],["? \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/COinS:18\u003E","40","3.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","1.7"],["sub","20","1.7"],["[others]","160","13.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-cmzc2","timestamp":"20241126200145","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"War of the Austrian Succession","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q32929","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q32929","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-17T11:53:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T16:58:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/War_of_The_Austrian_Succesion_Collage_1.jpg","headline":"war"}</script> </body> </html>