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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1740–1762: Silesian Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1740–1762:_Silesian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1772,_1793,_and_1795:_Partitions_of_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1772,_1793,_and_1795:_Partitions_of_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1772, 1793, and 1795: Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1772,_1793,_and_1795:_Partitions_of_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1801–1815:_Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1801–1815:_Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1801–1815:_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1815:_After_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1815:_After_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1815: After Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1815:_After_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1848–1871:_German_wars_of_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1848–1871:_German_wars_of_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1848–1871: German wars of unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1848–1871:_German_wars_of_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1871–1918:_Peak_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1871–1918:_Peak_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1871–1918: Peak and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1871–1918:_Peak_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Prussia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_Pruise" title="Koninkryk Pruise – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk Pruise" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen" title="Königreich Preußen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich Preußen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة بروسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة بروسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Prusia" title="Reino de Prusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Prusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Prusia" title="Reinu de Prusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Prusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Prussiya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prussiya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3%CD%98-l%C3%B3%CD%98-se_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Phó͘-ló͘-se Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phó͘-ló͘-se Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Пруссия (короллек) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пруссия (короллек)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Прусія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Прусія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Прусия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Прусия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinereich_Breissn" title="Kinereich Breissn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinereich Breissn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Prusia" title="Rouantelezh Prusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Prusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пруссиин хаанта улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пруссиин хаанта улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Regne de Prússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Prússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Pruské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pruské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Preussen" title="Kongeriget Preussen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Preussen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen" title="Königreich Preußen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Preußen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preisi_kuningriik" title="Preisi kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Preisi kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Πρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Πρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Prusia" title="Reino de Prusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Prusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Prusio" title="Reĝlando Prusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Prusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusiako_Erresuma" title="Prusiako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prusiako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پادشاهی پروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی پروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Prusse" title="Royaume de Prusse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Prusse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Prusia" title="Reino de Prusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Prusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%BC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="프로이센 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로이센 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պրուսիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրուսիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रशा राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रशा राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Pruska" title="Kraljevina Pruska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Pruska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejio_Prusia" title="Rejio Prusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rejio Prusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia" title="Kerajaan Prusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Prussia" title="Regno di Prussia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Prussia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת פרוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת פרוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="პრუსიის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრუსიის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Pr%C3%BBsyay%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Prûsyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Prûsyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ABni_de_Pruscia" title="Rëni de Pruscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rëni de Pruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%ABsijas_Karaliste" title="Prūsijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prūsijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%ABsijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Prūsijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prūsijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosz_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Porosz Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Porosz Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Прусија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Прусија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रशियाचे राजतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रशियाचे राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="პრუსიაშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პრუსიაშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة بروسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة بروسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia" title="Kerajaan Prusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Пруссийн хаант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пруссийн хаант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Pruisen" title="Koninkrijk Pruisen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Pruisen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्रशा अधिराज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रशा अधिराज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="プロイセン王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロイセン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nangrik_Preu%C3%9Fen" title="Könangrik Preußen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Könangrik Preußen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Prussia" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_Preussen" title="Kongeriket Preussen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Preussen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Preussen" title="Kongedømet Preussen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Preussen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiya_qirolligi" title="Prussiya qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prussiya qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مملکت پروشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت پروشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_di_Prusia" title="Reino di Prusia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reino di Prusia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_a_Prosha" title="Kingdom a Prosha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kingdom a Prosha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="រាជាណាចក្រព្រុស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជាណាចក្រព្រុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Prus" title="Królestwo Prus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Prus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Reino da Prússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Prússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Prusiei" title="Regatul Prusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Prusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кральовство Пруссия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кральовство Пруссия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Пруссия (королевство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пруссия (королевство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Proushie" title="Kinrick o Proushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Proushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6nichriek_Pr%C3%BC%C3%BCsen" title="Köönichriek Prüüsen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Köönichriek Prüüsen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Pruské kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pruské kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%8Dlestwo_Prus" title="Krōlestwo Prus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krōlestwo Prus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شانشینی پرووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی پرووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Пруска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Пруска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Pruska" title="Kraljevina Pruska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Pruska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preussin_kuningaskunta" title="Preussin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Preussin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Preussen" title="Kungariket Preussen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Preussen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Prusya" title="Kaharian ng Prusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Prusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புருசிய இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புருசிய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรปรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรปรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Prusya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prusya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Королівство Пруссія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Пруссія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مملکت پروشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت پروشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Pr%C3%B9sia" title="Regno de Prùsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno de Prùsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ph%E1%BB%95" title="Vương quốc Phổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Phổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginhadian_han_Prusya" title="Ginhadian han Prusya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ginhadian han Prusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="普鲁士王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普鲁士王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dba_Pr%C3%BAss%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ilẹ̀ọba Prússíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọba Prússíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國 – 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Prussia (disambiguation)">Prussia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Prussia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Preußen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1701–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_(1803-1892).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Prussia"><img alt="Flag of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Prussia" title="Flag of Prussia">State flag</a><br />(1803–1892)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1701–1871) of Prussia"><img alt="Coat of arms (1701–1871) of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg/85px-Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg/128px-Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg/170px-Preu%C3%9Fischer_Adler.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia" title="Coat of arms of Prussia">Coat of arms</a><br />(1701–1871)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><a href="/wiki/Borussia_(anthem)" title="Borussia (anthem)"><i>Borussia</i></a><br />"Prussia"<br />(1820–1830)<br /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fenlied" title="Preußenlied">Preußenlied</a></i></span><br />"Song of Prussia"<br />(1830–1840)<br /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div><hr /><b>Royal anthem:</b><br />"<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heil_dir_im_Siegerkranz" title="Heil dir im Siegerkranz">Heil dir im Siegerkranz</a></i></span>"<br />"Hail to thee in the Victor's Crown"<br />(1795–1918)<br /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_(old_recording).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg/Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Heil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=af&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="af" label="Afrikaans ‪(af)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHeil_Dir_Im_Siegerkranz_%28old_recording%29.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1714.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1714</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1797.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1797</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Within the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in 1815</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1870.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Within the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1870</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Prussia_1871.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Within the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1914</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-status_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (1806–09)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Official:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> (until 1806)<br /><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (only in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">GD of Posen</a>, 1815–1848) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><b>Minorities:</b></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">East Frisian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> (until 18th century)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Statewide majority:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Prussian United</a> after 1817 (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>))<br /><b>Majority in some territories:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Other minorities:<br /></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_people" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Prussian people">Prussian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (until 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a> (from 1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1701–1713 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1888–1918 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President of Prussia">Minister-President</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">a</a></sup></span></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heinrich_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg" title="Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg">A. H. von Arnim-Boitzenburg</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Max von Baden</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Landtag</a></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Herrenhaus</a></i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Representatives" title="Prussian House of Representatives">Abgeordnetenhaus</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Europe#Prussia" title="Coronations in Europe">Coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1701</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formation of <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1848)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1848)">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_German_Empire" title="Proclamation of the German Empire">German Empire proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1871</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Abdication of Wilhelm II">Abdication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">b</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1871<sup id="cite_ref-schutz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schutz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">348,779 km<sup>2</sup> (134,664 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1756<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1816<sup id="cite_ref-schutz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schutz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,349,031</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1871<sup id="cite_ref-schutz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schutz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24,689,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">40,169,219</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="white-space:nowrap"><ul><li>1701–1750 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsthaler" title="Reichsthaler">Reichsthaler</a></i></span></li><li>1750–1857 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_thaler" title="Prussian thaler">Thaler</a></i></span></li><li>1857–1873 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_vereinsthaler" title="Prussian vereinsthaler">Vereinsthaler</a></i></span></li><li>1873–1914 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_gold_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German gold mark">Goldmark</a></i></span></li><li>1914–1918 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">Papiermark</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brandenburg-Prussia.svg/20px-Brandenburg-Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brandenburg-Prussia.svg/30px-Brandenburg-Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brandenburg-Prussia.svg/40px-Brandenburg-Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="831" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Prussia_%281466-1772%29_Lob.svg/20px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281466-1772%29_Lob.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Prussia_%281466-1772%29_Lob.svg/30px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281466-1772%29_Lob.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Prussia_%281466-1772%29_Lob.svg/40px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281466-1772%29_Lob.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="712" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="216" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/20px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/30px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/40px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg/20px-Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg/30px-Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg/40px-Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)"><span class="nowrap">Free City of Danzig</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1367" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/20px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/30px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/40px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Duchy of Nassau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/20px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/30px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg/40px-Merchant_Ensign_of_Holstein-Gottorp_%28Lions_sinister%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Duchy of Holstein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Duchy of Schleswig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lauenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Silesia.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Silesia.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Silesia.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchies of Silesia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Grofschoaft_Glootz.gif/20px-Grofschoaft_Glootz.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Grofschoaft_Glootz.gif/30px-Grofschoaft_Glootz.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Grofschoaft_Glootz.gif/40px-Grofschoaft_Glootz.gif 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="281" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">County of Kladsko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Frankfurt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw"><b>1807:</b><br />Duchy of Warsaw</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1367" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)"><span class="nowrap">Free City of Danzig</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg/20px-Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg/30px-Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg/40px-Drapeau_de_Republique_de_Dantzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Canton of Neuchâtel</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia"><b>1918:</b><br />Free State of Prussia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Prussia_%281918%E2%80%931933%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281918%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Prussia_%281918%E2%80%931933%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281918%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Prussia_%281918%E2%80%931933%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281918%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="397" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^a</a></b></span> During the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871) and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918), the Minister-President of Prussia was also the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>.</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^b</a></b></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Statement_of_Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:Statement of Abdication">Statement of Abdication of William II</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-status-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-status_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign kingdom</a> (former Ducal Prussia only 1701–1772; <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a> 1795–1806; <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> 1815–1866)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a> semi-independent of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1701–1772, <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a> only)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">Associate of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> (1707–1806, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Neuchatel" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Neuchatel">County of Neuchatel</a> only)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (1701–1806, all territories except those listed above)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">State of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> under occupation by the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1806–1813, without the lost <a href="/wiki/County_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Neuchâtel">County of Neuchâtel</a> and territories ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> (1814–1848; <a href="/wiki/County_of_Neuchatel" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Neuchatel">County of Neuchatel</a> 1814–1857)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">Federated state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> (1815–1866, only territories previously in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the North German Confederation">Federated state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871, as a whole, king holding the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidium" title="Bundespräsidium">Bundespräsidium</a></i>)</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_the_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states of the German Empire">Federated state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918, as a whole, king holding the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundespräsidium</i></span> as the <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a>)</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Ermland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Province of Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">County of Glatz</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/75px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/113px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/150px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/75px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/113px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/150px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> (965 – 983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutician federation</a> (983 – 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> (pre – 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (1157–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (1224 – 1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_margraves_and_electors_of_Brandenburg" title="List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg">Elector of Brandenburg</a> (1356 – 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525 – 1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork Voivodeship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal (Polish) Prussia</a> (Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> (1618 – 1701)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1701 – 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (1918 – 1947)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Present</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> area (from 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> (1920–1939, from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> within <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (1947–1952, from 1990)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Germany" title="Category:History of Germany">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of <span class="fn org label">Germany</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">Historic states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_queens" title="List of German queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses" title="List of Holy Roman empresses">Empresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918" title="List of German monarchs in 1918">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">Mediatised</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Eastward settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Sectionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">Mediatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1933</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1933–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Contemporary Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Ostgebiete</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1949/1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1944–1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a>–<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Modern history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 1990</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Prussia</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königreich Preußen</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpʁɔʏsn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen.ogg\/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-K\u00f6nigreich Preu\u00dfen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen.ogg/De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-K%C3%B6nigreich_Preu%C3%9Fen.ogg" title="File:De-Königreich Preußen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) constituted the German state of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> between 1701 and 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriott_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1866 and was the leading state of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> until its <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">dissolution in 1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriott_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it took its name from the <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">region called Prussia</a>, it was based in the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">kings of Prussia</a> were from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, predecessor of the kingdom, became a military power under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, known as "The Great Elector".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a kingdom, Prussia continued its rise to power, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II "the Great"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick the Great was instrumental in starting the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763), holding his own against <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and establishing Prussia's dominant role among the German states, as well as establishing the country as a European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> through the victories of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia made attempts to unify all the German states (excluding the German cantons in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>) under its rule, and whether Austria would be included in such a unified German domain became an <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">ongoing question</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, the issue of unifying the German states caused the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a>, with representatives from all states attempting to unify under their own constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriott_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to create a federation remained unsuccessful and the German Confederation collapsed in 1866 when the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> ensued between its two most powerful member states. </p><p>Prussia was subsequently the driving force behind establishing in 1866 the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a>, transformed in 1871 into the unified <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and considered the earliest <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">continual legal predecessor</a> of today's Federal Republic of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriott_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North German Confederation was seen as more of an alliance of military strength in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War but many of its laws were later used in the German Empire. The German Empire successfully unified all of the German states aside from Austria and Switzerland under Prussian hegemony<sup id="cite_ref-Marriott_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–1871. The war united all the German states against a common enemy, and with the victory came an overwhelming wave of nationalism which changed the opinions of some of those who had been against unification. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, the Kingdom of Prussia was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole was <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Prussia" title="Abolition of Prussia">abolished in 1947</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_establishment">Background and establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollerns">Hohenzollerns</a> were made rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> in 1518. In 1529, the Hohenzollerns <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">secured the reversion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> after <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Pomeranian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict">a series of conflicts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">acquired</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">its eastern part</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. </p><p>In 1618, the electors of Brandenburg also inherited the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, since 1511 ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1525, <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albrecht of Brandenburg</a>, the last grand master of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, secularized his territory and converted it into a duchy. It was ruled in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Brandenburg, known as "<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>". A full union was not possible, since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Prussia was a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>. The Teutonic Order had paid <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to Poland since 1466, and the Hohenzollerns continued to pay homage after secularizing Ducal Prussia. </p><p>In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>, the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Wehlau-Bromberg</a> granted the Hohenzollerns full sovereignty over the Prussian duchy by September 1657. </p><p>In return for an alliance against France in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the Great Elector's son, Frederick III, was allowed to elevate Prussia to a kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Treaty" title="Crown Treaty">Crown Treaty</a> of 16 November 1700. Frederick crowned himself "<a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>" as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a> on 18 January 1701. Legally, no kingdoms could exist in the Holy Roman Empire except for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. However, Frederick took the line that since Prussia had never been part of the empire and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it, he could elevate Prussia to a kingdom. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a>, keen to secure Frederick's support in the impending <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, acquiesced. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG/220px-Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG/330px-Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG/440px-Preussische-Kroninsignien.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crown_Jewels" title="Prussian Crown Jewels">Prussian Crown Jewels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottenburg Palace">Charlottenburg Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The style "King <i>in</i> Prussia" was adopted to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a> that the Hohenzollerns were legally kings only in their former duchy. In Brandenburg and the portions of their domains that were within the Empire, they were still legally only electors under the overlordship of the emperor. However, by this time the emperor's authority was only nominal. The rulers of the empire's various territories acted largely as the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, and only acknowledged the emperor's suzerainty in a formal way. In addition, the duchy was only the eastern bulk of the region of Prussia; the westernmost fragment constituted the part of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> east of Vistula, held along with the title <i>King of Prussia</i> by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a>. While the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia legally continued until the end of the empire in 1806, from 1701 onward, Brandenburg was <i>de facto</i> treated as an integral part of the kingdom. Since the Hohenzollerns were nominally still subjects of the emperor within the parts of their domains that were part of the empire, they continued to use the additional title of Elector of Brandenburg until the empire was dissolved. It was not until 1772 that the title "King <i>of</i> Prussia" was adopted, following the acquisition of Royal Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1701–1721:_Plague_and_the_Great_Northern_War"><span id="1701.E2.80.931721:_Plague_and_the_Great_Northern_War"></span>1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Prussia was still recovering from the devastation of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and poor in natural resources. Its territory was disjointed, stretching 1,200 km (750 mi) from the lands of the Duchy of Prussia on the south-east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the Hohenzollern heartland of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, with the exclaves of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. In 1708 about one third of the population of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> died during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">Great Northern War plague outbreak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Prenzlau" title="Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> in August 1710 but receded before it could reach the capital <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, which was only 80 km (50 mi) away. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> was the first major conflict in which the Kingdom of Prussia was involved. Starting in 1700, the war involved a coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist Russia</a> against the dominant North European power at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>. Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William</a> tried in 1705 to get Prussia involved in the war, stating "best Prussia has her own army and makes her own decisions."<sup id="cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views, however, were not considered acceptable by his father, and was not until 1713 that Frederick William ascended to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in 1715, Prussia, led by Frederick William, joined the coalition for various reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the danger of being attacked from both her rear and the sea; her claims on <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>; and the fact that if she stood aside and Sweden lost, she would not get a share of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Marriott_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuchtwanger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia only participated in one battle, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stresow" title="Battle of Stresow">Battle of Stresow</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, as the war had already been practically decided in the 1709 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Treaty of Stockholm</a> Prussia gained all of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> east of the River <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>. Sweden would however keep a portion of Pomerania until 1815. The Great Northern War not only marked the end of the Swedish Empire but also elevated Prussia and Russia at the expense of the declining <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> as new powers in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Elector had incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a>, the landed aristocracy, into the kingdom's bureaucracy and military machine, giving them a vested interest in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rothbard_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothbard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Frederick William I inaugurated the Prussian compulsory conscription system in 1717.<sup id="cite_ref-rothbard_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothbard-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1740–1762:_Silesian_Wars"><span id="1740.E2.80.931762:_Silesian_Wars"></span>1740–1762: Silesian Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1740–1762: Silesian Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen-FdG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Preussen-FdG.jpg/300px-Preussen-FdG.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Preussen-FdG.jpg/450px-Preussen-FdG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Preussen-FdG.jpg/600px-Preussen-FdG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Prussian territorial acquisitions in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1740, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II</a> (Frederick the Great) came to the throne. Using the pretext of a 1537 treaty (vetoed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a>) by which parts of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> were to pass to <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> after the extinction of its ruling <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>, Frederick invaded Silesia, thereby beginning the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> if the province were turned over to him. The offer was rejected, but Austria faced several other opponents in a desperate struggle for survival, and Frederick was eventually able to gain formal cession with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1742)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1742)">Treaty of Berlin</a> in 1742. </p><p>To the surprise of many, Austria managed to renew the war successfully. In 1744 Frederick invaded again to forestall reprisals and to claim, this time, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>. He failed, but <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime in France">French</a> pressure on Austria's ally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> led to a series of treaties and compromises, culminating in the 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> that restored peace and left Prussia in possession of most of Silesia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg/250px-Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg/375px-Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg/500px-Hohenfriedeberg_-_Attack_of_Prussian_Infantry_-_1745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Attack of the Prussian infantry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenfriedberg" title="Battle of Hohenfriedberg">Battle of Hohenfriedberg</a> in 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>Humiliated by the cession of Silesia, Austria worked to secure an alliance with France and Russia (the "<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a>"), while Prussia drifted into Great Britain's camp forming the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_Alliance_(1756)" title="Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)">Anglo-Prussian Alliance</a>. When Frederick preemptively invaded Saxony and Bohemia over the course of a few months in 1756–1757, he began a <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a> and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. </p><p>This war was a desperate struggle for the Prussian Army, and the fact that it managed to fight much of Europe to a draw bears witness to Frederick's military skills. Facing Austria, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, France, and Sweden simultaneously, and with only <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a> (and the non-continental British) as notable allies, Frederick managed to prevent a serious invasion until October 1760, when the Russian army briefly occupied Berlin and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>. The situation became progressively grimmer, however, until the death in 1762 of Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_House_of_Brandenburg" title="Miracle of the House of Brandenburg">Miracle of the House of Brandenburg</a>). The accession of the Prussophile <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> relieved the pressure on the eastern front. Sweden also exited the war at about the same time. </p><p>Defeating the Austrian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burkersdorf_(1762)" title="Battle of Burkersdorf (1762)">Battle of Burkersdorf</a> and relying on continuing British success against France in the war's colonial theatres, Prussia was finally able to force a <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a></i> on the continent. This result confirmed Prussia's major role within the German states and established the country as a European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>. Frederick, appalled by the near-defeat of Prussia and the economic devastation of his kingdom, lived out his days as a much more peaceable ruler. </p><p>Other additions to Prussia in the 18th century were the <a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">County of East Frisia</a> (1744), the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bayreuth" title="Principality of Bayreuth">Principality of Bayreuth</a> (1791) and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ansbach" title="Principality of Ansbach">Principality of Ansbach</a> (1791), the latter two being acquired through purchase from branches of the Hohenzollern dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1772,_1793,_and_1795:_Partitions_of_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="1772.2C_1793.2C_and_1795:_Partitions_of_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>1772, 1793, and 1795: Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1772, 1793, and 1795: Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/300px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/450px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png/600px-Rzeczpospolita_Rozbiory_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>The three partitions of Poland (the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a> (red), the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Partition" title="Austrian Partition">Austrian Partition</a> (green), and the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a> (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>To the east and south of Prussia, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> had gradually weakened during the 18th century. Alarmed by increasing Russian influences in Polish affairs and by a possible expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Frederick was instrumental in initiating the first of the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772 to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Kingdom of Prussia annexed most of the Polish province of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, allowing Frederick to finally adopt the title King <i>of</i> Prussia; the annexed Royal Prussian land was organised the following year into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of West Prussia">Province of West Prussia</a>; most of the rest became the originally separate <a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a>, which was attached to West Prussia in 1775. The boundary between West Prussia and the territory previously known as the Duchy of Prussia, now the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">Province of East Prussia</a> was also adjusted, transferring <a href="/wiki/Marienwerder_(district)" title="Marienwerder (district)">Marienwerder</a> to West Prussia (which became its capital) and Warmia (the <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Heilsberg" title="Kreis Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Braunsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Braunsberg (page does not exist)">Braunsberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_Braunsberg" class="extiw" title="de:Kreis Braunsberg">de</a>]</span> districts) to East Prussia. The annexed territory connected East Prussia with the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653-1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)">Province of Pomerania</a>, uniting the kingdom's eastern territories. </p><p>After Frederick died in 1786, his nephew <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Fredrick William II</a> continued the partitions, gaining a large <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">part of western Poland</a> in 1793; <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a> (Toruń) and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a> (Gdańsk), which had remained part of Poland after the first partition, were incorporated into West Prussia, while the remainder became the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a>. </p><p>In 1787, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Prussian invasion of Holland">Prussia invaded Holland</a> to restore the <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stadtholderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadtholderate">stadtholderate</a> against the increasingly rebellious <a href="/wiki/Patriots_(Dutch_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots (Dutch Republic)">Patriots</a>, who sought to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a> and establish a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>. The direct cause of the invasion was the arrest at <a href="/wiki/Goejanverwellesluis" title="Goejanverwellesluis">Goejanverwellesluis</a>, where Frederick William II's sister <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_Prussia,_Princess_of_Orange" title="Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange">Wilhelmina of Prussia</a>, also stadtholder <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V of Orange</a>'s wife, was stopped by a band of Patriots who denied her passage to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> to reclaim her husband's position. </p><p>In 1795, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist and a large area (including <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>) to the south and east of East Prussia became part of Prussia. Most of the new territories (and the part of South Prussia north of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>) were organised into the province of <a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a>; South Prussia gained the area immediately south of the Vistula, <a href="/wiki/Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Bug</a>, including Warsaw; a small area to the south of South Prussia became <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a>. With the Polish-Lithuanian state gone Prussia now shared its eastern borders with the Habsburg monarchy (<a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">West Galicia</a>) and Russia (<a href="/wiki/Russian_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian partition">Russian partition</a>). </p><p>The Partitions were facilitated by the fact that they occurred just before the 19th-century rise of nationalism in Europe, and the national self-awareness was yet to be developed in most European peoples, especially among commoners. The Kingdom of Prussia was perceived in Poland more as a nationality-neutral personal holding of the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>, rather than a German nation-state, and any anxiety concerned predominantly freedom to practice religion rather than rights to maintain national identity. The onset of Germanisation in the following decades, later joined by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i></span>, quickly changed this benign picture and alienated Poles from the Prussian state, ultimately boosting their national self-awareness and eliciting their national resistance against Prussian rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1801–1815:_Napoleonic_Wars"><span id="1801.E2.80.931815:_Napoleonic_Wars"></span>1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen-1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Preussen-1806.jpg/300px-Preussen-1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Preussen-1806.jpg/450px-Preussen-1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Preussen-1806.jpg/600px-Preussen-1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Prussia (orange) and its territories lost after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> (other colours)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a>, Prussia declared war on the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>. When Prussian troops attempted to invade France, they were beaten back and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Treaty of Basel</a> (1795) ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>. In it, the First French Republic and Prussia had stipulated that the latter would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, including the British continental dominions of the Electorate of Hanover and the <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Duchies of Bremen-Verden</a>. To this end, Hanover (including Bremen-Verden) also had to provide troops for the so-called <i>demarcation army</i> maintaining this state of <i>armed neutrality</i>. </p><p>In the course of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> against France (1799–1802), <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte urged Prussia to occupy Hanover. In 1801, 24,000 Prussian soldiers invaded, surprising Hanover, which surrendered without a fight. In April 1801 the Prussian troops arrived in Bremen-Verden's capital <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> and stayed there until October that year. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> first ignored Prussia's hostility, but when it joined the pro-French <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">Second League of Armed Neutrality</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> and Russia, Britain started to capture Prussian sea vessels. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a> the coalition fell apart and Prussia again withdrew its troops. </p><p>At Napoleon's instigation, Prussia recaptured British Hanover and Bremen-Verden in early 1806. On 6 August that year the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved as a result of Napoleon's victories over <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. The title of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürst</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> became meaningless, and was dropped. Nonetheless, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a> was now <i>de jure</i> as well as <i>de facto</i> sovereign of all of the Hohenzollern domains.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this time, the Hohenzollern sovereign had held many titles and crowns, from Supreme Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Churches (<i>summus episcopus</i>) to King, Elector, Grand Duke, Duke for the various regions and realms under his rule. After 1806 he was simply King of Prussia and <i>summus episcopus</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig,_1813_(by_Johann_Peter_Krafft).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8021" data-file-height="5694" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_Victory_After_the_Battle_of_Leipzig" title="The Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig">The Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Krafft" title="Johann Peter Krafft">Johann Peter Krafft</a>, 1839. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> of Austria after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>But when Prussia, after it turned against the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of Jena–Auerstedt</a> (14 October 1806), Frederick William III was forced to temporarily flee to remote <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a> in 1807, Prussia lost about half of its territory, including the land gained from the Second and Third Partitions of Poland (which now fell to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>) and all land west of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river. France recaptured Prussian-occupied Hanover, including Bremen-Verden. The remainder of the kingdom was occupied by French troops (at Prussia's expense) and the king was obliged to make an alliance with France and join the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian reforms">Prussian reforms</a> were a reaction to the Prussian defeat in 1806 and the Treaties of Tilsit. It describes a series of constitutional, administrative, social and economic reforms of the kingdom of Prussia. They are sometimes known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Reform_Movement" title="Prussian Reform Movement">Stein-Hardenberg Reforms</a></i> after <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Karl Freiherr vom Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_F%C3%BCrst_von_Hardenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg">Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg</a>, their main instigators. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">defeat of Napoleon in Russia</a> in 1812, Prussia quit the alliance and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> during the "Wars of Liberation" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Befreiungskriege</i></span>) against the French occupation. Prussian troops under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> contributed crucially in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> of 1815 to the final victory over Napoleon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1815:_After_Napoleon">1815: After Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1815: After Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac.prussiamap3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ac.prussiamap3.png/300px-Ac.prussiamap3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ac.prussiamap3.png/450px-Ac.prussiamap3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ac.prussiamap3.png/600px-Ac.prussiamap3.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871</figcaption></figure> <p>Prussia's reward for its part in France's defeat came at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. It regained most of its pre-1806 territory. Notable exceptions included part of the territory annexed in the Second and Third Partitions of Poland, which became <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> under Russian rule (though it did retain Danzig, acquired in the Second Partition). It also did not regain several of its former towns in the south. However, as compensation it picked up some new territory, including 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and the Rhineland. Prussia now stretched uninterrupted from the Niemen in the east to the Elbe in the west, and possessed a chain of disconnected territories west of the Elbe. This left Prussia as the only great power with a predominantly German-speaking population. </p><p>With these gains in territory, the kingdom was reorganized into 10 provinces. Most of the kingdom, aside from the provinces of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>, and the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> but including the formerly Polish <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim territory</a>, became part of the new <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a> of 39 sovereign states (including Austria and Bohemia) replacing the defunct Holy Roman Empire. </p><p>Frederick William III submitted Prussia to a number of administrative reforms, among others reorganising the government by way of ministries, which remained formative for the following hundred years. </p><p>As to religion, reformed <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> Frederick William III—as <i>Supreme Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Churches</i>—asserted his long-cherished project (started in 1798) to unite the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a> in 1817, (see <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_(Evangelical_Christian_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church)">Prussian Union</a>). The Calvinist minority, strongly supported by its co-religionist Frederick William III, and the partially reluctant Lutheran majority formed the <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united</a> Protestant <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church in Prussia">Evangelical Church in Prussia</a>. However, ensuing quarrels causing a permanent <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> among the Lutherans into united and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a> by 1830. </p><p>As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, the Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a> (ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern) were annexed by Prussia in 1850, later united as the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Province of Hohenzollern</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1848–1871:_German_wars_of_unification"><span id="1848.E2.80.931871:_German_wars_of_unification"></span>1848–1871: German wars of unification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1848–1871: German wars of unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the half-century that followed the Congress of Vienna, a <a href="/wiki/German_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="German Question">conflict of ideals</a> took place within the German Confederation between the formation of a single German nation and the conservation of the current collection of smaller German states and kingdoms. The main debate centered around whether Prussia or the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> should be the leading member of any unified Germany. Those advocating for Prussian leadership contended that Austria had far too many non-German interests to work for the greater good of Germany. They argued that Prussia, as by far the most powerful state with a majority of German-speakers, was best suited to lead the new nation. </p><p>The establishment of the German Customs Union (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span>) in 1834, which excluded Austria, increased Prussian influence over the member states. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> in 1849 offered King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> the crown of a united Germany. Frederick William refused the offer on the grounds that revolutionary assemblies could not grant royal titles. But he also refused for two other reasons: to do so would have done little to end the internal power-struggle between Austria and Prussia, and all Prussian kings (up to and including <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a>) feared that the formation of a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> would mean the end of Prussia's independence within the German states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1848, actions taken by Denmark towards the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="First War of Schleswig">First War of Schleswig</a> (1848–51) between Denmark and the German Confederation, resulting in a Danish victory. </p><p>Frederick William issued <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1848)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1848)">Prussia's first constitution</a> by his own authority in 1848, modifying it in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1850)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1850)">Constitution of 1850</a>. These documents—moderate by the standards of the time but conservative by today's—provided for a two-chamber parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia"><i>Landtag</i></a>. The lower house, later known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Representatives" title="Prussian House of Representatives">Abgeordnetenhaus</a></i></span>, was elected by all males over the age of 25 using the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a>. Voters were divided into <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">three classes</a> whose votes were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid. In one typical election, the first class (with those who paid the most in taxes) included 4% of voters and the third class (with those who paid the least) had 82%, yet each group chose the same number of electors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system all but assured dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. The upper house, later renamed the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Herrenhaus</a></i></span> ("House of Lords"), was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority, and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junkers</a>, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The constitution nevertheless contained a number of liberal elements such as the introduction of jury courts and a catalog of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick William suffered a stroke in 1857, and his younger brother, Prince William, became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. William pursued a considerably more moderate policy. Upon Frederick William IV's death in 1861 he succeeded to the Prussian throne as <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a>. However, shortly after becoming king, he faced a dispute with his parliament over the size of the army. The parliament, dominated by the liberals, balked at William's desire to increase the number of regiments and withheld approval of the budget to pay for its cost. A deadlock ensued, and William seriously considered abdicating in favour of his son, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick</a>. Ultimately, he decided to appoint as <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, at that time the Prussian ambassador to France. Bismarck took office on 23 September 1862. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/220px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/330px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg/440px-Schlacht-bei-koeniggraetz-von-georg-bleibtreu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a> on a black horse with his suite, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Moltke</a>, and others, watching the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although Bismarck had a reputation as an unyielding conservative, he initially inclined to seek a compromise over the budget issue. However, William refused to consider it; he viewed defence issues as the crown's personal province. Forced into a policy of confrontation, Bismarck came up with a novel theory. Under the constitution, the king and the parliament were responsible for agreeing on the budget. Bismarck argued that since they had failed to come to an agreement, there was a "hole" in the constitution, and the government had to continue to collect taxes and disburse funds in accordance with the old budget in order to keep functioning. The government thus operated without a new budget from 1862 to 1866, allowing Bismarck to implement William's military reforms. </p><p>The liberals violently denounced Bismarck for what they saw as his disregard for the fundamental law of the kingdom. However, Bismarck's real plan was an accommodation with liberalism. Although he had opposed German unification earlier in his career, he had now come to believe it inevitable. To his mind, the conservative forces had to take the lead in the drive toward creating a unified nation in order to keep from being eclipsed. He also believed that the middle-class liberals wanted a unified Germany more than they wanted to break the grip of the traditional forces over society. He thus embarked on a drive to form a united Germany under Prussian leadership, and guided Prussia through three wars which ultimately achieved this goal. </p><p>The first of these wars was the <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second War of Schleswig">Second War of Schleswig</a> (1864), which Prussia initiated and succeeded in, and in which it gained the assistance of Austria. Denmark was soundly defeated and surrendered both Schleswig and Holstein, to Prussia and Austria respectively. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg/300px-Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg/450px-Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg/600px-Map-AustroPrussianWar-annexed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1697" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> (1866): <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0062BD; color:white;"> </span> <b>Prussia</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#04C6FF; color:black;"> </span> Prussian allies: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and 14 German states<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF5850; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFB1BD; color:black;"> </span> Austrian allies: 11 German states<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2DDDA0; color:black;"> </span> Neutral states: <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a>, Luxembourg, <a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81ABDE; color:black;"> </span> Prussian acquisitions: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hessian Hinterland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The divided administration of Schleswig and Holstein then became the trigger for the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866—also known as the Seven Weeks' War. Prussia, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and various northern German states, declared war on the Austrian Empire. The Austrian-led coalition was crushed, and Prussia annexed four of its smaller allies—the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Duchy of Nassau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt</a>. Prussia also annexed Schleswig and Holstein, and also effectively annexed <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> by forcing it into a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Prussia (which was turned into a full union in 1876). King William initially wanted to take territory from Austria itself and annex Saxony, but Bismarck persuaded him to abandon the idea. While Bismarck wanted Austria to play no future role in German affairs, he foresaw that Austria could be a valuable future ally. With these gains in territory, the Prussian possessions in the Rhineland and Westphalia became geographically connected to the rest of the kingdom for the first time. Counting the <i>de facto</i> annexation of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prussia now stretched uninterrupted across the northern two-thirds of Germany. It would remain at this size until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918. </p><p>Bismarck used this opportunity to end the budget dispute with parliament. He proposed a bill of indemnity granting him retroactive approval for governing without a legal budget. He guessed, correctly as it turned out, that this would lead to a split between his liberal adversaries. While some of them argued that there could be no compromise with the principle of constitutional government, most of the liberals decided to support the bill in hopes of winning more freedom in the future. </p><p>The German Confederation was dissolved as part of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In its place, Prussia cajoled the 21 states north of the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> into forming the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> in 1866. Prussia entered the Confederation as a whole (including the East Prussian cradle of its statehood, as well as its share of dismembered Poland consisting of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>), thus becoming the dominant state in this new entity, with four-fifths of its territory and population—more than the other members of the confederation combined. Its near-total control was cemented in a <a href="/wiki/North_German_Constitution" title="North German Constitution">constitution</a> written by Bismarck. Executive power was vested in a <a href="/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidium" title="Bundespräsidium">president</a>—a hereditary office of the rulers of Prussia. He was assisted by a chancellor responsible only to the president. There was also a bicameral parliament. The lower house, or <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(North_German_Confederation)" title="Reichstag (North German Confederation)">Reichstag</a> (Diet), was elected by universal male suffrage. The upper house, or <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(German_Empire)" title="Bundesrat (German Empire)">Bundesrat</a> (Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes and could easily control proceedings through alliances with the other states. For all intents and purposes, Bismarck dominated the new grouping. He served as his own foreign minister for virtually his entire tenure as prime minister of Prussia, and in that capacity was able to instruct the Prussian delegates to the Bundesrat. </p><p>The southern German states (except Austria) were forced<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to accept military alliances with Prussia, and Prussia began steps to merge them with the North German Confederation. Bismarck's planned <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland">Kleindeutschland</a></i></span> unification of Germany had come considerably closer to realisation. </p><p>The final act came with the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–1871), where Bismarck maneuvered Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> into declaring war on Prussia. Activating the German alliances put in place after the Austro-Prussian War, the German states, aside from Austria, came together and swiftly defeated France, even managing to take Napoleon III prisoner (2 September 1870). Even before then,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bismarck was able to complete the work of unifying Germany under Prussian leadership. The patriotic fervour aroused by the war against France overwhelmed the remaining opponents of a unified <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleindeutschland</i></span> nation, and on 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of the first Prussian king, Frederick I), the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> was <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_German_Empire" title="Proclamation of the German Empire">proclaimed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outside of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, while the French capital was still under <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">siege</a>. King William became the first emperor (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kaiser</i></span>) of a unified Germany. However, the titles of German Emperor and King of Prussia were to be borne by the same man until the end of the monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1871–1918:_Peak_and_fall"><span id="1871.E2.80.931918:_Peak_and_fall"></span>1871–1918: Peak and fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1871–1918: Peak and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div> <p>Bismarck's new empire was the most powerful state on the Continent. Prussia's dominance over the new empire was almost as absolute as it was with the North German Confederation. It included two-thirds of the empire's territory and three-fifths of its population. The imperial crown was a hereditary office of the House of Hohenzollern. Prussia also had a large plurality of seats in the Bundesrat, with 17 votes out of 58 (17 out of 61 after 1911); no other state had more than six votes. As before, it could effectively control the proceedings with the support of its allies in the secondary states. As mentioned above, Bismarck served as foreign minister of Prussia for almost his entire career, and in that role instructed the Prussian deputies to the Bundesrat. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> was essentially an enlarged Prussian army, and the embassies of the new empire were mostly old Prussian embassies. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire" title="Constitution of the German Empire">Constitution of the German Empire</a> was essentially an amended version of the constitution of the North German Confederation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussiamap.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Prussian Provinces and other states of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prussiamap.gif/280px-Prussiamap.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prussiamap.gif/420px-Prussiamap.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prussiamap.gif/560px-Prussiamap.gif 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Prussia in the German Empire, 1871–1918</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Deutsches_Reich,_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the administrative divisions of Germany in 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png/280px-Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png/420px-Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png/560px-Karte_Deutsches_Reich%2C_Verwaltungsgliederung_1900-01-01.png 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="6654" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Administrative divisions of the German Empire on 1 January 1900</div></div></div></div></div> <p>However, the seeds for future problems lay in a gross disparity between the imperial and Prussian systems. The empire granted the vote to all men over 25, although Prussia retained its <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">three-class franchise</a>, in which votes were weighted by taxes paid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the imperial chancellor was, except for two periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94) also prime minister of Prussia, this meant that for most of the empire's existence, the king/emperor and prime minister/chancellor had to seek majorities from legislatures elected by two completely different franchises. </p><p>At the time of the empire's creation, both Prussia and Germany were roughly two-thirds rural. Within 20 years, the situation was reversed; the cities and towns accounted for two-thirds of the population. However, in both the kingdom and the empire, the constituencies were never redrawn to reflect the growing population and influence of the cities and towns. This meant that rural areas were grossly overrepresented from the 1890s onward. </p><p>Bismarck realized that the rest of Europe was sceptical of his powerful new Reich, and turned his attention to preserving peace with such acts as the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>. The new German Empire improved its already-strong relations with Britain. The ties between London and Berlin had already been sealed in 1858, when Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia married <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> died in 1888, and the Crown Prince succeeded to the throne as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a>. The new emperor, a decided Anglophile, planned to transform Prussia and the empire into a more liberal and democratic monarchy based on the British model. However, Frederick was already ill with inoperable throat cancer, and died after only 99 days on the throne. He was succeeded by his 29-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">William II</a>. As a boy, William had rebelled against his parents' efforts to mould him as a liberal, and had become thoroughly Prussianized under Bismarck's tutelage. </p><p>The new Kaiser William rapidly soured relations with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Russian</a> royal families (despite being closely related to them), becoming their rival and ultimately their enemy. Before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), Prussia supplied significant numbers of soldiers and sailors in the German military, and Prussian Junkers dominated the higher ranks. In addition, portions of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> were fought on Prussian soil. Prussia – along with Germany as a whole – experienced increasing troubles with revolutionaries during the war. The Great War ended by <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice</a> on 11 November 1918. </p><p>Uprisings in Berlin and other centres began the civil conflict of the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">German Revolution of 1918–19</a> (German: <i lang="de">Novemberrevolution</i>). By late 1918, the Prussian House of Representatives was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD), which advocated <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. William knew that he had lost his imperial crown for good, but still hoped to retain his Prussian crown; he believed that as ruler of two-thirds of Germany, he could remain a major figure in any successor regime. However, William discovered this was impossible under the imperial constitution. Although he believed he ruled the empire in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Prussia, the imperial constitution stipulated that the imperial crown was tied to the Prussian crown. In any event, he had lost support of the military who might have fought for him. William's abdication as both king of Prussia and German emperor was announced on 9 November 1918, and he went into exile in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> the next day. With armed revolts, mass strikes, and street fighting in Berlin, the Prussian state government declared a state of siege and appealed for imperial military aid. The <i>Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division</i>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pabst" title="Waldemar Pabst">Waldemar Pabst</a>, moved against the strikers in Berlin. By the end of the fighting on 16 March, they had killed approximately 1,200 people, many of them unarmed and uninvolved. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the establishment in August 1919 of a republic that later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. </p><p>Prussia was incorporated as the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> in the Weimar Republic, gaining a new republican <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1920)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1920)">constitution</a> in 1920, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>. The state was <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Prussia" title="Abolition of Prussia">abolished in 1947</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State">State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg/220px-Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg/330px-Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg/440px-Berlin_Nationaldenkmal_Kaiser_Wilhelm_mit_Schloss_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Palace" title="Berlin Palace">Berlin Palace</a>, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prussian_finance_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prussian finance ministers">List of Prussian finance ministers</a></div> <p>The joint authority, <a href="/wiki/Feudal_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal monarchy">feudal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_despotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic despotism">bureaucratic</a>, on which Prussian absolute monarchy was based, saw its interests laid in suppression of the drive for personal freedom and democratic rights. It therefore had to recourse on police methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby197334_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby197334-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "police state", as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hintze" title="Otto Hintze">Otto Hintze</a> described it, replaced the older system with its feudal <a href="/wiki/Squirearchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirearchy">squirearchy</a> run in the interests of the ruling class, but which in its rudimentary form was a constitutional state.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg/220px-Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg/330px-Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg/440px-Corona_Prusia-mj2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Crown of Wilhelm II">Prussian King's Crown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Castle" title="Hohenzollern Castle">Hohenzollern Castle</a> Collection)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of Prussia was an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> until the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">Revolutions of 1848 in the German states</a>, after which Prussia became a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heinrich_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg" title="Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg">Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg</a> was appointed as Prussia's first <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1848)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1848)">Prussia's first constitution</a>, a two-house parliament was formed, called the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Landtag</a>. The lower house, or <a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Representatives" title="Prussian House of Representatives">Prussian House of Representatives</a> was elected by all males over the age of 25 using the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a> introduced in the Constitution of 1850, which assured dominance by the more well-to-do elements of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper house, which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussian House of Lords</a>, was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Prussian Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Secret_Police" title="Prussian Secret Police">Prussian Secret Police</a>, formed in response to the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a>, aided the conservative government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutions">Constitutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were two constitutions during the kingdom's existence, those of 1848 and 1850. The first was granted by the reluctant Frederick William IV in response to demands that arose during the German revolutions of 1848–1849.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections were called in early 1848 for a <a href="/wiki/Prussian_National_Assembly" title="Prussian National Assembly">Prussian National Assembly</a>, with all males 25 and older able to vote. King Frederick William IV and his ministers presented a draft constitution in which the king retained many of his old rights. The Assembly responded with the "Charte Waldeck" which included an expanded list of fundamental rights, a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkswehr</i></span> ('people's guard') responsible to parliament and restrictions on feudal rights. The King declared to his ministers that "he would never accept [it] under any conditions". On 9 November he adjourned the Assembly and on 5 December 1848 unilaterally imposed the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1848)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1848)">Constitution of 1848</a>. It contained a significant number of liberal elements from the Charte Waldeck, including a parliament with two chambers, the introduction of jury courts, certain limitations on the monarch's powers and a mandate to ensure <a href="/wiki/Legal_certainty" title="Legal certainty">legal certainty</a>. It also guaranteed many fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, the press and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the constitution's liberal clauses, Prussia was still far from a democratic state. The king had an absolute veto over laws, which restricted the separation of powers. It was possible for the monarch to circumvent the judiciary, and the military could be described as a <a href="/wiki/State_within_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="State within the state">state within the state</a>. All adult male citizens regardless of class had the right to vote, but the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a> that weighted votes based on the amount of taxes paid significantly limited the political voice of the middle and lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1850)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1850)">1850 Constitution of Prussia</a> was an amended version of the 1848 Constitution. Unlike the earlier version, the 1850 revision was a cooperative effort between the new Prussian Parliament, the King and his ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes they made to the 1848 Constitution were mostly of a minor nature. The king remained in a position of dominance over the three branches of government, and parliament had no control over the military, but the liberal elements introduced in the 1848 Constitution remained largely in place. </p><p>The 1850 Constitution, frequently amended, was the fundamental law of Prussia until the end of the German Empire in 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prussia#Religion" title="Prussia">Prussia § Religion</a></div> <p>The Prussian Constitution of 1850 allowed for freedom of conscience, freedom of public and private worship and freedom of association with religious bodies. It stated that all churches and other religious associations should administer everything independently and privately from the state and that no part of the government may affect the Church. The constitution also stated that all children should be taught their religion from people of their own religion and not by someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a census taken in the early- to mid-1800s, there was a division of six religions around the 1830s: this was, per million inhabitants, 609,427.0 practising Protestants, 376,177.1 practising <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, 13,348.8 practising Jews, 925.1 Mennonites, 121.4 Greek Orthodox and 0.6 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. At this time, the total population was 14,098,125 people, meaning there were approximately 8,591,778 practising Protestants, 5,303,392 practising Catholics, 188,193 practising Jews, 13,042 <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, 1,712 Greek Orthodox, and 8 Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although dominated by Protestant Lutherans (along with some Calvinist), it contained millions of Catholics in the west and in Poland. There were numerous Catholic populations in the Rhineland and parts of Westphalia. In addition, West Prussia, Warmia, Silesia, and the province of Posen had predominantly Catholic Polish-speaking populations. East Prussia's southern region of Masuria was mostly made up of Germanised Protestant Masurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png/220px-Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png/330px-Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png/440px-Ethnic_structure_of_eastern_regions_of_Prussia.png 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2628" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic structure of the eastern regions of Prussia in 1817–1823</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poles_Prussia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Poles_Prussia.png/220px-Poles_Prussia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Poles_Prussia.png/330px-Poles_Prussia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Poles_Prussia.png/440px-Poles_Prussia.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2930" /></a><figcaption>Poles in the Kingdom of Prussia during the 19th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#710023; color:white;"> </span> 90% – 100% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#990030; color:white;"> </span> 80% – 90% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e80000; color:white;"> </span> 70% – 80% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2a00; color:black;"> </span> 60% – 70% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5b00; color:black;"> </span> 50% – 60% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff600; color:black;"> </span> 20% – 50% Polish</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdff74; color:black;"> </span> 5% – 20% Polish</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from ethnic Germans, the country was also inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic</a> minorities. Minority groups included <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubs</a> in West Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Mazurs</a> in East Prussia), <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">Prussian Lithuanians</a> (in East Prussia), <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> (in Lusatia), <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a> (in Silesia), <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> (in Schleswig), <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>, Russians (in <a href="/wiki/Wojnowo,_Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Wojnowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Wojnowo</a>), <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Provinces of Prussia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg/220px-Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg/330px-Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg/440px-Map-DB-PrussiaProvs-1818.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>The ten provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia, after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. The other member states of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> are shown in beige. The <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Canton of Neuchâtel</a> in the south-west was under Prussian administration until 1848.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_former_prussian_lander.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Germany_former_prussian_lander.png/220px-Germany_former_prussian_lander.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Germany_former_prussian_lander.png/330px-Germany_former_prussian_lander.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Germany_former_prussian_lander.png/440px-Germany_former_prussian_lander.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Current <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of Germany</a> (shown in dark green) that are completely or mostly situated inside the old borders of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a>'s Kingdom of Prussia</figcaption></figure> <p>The original core regions of the Kingdom of Prussia were the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> which together formed <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653-1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)">A Further Pomeranian province</a> had been held by Prussia since 1653. Combined with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, gained from Sweden in 1720 and 1815, this region formed the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a>. Prussian gains in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a> led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a> in 1740. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> in 1772, the newly annexed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of West Prussia">Province of West Prussia</a>, while the Duchy of Prussia (along with part of Warmia) became the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">Province of East Prussia</a>. Other annexations along the <a href="/wiki/Note%C4%87" title="Noteć">Noteć (Netze) River</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Netze_District" title="Netze District">Netze District</a>. Following the second and third partitions (1793–1795), the new Prussian annexations became the provinces of <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a>, with the Netze District redivided between West and South Prussia. All the acquired Polish lands remained outside of the Holy Roman Empire, and the latter three provinces were disentangled from Prussia following the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a> to be included in the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Warsaw">Grand Duchy of Warsaw</a> in 1806, and were ultimately lost to <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815, except for the western part of South Prussia, which would form part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a>, the latter however also remained outside of <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, the successor of the dissolved Holy Roman Empire, as did the province of East Prussia and the province of West Prussia. </p><p>Following the major western gains made by Prussia after the Vienna Congress, a total of ten provinces were established, each one subdivided further into smaller administrative regions known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i></span>. The provinces were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">Province of East Prussia</a> (outside of German Confederation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> (autonomous, outside of German Confederation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of West Prussia">Province of West Prussia</a> (outside of German Confederation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Province of Westphalia</a></li></ul> <p>In 1822, the provinces of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and the Lower Rhine were merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>. In 1829, the provinces of East and West Prussia merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a>, but the separate provinces were reformed in 1878. The principalities of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a> were annexed in 1850 to form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Province of Hohenzollern</a>. </p><p>After Prussia's victory in the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, territories annexed by Prussia were reorganised into three new provinces: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Province of Hesse-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Province of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Prussia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to Brandenburg's prominence as the seat of power within the kingdom, it is <a href="/wiki/Pars_pro_toto#Geography" title="Pars pro toto">also sometimes referred to as</a> <b>Prussia-Brandenburg</b> or <b>Brandenburg-Prussia</b>. The erroneous labels <b>Kingdom of Brandenburg</b> and <b>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nordmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordmark">Nordmark</a></b> have also been applied to the Prussia of this period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, the function of prince-electors electing its emperors had lapsed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFE._Alvis2005" class="citation book cs1">E. Alvis, Robert (2005). <i>Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815630814" title="Special:BookSources/9780815630814"><bdi>9780815630814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Rise+of+Nationalism%3A+A+Profile+of+an+East-Central+European+City&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780815630814&rft.aulast=E.+Alvis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest John Knapton. "Revolutionary and Imperial France, 1750–1815." Scribner: 1971. Page 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schutz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schutz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schutz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/koenigreich_preussen.htm">"Königreich Preußen (1701–1918)"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502213014/https://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/koenigreich_preussen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nigreich+Preu%C3%9Fen+%281701%E2%80%931918%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de%2Fkoenigreich_preussen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm">"German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074458/http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?gem1900_2.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Empire%3A+administrative+subdivision+and+municipalities%2C+1900+to+1910&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fgem1900_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriott-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marriott_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marriott,_J._A._R." class="mw-redirect" title="Marriott, J. A. R.">Marriott, J. A. R.</a>, and Charles Grant Robertson. <i>The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire</i>. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Prussia">"Prussia | History, Maps, & Definition"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508092225/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480893/Prussia">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Prussia+%7C+History%2C+Maps%2C+%26+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPrussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5">1-58477-077-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), p 27, p225–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://gh.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/3/286.full.pdf">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Aping the Great Powers: Frederick the Great and the Defence of Prussia's International Position 1763–86, Pp. 286–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/history119_lecture19.htm">[2]</a> The Rise of Prussia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610094351/http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/history119_lecture19.htm">Archived</a> 10 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horn_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, D. B. "The Youth of Frederick the Great 1712–30." In Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia, 9–10. 3rd ed. London: English Universities Press, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horn, D. B. "The Seven Years' War." In <i>Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia</i>, pp. 81–101. 3rd ed. London: English Universities Press, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkinson, C. T. <i>A History of Germany, 1715–1815</i>. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Mack, <i>The Salzburg transaction: expulsion and redemption in eighteenth-century Germany</i>, (Cornell University Press, 1992), 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuchtwanger-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feuchtwanger_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feuchtwanger, E. J. Prussia: Myth and Reality: The Role of Prussia in German History. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shennan, Margaret. The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia. London: Routledge, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rothbard-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rothbard_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rothbard_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray N.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationfreecom00roth/page/24"><i>Education: Free & Compulsory</i></a></span>. Auburn, Alabama: <a href="/wiki/The_Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ludwig von Mises Institute">The Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationfreecom00roth/page/24">24–27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-22-6"><bdi>0-945466-22-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education%3A+Free+%26+Compulsory&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=The+Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-945466-22-6&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationfreecom00roth%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truelithuania.com/history-of-klaipeda-memel-447">"History of Klaipėda (Memel) | True Lithuania"</a>. <i>truelithuania.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128102438/http://www.truelithuania.com/history-of-klaipeda-memel-447">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=truelithuania.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Klaip%C4%97da+%28Memel%29+%7C+True+Lithuania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truelithuania.com%2Fhistory-of-klaipeda-memel-447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/kaiserreich/das-reich/dreiklassenwahlrecht.html">"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht"</a> [The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Das+Preu%C3%9Fische+Dreiklassenwahlrecht&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Jelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fkaiserreich%2Fdas-reich%2Fdreiklassenwahlrecht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia"><i>Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Prussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prussia allies in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> were: <a href="/wiki/Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhalt">Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lippe_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe (state)">Lippe-Detmold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldeck-Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck-Pyrmont">Waldeck-Pyrmont</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian allies in the Austro-Prussian War were: <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a> (or Hesse-Cassel), <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuss-Greiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/reichsgruendung/index.html">Die Reichsgründung 1871</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818045652/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/kaiserreich/innenpolitik/reichsgruendung/index.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The Foundation of the Empire, 1871), Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online, accessed 2008-12-22. German text translated: [...] on the wishes of Wilhelm I, on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to princely status on 18 January 1701, the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby197334-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacoby197334_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacoby1973">Jacoby 1973</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hintze, <i>Der Commissarius</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1894" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, James Harvey (September 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208">"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia"</a>. <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>: 12–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210033/https://books.google.com/books?id=KaA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Prussia&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=1894-09&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaA5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentarchiv.de/nzjh/verfpr1848.html">"[oktroyierte] Verfassungsurkunde für den preußischen Staat vom 5. Dezember 1848 documentArchiv.de"</a> [[imposed] Constitutional Charter for the Prussian State of 5 December 1848]. <i>documentArchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=documentArchiv.de&rft.atitle=%5Boktroyierte%5D+Verfassungsurkunde+f%C3%BCr+den+preu%C3%9Fischen+Staat+vom+5.+Dezember+1848+documentArchiv.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentarchiv.de%2Fnzjh%2Fverfpr1848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1894" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, James Harvey ( (September 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA209">"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia"</a>. <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>: 13–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114222/https://books.google.com/books?id=KaA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA209">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Prussia&rft.pages=13-14&rft.date=1894-09&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James+Harvey+%28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaA5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilhelm-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilhelm_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelmRobinson1894" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhelm, Friedrich; Robinson, James (1894). "Supplement: Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>5</b> (Supplement 8). Sage Publications Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science: 1–54. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1009032">1009032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Supplement%3A+Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Prussia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Supplement+8&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1009032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1887" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, John (1887). "The Culturconflict" in Prussia". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>2</b> (2). The Academy of Political Science: 313–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2139282">10.2307/2139282</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139282">2139282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Culturconflict%22+in+Prussia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-340&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2139282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2139282%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebeler1847" class="citation journal cs1">Hebeler, Bernard (1847). "Statistics of Prussia". <i>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</i>. <b>10</b> (2). Wiley for the Royal Statistical Society: 154–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2337688">10.2307/2337688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2337688">2337688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Statistical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+Prussia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-186&rft.date=1847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2337688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2337688%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hebeler&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelzyt1998" class="citation book cs1">Belzyt, Leszek (1998). <i>Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 – 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar</i>. Marburg: Herder-Inst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-267-5"><bdi>978-3-87969-267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachliche+Minderheiten+im+preussischen+Staat%3A+1815+%E2%80%93+1914+%3B+die+preu%C3%9Fische+Sprachenstatistik+in+Bearbeitung+und+Kommentar&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Herder-Inst.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-87969-267-5&rft.aulast=Belzyt&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHintze" class="citation book cs1">Hintze, Otto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FBaMwEACAAJ"><i>Der Commissarius und seine Bedeutung in der allgemeinen Verwaltungsgeschichte</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Commissarius+und+seine+Bedeutung+in+der+allgemeinen+Verwaltungsgeschichte&rft.aulast=Hintze&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FBaMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby1973" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, Henry (1 January 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGwVaki8uXIC"><i>The Bureaucratization of the World</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02083-2"><bdi>978-0-520-02083-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bureaucratization+of+the+World&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02083-2&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGwVaki8uXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Prussia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governments_of_Prussia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governments_of_Prussia" title="Template:Governments of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governments_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Governments of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governments_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governments of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governments_of_Prussia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Governments of Prussia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Prussia</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnim-Boitzenburg_cabinet" title="Arnim-Boitzenburg cabinet">Arnim-Boitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphausen_cabinet" title="Camphausen cabinet">Camphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auerswald_cabinet" title="Auerswald cabinet">Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfuel_cabinet" title="Pfuel cabinet">Pfuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_cabinet" title="Brandenburg cabinet">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladenberg_cabinet" title="Ladenberg cabinet">Ladenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteuffel_cabinet" title="Manteuffel cabinet">Manteuffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_cabinet" title="Hohenzollern cabinet">Hohenzollern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen_cabinet" title="Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen cabinet">Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck-Roon_cabinet" title="Bismarck-Roon cabinet">Bismarck-Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_cabinet_(Prussia)" title="Caprivi cabinet (Prussia)">Caprivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulenburg_cabinet" title="Eulenburg cabinet">Eulenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst_cabinet_(Prussia)" title="Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst cabinet (Prussia)">Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClow_cabinet_(Prussia)" title="Bülow cabinet (Prussia)">Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethmann_Hollweg_cabinet" title="Bethmann Hollweg cabinet">Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis_cabinet_(Prussia)" title="Michaelis cabinet (Prussia)">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertling_cabinet_(Prussia)" title="Hertling cabinet (Prussia)">Hertling</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Revolutionary_cabinet" title="Prussian Revolutionary cabinet">Prussian Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirsch_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirsch cabinet (page does not exist)">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braun_I_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braun I cabinet (page does not exist)">Braun I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stegerwald_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stegerwald cabinet (page does not exist)">Stegerwald</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braun_II_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braun II cabinet (page does not exist)">Braun II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marx_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marx cabinet (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braun_III_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braun III cabinet (page does not exist)">Braun III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissar_Papen_I_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissar Papen I cabinet (page does not exist)">Papen I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissar_Papen_II_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissar Papen II cabinet (page does not exist)">Papen II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissar_Schleicher_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissar Schleicher cabinet (page does not exist)">Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissar_Papen_III_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissar Papen III cabinet (page does not exist)">Papen III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ring_cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göring cabinet (page does not exist)">Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Ministry" title="Prussian State Ministry">Prussian State Ministry</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories and provinces of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_and_provinces_of_Prussia_(1525–1947)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories and provinces of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> (1525–1947)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg%E2%80%93Prussia" title="Brandenburg–Prussia">Before 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ravensberg" title="County of Ravensberg">Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Xanten" title="Treaty of Xanten">1614</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Farther Pomerania</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Minden">Minden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halberstadt" title="Principality of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">1648</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg–Bütow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Draheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">1657</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Colonies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">St. Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">After 1701</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guelders" title="Prussian Guelders">Guelders</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">1713</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden-Ravensberg" title="Minden-Ravensberg">Minden-Ravensberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1719)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">1720</a> / 1815)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> / <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">Glatz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">1742</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">East Frisia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1744)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">1772–73</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Prussia" title="South Prussia">South Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">1793</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_East_Prussia" title="New East Prussia">New East Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">1795</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">Post-Congress of<br />Vienna</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">(1814–15)</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1848)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1822)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1824–1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1850)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">1866–68</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Territorial reforms<br />after 1918</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">1919</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Berlin_Act" title="Greater Berlin Act">Greater Berlin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Merseburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Magdeburg" title="Province of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> in 1848.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_the_Lower_Rhine" title="Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the North German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_North_German_Confederation_(1866–1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_North_German_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the North German Confederation">States of the North German Confederation</a> (1866–1871)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NB_1866-1871.99.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the North German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the North German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/175px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/263px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NB_1866-1871.99.svg/350px-NB_1866-1871.99.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27306#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27306#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27306#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047194-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79104278">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prusse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb113529929">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prusse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb113529929">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547738105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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