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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robert_Owen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Owen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Robert Owen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Owen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>William King</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rochdale_Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rochdale_Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rochdale Pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rochdale_Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_CWS_and_Co-operative_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_CWS_and_Co-operative_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>English CWS and Co-operative Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_CWS_and_Co-operative_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Co-operatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Co-operatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>U.S. Co-operatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Co-operatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-operative_Women's_Guild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-operative_Women's_Guild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Co-operative Women's Guild</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-operative_Women's_Guild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Industrial_Cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Industrial_Cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chinese Industrial Cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Industrial_Cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">History of the type of autonomous association</div> <p>The <b>history of the cooperative movement</b> concerns the origins and history of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> across the world. Although cooperative arrangements, such as <a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">mutual insurance</a>, and principles of cooperation existed long before, the cooperative movement began with the application of cooperative principles to business organization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg/220px-%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg/330px-%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg/440px-%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the Ambelakia Common Company (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoir_Georgios-Schwartz" class="extiw" title="fr:Manoir Georgios-Schwartz">Schwartz mansion</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The cooperative spirit spread in Greece earlier than in other European countries. During the 18th century, a particular form of cooperative organization was developed in certain areas under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman sovereignty</a>. It was associated with specific agricultural or craft products destined to international markets. Derived from the <a href="/wiki/Symponos" title="Symponos">Byzantine guilds</a>, it was favored by the Ottoman administration because it was enabling better control of the production and tax collection.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Common Company (Syntrofia) of <a href="/wiki/Ampelakia,_Larissa" title="Ampelakia, Larissa">Ambelakia</a> (1780 to 1812), established in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and providing Europe with high quality red cotton yarns, is typical of this system. Its development was related with a dyeing technique using the roots of the wild madder (ριζάρι, <i><a href="/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum" title="Rubia tinctorum">Rubia tinctorum</a></i>) and providing an indelible and shiny color. 22 villages possessing 24 factories participated to the Syntrofia, which had 6000 individual members: financiers and landowners providing for capital and land, technicians providing knowhow, workers providing labor. It operated several branch stores abroad (Amsterdam, Dresden, Hamburg, Leipzig, Odessa, London, St. Petersburg...).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810, its capital amounted to 20 000 000 gold francs, deposited in the Bank of Vienna. Other well-known cooperatives established in Greece during the Ottoman period, are the Shipping Guilds of the islands <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(island)" title="Hydra (island)">Hydra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spetses" title="Spetses">Spetses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psara" title="Psara">Psara</a>; the Community of Mantemi, exploiting the mines of <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidhiki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>); and the Community of “Mastic Villages” (Μαστιχοχώρια) de <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Aegean" title="North Aegean">North Aegean</a>), whose activities were based on the mastic - a resin extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic</a> trees, growing only on this island and used for cosmetic, culinary and medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the rest of Europe, primarily in Britain and France, the cooperative movement began mainily in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the increasing mechanisation of the economy transformed society and threatened the livelihoods of many workers. The concurrent <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> and the issues they attempted to address describe the climate at the time. </p><p>The first documented <a href="/wiki/Consumer_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer cooperative">consumer cooperative</a> was founded in 1769,<sup id="cite_ref-fairbairn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairbairn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a barely furnished cottage in <a href="/wiki/Fenwick,_East_Ayrshire" title="Fenwick, East Ayrshire">Fenwick, East Ayrshire</a>, when local weavers manhandled a sack of oatmeal into John Walker's whitewashed front room and began selling the contents at a discount, forming the <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Weavers%27_Society" title="Fenwick Weavers' Society">Fenwick Weavers' Society</a>. </p><p>In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Duncan_(minister)" title="Henry Duncan (minister)">Rev. Henry Duncan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthwell" title="Ruthwell">Ruthwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">depository institution</a> at which his poorest parishioners could hold <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a> accruing <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> for <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">sickness and old-age</a>, which was the first established <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings bank</a> that would be merged into the <a href="/wiki/Trustee_Savings_Bank" title="Trustee Savings Bank">Trustee Savings Bank</a> between 1970 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-lloyds_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lloyds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GFS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decades that followed, several cooperatives or cooperative societies formed including Lennoxtown Friendly Victualling Society, founded in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1830, there were several hundred co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were initially successful, but most cooperatives founded in the early 19th century had failed by 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lockhurst Lane Industrial Co-operative Society (founded in 1832 and now <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_England_Co-operative_Society" title="Heart of England Co-operative Society">Heart of England Co-operative Society</a>), and Galashiels and Hawick Co-operative Societies (1839 or earlier, merged with The Co-operative Group) still trade today.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until 1844 when the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a> established the "<a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>" on which they ran their cooperative, that the basis for development and growth of the modern cooperative movement was established.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financially, cooperative banks, called <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a> in the US, were invented in Germany in the mid-19th century, first by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Schulze-Delitzsch" title="Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch">Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch</a> (1852, urban), then by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a> (1864, rural). While Schulze-Delitzsch is chronologically earlier, Raiffeisen has proven more influential over time – see <a href="/wiki/History_of_credit_unions" title="History of credit unions">history of credit unions</a>. In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">building society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">mutual savings bank</a> were earlier forms of similar institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Owen">Robert Owen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Robert Owen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></div> <p>Robert Owen (1771–1858) is considered as the father of the cooperative movement. A Welshman who made his fortune in the cotton trade, Owen believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It was here that the first co-operative store was opened. Spurred on by the success of this, he had the idea of forming "villages of co-operation" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing. He tried to form such communities in <a href="/wiki/Orbiston,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiston, Scotland">Orbiston</a> in Scotland and in <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, but both communities failed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_King">William King</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: William King"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King (physician)</a></div> <p>Although Owen inspired the co-operative movement, others – such as Dr. William King (1786–1865) – took his ideas and made them more workable and practical. King believed in starting small, and realized that the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> would need to set up co-operatives for themselves, so he saw his role as one of instruction. He founded a monthly periodical called <i>The Co-operator</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first edition of which appeared on 1 May 1828. This gave a mixture of co-operative philosophy and practical advice about running a shop using cooperative principles. King advised people not to cut themselves off from <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, but rather to form a society within a society, and to start with a shop because, "We must go to a shop every day to buy food and necessaries – why then should we not go to our own shop?" He proposed sensible rules, such as having a weekly account audit, having 3 trustees, and not having meetings in <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a> (to avoid the temptation of drinking profits). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rochdale_Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rochdale Pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></div> <p>The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was a group of 10 weavers and 20 others in <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, England, that was formed in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-fairbairn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairbairn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution was forcing more and more skilled workers into poverty, these tradesmen decided to band together to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. With lessons from prior failed attempts at co-operation in mind, they designed the now famous <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>, and over a period of four months they struggled to pool one <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On December 21, 1844, they opened their store with a very meagre selection of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal and a few candles. Within three months, they expanded their selection to include tea and tobacco, and they were soon known for providing high quality, unadulterated goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_CWS_and_Co-operative_Group">English CWS and Co-operative Group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English CWS and Co-operative Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="Special:EditPage/History of the cooperative movement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+cooperative+movement%22">"History of the cooperative movement"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+cooperative+movement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+cooperative+movement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+cooperative+movement%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+cooperative+movement%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+cooperative+movement%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group" title="The Co-operative Group">The Co-operative Group</a></div> <p>The Co-operative Group formed gradually over 140 years from the merger of many independent retail societies, and their wholesale societies and federations. In 1863, twenty years after the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a> opened their co-operative, the North of England Co-operative Society was launched by 300 individual co-ops across <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. By 1872, it had become known as the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS). Through the 20th century, smaller societies merged with CWS, such as the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society (1973) and the <a href="/wiki/South_Suburban_Co-operative_Society" title="South Suburban Co-operative Society">South Suburban Co-operative Society</a> (1984). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastlebridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newcastlebridge.jpg/220px-Newcastlebridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newcastlebridge.jpg/330px-Newcastlebridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newcastlebridge.jpg/440px-Newcastlebridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The old Co-operative building behind the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Gateshead Millennium Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1990s, CWS's share of the market had declined considerably and many came to doubt the viability of co-operative model. CWS sold its factories to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Regan" title="Andrew Regan">Andrew Regan</a> in 1994. Regan returned in 1997 with a £1.2 billion bid for CWS. There were allegations of "<a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">carpet-bagging</a>" – new members who joined simply to make money from the sale – and more seriously fraud and commercial leaks. After a lengthy battle, Regan's bid was seen off and two senior CWS executives were dismissed and imprisoned for fraud. Regan was cleared of charges. The episode recharged CWS and its membership base. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commission" title="Co-operative Commission">Co-operative Commission</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/John_Monks" title="John Monks">John Monks</a>, made major recommendations for the co-operative movement, including the organisation and marketing of the retail societies. It was in this climate that, in 2000, CWS merged with the UK's second largest society, <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Services" title="Co-operative Retail Services">Co-operative Retail Services</a>. </p><p>Its headquarters complex is situated on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> city centre adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_station" title="Manchester Victoria station">Manchester Victoria</a> railway station. The complex is made up of many different buildings with two notable tower blocks of New Century House and the solar panel-clad <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Insurance_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Insurance Society">CIS</a> tower. </p><p>Other independent societies are part owners of the Group. Representatives of the societies that part own the Group are elected to the Group's national board. The Group manages <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_brand" title="The Co-operative brand">The Co-operative brand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Retail_Trading_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Retail Trading Group">Co-operative Retail Trading Group</a> (CRTG), which sources and promotes goods for food stores.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a similar purchasing group (CTTG) for co-operative travel agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Co-operatives">U.S. Co-operatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. Co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States first known Co-op was the mutual fire insurance company founded in 1752 by Benjamin Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first dairy co-op was founded in 1810 with small locals found nationwide by 1866. The first known consumer co-op in 1845 was Boston's Workingman's Protective Union. The country's first organization to promote cooperative values and the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a> was the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, known as <a href="/wiki/National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" title="National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">the Grange</a> that started after the Civil War. The co-operative movement grew during the 1890s in response to the expansion of large corporate monopolies. The country's first credit unions were in Massachusetts while The Cooperative League of the United States of America, known today as the <a href="/wiki/National_Cooperative_Business_Association" title="National Cooperative Business Association">National Cooperative Business Association</a> was organized in 1916 to promote cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s the Co-op movement entered a new phase with <a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_conspiracy" title="Food conspiracy">Food Conspiracies</a> as an alternative to corporate agriculture that linked organic farmers to urban consumers. </p><p>The co-operative model has a long history in the U.S., including a factory in the 1790s, the Knights of Labor, and the Grange.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Colorado, the Meadowlark cooperative administered the only private free land program in the United States, providing many services to its members who buy and sell together. In New York City, several food co-operatives were founded around 2010, adding to others, some existing since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. has some diverse worker co-operatives, such as a home care agency,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an organic bread factory co-op and an engineering firm.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have already incorporated environmental and/or Fair Trade criteria into their products, such as the aforementioned bread-maker, <a href="/wiki/Organic_Valley" title="Organic Valley">Organic Valley</a>, and Equal Exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Credit unions were established in the U.S. by 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their member-owned, co-operative structure created stable governance structure, so that they were only slightly affected by the 2008 mortgage securities crisis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Electrical co-operatives became an important economic strategy for U.S. rural areas beginning in the 1930s, and continue to operate successfully through events such as <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority in the U.S. demonstrate that co-operative values do not necessarily lead to a progressive social and environmental consciousness, as many remain focuses on fossil fuel and nuclear fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, new generation renewable power co-operatives have begun to be organized.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agricultural co-operatives in the U.S. have had some mainstream success, including <a href="/wiki/Welch%27s" title="Welch's">Welch's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spray_(cooperative)" title="Ocean Spray (cooperative)">Ocean Spray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_O%27Lakes" title="Land O'Lakes">Land O'Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, a co-operative association was founded by 1920. Currently there are over 29,000 co-operatives employing 2 million people with over $652 billion in annual revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address the need for an organization oriented to newer and smaller co-ops, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federation_of_Worker_Cooperatives" title="United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives">United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives</a> was founded after 2000. </p><p>An alternative method of employee-ownership, the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), was developed in the U.S. by Louis Kelso and advocated by Senator Russell Long to be incentivized in the ERISA law of 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a large Southeastern US supermarket chain<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a California manufacturer, and a furniture-maker with earnings of more than $2 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are employee-owned. Employee-owned trusts have also been developed more or less independently, for example at an established iron pipe company<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-operative_Women's_Guild"><span id="Co-operative_Women.27s_Guild"></span>Co-operative Women's Guild</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Co-operative Women's Guild"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alice_Acland_(social_activist)" title="Alice Acland (social activist)">Alice Acland</a>, the editor of the "Women's Corner" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Co-op_News" title="Co-op News">Co-operative News</a></i> publication, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lawrenson" title="Mary Lawrenson">Mary Lawrenson</a>, a teacher, recognized the need for a separate women's organization within the Cooperative Movement and began organizing a "Woman's League for the Spread of Co-operation" in 1883. This League formally met for the first time during the 1883 Co-operative Congress in Edinburgh in a group of 50 women and established Acland as its organizing secretary. By 1884 it had six different branches with 195 members, and the League was renamed the Women's Cooperative Guild.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Guild organized around working women's issues and expanding the Cooperative Movement. It continued to publish articles advocating for women's involvement in the Cooperative Movement in the "Women's Corner," and later through its own publications such as "The importance of women for the cooperative movement." The Guild also opened the Sunderland cooperative store in 1902, which catered to poor working-class women. It engaged in many political campaigns concerning women's health, women's suffrage and pacifism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until recently the organisation participated in social justice activism, but has now closed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_Industrial_Cooperatives">Chinese Industrial Cooperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinese Industrial Cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement_in_China" title="History of the cooperative movement in China">History of the cooperative movement in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Industrial_Cooperatives" title="Chinese Industrial Cooperatives">Chinese Industrial Cooperatives</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gung-ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gung-ho">Gung-ho</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_developments">Other developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia the village co-operative (<i><a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">obshchina</a></i> or <i>mir</i>), operated from pre-serfdom times until the 20th century. </p><p>Raiffeisen and Schultz-Delitsch developed an independently formulated co-operative model in Germany, the credit union. The model also moved abroad, reaching the United States by the 1880s and the Knights of Labour's projects.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leland Stanford, the railroad magnate and Robber Baron, became a Senator and advocated for co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1920 a national association had formed in the U.S. This organization began to develop international programs, and by the 1970s, a World Council formed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-operatives in the U.S. have a long history, including an early factory in the 1790s. By the 1860s Brigham Young had started applying co-operative ideas in Utah,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 1880s, the Knights of Labor and the Grange both promoted member-owned organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy co-operatives were founded in the U.S. during the Depression and the New Deal.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diverse kinds of co-operatives were founded and have continued to perform successfully in different areas: in agriculture, wholesale purchasing, telephones, and in consumer-food buying.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Warbasse, an American doctor, became the first president of the U.S. National Co-operative Business Association. He wrote extensively on co-operative history and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benjamin Ward began an important effort in co-operative economic theory in the 1950s, with Jaroslav Vanek developing a general theory.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Ellerman began a line of theoretical thinking beginning with legal principles, developing especially the labor theory of property, and later reaching a treatment which evaluates the role of capital in labor managed firms using the conventional economic production formula Q = f(K, L). At one point in the 1990s he worked at the World Bank with Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_day">Modern day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Co-operative enterprises were formed successfully following Rochdale, and an international association was formed in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-operative enterprises are now widespread,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one of the largest and most successful examples being the industrial <a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n_Cooperative_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragón Cooperative Corporation">Mondragón Cooperative Corporation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque country</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Mondragon Co-op was founded under the oppressive conditions of Fascist Franco Spain after community-based democracy-building activities of a priest, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta</a>. They have become an extremely diverse network of co-operative enterprises, a huge enterprise in Spain, and a multinational concern.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-operatives were also successful in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> where <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' Councils</a> gained a significant role in management.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many European countries, cooperative institutions have a predominant market share in the retail <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> businesses. There are also concrete proposals for the cooperative management of the common goods, such as the one by <a href="/wiki/Initiative_136" title="Initiative 136">Initiative 136</a> in Greece. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/220px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/330px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/440px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>An annual general meeting of a retail co-operative in England, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the UK, co-operatives formed the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> in the early 20th century to represent members of co-ops in Parliament. The Co-operative Party now has a permanent electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, and some Labour <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MPs</a> are Co-operative Party members. UK co-operatives retain a significant market share in <a href="/wiki/Co-op_(supermarket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op (supermarket)">food retail</a>, insurance, banking, funeral services, and the travel industry in many parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denmark has had a strong <a href="/wiki/Danish_cooperative_movement" title="Danish cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a>, especially in the farming and industrial sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-housing is also common in Denmark in which residents share a common eating and gathering space.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, the living spaces are financed by the Danish Housing Association, but other times residents collectively own the land and property. <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, the rebuilding of the country after World War II created a legislative opportunity in which politician Hans Boeckler significantly lobbied for the <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a> ("Mitbestimmung") policies which were established, requiring large companies to include a Workers' Council in the Board of Directors.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies have had some influence on European Union policies.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emilia Romagna, Italy had two separate and strong co-operative traditions that resisted Cold War interference by US agencies and have worked effectively in conjunction with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-operative banks have become very successful throughout Europe, and were able to respond more effectively than most corporate banks during the 2008 mortgage-securities crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable Energy co-operatives in Europe became important in the early development of windpower in Denmark beginning in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany followed in the early 1990s, first on a larger scale with wind co-ops, then with a citizen's movement which challenged the reliance on nuclear power, organized, challenged the energy monopolists there, and successfully created a successful co-op social enterprise by 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A citizen's group began operating wind turbines and involving broad community ownership in the U.K. by 1995. Deregulation of the electricity markets allowed energy co-operative social entrepreneurs to begin to create alternatives to the monopolies in various countries. In France, where an enormous percentage of the power is generated by nuclear sources, this occurred after 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, wind power was developed by corporate-led efforts, and it took longer for a renewable energy-focused social enterprise to get established.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar renewable energy co-ops around Europe have organized in a network.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asian societies have adapted the co-operative model, including some of the most successful in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the crises generated by traditional inequalities and the shareholder model continues to require civil society and entrepreneurial responses, such as the Citizens Coalition for Economic Justice in South Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Seikatsu_Club_Consumers%27_Co-operative_Union" title="Seikatsu Club Consumers' Co-operative Union">Seikatsu Club Consumers' Co-operative Union</a> in Japan, and the Self-Employed Women's Association in India.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other noteworthy efforts include Sophon Suphapong's efforts as governor in Thailand with agricultural co-ops and Antonio Yapsutco Fortich's contributions in the Philippines helping formulate a co-operative strategy with sugar workers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Labor Organization, originally established in 1919, has a Co-operative Division.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-operatives were brought to Latin America and developed there by 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantial independent efforts to develop employee-owned enterprises or co-operatives have occurred as responses to crises, such as <a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">2001 crisis in Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/World_Social_Forum" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a> process lead to the articulation of Solidarity Economics, a modern, activist formulation of co-operativism.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fair Trade certification movement established first in the Netherlands in 1988 with an international headquarters in Bonn nine years later requires member farmers to have established a co-operative.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> inscribed "Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives" on the Representative List of the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> of Humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural cooperatives">Agricultural cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">British co-operative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative economics">Cooperative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Stock_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Stock Market">Cooperative Stock Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Provident_Societies_Partnership_Act_1852" title="Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act 1852">Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act 1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">Social economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigns_of_Industry" title="Sovereigns of Industry">Sovereigns of Industry</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIerapetritis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ierapetritis, Dimitrios (2017-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-016-0428-y">"Guilds and Cooperative Community Networks in the Eastern Mediterranean: Evidence from Greece Under Ottoman Occupation"</a>. <i>Journal of the Knowledge Economy</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">1578–</span>1596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13132-016-0428-y">10.1007/s13132-016-0428-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-7873">1868-7873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94842723">94842723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Knowledge+Economy&rft.atitle=Guilds+and+Cooperative+Community+Networks+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%3A+Evidence+from+Greece+Under+Ottoman+Occupation&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1578-%3C%2Fspan%3E1596&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94842723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1868-7873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-016-0428-y&rft.aulast=Ierapetritis&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-016-0428-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+cooperative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManidaki2012" 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(1997) <i>The International Co-operative Movement.</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aciamericas.coop/">ICA – Americas Region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112020437/http://www.aciamericas.coop/">Archived</a> 2013-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaVaca Collective, (2007), <i>Sin Patron.</i>; Klein, N and A Lewis (2006) film <i>The Take.</i>; Howarth, M., (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co-op.ac.uk/researching-co-operatives/links-resources/publications-and-resources/">"...empresas recuperadas in Argentina," The UK Co-operative College/ILO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112015341/http://www.co-op.ac.uk/researching-co-operatives/links-resources/publications-and-resources/">Archived</a> 2013-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neiva, AC et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairtrade+International+%2F+About+%2F+History+of+Fairtrade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairtrade.net%2Fhistory-of-fairtrade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+cooperative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milford, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairtrade.net/uploads/media/Milford_coffee.pdf">"Coffee, Co-operatives and Competition: The Impact of Fair Trade"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922062817/http://www.fairtrade.net/uploads/media/Milford_Coffee.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Michelsen Institute of Development Studies and Human Rights.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muriel Calo and Timothy A. Wise, "Revaluing Peasant Coffee Production: Organic and Fair Trade Markets in Mexico", Global and Environment Institute, October 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/idea-and-practice-of-organizing-shared-interests-in-cooperatives-01200">"Idea and practice of organizing shared interests in cooperatives"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121020150/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/idea-and-practice-of-organizing-shared-interests-in-cooperatives-01200">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Idea+and+practice+of+organizing+shared+interests+in+cooperatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fidea-and-practice-of-organizing-shared-interests-in-cooperatives-01200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+cooperative+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Birchall" title="Johnston Birchall">Birchall, Johnston</a> (1997), <i>The International Co-operative Movement.</i></li> <li>Curl, John (2009), <i>For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America</i>, PM Press.</li> <li>Derr, Jascha (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223155957/http://www.rosalux.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Brazil_SA_Cooperatives-SD-1_2013.pdf"><i>The cooperative movement of Brazil and South Africa</i></a></li> <li>Greider, William (2003), <i>The Soul of Capitalism.</i></li> <li>Kelly, Marjorie (2012), <i>Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution.</i></li> <li>Nadeau, E.G. & D.J. Thompson (1996), <i>Cooperation Works!</i></li> <li>Thompson, D.J. (1994), <i>Weavers of Dreams: Founders of the Modern Cooperative Movement.</i></li> <li>Whyte, W.F. & K.K. Whyte (1988), <i>Making Mondragon.</i></li> <li>Wolff, Richard (2012), <i>Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uk.coop/shorthistory">A short history of co-operation and mutuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Mayo" title="Ed Mayo">Ed Mayo</a> (2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_cooperative_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026084124/http://coop-litigation.com/rechistory.aspx">History of RECs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170740/http://lib-1.lse.ac.uk/archivesblog/?p=1591">Over 160 rulebooks of co-operative societies from Great Britain and Ireland, 1877–1921, are available online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/coops">Digital Collection on the History of Cooperatives in Utah: "Extension, Enterprise, and Education: the Legacy of Co-operatives and Cooperation in Utah"</a>: Utah State University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Co-operatives" title="Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Co-operatives" title="Template talk:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li>Agent-owned company</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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