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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blitz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blitz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Blitz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blitz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post–Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Since 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Green belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metrolink_(tram/light_rail)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metrolink_(tram/light_rail)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Metrolink (tram/light rail)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metrolink_(tram/light_rail)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Nightlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Gay village</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_village-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Print</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchester</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%BD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ማንችስተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማንችስተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameceaster" title="Mameceaster – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mameceaster" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مانشستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانشستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7ester" title="Mançester – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mançester" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="منچستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منچستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ম্যানচেস্টার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যানচেস্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Манчэстэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манчэстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Манчэстэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манчэстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Манчестър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манчестър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Manchester)" title="Manchester (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Manchester) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manchester (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Manchester)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manceinion" title="Manceinion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Manceinion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μάντσεστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάντσεστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1nchester" title="Mánchester – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mánchester" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%89estro" title="Manĉestro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĉestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="منچستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منچستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchain" title="Manchain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Manchain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuin" title="Manchuin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Manchuin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A8%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="맨체스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맨체스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Մանչեստր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանչեստր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मैन्चेस्टर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैन्चेस्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_(Anglaterra)" title="Manchester (Anglaterra) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manchester (Anglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="מנצ'סטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנצ'סטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಚೆಸ್ಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಚೆಸ್ಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მანჩესტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანჩესტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="مانچسٹر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مانچسٹر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancunium" title="Mancunium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mancunium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%8Destra" title="Mančestra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mančestra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%8Desteris" title="Mančesteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mančesteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानचेस्टर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्यानचेस्टर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="മാഞ്ചസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാഞ്ചസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मँचेस्टर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मँचेस्टर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მანჩესტერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანჩესტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مانشستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانشستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="منچستر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="منچستر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94" title="ꯃꯥꯟꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯟꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မန်ချက်စတာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မန်ချက်စတာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjester_(Engeland)" title="Mesjester (Engeland) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mesjester (Engeland)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानचेस्टर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्यानचेस्टर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="マンチェスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンチェスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%C3%AAtre" title="Manchêtre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Manchêtre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਨਚੈਸਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਨਚੈਸਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="مانچسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانچسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%88%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="មែនឈេសទ័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មែនឈេសទ័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7ester" title="Mançester – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mançester" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مەنچستر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەنچستر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மன்செஸ்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மன்செஸ்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7ester" title="Mançester – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mançester" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แมนเชสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมนเชสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Манчестер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="مانچسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانچسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%C3%A9st%C3%A9r" title="Manchéstér – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Manchéstér" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%8Dester" title="Mančester – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mančester" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="曼彻斯特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="曼彻斯特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מאנטשעסטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנטשעסטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="曼徹斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曼徹斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%BD%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="曼彻斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼彻斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancester" title="Mancester – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mancester" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchester&params=53.479_N_2.2452_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°28′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′43″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.4790°N 2.2452°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_(Part_1).ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manchester_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manchester (disambiguation)">Manchester (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and metropolitan borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Manchester</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg/258px-Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg/387px-Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg/516px-Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></div><div>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/129px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/194px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/258px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Cathedral_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg/125px-Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg/188px-Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg/250px-Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgewater_Canal,_Castlefield_Basin_(geograph_6966336).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg/124px-Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg/186px-Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg/248px-Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castlefield" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Library_and_war_memorial,_St._Peter%27s_Square,_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg/130px-Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg/195px-Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg/260px-Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library" title="Manchester Central Library">Manchester Central Library</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg/121px-Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg/182px-Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg/242px-Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Convention_Complex" title="Manchester Central Convention Complex">Central Convention Complex</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exchange_Square_(geograph_5147517).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg/133px-Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg/200px-Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg/266px-Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a> on <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Square,_Manchester" title="Exchange Square, Manchester">Exchange Square</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg/115px-Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg/173px-Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg/230px-Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg/209px-Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg/278px-Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="1915" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Etihad_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Etihad Stadium">Etihad Stadium</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Manchester"><img alt="Coat of arms of Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg/97px-Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg/145px-Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg/194px-Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester#Heraldry" title="Symbols of Manchester">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:202203_western_honey_bee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Manchester"><img alt="Official logo of Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/202203_western_honey_bee.svg/100px-202203_western_honey_bee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/202203_western_honey_bee.svg/150px-202203_western_honey_bee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/202203_western_honey_bee.svg/200px-202203_western_honey_bee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester#Worker_bee" title="Symbols of Manchester">Worker bee</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cottonopolis" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li><li>Mancs</li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">Second City</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Concilio Et Labore</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'By Counsel and Work'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester shown within Greater Manchester"><img alt="Manchester shown within Greater Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="993" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Manchester shown within <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchester&params=53.479_N_2.2452_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°28′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′43″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.4790°N 2.2452°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.4790; -2.2452</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_region_(United_Kingdom)" title="City region (United Kingdom)">city region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1st century AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Town charter</th><td class="infobox-data">1301</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1853</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">1 April 1974</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Council_leadership_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan<span class="nowrap"> </span>borough</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements" title="Executive arrangements">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader and cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bev_Craig" title="Bev Craig">Bev Craig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Manchester" title="List of mayors of Manchester">Lord Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Paul Andrews</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>5 MPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Kane" title="Mike Kane">Mike Kane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(British_politician)" title="Afzal Khan (British politician)">Afzal Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Lucy Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Smith_(British_politician)" title="Jeff Smith (British politician)">Jeff Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stringer" title="Graham Stringer">Graham Stringer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">45 sq mi (116 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">181st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">568,996</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,700/sq mi (4,920/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Manchester" title="List of people from Manchester">Mancunian</a></li><li>Manc (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloq.</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 56.8% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 20.9% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 11.9% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.3% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 36.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 32.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 22.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.9% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode area</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M_postcode_area" title="M postcode area">M</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WA_postcode_area" title="WA postcode area">WA</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0161</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-MAN</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E08000003</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manchester.gov.uk">manchester<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manchester</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/En-gb-Manchester.ogg\/En-gb-Manchester.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-gb-Manchester.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-gb-Manchester.ogg/En-gb-Manchester.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-gb-Manchester.ogg" title="File:En-gb-Manchester.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, England, which had an estimated population of 568,996 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contributes to the third-most populous metropolitan area in the United Kingdom as a part of Greater Manchester, which has a population of approximately 2.92 million.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Plain" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a> to the west. The city borders the boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Bury</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">history of Manchester</a> began with the civilian settlement associated with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> fort (<i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Mamucium" title="Mamucium"><i>Mamucium</i> or <i>Mancunium</i></a>, established <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 79</span> on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">Irwell</a>. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Manchester remained a <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Township_(England)" title="Township (England)">township</a> but began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city.<sup id="cite_ref-Industrial_city_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industrial_city-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historically</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, areas of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> were incorporated into Manchester in the 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a> in 1931. Manchester achieved <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> in 1853. The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> opened in 1894, creating the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manchester" title="Port of Manchester">Port of Manchester</a> and linking the city to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, 36 miles (58 km) to the west. The city's fortune declined after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, owing to deindustrialisation, and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">IRA</a> <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">bombing in 1996</a> led to extensive investment and regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following considerable redevelopment, Manchester was the host city for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a>. </p><p>The city is notable for <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">its architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Manchester" title="Culture of Manchester">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Manchester" title="Popular music of Manchester">musical exports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">media links</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_engineering_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and engineering in Manchester">scientific and engineering output</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Manchester" title="Sociology of Manchester">social impact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Manchester" title="Sport in Manchester">sports clubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester" title="Transport in Manchester">transport connections</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Manchester Liverpool Road railway station</a> is the world's oldest surviving inter-city passenger railway station.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> first split the atom in 1917; <a href="/wiki/Frederic_C._Williams" title="Frederic C. Williams">Frederic C. Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kilburn" title="Tom Kilburn">Tom Kilburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Tootill" title="Geoff Tootill">Geoff Tootill</a> developed the world's first <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">stored-program computer</a> in 1948; and <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> first isolated <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> in 2004. </p><p>Manchester has a large <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, which forms from the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester City Centre">city centre</a> into the other neighbouring authorities; these include <a href="/wiki/Four_Heatons" title="Four Heatons">The Four Heatons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Failsworth" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Droylsden" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reddish" title="Reddish">Reddish</a>. The city is also contiguous with Salford and its borough but is separated from it by the <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>. This urban area is cut off by the <a href="/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Outer_Ring_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Outer Ring Road">Manchester Outer Ring Road</a>, which runs in a circular around the city and these areas. It joins the <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a> to the north-east and the <a href="/wiki/M602_motorway" title="M602 motorway">M602</a> to the west, as well as the <a href="/wiki/East_Lancashire_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="East Lancashire Road">East Lancashire Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/A6_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="A6 (road)">A6</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div> <p>The name <i>Manchester</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Mamucium" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a></i></span></i> or its variant <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mancunio</i></span></i> and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>). These names are generally thought to represent a <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinisation</a> of an original <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic placenames">name</a>. The generally accepted etymology of this name is that it comes from Brittonic *<i><span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">mamm</i></span>-</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>", in reference to a "<a href="/wiki/Breast-like_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast-like hill">breast-like hill</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Place_names_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Place_names-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent work suggests that it could come from *<i><span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">mamma</i></span></i> ("mother", in reference to a <a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">local river</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">goddess</a>). Both usages are preserved in <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, such as <i><span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">mam</i></span></i> meaning "breast" in <a href="/wiki/Irish_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Gaelic">Irish</a> and "mother" in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Chester_(placename_element)" title="Chester (placename element)">-chester</a></i> is from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ceaster</i></span></i> ("Roman fortification", itself a loanword from Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">castra</i></span></i>, "fort; fortified town").<sup id="cite_ref-Place_names_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Place_names-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is widely known as "the capital of the North".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">History of Manchester</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manchester_history" title="Timeline of Manchester history">Timeline of Manchester history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mamucium" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> were the major <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes_in_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland">Celtic tribe</a> in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>; they had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a> now stands, opposite the bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> in the 1st century, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">General Agricola</a> ordered the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">fort</a> named <a href="/wiki/Mamucium" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a> in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in <a href="/wiki/Deva_Victrix" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>) were protected from the Brigantes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in <a href="/wiki/Castlefield" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a>. The Roman habitation of Manchester probably ended around the 3rd century; its <a href="/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">civilian settlement</a> appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although the fort may have supported a small garrison until the late 3rd or early 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_withdrawal_from_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman withdrawal from Britain">Roman withdrawal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxon_invasions_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon invasions of Britain">Saxon conquest</a>, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell and <a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a> sometime before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">arrival of the Normans</a> after 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hylton_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hylton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arrowsmith_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrowsmith-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McConnel_%26_Company_mills,_about_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/220px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/330px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/440px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>McConnel & Company's <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancoats" title="Ancoats">Ancoats</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterloo_Massacre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/220px-Peterloo_Massacre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/330px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/440px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> of 1819 resulted in 15 deaths and several hundred injured.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, Manchester is recorded as within the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_of_Salford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred of Salford">hundred of Salford</a> and held as <a href="/wiki/Tenant_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant in chief">tenant in chief</a> by a Norman named <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Poitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger of Poitou">Roger of Poitou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-doomsday_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doomsday-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later being held by the family of Grelley, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> and residents of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Castle" title="Manchester Castle">Manchester Castle</a> until 1215 before a Manor House was built.<sup id="cite_ref-gatehouse_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatehouse-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1421 Thomas de la Warre founded and constructed a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_(ancient_parish)" title="Manchester (ancient parish)">parish</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>; the domestic premises of the college house <a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music" title="Chetham's School of Music">Chetham's School of Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library" title="Chetham's Library">Chetham's Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library, which opened in 1653 and is still open to the public, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls2004P20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls2004P20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester is mentioned as having a <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market</a> in 1282.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Flemish_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemish-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">woollens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a>'s words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire".<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-Hylton_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hylton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. Although not long-lasting, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a> granted it the right to elect its own <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">MP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Worsley" title="Charles Worsley">Charles Worsley</a>, who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Major_Generals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of the Major Generals">Rule of the Major Generals</a>. He was a diligent <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">puritan</a>, turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of Christmas; he died in 1656.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen and cotton <a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">fustians</a>, but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>, Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at <a href="/wiki/Worsley" title="Worsley">Worsley</a> to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a> by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Commodities_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities exchange">commodities exchange</a>, opened in 1729,<sup id="cite_ref-Hylton_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hylton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. In 1780, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a> began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill.<sup id="cite_ref-Hylton_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hylton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1800s, <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> formulated his atomic theory in Manchester. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3></div> <p>Manchester was one of the centres of <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a>. The great majority of <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">cotton spinning</a> took place in the towns of south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing.<sup id="cite_ref-GMArch_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMArch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester became known as the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Cottonopolis" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a>" and "Warehouse City" during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GMArch_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMArch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industrial revolution brought about huge change in Manchester and was key to the increase in Manchester's population. </p><p>Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as people flocked to the city for work from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and other areas of England as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:460px;max-width:460px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Kersal_Moor,_Salford_-_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/220px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/330px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/440px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>View from Kersal Moor</i> towards Manchester by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Pether" title="Sebastian Pether">Sebastian Pether</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820</span>, then still a rural landscape. Note the <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a> in both paintings.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyld,_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor,_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/232px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/348px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/464px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6133" data-file-height="3931" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Manchester from <a href="/wiki/Kersal_Moor" title="Kersal Moor">Kersal Moor</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Wyld" title="William Wyld">William Wyld</a> in 1857, a view now dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>. Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878 the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">GPO</a> (the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">British Telecom</a>) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> was built between 1888 and 1894, in some sections by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey, running 36 miles (58 km)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> to Eastham Locks on the tidal Mersey. This enabled oceangoing ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world. </p><p>A centre of capitalism, Manchester was once the scene of bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes. One such gathering ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterloo massacre">Peterloo massacre</a> of 16 August 1819. The economic school of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester Capitalism</a> developed there, and Manchester was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> from 1838 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester has a notable place in the history of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and left-wing politics; being the subject of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>' work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a></i>; Engels spent much of his life in and around Manchester,<sup id="cite_ref-Engles_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engles-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> visited Manchester, they met at Chetham's Library. The economics books Marx was reading at the time can be seen in the library, as can the window seat where Marx and Engels would meet.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls2004P20_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls2004P20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June 1868. Manchester was an important cradle of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a> Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester capitalism">Manchester School</a>, promoting <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i>), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow."<sup id="cite_ref-manchester_innovation_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchester_innovation-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a>) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the <a href="/wiki/Hall%C3%A9_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallé Orchestra">Hallé Orchestra</a>. In 1889, when county councils were created in England, the municipal borough became a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a> with even greater autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Road,_Manchester_1910,_Valette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/200px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/300px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/400px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An oil painting of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Road,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Road, Manchester">Oxford Road</a>, Manchester, in 1910, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Adolphe_Valette" title="Pierre Adolphe Valette">Valette</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester's blackspots saw "wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-GMArch_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMArch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a> in the 1850s and <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a> in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-GMArch_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMArch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of the city as the financial centre of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-GMArch_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMArch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a> and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blitz">Blitz</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester Blitz</a></div> <p>Like most of the UK, the Manchester area was mobilised extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. For example, casting and machining expertise at <a href="/wiki/Beyer,_Peacock_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyer, Peacock & Company">Beyer, Peacock & Company</a>'s locomotive works in <a href="/wiki/Gorton" title="Gorton">Gorton</a> was switched to bomb making; <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop's</a> rubber works in <a href="/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock" title="Chorlton-on-Medlock">Chorlton-on-Medlock</a> made <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a>; and just outside the city in <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>, engineers <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a> made <a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Avro Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> bombers and <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engines to power them. Manchester was thus the target of bombing by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, and by late 1940 air raids were taking place against non-military targets. The biggest took place during the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Christmas Blitz</a> on the nights of 22/23 and 24 December 1940, when an estimated 474 tonnes (467 long tons) of high explosives plus over 37,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed, including 165 warehouses, 200 business premises, and 150 offices. 376 were killed and 30,000 houses were damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall" title="Free Trade Hall">Free Trade Hall</a> were among the buildings seriously damaged; restoration of the cathedral took 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-WWII_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWII-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 589 civilians were recorded to have died as result of enemy action within the Manchester County Borough.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Second_World_War"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Second_World_War"></span>Post–Second World War</h3></div> <p>Cotton processing and trading continued to decline in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1963 the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest,<sup id="cite_ref-UK's_3rd_largest_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK's_3rd_largest-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">container</a> ships. Traffic declined, and the port closed in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-ship_close_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ship_close-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the 1960s and was greatly reduced under the economic policies followed by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s government after 1979. Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/220px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/330px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corporation_Street,_Manchester" title="Corporation Street, Manchester">Corporation Street</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester bombing on 15 June 1996</a>. There were no fatalities, but it was one of the most expensive man-made disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large rebuilding project of Manchester ensued.</figcaption></figure> <p>Regeneration began in the late 1980s, with initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Metrolink</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall" title="Bridgewater Hall">Bridgewater Concert Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a>, and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>. Two bids to host the Olympic Games were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Regeneration_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regeneration-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxfordrd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/220px-Oxfordrd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/330px-Oxfordrd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/440px-Oxfordrd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="3785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilmslow_Road" title="Wilmslow Road">Oxford Road</a>, one of the main thoroughfares into <a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">Manchester city centre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">Manchester Martyrs</a> of 1867, arson in 1920, a series of explosions in 1939, and two bombs in 1992. On Saturday 15 June 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) carried out the <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a>, the detonation of a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile (800 m) away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at £50 million, but this was quickly revised upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-1996_IRA_costs_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996_IRA_costs-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final insurance payout was over £400 million; many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-IRA_business_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRA_business-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h3></div> <p>Spurred by the investment after the 1996 bombing and aided by the <a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">XVII Commonwealth Games</a>, the city centre has undergone extensive regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-Regeneration_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regeneration-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New and renovated complexes such as <a href="/wiki/The_Printworks_(Manchester)" title="The Printworks (Manchester)">The Printworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a> have become popular shopping, eating and entertainment areas. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arndale" title="Manchester Arndale">Manchester Arndale</a> is the UK's largest city-centre shopping centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Arndale_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arndale-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large city sections from the 1960s have been demolished, re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into apartments. <a href="/wiki/Hulme" title="Hulme">Hulme</a> has undergone extensive regeneration, with million-pound loft-house apartments being developed. The 47-storey, 554-foot (169 m) <a href="/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Manchester" title="Beetham Tower, Manchester">Beetham Tower</a> was the tallest UK building outside of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and the highest residential accommodation in Europe when completed in 2006. It was surpassed in 2018 by the 659-foot (201 m) South Tower of the <a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square</a> project, also in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-Beetham_Tower_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetham_Tower-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2007, the independent Casino Advisory Panel licensed Manchester to build the UK's only <a href="/wiki/Supercasino" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercasino">supercasino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but plans were abandoned in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 May 2017, an <a href="/wiki/Islamist_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorist">Islamist terrorist</a> carried out <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">a bombing</a> at an <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Grande" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a> concert in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a>; the bomb killed 23, including the attacker, and injured over 800.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the deadliest terrorist attack and first suicide bombing in Britain since the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a>. It caused <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Reactions to the Manchester Arena bombing">worldwide condemnation</a> and changed the <a href="/wiki/UK_Threat_Levels" title="UK Threat Levels">UK's threat level</a> to "critical" for the first time since 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birmingham has historically been considered to be England or the UK's second city, but in the 21st century claims to this <a href="/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">unofficial title</a> have also been made for Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Manchester" title="Politics in Manchester">Politics in Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester local elections">Manchester local elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord Mayors of Manchester">List of Lord Mayors of Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Healthcare in Greater Manchester">Healthcare in Greater Manchester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/220px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/330px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/440px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square</a>, the seat of local government, is an example of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> architecture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The City of Manchester is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester Combined Authority</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">directly elected mayor</a>, has responsibilities for economic strategy and transport, amongst other areas, on a Greater Manchester-wide basis. Manchester has been a member of the English <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a> since its inception in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Core_city_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Core_city-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301 but lost its <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a> in a court case of 1359. Until the 19th century local government was largely in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">manorial courts</a>, the last of which was dissolved in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">a very early time</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Township_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Township (England)">township of Manchester</a> lay within the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic or ceremonial county boundaries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner</a> wrote "That [neighbouring] <a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England".<sup id="cite_ref-Flemish_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemish-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stroke of a baron's pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of lords, that was separated from Salford.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Evolution_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Evolution-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of <a href="/wiki/Salfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Salfordshire">Salfordshire</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_(ancient_parish)" title="Manchester (ancient parish)">ancient parish of Manchester</a>. Manchester later formed its own <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Union">Poor Law Union</a> using the name "Manchester".<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792, Commissioners – usually known as "Police Commissioners" – were established for the social improvement of Manchester. Manchester regained its borough status in 1838 and comprised the townships of <a href="/wiki/Beswick,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Beswick, Greater Manchester">Beswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorlton_upon_Medlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton upon Medlock">Chorlton upon Medlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hulme" title="Hulme">Hulme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1846, with increasing population and greater industrialisation, the Borough Council had taken over the powers of the "Police Commissioners". In 1853, Manchester was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, <a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford, Greater Manchester">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpurhey" title="Harpurhey">Harpurhey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusholme" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Moss_Side" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withington" title="Withington">Withington</a> townships became part of the City of Manchester. In 1889, the city became a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>, as did many larger Lancashire towns, and therefore not governed by <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_County_Council" title="Lancashire County Council">Lancashire County Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1890 and 1933, more areas were added to the city, which had been administered by Lancashire County Council, including former villages such as <a href="/wiki/Burnage" title="Burnage">Burnage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallowfield" title="Fallowfield">Fallowfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levenshulme" title="Levenshulme">Levenshulme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longsight" title="Longsight">Longsight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Withington" title="Withington">Withington</a>. In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parishes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baguley" title="Baguley">Baguley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northenden" title="Northenden">Northenden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northen_Etchells" title="Northen Etchells">Northen Etchells</a> from the south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> were added.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, by way of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the City of Manchester became a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">metropolitan district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, <a href="/wiki/Ringway,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringway, Greater Manchester">Ringway</a>, the village where the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> is located, was added to the city. </p><p>In November 2014, it was announced that Greater Manchester would receive a new directly elected mayor. The mayor would have fiscal control over health, transport, housing and police in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a> was elected as the first mayor of Greater Manchester in <a href="/wiki/2017_Greater_Manchester_mayoral_election" title="2017 Greater Manchester mayoral election">2017</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Geography of Greater Manchester">Geography of Greater Manchester</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Manchester </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">72</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.02em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">51</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">61</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">54</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">57</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">66</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.28em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">64</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.54em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">77</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">72</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.86em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">93</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.64em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">82</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.62em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">81</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/u/UK03334.html">Climate-Charts.com</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.02em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.22em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.28em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">55</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.54em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.86em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.64em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:1.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.62em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">45</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchester&params=53_28_0_N_2_14_0_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°28′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°14′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.46667°N 2.23333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.46667; -2.23333</span></span></span></a></span></span>, 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London, Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, an upland chain that runs the length of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, and to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Plain" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a>. Manchester is 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, making the city the halfway point between the two. The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">city centre</a> is on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>, near its confluences with the Rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a>, and is relatively low-lying, being between 35 and 42 metres (115 and 138 feet) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Topography_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topography-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> flows through the south of Manchester. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">seaport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, the availability of waterpower from its rivers, and its nearby coal reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Coalfields_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coalfields-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Manchester.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/170px-Map_of_Manchester.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/255px-Map_of_Manchester.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/340px-Map_of_Manchester.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>The City of Manchester. The <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> is overwhelmingly urban.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district within Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. The "Manchester City Zone", "<a href="/wiki/M_postcode_area" title="M postcode area">Manchester post town</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Manchester_Congestion_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Congestion Charge">Manchester Congestion Charge</a>" are all examples of this. </p><p>For purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, Manchester forms the most populous settlement within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Urban Area">Greater Manchester Urban Area</a>, the United Kingdom's second-largest conurbation. There is a mix of high-density urban and suburban locations. The largest open space in the city, at around 260 hectares (642 acres),<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a>. Manchester is contiguous on all sides with several large settlements, except for a small section along its southern boundary with <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a> and <a href="/wiki/M56_motorway" title="M56 motorway">M56 motorways</a> pass through <a href="/wiki/Northenden" title="Northenden">Northenden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a> respectively in the south of Manchester. Heavy rail lines enter the city from all directions, the principal destination being <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Manchester Piccadilly station</a>. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_towns" style="width:auto; clear:none; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_towns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring towns</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Manchester</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>Manchester experiences a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>), like much of the British Isles, with warm summers and cold winters compared to other parts of the UK. Summer daytime temperatures regularly top 20 °C, quite often reaching 25 °C on sunny days during July and August in particular. In more recent years, temperatures have occasionally reached over 30 °C. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The city's average annual rainfall is 806.6 millimetres (31.76 in)<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_weather_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_weather-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to a UK average of 1,125.0 millimetres (44.29 in),<sup id="cite_ref-UK_weather_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_weather-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its mean rain days are 140.4 per annum,<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_weather_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_weather-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the UK average of 154.4.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_weather_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_weather-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester has a relatively high humidity level, and this, along with abundant soft water, was one factor that led to advancement of the textile industry in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowfalls are not common in the city because of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_climate" title="Urban climate">urban warming</a> effect but the <a href="/wiki/West_Pennine_Moors" title="West Pennine Moors">West Pennine Moors</a> to the north-west, <a href="/wiki/South_Pennines" title="South Pennines">South Pennines</a> to the north-east and <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> to the east receive more snow, which can close roads leading out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include the <a href="/wiki/A62_road" title="A62 road">A62</a> via <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standedge" title="Standedge">Standedge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/A57_road" title="A57 road">A57</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_Pass" title="Snake Pass">Snake Pass</a>, towards <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Peaks_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peaks-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway#Milnrow_to_Outlane" title="M62 motorway">Pennine section of the M62</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Manchester was −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) on 7 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest temperature recorded in Manchester is 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 19 July 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves#July_heatwave_7" title="2022 European heatwaves">2022 European Heatwave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchester_weatherbox" title="Template:Manchester weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manchester_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Manchester weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Manchester (<a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">MAN</a>), 69 m (226 ft) <a href="/wiki/Amsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsl">amsl</a>, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1958–present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.6<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.7<br />(14.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.6<br />(0.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3<br />(2.85) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2<br />(2.41) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8<br />(2.24) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1<br />(2.60) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.0<br />(3.03) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5<br />(2.81) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5<br />(3.64) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">828.8<br />(32.63) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">142.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #5F5F5F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.5 </td> <td style="background: #949494; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.9 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.3 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.5 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.7 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.3 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.2 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3 </td> <td style="background: #707070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.5 </td> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.1 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,416.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #B3B372; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Office<sup id="cite_ref-Met_Averages_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: KNMI<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current Results - Weather and Science<sup id="cite_ref-Snowfall_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowfall-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteo Climat<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time and Date: Average dew point (1985-2015)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WeatherAtlas<sup id="cite_ref-Weather-Atlas_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather-Atlas-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/North_West_Green_Belt" title="North West Green Belt">North West Green Belt</a></div> <p>Manchester lies at the centre of a <a href="/wiki/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)" title="Green belt (United Kingdom)">green belt</a> region extending into the wider surrounding counties. This reduces <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, prevents towns in the conurbation from further convergence, protects the identity of outlying communities, and preserves nearby countryside. It is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<sup id="cite_ref-belt2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belt2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to being already highly urban, the city contains limited portions of protected green-belt area within <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield</a> throughout the borough, with minimal development opportunities,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Vale" title="Clayton Vale">Clayton Vale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a>, Chorlton Water Park along with the <a href="/wiki/Chorlton_Ees" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton Ees">Chorlton Ees</a> & Ivy Green nature reserve and the floodplain surrounding the River Mersey, as well as the southern area around Manchester Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green belt was first drawn up in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-belt2_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belt2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_districts_and_places" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_districts_and_places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring districts and places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Manchester</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Manchester" title="Demographics of Manchester">Demographics of Manchester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>City of Manchester population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/220px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/330px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/440px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>UK- and foreign-born population pyramid of Manchester in 2021. Males and females representing the UK born population while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically the population of Manchester began to increase rapidly during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, estimated at 354,930 for Manchester and 110,833 for Salford in 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and peaking at 766,311 in 1931. From then the population began to decrease rapidly, due to <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> and the increased building of <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">social housing</a> <a href="/wiki/Overspill_estate" title="Overspill estate">overspill estates</a> by Manchester City Council after the Second World War such as <a href="/wiki/Hattersley" title="Hattersley">Hattersley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Langley, Greater Manchester">Langley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slums_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slums-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2012 mid-year estimate for the population of Manchester was 510,700. This was an increase of 7,900, or 1.6 per cent, since the 2011 estimate. Since 2001, the population has grown by 87,900, or 20.8 per cent, making Manchester the third fastest-growing area in the 2011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-mancpop_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mancpop-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city experienced the greatest percentage population growth outside London, with an increase of 19 per cent to over 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester's population is projected to reach 532,200 by 2021, an increase of 5.8 per cent from 2011. This represents a slower rate of growth than the previous decade.<sup id="cite_ref-mancpop_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mancpop-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Built-up_Area" title="Greater Manchester Built-up Area">Greater Manchester Built-up Area</a> in 2011 had an estimated population of 2,553,400. In 2012 an estimated 2,702,200 people lived in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>. An 6,547,000 people were estimated in 2012 to live within 30 miles (50 km) of Manchester and 11,694,000 within 50 miles (80 km).<sup id="cite_ref-mancpop_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mancpop-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the beginning of July 2011 and end of June 2012 (mid-year estimate date), births exceeded deaths by 4,800. Migration (internal and international) and other changes accounted for a net increase of 3,100 people between July 2011 and June 2012. Compared with Greater Manchester and with England, Manchester has a younger population, with a particularly large 20–35 age group.<sup id="cite_ref-mancpop_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mancpop-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 76,095 undergraduate and postgraduate students at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music" title="Royal Northern College of Music">Royal Northern College of Music</a> in the 2011/2012 academic year. </p><p>Of all households in Manchester, 0.23 per cent were Same-Sex <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil Partnership</a> households, compared with an English national average of 0.16 per cent in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-GayPopulation_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GayPopulation-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manchester <a href="/wiki/Larger_Urban_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Urban Zone">Larger Urban Zone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, had a population of 2,539,100 in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanaudit_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanaudit-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Manchester itself, the LUZ includes the remainder of the county of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manchester LUZ is the second largest within the United Kingdom, behind that of London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 235.12870827578px; border-left-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:white"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 216.02362640883px; border-left-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 199.34765443401px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 155.40779058166px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.023184736587px 39.13736668372px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 84.866196759027px 100px 0; border-right-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religious beliefs, according to the 2021 census<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> Christian (36.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> No Religion (32.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> Muslim (22.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Hindu (1.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Buddhist (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span> Jewish (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Religion Not Stated (5.9%)</div> </div> </div></div><p>Since the 2001 census, the proportion of Christians in Manchester has fallen by 22 per cent from 62.4 per cent to 48.7 per cent in 2011. The proportion of those with no religious affiliation rose by 58.1 per cent from 16 per cent to 25.3 per cent, whilst the proportion of Muslims increased by 73.6 per cent from 9.1 per cent to 15.8 per cent. The size of the Jewish population in Greater Manchester is the largest in Britain outside London.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Population_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Population-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/220px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/330px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/440px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic demography of Manchester from 1971 to 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_and_their_ethnic_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English districts and their ethnic composition">ethnic composition</a>, the City of Manchester has the highest non-white proportion of any district in Greater Manchester. Statistics from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> showed that 66.7 per cent of the population was <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> (59.3 per cent <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>, 2.4 per cent <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">White Irish</a>, 0.1 per cent <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy (term)">Gypsy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>, 4.9 per cent <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a> – although the size of mixed European and British ethnic groups is unclear, there are reportedly over 25,000 people in Greater Manchester of at least partial <a href="/wiki/Italian_Briton" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Briton">Italian</a> descent alone, which represents 5.5 per cent of the population of Greater Manchester<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). 4.7 per cent were <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed race</a> (1.8 per cent White and Black Caribbean, 0.9 per cent White and Black African, 1.0 per cent White and Asian, 1.0 per cent other mixed), 17.1 per cent <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> (2.3 per cent <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a>, 8.5 per cent <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a>, 1.3 per cent <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>, 2.7 per cent <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>, 2.3 per cent other Asian), 8.6 per cent <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> (5.1 per cent African, 1.6 per cent <a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">other Black</a>), 1.9 per cent <a href="/wiki/British_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Arab">Arab</a> and 1.2 per cent of other ethnic heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/220px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/330px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/440px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Chinatown">Chinatown</a> Paifang</figcaption></figure> <p>Kidd identifies <a href="/wiki/Moss_Side" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longsight" title="Longsight">Longsight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusholme" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a>, as centres of population for ethnic minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester's Irish Festival, including a <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's Day">St Patrick's Day</a> parade, is one of Europe's largest.<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_festival_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish_festival-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a well-established <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manchester" title="Chinatown, Manchester">Chinatown</a> in the city with a substantial number of Chinese restaurants and supermarkets. The area also attracts large numbers of Chinese students to the city who, in attending the local universities,<sup id="cite_ref-Chinatown_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinatown-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contribute to Manchester having the third-largest Chinese population in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ethnicity of Manchester, from 1971 to 2021:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="12">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1971 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-:412_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:412-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>512,936 </th> <th>95.8% </th> <th>396,487 </th> <th>92.1% </th> <th>353,685 </th> <th>87.4% </th> <th>318,013 </th> <th>81% </th> <th>335,109 </th> <th>66.6% </th> <th>313,632 </th> <th>56.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>292,498 </td> <td>74.5% </td> <td>298,237 </td> <td>59.3% </td> <td>268,572 </td> <td>48.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>14,826 </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>11,843 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>9,442 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Traveller of Irish heritage </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>509 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>597 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Gypsy/Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>883 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>10,689 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>24,520 </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>34,138 </td> <td>6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian / Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>26,766 </th> <th>6.6% </th> <th>41,003 </th> <th>10.4% </th> <th>85,986 </th> <th>17.1% </th> <th>115,109 </th> <th>20.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,404 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,817 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,417 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>14,857 </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>15,360 </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>23,104 </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>42,904 </td> <td>8.5% </td> <td>65,875 </td> <td>11.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,654 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,437 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>9,673 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,103 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,126 </td> <td> </td> <td>13,539 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>12,644 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: Other Asians </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,899 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,302 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,689 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>12,060 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black / Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>18,898 </th> <th>4.7% </th> <th>17,739 </th> <th>4.5% </th> <th>43,484 </th> <th>8.6% </th> <th>65,893 </th> <th>12% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,465 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>6,655 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>25,718 </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>47,858 </td> <td>8.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>10,390 </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>9,044 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>9,642 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>10,472 </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Blacks</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,043 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,040 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,124 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>7,563 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed / British Mixed</a> </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>12,673 </th> <th>3.2% </th> <th>23,161 </th> <th>4.6% </th> <th>29,026 </th> <th>5.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,295 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,877 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>9,987 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,412 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,397 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>5,992 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,459 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,791 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>6,149 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Any other mixed background </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,507 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,096 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>6,898 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>5,517 </th> <th>1.4% </th> <th>3,391 </th> <th>0.9% </th> <th>15,387 </th> <th>3.1% </th> <th>28,278 </th> <th>5.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,517 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>3,391 </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>9,503 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>15,028 </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,884 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>13,250 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ethnic minority </th> <th>22,484 </th> <th>4.2% </th> <th>33,944 </th> <th>7.9% </th> <th>51,181 </th> <th>12.6% </th> <th>74,806 </th> <th>19% </th> <th>168,018 </th> <th>33.4% </th> <th>238,306 </th> <th>43.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: </th> <th>535,420 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>430,431 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>404,866 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>392,819 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>503,127 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>551,938 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ethnicity of school pupils</b> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="4">School year<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2004/2005 </th> <th colspan="2">2021/2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>34,860 </th> <th>64% </th> <th>34,609 </th> <th>37.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>33,698 </td> <td>61.9% </td> <td>29,591 </td> <td>32.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>373 </td> <td> </td> <td>320 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Traveller of Irish heritage </td> <td>106 </td> <td> </td> <td>87 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Gypsy/Roma </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td> <td>286 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>658 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,325 </td> <td>4.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian / Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>8,893 </th> <th>16.3% </th> <th>23,594 </th> <th>25.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>770 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,163 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>6,204 </td> <td> </td> <td>15,838 </td> <td>17.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>971 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,157 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>390 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,073 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: Other Asians </td> <td>558 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,363 </td> <td>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black / Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>4,700 </th> <th>8.6% </th> <th>15,699 </th> <th>17.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>1,517 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,324 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">African</a> </td> <td>2,618 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,014 </td> <td>12.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Blacks</a> </td> <td>564 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,361 </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed / British Mixed</a> </th> <th>3,530 </th> <th>6.5% </th> <th>8,808 </th> <th>9.5% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>1,690 </th> <th>3.1% </th> <th>7,448 </th> <th>8.1% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unclassified </th> <th>793 </th> <th>1.5% </th> <th>1,628 </th> <th>1.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: </th> <th>54,470 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>91,786 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Economy of Manchester</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of companies based in Greater Manchester">List of companies based in Greater Manchester</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption><i>GVA for <br />Greater Manchester South <br />2002–2012</i><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_regional_GVA_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_regional_GVA-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>GVA <br />(£ million)</th> <th>Growth (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>24,011</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>25,063</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>27,862</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>11.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>28,579</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>30,384</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>32,011</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>32,081</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>33,186</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>33,751</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>33,468</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>34,755</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>37,560</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9.6% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/220px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/330px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/440px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>The Great Jackson Street skyscraper district under construction in Central Manchester</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> does not produce economic data for the City of Manchester alone, but includes four other metropolitan boroughs, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>, in an area named Greater Manchester South, which had a <a href="/wiki/Gross_Value_Added" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Value Added">GVA</a> of £34.8 billion. The economy grew relatively strongly between 2002 and 2012, when growth was 2.3 per cent above the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeds.gov.uk_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeds.gov.uk-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wider <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">metropolitan economy</a> is the third largest in the United Kingdom. It is ranked as a <a href="/wiki/Alpha_world_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha world city">beta world city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheWorld_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheWorld-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the UK economy continues to recover from its 2008–2010 downturn, Manchester compares favourably according to recent figures. In 2012 it showed the strongest annual growth in business stock (5 per cent) of all <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">core cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Business_Demography:_Enterprise_Births,_Deaths_and_Survival_Rates_for_2011_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Business_Demography:_Enterprise_Births,_Deaths_and_Survival_Rates_for_2011-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had a relatively sharp increase in the number of business deaths, the largest increase in all the core cities, but this was offset by strong growth in new businesses, resulting in strong net growth. </p><p>Manchester's civic leadership has a reputation for business acumen.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It owns two of the country's four busiest airports and uses its earnings to fund local projects.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a>'s competitive alternative report found that in 2012 Manchester had the 9th lowest tax cost of any industrialised city in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-indices_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indices-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fiscal devolution has come earlier to Manchester than to any other British city: it can keep half the extra taxes it gets from transport investment.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>KPMG's competitive alternative report also found that Manchester was Europe's most affordable city featured, ranking slightly better than the Dutch cities of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, which all have a cost-of-living index of less than 95.<sup id="cite_ref-indices_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indices-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester is a city of contrast, where some of the country's most deprived and most affluent neighbourhoods can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2010 <a href="/wiki/Indices_of_Multiple_Deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indices of Multiple Deprivation">Indices of Multiple Deprivation</a>, Manchester is the 4th most deprived local council in England.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployment throughout 2012–2013 averaged 11.9 per cent, which was above national average, but lower than some of the country's comparable large cities.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Greater Manchester is home to more multi-millionaires than anywhere outside London, with the City of Manchester taking up most of the tally.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 Manchester was ranked 6th in the UK for quality of life, according to a rating of the UK's 12 largest cities.<sup id="cite_ref-qol_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qol-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women fare better in Manchester than the rest of the country in comparative pay with men. The per hours-worked <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a> is 3.3 per cent compared with 11.1 per cent for Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_labour_market_profile_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_labour_market_profile-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 37 per cent of the working-age population in Manchester have degree-level qualifications, as opposed to an average of 33 per cent across other core cities,<sup id="cite_ref-2013_labour_market_profile_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_labour_market_profile-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although its schools under-perform slightly compared with the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London, according to GVA Grimley, with a quarterly office uptake (averaged over 2010–2014) of some 250,000 square feet – equivalent to the quarterly office uptake of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> combined and 90,000 square feet more than the nearest rival, Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong office market in Manchester has been partly attributed to "northshoring" (from <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a>), which entails the relocation or alternative creation of jobs away from the overheated South to areas where office space is possibly cheaper and the workforce market less saturated.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:968px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the Manchester skyline, January 2020"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/960px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="960" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/1440px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/1920px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg" title="File:Manchester City Centre Skyline.jpg"> </a></div>A view of the Manchester skyline, January 2020</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Architecture of Manchester</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Manchester" title="List of streets and roads in Manchester">List of streets and roads in Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of public art in Greater Manchester">List of public art in Greater Manchester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67_Whitworth_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/200px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/300px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/400px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Neo-baroque <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House,_Manchester" title="Lancaster House, Manchester">Lancaster House</a>. Manchester is known for opulent warehouses from the city's textile trade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary architecture</a>. The widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Red_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick">red brick</a> characterises the city, much of the architecture of which harks back to its days as a global centre for the cotton trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just outside the immediate city centre are a large number of former <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a>, some of which have been left virtually untouched since their closure, while many have been redeveloped as apartment buildings and office space. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square</a>, was built in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester also has a number of <a href="/wiki/Tallest_Buildings_of_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallest Buildings of Manchester">skyscrapers</a> built in the 1960s and 1970s, the tallest being the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Tower" title="CIS Tower">CIS Tower</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_station" title="Manchester Victoria station">Manchester Victoria station</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Manchester" title="Beetham Tower, Manchester">Beetham Tower</a> was completed in 2006. The latter exemplifies a new surge in high-rise building. It includes a <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Hotels">Hilton hotel</a>, a restaurant and apartments. The largest skyscraper is now Deansgate Square South Tower, at 201 metres (659 feet).<a href="/wiki/The_Green_Building" title="The Green Building">The Green Building</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Oxford Road station</a>, is a eco-friendly housing project, while the recently completed <a href="/wiki/One_Angel_Square" title="One Angel Square">One Angel Square</a>, is one of the most sustainable large buildings in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a> in the north of the city borough is one of the largest municipal parks in Europe, covering 610 acres (250 ha) of parkland.<sup id="cite_ref-HeatonPark_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeatonPark-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has 135 parks, gardens, and open spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two large squares hold many of Manchester's public monuments. Albert Square has monuments to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Fraser_(bishop)" title="James Fraser (bishop)">Bishop James Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heywood" title="Oliver Heywood">Oliver Heywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>. <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens" title="Piccadilly Gardens">Piccadilly Gardens</a> has monuments dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cenotaph" title="Manchester Cenotaph">The cenotaph</a> in St Peter's Square is Manchester's main memorial to its war dead. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, it echoes <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cenotaph, Whitehall">the original on Whitehall</a> in London. The <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Memorial" title="Alan Turing Memorial">Alan Turing Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sackville_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackville Park">Sackville Park</a> commemorates his role as the father of modern computing. A larger-than-life statue of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> by George Gray Barnard in the eponymous Lincoln Square (having stood for many years in <a href="/wiki/Platt_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Platt Fields">Platt Fields</a>) was presented to the city by Mr and Mrs Charles Phelps Taft of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio, to mark the part Lancashire played in the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton famine">cotton famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861–1865.<sup id="cite_ref-PSGM_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSGM-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> is on display near Manchester Airport. </p><p>Manchester has six designated <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">local nature reserves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chorlton_Water_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton Water Park">Chorlton Water Park</a>, Blackley Forest, Clayton Vale and Chorlton Ees, Ivy Green, <a href="/wiki/Boggart_Hole_Clough" title="Boggart Hole Clough">Boggart Hole Clough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highfield_Country_Park" title="Highfield Country Park">Highfield Country Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport in Manchester</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester" title="Transport for Greater Manchester">Transport for Greater Manchester</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Manchester Liverpool Road</a> was the world's first purpose-built passenger and goods railway station<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served as the Manchester terminus on the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_%26_Manchester_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool & Manchester Railway">Liverpool & Manchester Railway</a> – the world's first <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city</a> passenger railway. It is still extant and its buildings form part of the <a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Industry_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Science & Industry Museum">Science & Industry Museum</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/220px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/330px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/440px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Manchester Piccadilly railway station</a>, the busiest of the four major railway stations in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_station_group" title="Manchester station group">Manchester station group</a>, with over 32 million passengers using the station in 2019/20<sup id="cite_ref-ORR_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORR-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Two of the city's four main line termini did not survive the 1960s: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_railway_station" title="Manchester Central railway station">Manchester Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station" title="Manchester Exchange railway station">Manchester Exchange</a> each closed in 1969. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Mayfield_railway_station" title="Manchester Mayfield railway station">Manchester Mayfield station</a> closed to passenger services in 1960; its buildings and platforms are still extant, next to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Piccadilly station</a>, but are due to be redeveloped in the 2020s. </p><p>Today, the city is well served by its rail network although it is now working to capacity,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is at the centre of an extensive county-wide railway network, including the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, with two mainline stations: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Manchester Victoria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_station_group" title="Manchester station group">Manchester station group</a> – comprising Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Manchester Oxford Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deansgate_railway_station" title="Deansgate railway station">Deansgate</a> – is the third busiest in the United Kingdom, with 44.9 million passengers recorded in 2017/2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ORR_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORR-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a> link to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Curzon_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham Curzon Street railway station">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London</a> was also planned, which would have included a 12 km (7 mi) tunnel under Manchester on the final approach into an upgraded Piccadilly station,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this was cancelled by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent improvements in Manchester as part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hub" title="Northern Hub">Northern Hub</a> in the 2010s have been numerous electrification schemes into and through Manchester, redevelopment of Victoria station and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ordsall_Chord" title="Ordsall Chord">Ordsall Chord</a> directly linking Victoria and Piccadilly.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on two new through platforms at Piccadilly and an extensive upgrade at Oxford Road had not commenced as of 2019. Manchester city centre, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Castlefield_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlefield Corridor">Castlefield Corridor</a>, suffers from constrained rail capacity that frequently leads to delays and cancellations – a 2018 report found that all three major Manchester stations are among the top ten worst stations in the United Kingdom for punctuality, with Oxford Road deemed the worst in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metrolink_(tram/light_rail)"><span id="Metrolink_.28tram.2Flight_rail.29"></span>Metrolink (tram/light rail)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/220px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/330px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/440px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3816" /></a><figcaption>Manchester Metrolink is the <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom#Trams_and_light_rail" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">largest tram system in the UK</a>, with a total route length of 64 miles (103 km).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester became the first city in the UK to acquire a modern <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> tram system when the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> opened in 1992. In 2016–2017, 37.8 million passenger journeys were made on the system.<sup id="cite_ref-16/17DfTstats_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16/17DfTstats-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present system mostly runs on former commuter rail lines converted for light rail use, and crosses the city centre via on-street tram lines.<sup id="cite_ref-metrolink-history_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrolink-history-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network consists of eight lines with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Manchester_Metrolink_tram_stops" title="List of Manchester Metrolink tram stops">99 stops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RTC_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTC-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new line to the <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre_tram_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafford Centre tram stop">Trafford Centre</a> opened in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester city centre is also serviced by over a dozen heavy and light rail-based park and ride sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_&_Ride_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park_&_Ride-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_free_bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/220px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/330px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/440px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3422" /></a><figcaption>Free buses operate on three Manchester Metroshuttle routes around Manchester city centre.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has one of the most extensive bus networks outside London, with over 50 bus companies operating in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> region radiating from the city. In 2011, 80 per cent of public transport journeys in Greater Manchester were made by bus, amounting to 220 million passenger journeys each year.<sup id="cite_ref-2012_Annual_Report_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012_Annual_Report-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus deregulation in the United Kingdom">deregulation</a> in 1986, the bus system was taken over by <a href="/wiki/GM_Buses" title="GM Buses">GM Buses</a>, which after privatisation was split into GM Buses North and GM Buses South. Later these were taken over by <a href="/wiki/First_Greater_Manchester" title="First Greater Manchester">First Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Manchester" title="Stagecoach Manchester">Stagecoach Manchester</a>. Much of the First Greater Manchester business was sold to <a href="/wiki/Diamond_North_West" title="Diamond North West">Diamond North West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_North_West" title="Go North West">Go North West</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Go North West operate a three-route <a href="/wiki/Zero-fare_public_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-fare public transport">zero-fare</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_buses_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Free buses in Greater Manchester">Manchester Metroshuttle</a>, which carries 2.8 million commuters a year around Manchester's business districts.<sup id="cite_ref-2012_Annual_Report_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012_Annual_Report-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stagecoach Manchester is the <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach Group</a>'s largest subsidiary and operates around 690 buses.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/220px-Manchester_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/330px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/440px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Manchester Airport from above</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> serves Manchester, <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>. The airport is the <a href="/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic#2010_/_2011_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">third busiest in the United Kingdom</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic#2012_/_2013_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">over double the number of annual passengers</a> of the next busiest non-London airport.<sup id="cite_ref-caa1990_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caa1990-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services cover many destinations in Europe, North America, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than any other airport in Britain).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second runway was opened in 2001 and there have been continued terminal improvements. The airport has the highest rating available: "<i>Category 10</i>", encompassing an elite group of airports able to handle "<i>Code F</i>" aircraft, including the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">Boeing 747-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From September 2010 the airport became one of only 17 airports in the world and the only UK airport other than <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> to operate the Airbus A380.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A smaller <a href="/wiki/City_Airport_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="City Airport Manchester">City Airport Manchester</a> exists 9.3 km (6 mi) to the west of Manchester city centre. It was Manchester's first municipal airport and became the site of the first <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> tower in the UK, and the first municipal airfield in the UK to be licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAMHIST_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMHIST-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, private <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">charter flights</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> use City. It also has a <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight school</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police#Air_Support_Unit" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police Air Support Unit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Air_Ambulance" title="North West Air Ambulance">North West Air Ambulance</a> have helicopters based there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal">Canal</h3></div> <p>An extensive canal network, including the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>, was built to carry freight from the Industrial Revolution onward; the canals are still maintained, though now largely repurposed for leisure use.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, plans were approved to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">water taxi</a> service between Manchester city centre and <a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> at <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ceased to operate in June 2018, citing poor infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Cycling in Greater Manchester">Cycling in Greater Manchester</a></div> <p>Cycling for transportation and leisure enjoys popularity in Manchester and the city also plays a major role in British cycle racing.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Manchester" title="Culture of Manchester">Culture of Manchester</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Manchester" title="List of people from Manchester">List of people from Manchester</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Manchester" title="Popular music of Manchester">Popular music of Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_and_bands_from_Manchester" title="List of music artists and bands from Manchester">List of music artists and bands from Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/220px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/330px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/440px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>The Gallagher brothers of Oasis</figcaption></figure> <p>Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator" title="Van der Graaf Generator">Van der Graaf Generator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smiths" title="The Smiths">the Smiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a> and its successor group <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Roses" title="The Stone Roses">the Stone Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_(band)" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Durutti_Column" title="The Durutti Column">the Durutti Column</a>, <a href="/wiki/10cc" title="10cc">10cc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godley_%26_Creme" title="Godley & Creme">Godley & Creme</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Verve" title="The Verve">the Verve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbow_(band)" title="Elbow (band)">Elbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doves_(band)" title="Doves (band)">Doves</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Charlatans_(English_band)" title="The Charlatans (English band)">the Charlatans</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_People" title="M People">M People</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_1975" title="The 1975">the 1975</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simply_Red" title="Simply Red">Simply Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Take_That" title="Take That">Take That</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Uncles" title="Dutch Uncles">Dutch Uncles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everything_Everything" title="Everything Everything">Everything Everything</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Courteeners" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courteeners">the Courteeners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pale_Waves" title="Pale Waves">Pale Waves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Outfield" title="The Outfield">the Outfield</a>. Manchester was credited as the main driving force behind British <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie</a> music of the 1980s led by the Smiths, later including the Stone Roses, <a href="/wiki/Happy_Mondays" title="Happy Mondays">Happy Mondays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets" title="Inspiral Carpets">Inspiral Carpets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_(band)" title="James (band)">James</a>. The later groups came from what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a>" scene that also centred on <a href="/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a> nightclub developed by the founder of <a href="/wiki/Factory_Records" title="Factory Records">Factory Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wilson" title="Tony Wilson">Tony Wilson</a>. Although from southern England, <a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers" title="The Chemical Brothers">the Chemical Brothers</a> subsequently formed in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-ChemBros_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemBros-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Smiths frontman <a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a>, whose lyrics often refer to Manchester locations and culture, later found international success as a solo artist. Previously, notable Manchester acts of the 1960s include <a href="/wiki/The_Hollies" title="The Hollies">the Hollies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(musician)" title="Davy Jones (musician)">Davy Jones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monkees" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkees">Monkees</a> (famed in the mid-1960s for their albums and their American TV show), and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, who grew up in <a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BeeGees_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeeGees-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent <a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">rap</a> artists from Manchester include <a href="/wiki/Bugzy_Malone" title="Bugzy Malone">Bugzy Malone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aitch_(rapper)" title="Aitch (rapper)">Aitch</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEN_Arena,_Manchester_(7263927380).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/220px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/330px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/440px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="2831" /></a><figcaption>The Manchester Arena, the city's premier indoor multi-use venue and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Europe" title="List of indoor arenas in Europe">largest purpose-built arenas</a> in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Its main pop music venue is <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a>, voted "International Venue of the Year" in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-MEN_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEN-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With over 21,000 seats, it is the largest arena of its type in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-MEN_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEN-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of concertgoers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> in New York and <a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a> in London, which are second and third busiest.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other venues include <a href="/wiki/O2_Apollo_Manchester" title="O2 Apollo Manchester">Manchester Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Manchester" title="Albert Hall, Manchester">Albert Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Warehouse" title="Victoria Warehouse">Victoria Warehouse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Academy" title="Manchester Academy">Manchester Academy</a>. Smaller venues include the <a href="/wiki/Band_on_the_Wall" title="Band on the Wall">Band on the Wall</a>, the Night and Day Café,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ruby Lounge,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and The Deaf Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester also has the most <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">indie</a> and rock music events outside London.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manchester has two <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestras</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hall%C3%A9" title="The Hallé">The Hallé</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Philharmonic" title="BBC Philharmonic">BBC Philharmonic</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber orchestra">chamber orchestra</a>, the Manchester Camerata. In the 1950s, the city was home to a so-called "<a href="/wiki/New_Music_Manchester" title="New Music Manchester">Manchester School</a>" of classical composers, which was composed of <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a>, David Ellis and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goehr" title="Alexander Goehr">Alexander Goehr</a>. Manchester is a centre for musical education: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music" title="Royal Northern College of Music">Royal Northern College of Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music" title="Chetham's School of Music">Chetham's School of Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forerunners of the RNCM were the <a href="/wiki/Northern_School_of_Music" title="Northern School of Music">Northern School of Music</a> (founded 1920) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music" title="Royal Manchester College of Music">Royal Manchester College of Music</a> (founded 1893), which merged in 1973. One of the earliest instructors and classical music pianists/conductors at the RNCM, shortly after its founding, was the Russian-born <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Friedheim" title="Arthur Friedheim">Arthur Friedheim</a>, (1859–1932), who later had the music library at the famed <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Institute" title="Peabody Institute">Peabody Institute</a> conservatory of music in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, named after him. The main classical music venue was the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall" title="Free Trade Hall">Free Trade Hall</a> on Peter Street until the opening in 1996 of the 2,500 seat <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall" title="Bridgewater Hall">Bridgewater Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_brass_band" title="British brass band">Brass band</a> music, a tradition in the north of England, is important to Manchester's musical heritage;<sup id="cite_ref-mif-deller_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mif-deller-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the UK's leading bands, such as the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">CWS</a> Manchester Band and the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Band" title="Fairey Band">Fairey Band</a>, are from Manchester and surrounding areas, and the <a href="/wiki/Whit_Friday" title="Whit Friday">Whit Friday</a> brass-band contest takes place annually in the neighbouring areas of <a href="/wiki/Saddleworth" title="Saddleworth">Saddleworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_House_(Manchester).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/170px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/255px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/340px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>The Opera House, one of Manchester's largest theatre venues</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester has a thriving theatre, opera and dance scene, with a number of large performance venues, including <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Opera_House" title="Manchester Opera House">Manchester Opera House</a>, which feature large-scale touring shows and West End productions; the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Palace Theatre, Manchester">Palace Theatre</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester">Royal Exchange Theatre</a> in Manchester's former cotton exchange, which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round" title="Theatre in the round">theatre in the round</a> in the UK. </p><p>Smaller venues include the <a href="/wiki/Contact_Theatre" title="Contact Theatre">Contact Theatre</a> and Z-arts in Hulme. The <a href="/wiki/Dancehouse" title="Dancehouse">Dancehouse</a> on Oxford Road is dedicated to dance productions.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/HOME_(Manchester)" title="HOME (Manchester)">HOME</a>, a new custom-built arts complex opened. Housing two theatre spaces, five cinemas and an art exhibition space, it replaced the <a href="/wiki/Cornerhouse" title="Cornerhouse">Cornerhouse</a> and The <a href="/wiki/Library_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Library Theatre">Library Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2007, the city has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival" title="Manchester International Festival">Manchester International Festival</a>, a biennial international <a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">arts festival</a> with a focus on original work, which has included major new commissions by artists, including <a href="/wiki/Bjork" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjork">Bjork</a>. In 2023, the festival, operated by <a href="/wiki/Factory_International" title="Factory International">Factory International</a>, was given a permanent home in Aviva Studios, a purpose-built multi-million pound venue designed by Rem Koolhaas from the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">Office for Metropolitan Architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shackleton_AEW.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/220px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/330px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/440px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)">Science and Industry Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester's museums celebrate Manchester's Roman history, rich industrial heritage and its role in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>, the Trade Union movement, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. A reconstructed part of the Roman fort of Mamucium is open to the public in <a href="/wiki/Castlefield" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Football_Museum,_Cathedral_Gardens_(geograph_6944591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/220px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/330px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/440px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Museum" title="National Football Museum">National Football Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)">Science and Industry Museum</a>, housed in the former <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Road_railway_station_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)">Liverpool Road railway station</a>, has a large collection of <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam locomotives">steam locomotives</a>, industrial machinery, aircraft and a replica of the world's first stored computer program (known as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mosi_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosi-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Transport_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Transport in Manchester">Museum of Transport</a> displays a collection of historic buses and trams.<sup id="cite_ref-gmts_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmts-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trafford Park in the neighbouring borough of Trafford is home to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_North" title="Imperial War Museum North">Imperial War Museum North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iwm_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwm-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Museum" title="Manchester Museum">Manchester Museum</a> opened to the public in the 1880s, has notable <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> collections.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other exhibition spaces and museums in Manchester include <a href="/wiki/Islington_Mill" title="Islington Mill">Islington Mill</a> in Salford, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Museum" title="National Football Museum">National Football Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Urbis" title="Urbis">Urbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castlefield_Gallery" title="Castlefield Gallery">Castlefield Gallery</a>, the Manchester Costume Gallery at <a href="/wiki/Platt_Fields_Park" title="Platt Fields Park">Platt Fields Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum" title="People's History Museum">People's History Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Jewish_Museum" title="Manchester Jewish Museum">Manchester Jewish Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-virtualmanc_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualmanc-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/220px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/330px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/440px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1979" /></a><figcaption>Manchester Art Gallery</figcaption></figure> <p>The municipally owned <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a> in Mosley Street houses a permanent collection of European painting and one of Britain's main collections of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite</a> paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-preraph1_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preraph1-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-preraph2_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preraph2-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the south of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Art Gallery">Whitworth Art Gallery</a> displays modern art, sculpture and textiles and was voted Museum of the Year in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-whitworth_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitworth-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of <a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>-born painter <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L._S._Lowry" title="L. S. Lowry">L. S. Lowry</a></span>, known for "matchstick" paintings of industrial Manchester and Salford, can be seen in the City and Whitworth Manchester galleries, and at <a href="/wiki/The_Lowry" title="The Lowry">the Lowry</a> art centre in <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a> (in the neighbouring borough of Salford), which devotes a large permanent exhibition to his works.<sup id="cite_ref-lowry_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowry-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/280px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/420px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/560px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaskell_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskell House">Gaskell House</a>, where Mrs Gaskell wrote most of her novels. The house is now a museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a> known for a "radical literary history".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester in the 19th century featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought. They include <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Elizabeth Gaskell</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Barton" title="Mary Barton">Mary Barton</a>: A Tale of Manchester Life</i> (1848),<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studies such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, while living and working here.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester was the meeting place of Engels and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. The two began writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library" title="Chetham's Library">Chetham's Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – founded in 1653 and claiming to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world. Elsewhere in the city, the <a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a> holds an extensive collection of early printing. The <a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">Rylands Library Papyrus P52</a>, believed to be the earliest extant New Testament text, is on permanent display there.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1835/Manchester" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Manchester">'Manchester' a poetical illustration by L. E. L.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Landon" class="mw-redirect" title="Letitia Landon">Letitia Landon</a>'s poetical illustration <i>Manchester</i> to a vista over the city by G. Pickering in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, records the rapid growth of the city and its cultural importance.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> is reputed to have set his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Times_(novel)" title="Hard Times (novel)">Hard Times</a></i> in the city, and though partly modelled on <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, it shows the influence of his friend Mrs Gaskell.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaskell penned all her novels but <i>Mary Barton</i> at her home in <a href="/wiki/84_Plymouth_Grove" title="84 Plymouth Grove">84 Plymouth Grove</a>. Often her house played host to influential authors: Dickens, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now open as a literary museum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> began writing her novel <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> in 1846, while staying at lodgings in <a href="/wiki/Hulme" title="Hulme">Hulme</a>. She was accompanying her father <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bront%C3%AB" title="Patrick Brontë">Patrick</a>, who was convalescing in the city after cataract surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She probably envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and the birthplace of Jane herself.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also associated with the city is the Victorian poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Banks" title="Isabella Banks">Isabella Banks</a>, famed for her 1876 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Man_(novel)" title="The Manchester Man (novel)">The Manchester Man</a></i>. Anglo-American author <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a> was born in the city's <a href="/wiki/Cheetham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a> district in 1849, and wrote much of her classic children's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a></i> while visiting nearby Salford's <a href="/wiki/Buile_Hill_Park" title="Buile Hill Park">Buile Hill Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> is among the 20th-century writers who made Manchester their home. He wrote here the <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> satire <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dame <a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">Poet Laureate</a> from 2009 to 2019, moved to the city in 1996 and lives in <a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">West Didsbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3></div> <p>The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more than 500 licensed premises<sup id="cite_ref-Hobbs_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the city centre have a capacity to deal with more than 250,000 visitors,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 110,000–130,000 people visiting on a typical weekend night,<sup id="cite_ref-Hobbs_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Manchester the most popular city for events at 79 per thousand people.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The night-time economy has a value of about £100 million,<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supports 12,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobbs_205-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> scene of the 1980s, from which groups including <a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Roses" title="The Stone Roses">the Stone Roses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Happy_Mondays" title="Happy Mondays">Happy Mondays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets" title="Inspiral Carpets">Inspiral Carpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/808_State" title="808 State">808 State</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_(band)" title="James (band)">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Charlatans_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="The Charlatans UK">the Charlatans</a> emerged, was based around clubs such as <a href="/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasl_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasl-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period was the subject of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/24_Hour_Party_People" title="24 Hour Party People">24 Hour Party People</a></i>. Many of the big clubs suffered problems with organised crime at that time; Haslam describes one where staff were so completely intimidated that free admission and drinks were demanded (and given) and drugs were openly dealt.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasl_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasl-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a series of drug-related violent incidents, The Haçienda closed in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_street_manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/220px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/330px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/440px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Canal Street, one of Manchester's liveliest nightspots, part of the city's gay village</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gay_village">Gay village</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">Public houses</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(Manchester)" title="Canal Street (Manchester)">Canal Street</a> area have had an LGBTQ+ clientele since at least 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-Park_204-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now form the centre of Manchester's LGBTQ+ community. Since the opening of new bars and clubs, the area attracts 20,000 visitors each weekend<sup id="cite_ref-Park_204-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has hosted a popular festival, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Pride" title="Manchester Pride">Manchester Pride</a>, each August since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Manchester" title="List of schools in Manchester">List of schools in Manchester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/220px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/330px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/440px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Hall">Whitworth Hall</a> at the University of Manchester. With approximately 44,000 students, it is the second-largest university <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_enrolment" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment">in the UK in terms of enrolment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are three universities in the City of Manchester. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music" title="Royal Northern College of Music">Royal Northern College of Music</a>. The University of Manchester is the second largest full-time non-<a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">collegiate university</a> in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created in 2004 by the merger of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a>, founded in 1904, and <a href="/wiki/UMIST" class="mw-redirect" title="UMIST">UMIST</a>, founded in 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-Man_Uni_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_Uni-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having developed from the <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute,_Manchester" title="Mechanics' Institute, Manchester">Mechanics' Institute</a> founded, as indicated in the university's logo, in 1824. The University of Manchester includes the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Business_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School</a>, which offered the first MBA course in the UK in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> was formed as Manchester Polytechnic on the merger of three colleges in 1970. It gained university status in 1992, and in the same year absorbed Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education in South Cheshire.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cheshire campus permanently closed in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Law">The University of Law</a>, the largest provider of vocation legal training in Europe, has a campus in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three universities are grouped around Oxford Road on the southern side of the city centre, which forms Europe's largest urban higher-education precinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Higher_edu_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higher_edu-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they have a combined population of over 80,000 students as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_211-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Manchester's notable secondary schools is <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a>. Established in 1515,<sup id="cite_ref-Man_GS_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_GS-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a free grammar school next to what is now the cathedral, it moved in 1931 to Old Hall Lane in Fallowfield, south Manchester, to accommodate the growing student body. In the post-war period, it was a <a href="/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school" title="Direct grant grammar school">direct grant grammar school</a> (i.e. partially state funded), but it reverted to independent status in 1976 after abolition of the direct-grant system.<sup id="cite_ref-MGS_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGS-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its previous premises are now used by <a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music" title="Chetham's School of Music">Chetham's School of Music</a>. There are three schools nearby: <a href="/wiki/William_Hulme%27s_Grammar_School" title="William Hulme's Grammar School">William Hulme's Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Withington_Girls%27_School" title="Withington Girls' School">Withington Girls' School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_High_School_for_Girls" title="Manchester High School for Girls">Manchester High School for Girls</a>. </p><p>In 2019, the Manchester <a href="/wiki/Local_Education_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Education Authority">Local Education Authority</a> was ranked second to last out of Greater Manchester's ten LEAs and 140th out of 151 in the country LEAs based on the percentage of pupils attaining grades 4 or above in English and mathematics GCSEs (<a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a>) with 56.2 per cent compared with the national average of 64.9 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 63 secondary schools in the LEA, four had 80 per cent or more pupils achieving Grade 4 or above in English and maths GCSEs: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_High_School_for_Girls" title="Manchester High School for Girls">Manchester High School for Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_David_School,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="King David School, Manchester">The King David High School</a>, Manchester Islamic High School for Girls, and Kassim Darwish Grammar School for Boys.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Manchester" title="Sport in Manchester">Sport in Manchester</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etihad_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/280px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/420px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/560px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium" title="City of Manchester Stadium">Etihad Stadium</a> is home to Premier League club Manchester City F.C. and host stadium for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs bear the city's name – <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C." title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester City's home is the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium" title="City of Manchester Stadium">City of Manchester Stadium</a> in east Manchester, built for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a> and then reconfigured as a football ground in 2003. Manchester United, despite originating in Manchester, have been based in the neighbouring borough of <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a> since 1910. Their stadium <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a> is adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Lancashire County Cricket Club">Lancashire County Cricket Club</a> ground, also called <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford_(cricket_ground)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Trafford (cricket ground)">Old Trafford</a>. The cricket club has strong association with Manchester due to proximity to the city and Manchester historically being part of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sporting facilities built for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a> include the City of Manchester Stadium, <a href="/wiki/National_Squash_Centre" title="National Squash Centre">National Squash Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Aquatics_Centre" title="Manchester Aquatics Centre">Manchester Aquatics Centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester has competed twice to host the Olympic Games, beaten by <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Bids for the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Bids for the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Cycling_Centre" title="National Cycling Centre">National Cycling Centre</a> includes a velodrome, BMX Arena and Mountainbike trials, and is the home of <a href="/wiki/British_Cycling" title="British Cycling">British Cycling</a>, UCI ProTeam <a href="/wiki/Team_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Sky">Team Sky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Track_Cycling" title="Sky Track Cycling">Sky Track Cycling</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome" title="Manchester Velodrome">Manchester Velodrome</a>, built as a part of the bid for the 2000 games, has become a catalyst for British success in cycling.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_204-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The velodrome hosted the <a href="/wiki/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships" title="UCI Track Cycling World Championships">UCI Track Cycling World Championships</a> for a record third time in 2008. The <a href="/wiki/National_Indoor_BMX_Arena" title="National Indoor BMX Arena">National Indoor BMX Arena</a> (2,000 capacity) adjacent to the velodrome opened in 2011. The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/FINA" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA">FINA</a> World Swimming Championships in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FINA_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FINA-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Open_(squash)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Open (squash)">World Squash Championships</a> in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Lacrosse_Championship" title="2010 World Lacrosse Championship">2010 World Lacrosse Championship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/2013_Ashes_series" title="2013 Ashes series">2013 Ashes series</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup">2013 Rugby League World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2015 Rugby World Cup">2015 Rugby World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2019 Cricket World Cup">2019 Cricket World Cup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">Media in Manchester</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_set,_produced_or_filmed_in_Manchester" title="List of television programmes set, produced or filmed in Manchester">List of television programmes set, produced or filmed in Manchester</a>; <a href="/wiki/Films_set_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Films set in Manchester">Films set in Manchester</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_radio_programmes_made_in_Manchester" title="List of national radio programmes made in Manchester">List of national radio programmes made in Manchester</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/220px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/330px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/440px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>The 1930s <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco#Europe" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_Manchester" title="Daily Express Building, Manchester">Express Building</a> on <a href="/wiki/Great_Ancoats_Street" title="Great Ancoats Street">Great Ancoats Street</a>, a remnant of Britain's "second Fleet Street"</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> newspaper was founded in the city in 1821 as <i>The Manchester Guardian</i>. Until 2008, its head office was still in the city, though many of its management functions were moved to London in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Kidd_23-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-timeline_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-timeline-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years most national newspapers had offices in Manchester: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i>. At its height, 1,500 journalists were employed, earning the city the nickname "second <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>". In the 1980s the titles closed their northern offices and centred their operations in London.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main regional newspaper in the city is the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i>, which was for over 80 years the sister publication of <i>The Manchester Guardian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-timeline_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-timeline-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Manchester Evening News</i> has the largest circulation of a UK regional evening newspaper and is distributed free of charge in the city centre on Thursdays and Fridays, but paid for in the suburbs. Despite its title, it is available all day.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several local weekly free papers are distributed by the MEN group. The <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_(Associated_Metro_Limited)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro (Associated Metro Limited)">Metro</a> North West</i> is available free at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Metrolink</a> stops, rail stations and other busy locations. <sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt to launch a Northern daily newspaper, the <i>North West Times</i>, employing journalists made redundant by other titles, closed in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-newpapers_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newpapers-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt was made with the <i><a href="/wiki/North_West_Enquirer" title="North West Enquirer">North West Enquirer</a></i>, which hoped to provide a true "regional" newspaper for the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a>, much in the same vein as the <i><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a></i> does for <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Echo" title="The Northern Echo">The Northern Echo</a></i> does for the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a>; it folded in October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-newpapers_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newpapers-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Granada_TV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/220px-Granada_TV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/330px-Granada_TV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/440px-Granada_TV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Granada Studios</a>, the former headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada Television</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Manchester has been a centre of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">television broadcasting</a> since the 1950s. A number of television studios have been in operation around the city, and have since relocated to <a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> in neighbouring Salford. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchise <a href="/wiki/ITV_Granada" title="ITV Granada">Granada Television</a> has been based in Manchester since 1954. Now based at MediaCityUK, the company's former headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Granada Studios</a> on <a href="/wiki/Quay_Street" title="Quay Street">Quay Street</a> with its distinctive illuminated sign were a prominent landmark on the Manchester skyline for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skillset_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skillset-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granada produces <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local news and programmes for North West England. Although its influence has waned, Granada had been described as "the best commercial television company in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the growth in regional television in the 1950s, Manchester became one of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s three main centres in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Skillset_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skillset-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, the BBC opened its first regional <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> studio outside London, <a href="/wiki/Dickenson_Road_Studios" title="Dickenson Road Studios">Dickenson Road Studios</a>, in a converted Methodist chapel in <a href="/wiki/Rusholme" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a>. The first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a></i> was broadcast here on New Year's Day 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-TOTP_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOTP-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itsahotun-history_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itsahotun-history-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1975, BBC programmes including <i><a href="/wiki/Mastermind_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastermind (television)">Mastermind</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_programs_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_programs-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Story" title="Real Story">Real Story</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_real_story_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_real_story-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were made at <a href="/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Broadcasting House (Manchester)">New Broadcasting House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Road,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Road, Manchester">Oxford Road</a>. The <i>Cutting It</i> series set in the city's Northern Quarter and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Street_(BBC_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Street (BBC series)">The Street</a></i> were set in Manchester<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was <i><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (UK TV series)">Life on Mars</a></i>. Manchester was the regional base for <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> North West Region programmes before it relocated to MediaCityUK in nearby <a href="/wiki/Salford_Quays" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NWT_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWT-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Media_city_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media_city-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manchester television channel, <a href="/wiki/Channel_M" title="Channel M">Channel M</a>, owned by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a> operated from 2000, but closed in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Skillset_234-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skillset-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchester is also covered by two internet television channels: Quays News and Manchester.tv. The city had a new terrestrial channel from January 2014 when YourTV Manchester, which won the OFCOM licence bid in February 2013. It began its first broadcast, but in 2015, <a href="/wiki/That%27s_Manchester" title="That's Manchester">That's Manchester</a> took over to air on 31 May and launched the freeview channel 8 service slot, before moving to channel 7 in April 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> <p>The city has the highest number of local radio stations outside London, including <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Manchester" title="BBC Radio Manchester">BBC Radio Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_Manchester" title="Hits Radio Manchester">Hits Radio Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Manchester_and_Lancashire" title="Capital Manchester and Lancashire">Capital Manchester and Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Manchester_%26_The_North_West" title="Greatest Hits Radio Manchester & The North West">Greatest Hits Radio Manchester & The North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_North_West" title="Heart North West">Heart North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_North_West" title="Smooth North West">Smooth North West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_(British_radio_network)" title="Gold (British radio network)">Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a>, NMFM (North Manchester FM) and <a href="/wiki/XS_Manchester" title="XS Manchester">XS Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ofcomradio_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofcomradio-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Student radio stations include <a href="/wiki/Fuse_FM" title="Fuse FM">Fuse FM</a> at the University of Manchester and MMU Radio at the Manchester Metropolitan University.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> network is coordinated by Radio Regen, with stations covering <a href="/wiki/Ardwick" title="Ardwick">Ardwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longsight" title="Longsight">Longsight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levenshulme" title="Levenshulme">Levenshulme</a> (<a href="/wiki/All_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="All FM">All FM</a> 96.9) and <a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a> (Wythenshawe FM 97.2).<sup id="cite_ref-ofcomradio_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofcomradio-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defunct radio stations include <a href="/wiki/Sunset_102" title="Sunset 102">Sunset 102</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Kiss_102" title="Kiss 102">Kiss 102</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Manchester">Galaxy Manchester</a>, and KFM which became Signal Cheshire (later <a href="/wiki/Imagine_FM" title="Imagine FM">Imagine FM</a>). These stations and <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> played a significant role in the city's <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> culture, the <a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h2></div> <p>Manchester has formal <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinning</a> arrangements (or "friendship agreements") with several places.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> maintains a metropolitan centre in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilwi">Bilwi</a>, Nicaragua<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, Germany (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, Pakistan (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, United States (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, Israel<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, People's Republic of China (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-Jayne_252-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Manchester is home to the largest group of <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consuls</a> in the UK outside London. The expansion of international trade links during the Industrial Revolution led to the introduction of the first consuls in the 1820s and since then over 800, from all parts of the world, have been based in Manchester. Manchester hosts consular services for most of the north of England.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemen_of_the_City_of_Manchester" title="List of Freemen of the City of Manchester">List of Freemen of the City of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester" title="Symbols of Manchester">Symbols of Manchester</a>, including the city's <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester#Worker_bee" title="Symbols of Manchester">worker bee</a> motif</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2009/02/11/110209_manchester_coat_of_arms_feature.shtml">"The antelope, the lion and the bees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 11 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+antelope%2C+the+lion+and+the+bees&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2009%2F02%2F11%2F110209_manchester_coat_of_arms_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Council_leadership_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making">"Councillors and decision-making"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+City+Council&rft.atitle=Councillors+and+decision-making&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F200033%2Fcouncillors_and_decision-making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popstats-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E08000003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E08000003">"2021 Census Area Profile – Manchester Local Authority (E08000003)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Manchester+Local+Authority+%28E08000003%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE08000003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci00dani"><i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i></a> (18th ed.), Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521152532" title="Special:BookSources/9780521152532"><bdi>9780521152532</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521152532&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishpronounci00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1289510/population-of-manchester/">"Greater Manchester population by district 2022"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Greater+Manchester+population+by+district+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1289510%2Fpopulation-of-manchester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspin1981" class="citation book cs1">Aspin, Chris (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3"><i>The Cotton Industry</i></a></span>. Shire Publications Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1"><bdi>0-85263-545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Shire+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85263-545-1&rft.aulast=Aspin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonindustry0000aspi%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Industrial_city-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Industrial_city_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manchesterhistor0000kidd"><i>Manchester: A History</i></a></span>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanchesterhistor0000kidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrangopulo1977" class="citation book cs1">Frangopulo, Nicholas (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/traditioninactio0000fran"><i>Tradition in Action. The historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County</i></a></span>. Wakefield: EP Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7158-1203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7158-1203-3"><bdi>0-7158-1203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+in+Action.+The+historical+evolution+of+the+Greater+Manchester+County&rft.place=Wakefield&rft.pub=EP+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7158-1203-3&rft.aulast=Frangopulo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftraditioninactio0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309184810/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp">"Manchester – the first industrial city"</a>. <i>sciencemuseum.org</i>. Science Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp">the original</a> on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sciencemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Manchester+%E2%80%93+the+first+industrial+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fon-line%2Fenergyhall%2Fpage84.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Jennifer (15 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817001934/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-ira-bomb-20-years-11433239">"Recap: The IRA bomb in Manchester... what happened on June 15, 1996"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-ira-bomb-20-years-11433239">the original</a> on 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Recap%3A+The+IRA+bomb+in+Manchester...+what+happened+on+June+15%2C+1996&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fmanchester-ira-bomb-20-years-11433239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us">"About us"</a>. <i>Science and Industry Museum</i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Industry+Museum&rft.atitle=About+us&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names Based on the Collections of the English Place-Name Society</i>, ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), under <i>MANCHESTER</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Place_names-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Place_names_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Place_names_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, A.D. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbrit0000mill"><i>A Dictionary of British Place-Names</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852758-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852758-6"><bdi>0-19-852758-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021051450/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001/acref-9780199609086">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+Place-Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-852758-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofbrit0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2004" class="citation journal cs1">Breeze, Andrew (2004). "Manchester's Ancient Name". <i>The Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>84</b>: 353–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500045893">10.1017/S0003581500045893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5815">0003-5815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163005777">163005777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=Manchester%27s+Ancient+Name&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=353-357&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163005777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-5815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581500045893&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/northwest/news/2094522-invest-north-manchester-is-the-capital-of-the-north">"Invest North: Manchester is the capital of the North | TheBusinessDesk.com"</a>. 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invest+North%3A+Manchester+is+the+capital+of+the+North+%26%23124%3B+TheBusinessDesk.com&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebusinessdesk.com%2Fnorthwest%2Fnews%2F2094522-invest-north-manchester-is-the-capital-of-the-north&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Dylan (9 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shootfromthetrip.com/48-hours-in-manchester/">"48 hours in Manchester: Exploring the capital of the North"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=48+hours+in+Manchester%3A+Exploring+the+capital+of+the+North&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shootfromthetrip.com%2F48-hours-in-manchester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2019" class="citation web cs1">Doyle, Sebastian (16 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mysteriumtours.com/the-city-of-manchester-capital-of-the-north/">"The City of Manchester - Capital of the North"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Manchester+-+Capital+of+the+North&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysteriumtours.com%2Fthe-city-of-manchester-capital-of-the-north%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/events/question-time-manchester-defining-the-capital-of-the-north/">"Question Time Manchester: Defining the capital of the North"</a>. <i>Place North West</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Place+North+West&rft.atitle=Question+Time+Manchester%3A+Defining+the+capital+of+the+North&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.placenorthwest.co.uk%2Fevents%2Fquestion-time-manchester-defining-the-capital-of-the-north%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Glynis (2005). <i>Salford: An Illustrated History</i>. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-455-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85983-455-8"><bdi>1-85983-455-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salford%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=The+Breedon+Books+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85983-455-8&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Glynis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roman_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2003" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Nicholas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195168969.do#.UmOl33CVPp8"><i>Halloween: from Pagan Ritual to Party Night</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8"><bdi>0-19-516896-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021000106/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195168969.do#.UmOl33CVPp8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween%3A+from+Pagan+Ritual+to+Party+Night&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-516896-8&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780195168969.do%23.UmOl33CVPp8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Richard, ed. (2007). <i>Roman Manchester: The University of Manchester's Excavations within the Vicus 2001–5</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-271-1"><bdi>978-1-84217-271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Manchester%3A+The+University+of+Manchester%27s+Excavations+within+the+Vicus+2001%E2%80%935&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-271-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kidd-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kidd_23-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). <i>Manchester: A History</i>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. pp. 12, 15–24, 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=12%2C+15-24%2C+224&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hylton-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hylton_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylton_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylton_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hylton_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). <i>A History of Manchester</i>. Phillimore & Co. pp. 1–10, 22, 25, 42, 63–67, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4"><bdi>1-86077-240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester&rft.pages=1-10%2C+22%2C+25%2C+42%2C+63-67%2C+69&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86077-240-4&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrowsmith-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arrowsmith_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowsmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Arrowsmith, Peter (1997). <i>Stockport: a History</i>. Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905164-99-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-905164-99-7"><bdi>0-905164-99-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stockport%3A+a+History&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Stockport+Metropolitan+Borough+Council&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-905164-99-7&rft.aulast=Arrowsmith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doomsday-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doomsday_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell-Smith" class="citation web cs1">Powell-Smith, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendomesday.org/place/SJ8398/manchester/">"Open Doomsday"</a>. <i>Open Doomsday</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Doomsday&rft.atitle=Open+Doomsday&rft.aulast=Powell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendomesday.org%2Fplace%2FSJ8398%2Fmanchester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gatehouse-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gatehouse_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1907.html">"Manchester Castle"</a>. The Gatehouse – the comprehensive gazetteer of the medieval fortifications and castles of England and Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Castle&rft.pub=The+Gatehouse+%E2%80%93+the+comprehensive+gazetteer+of+the+medieval+fortifications+and+castles+of+England+and+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatehouse-gazetteer.info%2FEnglish%2520sites%2F1907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartwell-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartwell_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartwell_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartwell_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartwell_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). <i>Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. 11–17, 155, 256, 267–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7"><bdi>0-14-071131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides%3A+Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11-17%2C+155%2C+256%2C+267-268&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-071131-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls2004P20-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls2004P20_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls2004P20_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Robert (2004). <i>Curiosities of Greater Manchester</i>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3661-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3661-4"><bdi>0-7509-3661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+Greater+Manchester&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7509-3661-4&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetters2005" class="citation book cs1">Letters, Samantha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40422&strquery=lancashire"><i>Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516</i></a>. British History Online. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314084039/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40422&strquery=lancashire">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Markets+and+Fairs+in+England+and+Wales+to+1516&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=British+History+Online&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Letters&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D40422%26strquery%3Dlancashire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flemish-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flemish_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flemish_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1969" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1969). <i>Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1"><bdi>0-14-071036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%2C+The+Industrial+and+Commercial+South&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-14-071036-1&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurston,_Christopher2001" class="citation book cs1">Durston, Christopher (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw622QZHTcYC&q=%22charles+worsley%22&pg=PA86"><i>Cromwell's major generals: godly government during the English Revolution</i></a>. Politics, culture, and society in early modern Britain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6065-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6065-6"><bdi>0-7190-6065-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cromwell%27s+major+generals%3A+godly+government+during+the+English+Revolution&rft.place=Manchester&rft.series=Politics%2C+culture%2C+and+society+in+early+modern+Britain&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7190-6065-6&rft.au=Durston%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHw622QZHTcYC%26q%3D%2522charles%2Bworsley%2522%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GMArch-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GMArch_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMArch_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMArch_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMArch_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMArch_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil,_RobinaMichael_Nevell2000" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Robina; Michael Nevell (2000). <i>A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester</i>. Association for Industrial Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9528930-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9528930-3-7"><bdi>0-9528930-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Industrial+Archaeology+of+Greater+Manchester&rft.pub=Association+for+Industrial+Archaeology&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9528930-3-7&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Robina&rft.au=Michael+Nevell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1998" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter (1998). "The first industrial city: Manchester 1760–1830". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesinciviliza00hall"><i>Cities in Civilisation</i></a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84219-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84219-6"><bdi>0-297-84219-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+first+industrial+city%3A+Manchester+1760%E2%80%931830&rft.btitle=Cities+in+Civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-297-84219-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesinciviliza00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181739/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/manchester">"Manchester"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/manchester">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manchester&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmanchester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218092606/http://www.timelines.tv/index.php?t=0&e=12">"Timelines.tv Urban Slums"</a>. Timelines.tv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timelines.tv/index.php?t=0&e=12#">the original</a> on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timelines.tv+Urban+Slums&rft.pub=Timelines.tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timelines.tv%2Findex.php%3Ft%3D0%26e%3D12%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield" class="citation web cs1">Schofield, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/10/03/031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml">"Manchester: migrant city"</a>. <i>BBC Manchester:New Kids From The Bloc</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/10/03/031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Manchester%3ANew+Kids+From+The+Bloc&rft.atitle=Manchester%3A+migrant+city&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F03%2F031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspin1981" class="citation book cs1">Aspin, Chris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3"><i>The Cotton Industry</i></a>. Aylesbury: Shire Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1"><bdi>0-85263-545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry&rft.place=Aylesbury&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85263-545-1&rft.aulast=Aspin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonindustry0000aspi%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1605to1880/1878.htm">"Events in Telecommunications History"</a>. BT Archives. 1878. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173107/http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1605to1880/1878.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+in+Telecommunications+History&rft.pub=BT+Archives&rft.date=1878&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btplc.com%2Fthegroup%2Fbtshistory%2F1605to1880%2F1878.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peelports.com/ports/manchester-ship-canal">"Manchester Ship Canal"</a>. Peel Ports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520060954/https://www.peelports.com/ports/manchester-ship-canal">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Ship+Canal&rft.pub=Peel+Ports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peelports.com%2Fports%2Fmanchester-ship-canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpall1988" class="citation journal cs1">Spall, Richard Francis (1988). "Free Trade, Foreign Relations, and the Anti-Corn-Law League". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 405–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1988.9640484">10.1080/07075332.1988.9640484</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105891">40105891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Free+Trade%2C+Foreign+Relations%2C+and+the+Anti-Corn-Law+League&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-432&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1988.9640484&rft.aulast=Spall&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engles-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engles_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm">"Marx-Engels Internet Archive – Biography of Engels"</a>. <i>marxists.org</i>. Marx/Engels Biography Archive. 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430052112/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.org&rft.atitle=Marx-Engels+Internet+Archive+%E2%80%93+Biography+of+Engels&rft.date=1893&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fbio%2Fengels%2Fen-1893.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). "Chapter 9 England Arise! The Politics of Labour and Women's Suffrage". <i>Manchester: A history</i>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+England+Arise%21+The+Politics+of+Labour+and+Women%27s+Suffrage&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+history&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manchester_innovation-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manchester_innovation_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeake,_Jennifer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Speake" title="Jennifer Speake">Speake, Jennifer</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00_0"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs</i></a> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860524-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860524-2"><bdi>0-19-860524-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span>. <q>What Manchester says today, the rest of England says tomorrow</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Proverbs&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-860524-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br />•<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne, George</a> (7 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628122546/http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2007/03/Osborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx">"Osborne: Our vision to make Manchester the creative capital of Europe"</a>. <i>Conservative Party Website</i>. Conservative Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2007/03/Osborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx">the original</a> on 28 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2009</span>. <q>The saying goes that what Manchester does today the rest of the world does tomorrow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conservative+Party+Website&rft.atitle=Osborne%3A+Our+vision+to+make+Manchester+the+creative+capital+of+Europe&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservatives.com%2FNews%2FSpeeches%2F2007%2F03%2FOsborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br />•<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411200443/http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/">"Manchester Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/">the original</a> on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>. <q>What Manchester does today, the world does tomorrow</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Life&rft.pub=Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmu.ac.uk%2Fstudyatmmu%2Fmanchesterlife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211203737/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm">"Greater Manchester Gazetteer"</a>. Greater Manchester County Record Office. Places names – M to N. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Manchester+Gazetteer&rft.pages=Places+names+-+M+to+N&rft.pub=Greater+Manchester+County+Record+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcro.co.uk%2FGuides%2FGazeteer%2Fgazzm2n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> (presenter) (4 June 2002). "Victoria and Her Sisters". <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)" title="A History of Britain (TV series)"><i>A History of Britain</i></a>. Episode 13. <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain&rft.series=Episode+13&rft.date=2002-06-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2005" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Clive (2005). "The blitz". <i>Manchester at War</i> (2nd ed.). Altrincham: First Edition Limited. pp. 75–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84547-096-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84547-096-6"><bdi>1-84547-096-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+blitz&rft.btitle=Manchester+at+War&rft.place=Altrincham&rft.pages=75-99&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=First+Edition+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84547-096-6&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWII-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWII_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416153101/http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline">"Timeline"</a>. <i>Manchester Cathedral</i>. Manchester Cathedral Online. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline">the original</a> on 16 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestercathedral.org%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCWGC" class="citation web cs1">CWGC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/4004227/manchester-county-borough/">"Civilian War Dead, Manchester County Borough"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.atitle=Civilian+War+Dead%2C+Manchester+County+Borough&rft.au=CWGC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fvisit-us%2Ffind-cemeteries-memorials%2Fcemetery-details%2F4004227%2Fmanchester-county-borough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK's_3rd_largest-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UK's_3rd_largest_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). <i>Manchester: an Architectural History</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3"><bdi>0-7190-5606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5606-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1969" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1969). <i>Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1"><bdi>0-14-071036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%2C+The+Industrial+and+Commercial+South&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-14-071036-1&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ship_close-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ship_close_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122642/http://www.salford.gov.uk/milestones_v2.pdf">"Salford Quays milestones: the story of Salford Quays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Salford City Council. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salford.gov.uk/milestones_v2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salford+Quays+milestones%3A+the+story+of+Salford+Quays&rft.pub=Salford+City+Council&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salford.gov.uk%2Fmilestones_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupata1997" class="citation news cs1">Sengupata, Kim (28 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html">"£411m cost after Manchester bomb sets record"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522031850/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%C2%A3411m+cost+after+Manchester+bomb+sets+record&rft.date=1997-03-28&rft.aulast=Sengupata&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regeneration-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Regeneration_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Regeneration_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). <i>Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7"><bdi>0-14-071131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides%3A+Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-071131-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). <i>Manchester: an Architectural History</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3"><bdi>0-7190-5606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5606-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwellHydePevsner2004" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300105834"><i>Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East</i></a>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10583-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10583-5"><bdi>0-300-10583-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121084122/http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300105834">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%3A+Manchester+and+the+South-East&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10583-5&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalepress.yale.edu%2Fyupbooks%2Fbook.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780300105834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1996_IRA_costs-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1996_IRA_costs_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). <i>A History of Manchester</i>. 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BBC. 15 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415021411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3704943.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Panorama+%E2%80%93+The+cost+of+terrorism&rft.date=2004-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fpanorama%2F3704943.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arndale-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arndale_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130804232909/http://www.mandg.co.uk/institutions/realestate/our-properties/">"Manchester Arndale"</a>. Prudential plc. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandg.co.uk/institutions/realestate/our-properties/">the original</a> on 4 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Arndale&rft.pub=Prudential+plc&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandg.co.uk%2Finstitutions%2Frealestate%2Four-properties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beetham_Tower-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beetham_Tower_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/4944590.stm">"City building reaches full height"</a>. BBC. 26 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406120452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/4944590.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=City+building+reaches+full+height&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fmanchester%2F4944590.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/01/30/dome_feature.shtml">"Greenwich loses Casino Bet"</a>. BBC. 15 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213174837/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/01/30/dome_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greenwich+loses+Casino+Bet&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flondon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F30%2Fdome_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttewell,_David2008" class="citation news cs1">Ottewell, David (26 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130203421/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/empty-promises-and-spin-944718">"Empty promises and spin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i>. M.E.N. media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/empty-promises-and-spin-944718">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Empty+promises+and+spin&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft.au=Ottewell%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fempty-promises-and-spin-944718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-44129386">"Manchester Arena attack: Bomb 'injured more than 800'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 16 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027164115/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-44129386">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manchester+Arena+attack%3A+Bomb+%27injured+more+than+800%27&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-44129386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40069959">"Manchester attack: Terror threat reduced from critical to severe"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527101510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40069959">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Manchester+attack%3A+Terror+threat+reduced+from+critical+to+severe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-40069959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom2013" class="citation news cs1">Groom, Brian (25 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6f4d18a6-7f3f-11e2-89ed-00144feabdc0">"Splendidly pointless second city debate"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6f4d18a6-7f3f-11e2-89ed-00144feabdc0">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Splendidly+pointless+second+city+debate&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6f4d18a6-7f3f-11e2-89ed-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northwest/series11/week5_manchester_second_city.shtml">"Inside Out - North West: Friday February 9, 2007"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+Out+-+North+West%3A+Friday+February+9%2C+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Finsideout%2Fnorthwest%2Fseries11%2Fweek5_manchester_second_city.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBontjeMusterd2016" class="citation book cs1">Bontje, Marco; Musterd, Sako (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1AfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173"><i>Inventive City-Regions: Path Dependence and Creative Knowledge Strategies</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317113171" title="Special:BookSources/9781317113171"><bdi>9781317113171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventive+City-Regions%3A+Path+Dependence+and+Creative+Knowledge+Strategies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317113171&rft.aulast=Bontje&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Musterd%2C+Sako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1AfDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Core_city-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Core_city_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919035621/http://www.corecities.com/dev07/Introduction/about.html">"About the Core Cities Group"</a>. English <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corecities.com/dev07/Introduction/about.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Core+Cities+Group&rft.pub=English+Core+Cities+Group&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corecities.com%2Fdev07%2FIntroduction%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM_Evolution-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GM_Evolution_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrangopulo1977" class="citation book cs1">Frangopulo, Nicholas (1977). <i>Tradition in Action. The historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County</i>. Wakefield: EP Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7158-1203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7158-1203-3"><bdi>0-7158-1203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+in+Action.+The+historical+evolution+of+the+Greater+Manchester+County&rft.place=Wakefield&rft.pub=EP+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7158-1203-3&rft.aulast=Frangopulo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Inman2015" class="citation news cs1">Phillip Inman (16 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/16/northern-powerhouse-perils-devolution-mixed-blessing">"Perils of the 'Northern Powerhouse': is devolution a mixed blessing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527051514/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/16/northern-powerhouse-perils-devolution-mixed-blessing">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Perils+of+the+%27Northern+Powerhouse%27%3A+is+devolution+a+mixed+blessing&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.au=Phillip+Inman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fmay%2F16%2Fnorthern-powerhouse-perils-devolution-mixed-blessing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topography-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Topography_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). <i>Manchester: A History</i>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coalfields-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coalfields_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122645/http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/159631/the%20manchester%20coalfields.pdf">"The Manchester Coalfields"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester">Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/159631/the%20manchester%20coalfields.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manchester+Coalfields&rft.pub=Museum+of+Science+and+Industry+in+Manchester&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosi.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F159631%2Fthe%2520manchester%2520coalfields.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m2002.thecgf.com/venues/HPK/">"Heaton Park"</a>. thecgf.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831032941/http://m2002.thecgf.com/venues/HPK/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heaton+Park&rft.pub=thecgf.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm2002.thecgf.com%2Fvenues%2FHPK%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester_weather-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_weather_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_weather_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103050/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/manchester_airport.html">"Manchester Airport 1971–2000 weather averages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. 2001. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Airport+1971%E2%80%932000+weather+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Fsites%2Fmanchester_airport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_weather-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK_weather_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK_weather_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705140124/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html">"UK 1971–2000 averages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. 2001. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/roads-chaos-as-snow-sweeps-in-1058608">the original</a> on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Roads+chaos+as+snow+sweeps+in+Manchester&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Froads-chaos-as-snow-sweeps-in-1058608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/snow-west-yorkshire-traffic-and-travel-latest-1-1925071">"Snow: West Yorkshire traffic and travel latest"</a>. <i>Halifax Courier</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005011/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/snow-west-yorkshire-traffic-and-travel-latest-1-1925071">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Halifax+Courier&rft.atitle=Snow%3A+West+Yorkshire+traffic+and+travel+latest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halifaxcourier.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsnow-west-yorkshire-traffic-and-travel-latest-1-1925071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peaks-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peaks_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highpeak.co.uk/hp/h_snakbd.htm">"Peak District sightseer's guide – Snake Pass"</a>. High Peak. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112081929/http://www.highpeak.co.uk/hp/h_snakbd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peak+District+sightseer%27s+guide+%E2%80%93+Snake+Pass&rft.pub=High+Peak&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highpeak.co.uk%2Fhp%2Fh_snakbd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/live-m62-motorway-closed-and-20-1217237">"Live: M62 motorway closed and 20 miles of queues as snow and high winds return to Greater Manchester"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. 4 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005027/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/live-m62-motorway-closed-and-20-1217237">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Live%3A+M62+motorway+closed+and+20+miles+of+queues+as+snow+and+high+winds+return+to+Greater+Manchester&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Flive-m62-motorway-closed-and-20-1217237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvening_News2010" class="citation web cs1">Evening News, Manchester (7 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/minus-176c---big-freeze-880053">"Minus 17.6C – Big freeze sets new record"</a>. <i>manchestereveningnews.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053913/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/minus-176c---big-freeze-880053">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manchestereveningnews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Minus+17.6C+%E2%80%93+Big+freeze+sets+new+record&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft.aulast=Evening+News&rft.aufirst=Manchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fminus-176c---big-freeze-880053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFen.tutiempo.net" class="citation web cs1">en.tutiempo.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/07-2022/ws-33340.html">"Climate Manchester Airport July - 2022"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Manchester+Airport+July+-+2022&rft.au=en.tutiempo.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tutiempo.net%2Fclimate%2F07-2022%2Fws-33340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Averages-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Met_Averages_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116131858/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/manchester_airport.html">"Manchester 1981-2010 Averages"</a>. Met Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Ship+Canal&rft.pub=Inland+Waterways+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterways.org.uk%2Fwaterways%2Fcanals_rivers%2Fmanchester_ship_canal%2Fmanchester_ship_canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPivaro2006" class="citation news cs1">Pivaro, Nigel (20 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110100910/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ship-canal-cruising-is-all-the-rage-1045298">"Ship canal cruising is all the rage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i>. M.E.N. media. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Census+shows+more+people+in+Manchester+are+cycling+to+work&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.au=Charlotte+Cox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fcensus-shows-more-manchester-people-7021775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Connolly2014" class="citation web cs1">Justin Connolly (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/rapha-cycle-club-opens-manchester-7842026">"Rapha Cycle Club opens in Manchester"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>There's a rich cycling heritage here, and Manchester is the home of British cycling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapha+Cycle+Club+opens+in+Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.au=Justin+Connolly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Frapha-cycle-club-opens-manchester-7842026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChemBros-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChemBros_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108091553/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate/ourreputation/distinguishedalumni/thechemicalbrothers/">"The Chemical Brothers – Alumni"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Museums+Guide&rft.pub=Virtual+Manchester&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereventsguide.co.uk%2Fsection%2Fmuseums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preraph1-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-preraph1_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2003" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Richard (17 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176">"The Pre-Raphaelite Collections"</a>. 24-Hour Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120909020028/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Raphaelite+Collections&rft.pub=24-Hour+Museum&rft.date=2003-10-17&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fart%2Ftra18176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preraph2-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-preraph2_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Edward (2001). <i>Public art collections in north-west England</i>. Liverpool University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-527-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-527-9"><bdi>0-85323-527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+art+collections+in+north-west+England&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85323-527-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitworth-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitworth_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227113021/http://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/collection/">"Collection"</a>. Whitworth Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/collection/">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection&rft.pub=Whitworth+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk%2Fcollection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowry-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lowry_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330200042/http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/the-ls-lowry-collection/">"The Lowry Collection"</a>. The Lowry. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/the-ls-lowry-collection/">the original</a> on 30 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lowry+Collection&rft.pub=The+Lowry&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelowry.com%2Fls-lowry%2Fthe-ls-lowry-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2017" class="citation news cs1">Royle, Nicholas (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature">"A new chapter begins: Manchester named Unesco City of Literature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112032227/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+new+chapter+begins%3A+Manchester+named+Unesco+City+of+Literature&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2017%2Fnov%2F02%2Fa-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, David (4 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour">"A literary tour of Manchester"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001002106/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+literary+tour+of+Manchester&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2014%2Foct%2F04%2Fmanchester-literature-festival-walking-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml">"Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205145033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Gaskell+%281810%E2%80%931865%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fgaskell_elizabeth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1892" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Fredrick (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html"><i>The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844</i></a>. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 45, 48–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013114/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project" title="Internet History Sourcebooks Project">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition+of+the+Working-Class+in+England+in+1844&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45%2C+48-53&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Fredrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1844engels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Hunt, Tristram</a> (2 June 2009). <i>The Frock Coated Communist: A Revolutionary Life</i>. Allen Lane. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713998528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713998528"><bdi>978-0713998528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frock+Coated+Communist%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0713998528&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Tristram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2014" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, John (30 November 2014). <i>Riches of the Rylands: The Special Collections of the University of Manchester Library</i> (1st ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719096358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719096358"><bdi>978-0719096358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riches+of+the+Rylands%3A+The+Special+Collections+of+the+University+of+Manchester+Library&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0719096358&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1834" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1834). "picture and poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Bzk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA4"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture+and+poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1835&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DBzk_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA34-IA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html">"Charles Dickens's Hard Times for These Times as an Industrial Novel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028194622/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens%27s+Hard+Times+for+These+Times+as+an+Industrial+Novel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fdickens%2Fhardtimes%2Fpva27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurden2006" class="citation news cs1">Nurden, Robert (26 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042503/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html">"An ending Dickens would have liked"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=An+ending+Dickens+would+have+liked&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.aulast=Nurden&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Fan-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml">"Jane Eyre: a Mancunian?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 10 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Jane+Eyre%3A+a+Mancunian%3F&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2006%2F10%2F10%2F101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, Christine, and Sara L. Pearson. <i>Celebrating Charlotte Brontë: Transforming Life into Literature in</i> Jane Eyre. Brontë Society, 2016, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling2014" class="citation news cs1">Keeling, Neal (3 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930025047/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923">"Derelict Buile Hill Mansion could be turned into Hilton hotel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923">the original</a> on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Derelict+Buile+Hill+Mansion+could+be+turned+into+Hilton+hotel&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fbuile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the essay "A Prophetic and Violent Masterpiece" by Theodore Dalrymple in "Not With a Bang but a Whimper" (2008) pp. 135–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2002" class="citation web cs1">Forbes, Peter (31 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8">"Winning lines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213202550/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Winning+lines&rft.date=2002-08-31&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Faug%2F31%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Park_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Park_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Park_204-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Park_204-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Park_204-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). <i>Manchester: an Architectural History</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 249–250, 284–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3"><bdi>0-7190-5606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=249-250%2C+284-286&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5606-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbs-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs_205-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsWinlowHadfieldLister2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hobbs, Dick; Winlow, Simon; Hadfield, Philip; Lister, Stuart (2005). "Violent Hypocrisy: Governance and the Night-time Economy". <i>European Journal of Criminology</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1477370805050864">10.1177/1477370805050864</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-3708">1477-3708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145151649">145151649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=Violent+Hypocrisy%3A+Governance+and+the+Night-time+Economy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145151649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-3708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1477370805050864&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Winlow%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hadfield%2C+Philip&rft.au=Lister%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs" class="citation web cs1">Hobbs, Dick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608000633/http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/seven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf">"Seven Deadly Sins: A new look at society through an old lens"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Economic and Social Research Council. pp. 24–27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/seven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Deadly+Sins%3A+A+new+look+at+society+through+an+old+lens&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=Economic+and+Social+Research+Council&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrc.ac.uk%2F_images%2Fseven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadha" class="citation web cs1">Chadha, Aayush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/772">"UK Event Data – In Review"</a>. <i>www.tickx.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232544/https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/772">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tickx.co.uk&rft.atitle=UK+Event+Data+%E2%80%93+In+Review&rft.aulast=Chadha&rft.aufirst=Aayush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tickx.co.uk%2Farticle%2F772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm">"Guide to Manchester"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. 16 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031205185422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Manchester&rft.date=2002-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport3%2Fcommonwealthgames2002%2Fhi%2Ffeatures%2Fnewsid_1993000%2F1993489.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasl-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasl_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasl_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslam2000" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Dave (2000). <i>Manchester, England</i>. New York: Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84115-146-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84115-146-7"><bdi>1-84115-146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%2C+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84115-146-7&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/11/gayrights.world">"Europe's biggest gay festival to be held in UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. M.E.N media. 11 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826221150/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/11/gayrights.world">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+biggest+gay+festival+to+be+held+in+UK&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Ffeb%2F11%2Fgayrights.world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_211-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study">"Where do HE students study? | HESA"</a>. <i>www.hesa.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hesa.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Where+do+HE+students+study%3F+%7C+HESA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hesa.ac.uk%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fstudents%2Fwhere-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man_Uni-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Man_Uni_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/?id=2462&year=2007&month=01">"Manchester still top of the popularity league"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. 18 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207071504/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/?id=2462&year=2007&month=01">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+still+top+of+the+popularity+league&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Faboutus%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Flist%2Fitem%2F%3Fid%3D2462%26year%3D2007%26month%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Description of 'Manchester Business School, Manchester Business School Archive, 1965-2002. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Library" title="University of Manchester Library">University of Manchester Library</a>. GB 133 MBS' on the Archives Hub website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-mbs">https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-mbs</a>, (date accessed :13/05/2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1994" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Alan (1994). <i>Many Arts, Many Skills: Origins of Manchester Metropolitan University</i>. Manchester Metropolitan University. pp. 115–20, 226–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870355-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-870355-05-9"><bdi>1-870355-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Arts%2C+Many+Skills%3A+Origins+of+Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.pages=115-20%2C+226-8&rft.pub=Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-870355-05-9&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2017" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Belinda (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crewechronicle.co.uk/news/crewe-mmu-campus-close-july-12589102">"Crewe MMU campus will close in July 2019, university says"</a>. <i>Crewe Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crewe+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Crewe+MMU+campus+will+close+in+July+2019%2C+university+says&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crewechronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrewe-mmu-campus-close-july-12589102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819080107/http://www.ibanet.org/Education_and_Internships/LLM/about_col.aspx">"The College of Law"</a>. International Bar Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibanet.org/Education_and_Internships/LLM/about_col.aspx">the original</a> on 19 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+College+of+Law&rft.pub=International+Bar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibanet.org%2FEducation_and_Internships%2FLLM%2Fabout_col.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higher_edu-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higher_edu_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). <i>Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester</i>. Penguin Books. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7"><bdi>0-14-071131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides%3A+Manchester&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-071131-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man_GS-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Man_GS_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). <i>Manchester: A History</i>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). <i>A History of Manchester</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+North+West+Enquirer&rft.atitle=The+Enquirer+suspends+publication&rft.date=2006-09-20&rft.aulast=Waterhouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nw-enquirer.co.uk%2Fthe_enquirer_suspends_publication_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135241/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/1bn-vision-former-itv-site-8004809">"£1bn vision for former ITV site revealed"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+creative+media+industries+and+workforce+in+North+West+England&rft.pub=skillset.org&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skillset.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2Fasset_3933.pdf%3F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/itv-removes-famous-granada-sign-899669">"ITV removes famous Granada sign from Manchester studios"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=ITV+removes+famous+Granada+sign+from+Manchester+studios&rft.date=2010-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fitv-removes-famous-granada-sign-899669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle1995" class="citation book cs1">Little, Daran (1995). <i>The Coronation Street Story</i>. London: Boxtree. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85283-464-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85283-464-1"><bdi>1-85283-464-1</bdi></a>. <q>Coronation Street is without doubt the most successful television programme in the world.... what is today the world's longest running drama serial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coronation+Street+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Boxtree&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85283-464-1&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Daran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-plowright-413771.html">"Obituary – David Plowright"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 29 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130161610/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-plowright-413771.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>As he himself liked to quote, not for nothing had Granada been dubbed the best commercial television company in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary+%E2%80%93+David+Plowright&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fdavid-plowright-413771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419172834/http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-features/special-features/party-people-returns-as-presenter-rob-mcloughlin-celebrates-thirtieth-year-at-itv-201">"Party People returns as presenter Rob McLoughlin celebrates thirtieth year at ITV"</a>. 25 January 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Financial Times was to claim that 'Granada was probably the best commercial TV company in the world' – with respect to Thames TV; LWT and our American cousins – they may have been right but when that quote was hauled over reception in Quay Street I found it both inspiring and daunting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Party+People+returns+as+presenter+Rob+McLoughlin+celebrates+thirtieth+year+at+ITV&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.how-do.co.uk%2Fnorth-west-media-features%2Fspecial-features%2Fparty-people-returns-as-presenter-rob-mcloughlin-celebrates-thirtieth-year-at-itv-201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOTP-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOTP_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/jul/16/32">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Top of the Pops' shows"</a>. <i>Observer Music Monthly</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer+Music+Monthly&rft.atitle=%27Top+of+the+Pops%27+shows&rft.date=2006-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2006%2Fjul%2F16%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itsahotun-history-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itsahotun-history_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/CP_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="CP Lee">Lee, CP</a> (20 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120204633/http://www.itsahotun.com/history.html">"Mancunian Film Company History"</a>. <i>It's a Hot 'Un</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=International+Emmys+Awards+to+honor+Al+Gore&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fpeople%2F2007-11-18-al-gore_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWT-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWT_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922233804/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/media/tv-and-radio.html">"Television & Radio Stations in Manchester"</a>. Manchester 2002 UK. 2002. 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BBC. 31 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222043534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/5_may/31/salford.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+move+to+Salford+gets+green+light&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2007%2F05_may%2F31%2Fsalford.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett2012" class="citation web cs1">Plunkett, John (16 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/16/manchester-channel-m-closes">"Manchester's Channel M closes after 12 years"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020000/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/16/manchester-channel-m-closes">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Manchester%27s+Channel+M+closes+after+12+years&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2012%2Fapr%2F16%2Fmanchester-channel-m-closes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofcomradio-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ofcomradio_247-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ofcomradio_247-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/">Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016155741/http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> web site and subpages, especially the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/amfm/analogue-main.htm">directory of analogue radio stations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102657/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/amfm/analogue-main.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the map<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304085205/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/acrm_styles.pdf">"Commercial Radio Styles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/acrm_styles.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+Radio+Styles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fradio%2Fifi%2Frbl%2Fformats%2Facrm_styles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF), and the map<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414200018/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/crmmap.pdf">"Community Radio in the UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/crmmap.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Radio+in+the+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fradio%2Fifi%2Frbl%2Fformats%2Fcrmmap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF). Retrieved on 6 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919151313/http://www.fusefm.co.uk/">"FUSE FM – Manchester Student Radio"</a>. <i>fusefm.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fusefm.co.uk/">the original</a> on 19 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fusefm.co.uk&rft.atitle=FUSE+FM+%E2%80%93+Manchester+Student+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fusefm.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">"International Civic Links"</a>. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221155306/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Civic+Links&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F100004%2Fthe_council_and_democracy%2F5903%2Finternational_civic_links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731001604/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445">"Twinning link with LA"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Twinning+link+with+LA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Ftwinning-link-with-la-925445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121131/http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/transparency/reports-documents">"British Council Annual Report 2013–14"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. 31 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/transparency/reports-documents">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Council+Annual+Report+2013%E2%80%9314&rft.pub=British+Council&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Forganisation%2Ftransparency%2Freports-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayne-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayne_252-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayneHubbardBell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jayne, Mark; Hubbard, Philip; Bell, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26144203.pdf">"Twin Cities: Territorial and Relational Geographies of 'Worldly' Manchester"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Urban Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 239–254. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013UrbSt..50..239J">2013UrbSt..50..239J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0042098012450480">10.1177/0042098012450480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0980">0042-0980</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26144203">26144203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146405719">146405719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Twin+Cities%3A+Territorial+and+Relational+Geographies+of+%27Worldly%27+Manchester&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-254&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146405719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013UrbSt..50..239J&rft.issn=0042-0980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0042098012450480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26144203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jayne&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Philip&rft.au=Bell%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F26144203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time of the agreement, it was in the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> and named Karl-Marx-Stadt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111025743/https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">"International civic links | International civic links | Manchester City Council"</a>. <i>www.manchester.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">the original</a> on 11 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.manchester.gov.uk&rft.atitle=International+civic+links+%7C+International+civic+links+%7C+Manchester+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F100004%2Fthe_council_and_democracy%2F5903%2Finternational_civic_links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox,_David2007" class="citation book cs1">Fox, David (2007). <i>Manchester Consuls</i>. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. pp. vii–ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-155-9"><bdi>978-1-85936-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester+Consuls&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=vii-ix&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85936-155-9&rft.au=Fox%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesterconsularassociation.com/">"Manchester Consular Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230017/https://www.manchesterconsularassociation.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Consular+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterconsularassociation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001011/http://mca.group.shef.ac.uk/index_Page320.htm">"List of Consulates, Consulate Generals and High Commissioners"</a>. MCA (subsidiary of Sheffield University). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mca.group.shef.ac.uk/index_Page320.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Consulates%2C+Consulate+Generals+and+High+Commissioners&rft.pub=MCA+%28subsidiary+of+Sheffield+University%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmca.group.shef.ac.uk%2Findex_Page320.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins1975" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Philip (1975). <i>Guide across Manchester</i>. Manchester: Civic Trust for the North West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901347-29-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901347-29-9"><bdi>978-0-901347-29-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+across+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Civic+Trust+for+the+North+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-901347-29-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandsParker,_Sarah2000" class="citation book cs1">Hands, David; Parker, Sarah (2000). <i>Manchester: A Guide to Recent Architecture</i>. London: Ellipsis Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899858-77-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899858-77-4"><bdi>978-1-899858-77-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+Guide+to+Recent+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ellipsis+Arts&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-899858-77-4&rft.aulast=Hands&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Parker%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). <i>Manchester</i>. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-071131-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-071131-8"><bdi>978-0-14-071131-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.series=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-071131-8&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwellHydePevsner2004" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (2004). <i>Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East</i>. The Buildings of England. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10583-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10583-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10583-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%3A+Manchester+and+the+South-East&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.series=The+Buildings+of+England&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10583-4&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000). <i>Manchester: an Architectural History</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5606-2&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1986" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, John Martin (1986). <i>The Architecture of Northern England</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37396-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37396-5"><bdi>978-0-333-37396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Northern+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-37396-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesley1988" class="citation book cs1">Beesley, Ian (1988). <i>Victorian Manchester and Salford</i>. Keele: Ryburn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-006-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-006-5"><bdi>978-1-85331-006-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Manchester+and+Salford&rft.place=Keele&rft.pub=Ryburn&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-85331-006-5&rft.aulast=Beesley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). <i>A History of Manchester</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-240-5"><bdi>978-1-86077-240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86077-240-5&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd1993" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan J. (1993). <i>Manchester</i>. Town and City Histories. Keele: Ryburn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-016-4"><bdi>978-1-85331-016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester&rft.place=Keele&rft.series=Town+and+City+Histories&rft.pub=Ryburn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85331-016-4&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottley2013" class="citation book cs1">Mottley, A.L. (2013). <i>A Northern Life</i>. Coventry: Any Subject Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909392-53-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909392-53-3"><bdi>978-1-909392-53-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Northern+Life&rft.place=Coventry&rft.pub=Any+Subject+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-909392-53-3&rft.aulast=Mottley&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceStebbing2002" class="citation book cs1">Price, Jane; Stebbing, Ben, eds. (2002). <i>The Mancunian Way</i>. Manchester: Clinamen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903083-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903083-81-9"><bdi>978-1-903083-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mancunian+Way&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Clinamen+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-903083-81-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedhead1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Redhead" title="Brian Redhead">Redhead, Brian</a> (1993). <i>Manchester: a Celebration</i>. London: André Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-98816-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-98816-0"><bdi>978-0-233-98816-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+a+Celebration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-233-98816-0&rft.aulast=Redhead&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2005" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Jonathan (2005). <i>The City Life Guide to Manchester</i>. Manchester: City Life. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549042-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9549042-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9549042-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+Life+Guide+to+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=City+Life&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9549042-2-7&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Barry (2011). <i>Discovering Manchester</i>. Ammanford: Sigma Leisure. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-862-7"><bdi>978-1-85058-862-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Manchester&rft.place=Ammanford&rft.pub=Sigma+Leisure&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85058-862-7&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_2">Culture</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantrell1985" class="citation book cs1">Cantrell, J. A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesnasmythbri00cant"><i>James Nasmyth and the Bridgewater Foundry, A study of entrepreneurship in the early engineering industry</i></a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1339-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1339-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-1339-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Nasmyth+and+the+Bridgewater+Foundry%2C+A+study+of+entrepreneurship+in+the+early+engineering+industry&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1339-3&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesnasmythbri00cant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion1990" class="citation book cs1">Champion, Sarah (1990). <i>And God Created Manchester</i>. Manchester: Wordsmith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873205-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873205-01-3"><bdi>978-1-873205-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+God+Created+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Wordsmith&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-873205-01-3&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatenby2002" class="citation book cs1">Gatenby, Phill (2002). <i>Morrissey's Manchester: The Essential "Smiths" Tour</i>. Manchester. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901746-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901746-28-0"><bdi>978-1-901746-28-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morrissey%27s+Manchester%3A+The+Essential+%22Smiths%22+Tour&rft.place=Manchester&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-901746-28-0&rft.aulast=Gatenby&rft.aufirst=Phill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslam2000" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Dave (2000). <i>Manchester, England</i>. New York: Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-146-5"><bdi>978-1-84115-146-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%2C+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-146-5&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation book cs1">Lee, C. P. (2002). <i>hake, Rattle and Rain: popular music making in Manchester 1955–1995</i>. Ottery St Mary: Hardinge Simpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-049-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-049-9"><bdi>978-1-84382-049-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=hake%2C+Rattle+and+Rain%3A+popular+music+making+in+Manchester+1955%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Ottery+St+Mary&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84382-049-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation book cs1">Lee, C. P. (2004). <i>Like the Night (Revisited): Bob Dylan and the Road to the Manchester Free Trade Hall</i>. London: Helter Skelter Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900924-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900924-33-7"><bdi>978-1-900924-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+the+Night+%28Revisited%29%3A+Bob+Dylan+and+the+Road+to+the+Manchester+Free+Trade+Hall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Helter+Skelter+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-900924-33-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Lynne (December 2007). "Women writers and the elusive urban sublime: the view from "<i>Manchester, England</i>"". <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Women%27s_Writing" title="Contemporary Women's Writing">Contemporary Women's Writing</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1–2): 192–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcww%2Fvpm014">10.1093/cww/vpm014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Women%27s+Writing&rft.atitle=Women+writers+and+the+elusive+urban+sublime%3A+the+view+from+%22Manchester%2C+England%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=192-202&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcww%2Fvpm014&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1992" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Jon, ed. (1992). <i>The Haçienda Must Be Built</i>. Woodford Green: <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Publications" title="International Music Publications">International Music Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86359-857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86359-857-9"><bdi>978-0-86359-857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ha%C3%A7ienda+Must+Be+Built&rft.place=Woodford+Green&rft.pub=International+Music+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86359-857-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis2004" class="citation book cs1">Inglis, Simon (2004). <i>Played in Manchester</i>. Played in Britain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-78-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-78-6"><bdi>978-1-873592-78-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Played+in+Manchester&rft.pub=Played+in+Britain&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-873592-78-6&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2008" class="citation book cs1">James, Gary (2008). <i>Manchester: a football history</i>. Halifax: James Ward. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9558127-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9558127-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9558127-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+a+football+history&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=James+Ward&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9558127-0-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Manchester</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Manchester" class="extiw" title="wikt:Manchester">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manchester" class="extiw" title="c:Manchester">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Manchester" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Manchester">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Manchester" class="extiw" title="voy:Manchester">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span><br />(2 parts, <span class="duration"><span class="min">58</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"> <ol><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="1702" data-mwtitle="Manchester_(Part_1).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Manchester_%28Part_1%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Manchester_%28Part_1%29.ogg/Manchester_%28Part_1%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="1799" data-mwtitle="Manchester_(Part_2).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Manchester_%28Part_2%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Manchester_%28Part_2%29.ogg/Manchester_%28Part_2%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li></ol> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer">These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 3 February 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-02-03</span>)</span>, and do not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmanchester.com/">Official tourist board site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Destinations_from_Manchester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Destinations_from_Manchester" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Destinations from Manchester</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnley" title="Burnley">Burnley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester" title="Leigh, Greater Manchester">Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></b></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Manchester</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hyde, Greater Manchester">Hyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalybridge" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossop" title="Glossop">Glossop</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knutsford" title="Knutsford">Knutsford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester" title="Cheadle, Greater Manchester">Cheadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alderley_Edge" title="Alderley Edge">Alderley Edge</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel-en-le-Frith" title="Chapel-en-le-Frith">Chapel-en-le-Frith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></b></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_City_of_Manchester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchester" title="Template:Manchester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manchester" title="Template talk:Manchester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_City_of_Manchester" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Manchester</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Manchester</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_cotton_warehouses" title="Manchester cotton warehouses">Warehouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Manchester" title="Banking in Manchester">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Manchester" title="Culture of Manchester">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_set,_produced_or_filmed_in_Manchester" title="List of television programmes set, produced or filmed in Manchester">Television programmes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Manchester">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Manchester" title="Popular music of Manchester">Pop music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Manchester" title="List of people from Manchester">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Manchester" title="Politics in Manchester">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Manchester" title="List of schools in Manchester">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_engineering_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and engineering in Manchester">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Manchester" title="Sociology of Manchester">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Manchester" title="Sport in Manchester">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Manchester" title="List of streets and roads in Manchester">Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester" title="Symbols of Manchester">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Cycling in Greater Manchester">Cycling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies">Parliament<br />constituencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackley_and_Broughton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blackley and Broughton (UK Parliament constituency)">Blackley and<br />Broughton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Manchester" title="Charlestown, Manchester">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetham,_Manchester" title="Cheetham, Manchester">Cheetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumpsall" title="Crumpsall">Crumpsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpurhey" title="Harpurhey">Harpurhey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Blackley" title="Higher Blackley">Higher Blackley</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a></li> <li><i>This constituency also contains <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Salford" title="Broughton, Salford">Broughton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kersal" title="Kersal">Kersal</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council" title="Salford City Council">Salford City Council</a>.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Manchester Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester<br />Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancoats_and_Beswick_(ward)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancoats and Beswick (ward)">Ancoats & Beswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardwick" title="Ardwick">Ardwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_and_Openshaw_(ward)" title="Clayton and Openshaw (ward)">Clayton & Openshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_(ward)" title="Deansgate (ward)">Deansgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme" title="Hulme">Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Platting_and_Newton_Heath" title="Miles Platting and Newton Heath">Miles Platting & Newton Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Side" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moston,_Manchester" title="Moston, Manchester">Moston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_(ward)" title="Piccadilly (ward)">Piccadilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Gorton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Manchester Gorton (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester<br />Gorton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallowfield" title="Fallowfield">Fallowfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_and_Abbey_Hey_(ward)" title="Gorton and Abbey Hey (ward)">Gorton & Abbey Hey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshulme" title="Levenshulme">Levenshulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsight" title="Longsight">Longsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusholme" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalley_Range,_Manchester" title="Whalley Range, Manchester">Whalley Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Withington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Manchester Withington (UK Parliament constituency)">Manchester<br />Withington</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnage_(ward)" title="Burnage (ward)">Burnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton_(ward)" title="Chorlton (ward)">Chorlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton_Park_(ward)" title="Chorlton Park (ward)">Chorlton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury_East_(ward)" title="Didsbury East (ward)">Didsbury East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury_West_(ward)" title="Didsbury West (ward)">Didsbury West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Moat_(ward)" title="Old Moat (ward)">Old Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withington_(ward)" title="Withington (ward)">Withington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe_and_Sale_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wythenshawe and Sale East (UK Parliament constituency)">Wythenshawe<br />and Sale East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguley" title="Baguley">Baguley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklands_(Manchester_ward)" title="Brooklands (Manchester ward)">Brooklands (Manchester)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northenden" title="Northenden">Northenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharston" title="Sharston">Sharston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhouse_Park" title="Woodhouse Park">Woodhouse Park</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><i>This constituency also contains <a href="/wiki/Brooklands_(Trafford_ward)" title="Brooklands (Trafford ward)">Brooklands (Trafford)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priory_(Trafford_ward)" title="Priory (Trafford ward)">Priory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sale_Moor_(ward)" title="Sale Moor (ward)">Sale Moor</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Council" title="Trafford Council">Trafford Council</a>.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardwick" title="Ardwick">Ardwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardwick_Green" title="Ardwick Green">Ardwick Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguley" title="Baguley">Baguley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Vue,_Manchester" title="Belle Vue, Manchester">Belle Vue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benchill" title="Benchill">Benchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beswick,_Manchester" title="Beswick, Manchester">Beswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackley" title="Blackley">Blackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Manchester" title="Bradford, Manchester">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnage" title="Burnage">Burnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock" title="Chorlton-on-Medlock">Chorlton-on-Medlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorltonville" title="Chorltonville">Chorltonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Manchester" title="Clayton, Manchester">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyhurst" title="Collyhurst">Collyhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumpsall" title="Crumpsall">Crumpsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallowfield" title="Fallowfield">Fallowfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton" title="Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpurhey" title="Harpurhey">Harpurhey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme" title="Hulme">Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levenshulme" title="Levenshulme">Levenshulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsight" title="Longsight">Longsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Crumpsall" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Crumpsall">Lower Crumpsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Platting" title="Miles Platting">Miles Platting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Side" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moston,_Manchester" title="Moston, Manchester">Moston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newall_Green" title="Newall Green">Newall Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Moston" title="New Moston">New Moston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Heath" title="Newton Heath">Newton Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northenden" title="Northenden">Northenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moor" title="Northern Moor">Northern Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openshaw" title="Openshaw">Openshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrs_Wood" title="Parrs Wood">Parrs Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_Hall,_Wythenshawe" title="Peel Hall, Wythenshawe">Peel Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringway,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringway, Greater Manchester">Ringway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusholme" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharston" title="Sharston">Sharston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Manchester" title="Victoria Park, Manchester">Victoria Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalley_Range,_Manchester" title="Whalley Range, Manchester">Whalley Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withington" title="Withington">Withington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhouse_Park" title="Woodhouse Park">Woodhouse Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="City_Centre" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City Centre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancoats" title="Ancoats">Ancoats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlefield" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manchester" title="Chinatown, Manchester">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(Manchester)" title="Canal Street (Manchester)">Gay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Islington" title="New Islington">New Islington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOMA_(Manchester)" title="NOMA (Manchester)">N.O.M.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Quarter_(Manchester)" title="Northern Quarter (Manchester)">Northern Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens" title="Piccadilly Gardens">Piccadilly Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinningfields" title="Spinningfields">Spinningfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s,_Manchester" title="St John's, Manchester">St John's Quarter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Greater_Manchester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Manchester" title="Template:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Manchester" title="Template talk:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Manchester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Greater_Manchester" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester" title="Portal:Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory City Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester Combined Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Statutory_City_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Statutory City Region">Greater Manchester Statutory City Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">Mayor of Greater Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">City of Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bolton">Metropolitan Borough of Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Metropolitan Borough of Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Metropolitan Borough of Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Metropolitan Borough of Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Metropolitan Borough of Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Metropolitan Borough of Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Metropolitan Borough of Wigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield" title="Ashton-in-Makerfield">Ashton-in-Makerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Astley, Greater Manchester">Astley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Atherton, Greater Manchester">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audenshaw" title="Audenshaw">Audenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackrod" title="Blackrod">Blackrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramhall" title="Bramhall">Bramhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredbury" title="Bredbury">Bredbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadderton" title="Chadderton">Chadderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester" title="Cheadle, Greater Manchester">Cheadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme" title="Cheadle Hulme">Cheadle Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Denton, Greater Manchester">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droylsden" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukinfield" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failsworth" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnworth" title="Farnworth">Farnworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golborne" title="Golborne">Golborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hale, Greater Manchester">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Grove" title="Hazel Grove">Hazel Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heywood,_Greater_Manchester" title="Heywood, Greater Manchester">Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hindley, Greater Manchester">Hindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horwich" title="Horwich">Horwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hyde, Greater Manchester">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield" title="Ince-in-Makerfield">Ince-in-Makerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearsley" title="Kearsley">Kearsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester" title="Leigh, Greater Manchester">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleborough,_Greater_Manchester" title="Littleborough, Greater Manchester">Littleborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Lever" title="Little Lever">Little Lever</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marple,_Greater_Manchester" title="Marple, Greater Manchester">Marple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnrow" title="Milnrow">Milnrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossley" title="Mossley">Mossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrell,_Greater_Manchester" title="Orrell, Greater Manchester">Orrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partington" title="Partington">Partington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendlebury" title="Pendlebury">Pendlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsbottom" title="Ramsbottom">Ramsbottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddish" title="Reddish">Reddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiley" title="Romiley">Romiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royton" title="Royton">Royton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_and_Crompton" title="Shaw and Crompton">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalybridge" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standish,_Greater_Manchester" title="Standish, Greater Manchester">Standish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Swinton, Greater Manchester">Swinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottington,_Greater_Manchester" title="Tottington, Greater Manchester">Tottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyldesley" title="Tyldesley">Tyldesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmston" title="Urmston">Urmston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkden" title="Walkden">Walkden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhoughton" title="Westhoughton">Westhoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worsley" title="Worsley">Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester">List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Beal" title="River Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">Bollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">Croal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Etherow" title="River Etherow">Etherow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">Goyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spodden" title="River Spodden">Spodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">Tame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tib" title="River Tib">Tib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tonge" title="River Tonge">Tonge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher%27s_Canal" title="Fletcher's Canal">Fletcher's Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Locks_Branch_Canal" title="Hulme Locks Branch Canal">Hulme Locks Branch Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington_Branch_Canal" title="Islington Branch Canal">Islington Branch Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_Forest_Canal" title="Peak Forest Canal">Peak Forest Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Branch_Canal" title="Stockport Branch Canal">Stockport Branch Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester">Parliamentary constituencies and Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Crime in Greater Manchester">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling in Manchester">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Demographics of Greater Manchester">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Greater_Manchester" title="List of people from Greater Manchester">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of public art in Greater Manchester">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of schools in Greater Manchester">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Geography of Greater Manchester">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council" title="Greater Manchester County Council">Greater Manchester County Council</a> (1974–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of places in Greater Manchester">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greater_Manchester_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greater Manchester settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of castles in Greater Manchester">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of churches in Greater Manchester">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Flag of Greater Manchester">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of football clubs in Greater Manchester">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of mills in Greater Manchester">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester">Lord Lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_Manchester" title="High Sheriff of Greater Manchester">High Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of museums in Greater Manchester">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of places of interest in Greater Manchester">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester" title="Transport for Greater Manchester">Transport for Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" title="Template:Buildings and structures in Manchester, England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" title="Template talk:Buildings and structures in Manchester, England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings and structures in Manchester, England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester,_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buildings and structures in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester</a>, England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">Skyscrapers (over 100 metres)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square South Tower</a> (201m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Manchester" title="Beetham Tower, Manchester">Beetham Tower</a> (169m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square East Tower</a> (158m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blade,_Manchester" title="The Blade, Manchester">The Blade</a> (154m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three60,_Manchester" title="Three60, Manchester">Three60</a> (154m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower,_Manchester" title="Elizabeth Tower, Manchester">Elizabeth Tower</a> (153m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square West Tower</a> (141m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadux" title="Viadux">Viadux</a> (136m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_Square" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square North Tower</a> (122m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Tower" title="CIS Tower">CIS Tower</a> (118m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Living_Circle_Square" title="Affinity Living Circle Square">Affinity Living Circle Square</a> (116m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_Towers" title="Oxygen Towers">Oxygen Towers</a> (110m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Gardens" title="Angel Gardens">Angel Gardens</a> (108m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Tower,_Manchester" title="City Tower, Manchester">City Tower</a> (107m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_New_Wakefield_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="17 New Wakefield Street">Bridgewater Heights</a> (106m)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/120px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/180px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/240px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg/120px-Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg/180px-Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg/240px-Rylands_Library_Deansgate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="511" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/120px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/180px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/240px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="545" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg/120px-Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg/180px-Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg/240px-Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre_from_Bridge_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Square,_front_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg/120px-Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg/180px-Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg/240px-Angel_Square%2C_front_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="1941" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High-rises (over 50 metres)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisan_Heights" title="Artisan Heights">Artisan Heights</a> (95m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Tower">Axis Tower</a> (93m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Spinningfields" title="1 Spinningfields">1 Spinningfields</a> (92m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Street_Tower" title="River Street Tower">River Street Tower</a> (92m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arndale" title="Manchester Arndale">Arndale House</a> (90m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower</a> (87m)</li> <li><i>Cambridge Street Block A</i> (83m)</li> <li><i>One Regent</i> (82m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Civil_Justice_Centre" title="Manchester Civil Justice Centre">Civil Justice Centre</a> (81m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_One" title="Manchester One">Manchester One</a> (80m)</li> <li><i>1 Circle Square</i> (76m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Hardman_Street" title="3 Hardman Street">3 Hardman Street</a> (75m)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Tower" title="Great Northern Tower">Great Northern Tower</a> (72m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Angel_Square" title="One Angel Square">One Angel Square</a> (72m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_St_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="3 St Peter's Square">3 St Peter's Square</a> (72m)</li> <li><i>The Gate, Angel Meadow</i> (68m)</li> <li><i>The Light House</i> (67m)</li> <li><i>Victoria Residence</i> (67m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principal_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="The Principal Manchester">The Principal Manchester</a> (66m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Mill" title="Victoria Mill">Victoria Mill</a> (65m)</li> <li><i>Albert Bridge House</i> (64m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/111_Piccadilly" title="111 Piccadilly">111 Piccadilly</a> (64m)</li> <li><i>Islington Wharf</i> (64m)</li> <li><i>The Slate Yard Flint Building</i> (64m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Properties" title="West Properties">Skyline Central</a> (63m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Building" title="Peninsula Building">The Peninsula</a> (63m)</li> <li><i>Cambridge Street Block B</i> (63m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Deansgate" title="No. 1 Deansgate">No. 1 Deansgate</a> (62m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Park" title="Owens Park">Owens Park Tower</a> (61m)</li> <li><i>Brooklyn Hotel</i> (61m)</li> <li><i>One Castle Wharf</i> (61m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Business_School#Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School Hotel</a> (60m)</li> <li><i>St James's Buildings</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>2 Leftbank Apartments</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>3 Leftbank Apartments</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>3 Piccadilly Place</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>Chancery Place</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>The Lume</i> (60m)</li> <li><i>Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2</i> (60m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_St_Peter%27s_Square" title="One St Peter's Square">One St Peter's Square</a> (59m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_St_Peter%27s_Square" title="Two St Peter's Square">Two St Peter's Square</a> (59m)</li> <li><i>Landmark, St. Peter's Square</i> (59m)</li> <li><i>2 Circle Square</i> (59m)</li> <li><i>Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square</i> (59m)</li> <li><i>Lowry House</i> (58m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Police_Courts,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="City Police Courts, Manchester">Minshull Street Courts</a> (57m)</li> <li><i>UNITE Tower</i> (57m)</li> <li><i>Cornbrook Works Tower 1</i> (57m)</li> <li><i>Ramada Renaissance Hotel</i> (56m)</li> <li><i>Parkway Gate Block 1</i> (56m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange Theatre">Royal Exchange Theatre</a> (55m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_New_York_Street" title="1 New York Street">1 New York Street</a> (55m)</li> <li><i>St James's House</i> (55m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Chambers" title="Bank Chambers">Bank Chambers</a> (55m)</li> <li><i>Vita Circle Square Tower 1</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>Kampus Tower 1</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>Kampus Tower 2</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3</i> (54m)</li> <li><i>No. 1 Marsden Street</i> (53m)</li> <li><i>The Stile, Angel Meadow</i> (53m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Street,_Manchester" title="King Street, Manchester">82 King Street</a> (52m)</li> <li><i>Oxygen Tower 2</i> (52m)</li> <li><i>Vox Tower 1</i> (51m)</li> <li><i>Kampus Tower 3</i> (51m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_House" title="New Century House">New Century House</a> (50m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexagon_Tower" title="Hexagon Tower">Hexagon Tower</a> (50m)</li> <li><i>Parkway Gate Block 2</i> (50m)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable low-rises<br />(<a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">city centre</a> or Grade II* listed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_The_Avenue" title="1 The Avenue">1 The Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_National_Westminster_Bank,_Spring_Gardens,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Former National Westminster Bank, Spring Gardens, Manchester">1–3 York Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_St_Ann_Street" title="25 St Ann Street">25 St Ann Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38_and_42_Mosley_Street" title="38 and 42 Mosley Street">38 and 42 Mosley Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46%E2%80%9348_Brown_Street" title="46–48 Brown Street">46–48 Brown Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Newton_Street" title="50 Newton Street">50 Newton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53_King_Street" title="53 King Street">53 King Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84_Plymouth_Grove" title="84 Plymouth Grove">84 Plymouth Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_King_Street" title="100 King Street">100 King Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afflecks" title="Afflecks">Afflecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Building" title="Alan Turing Building">Alan Turing Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Manchester" title="Albert Hall, Manchester">Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancoats_Hospital" title="Ancoats Hospital">Ancoats Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkwright_House,_Manchester" title="Arkwright House, Manchester">Arkwright House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Athenaeum" title="Manchester Athenaeum">Athenaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguley_Hall" title="Baguley Hall">Baguley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Chambers" title="Bank Chambers">Bank Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Hall" title="Barlow Hall">Barlow Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Arcade" title="Barton Arcade">Barton Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library" title="Manchester Central Library">Central Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library" title="Chetham's Library">Chetham's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chips,_Manchester" title="Chips, Manchester">Chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Hall" title="Clayton Hall">Clayton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court,_Manchester" title="County Court, Manchester">County Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_Manchester" title="Daily Express Building, Manchester">Daily Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton-Ellis_Hall" title="Dalton-Ellis Hall">Dalton-Ellis Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury_Campus" title="Didsbury Campus">Didsbury Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_Exchange" title="Estate Exchange">Estate Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Bank_of_England,_Manchester" title="Former Bank of England, Manchester">Former Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall" title="Free Trade Hall">Free Trade Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_House,_Manchester" title="Gateway House, Manchester">Gateway House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Building" title="The Green Building">The Green Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_House,_Manchester" title="Grove House, Manchester">Grove House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Building" title="Hanover Building">Hanover Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton_Park" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoake_House" title="Holyoake House">Holyoake House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hough_End_Hall" title="Hough End Hall">Hough End Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Hall,_Manchester" title="Hulme Hall, Manchester">Hulme Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Hippodrome" title="Hulme Hippodrome">Hulme Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Institute_of_Biotechnology" title="Manchester Institute of Biotechnology">Institute of Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Library" title="University of Manchester Library">John Rylands University Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendals" title="Kendals">Kendals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buildings" title="Lawrence Buildings">Lawrence Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Law_Library" title="Manchester Law Library">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_House,_Manchester" title="Lincoln House, Manchester">Lincoln House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Road_Fire_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Road Fire Station">London Road Fire Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Museum" title="Manchester Museum">Manchester Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute,_Manchester" title="Mechanics' Institute, Manchester">Mechanics' Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall,_Manchester" title="Memorial Hall, Manchester">Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Hotel,_Manchester" title="Midland Hotel, Manchester">Midland Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Police_Courts,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="City Police Courts, Manchester">Minshull Street Crown Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Industry_Museum" title="Science and Industry Museum">Science and Industry Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graphene_Institute" title="National Graphene Institute">National Graphene Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson_High_School" title="Ellen Wilkinson High School">Nicholls Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinema,_Manchester" title="Odeon Cinema, Manchester">Odeon Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Wellington_Inn" title="The Old Wellington Inn">Old Wellington Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Piccadilly_Gardens" title="One Piccadilly Gardens">One Piccadilly Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum" title="People's History Museum">People's History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police_Museum" title="Greater Manchester Police Museum">Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Portico_Library" title="The Portico Library">Portico Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Playhouse Theatre, Manchester">Playhouse Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfern_Building" title="Redfern Building">Redfern Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Reform_Club" title="Manchester Reform Club">Reform Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Northenden" title="Rose Hill, Northenden">Rose Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Royal_Eye_Hospital" title="Manchester Royal Eye Hospital">Royal Eye Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Building" title="Rylands Building">Rylands Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackville_Street_Building" title="Sackville Street Building">Sackville Street Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharston_Hall" title="Sharston Hall">Sharston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_Canal_House" title="Ship Canal House">Ship Canal House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slade_Hall" title="Slade Hall">Slade Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market_Hall" title="Smithfield Market Hall">Smithfield Market Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anselm_Hall" title="St Anselm Hall">St Anselm Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Hospital,_Manchester" title="Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester">Saint Mary's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s,_Manchester" title="St Michael's, Manchester">St Michael's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Manchester" title="HM Prison Manchester">Strangeways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_House" title="Sunlight House">Sunlight House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Manchester" title="Theatre Royal, Manchester">Theatre Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_Rack_(building)" title="Toast Rack (building)">Toast Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Towers_(Manchester)" title="The Towers (Manchester)">The Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Transport,_Greater_Manchester" title="Museum of Transport, Greater Manchester">Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbis" title="Urbis">Urbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttley_House" title="Uttley House">Uttley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Baths" title="Victoria Baths">Victoria Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Art Gallery">Whitworth Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Building" title="Whitworth Building">Whitworth Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe_Bus_Garage" title="Wythenshawe Bus Garage">Wythenshawe Bus Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe_Hall" title="Wythenshawe Hall">Wythenshawe Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_cotton_warehouses" title="Manchester cotton warehouses">warehouses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/107_Piccadilly" title="107 Piccadilly">107 Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_warehouse,_Liverpool_Road_railway_station" title="1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station">1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Mill,_Ancoats" title="Albion Mill, Ancoats">Albion Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_House,_Manchester" title="Asia House, Manchester">Asia House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Mill" title="Beehive Mill">Beehive Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_House,_Manchester" title="Bridgewater House, Manchester">Bridgewater House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsfield_Mill" title="Brownsfield Mill">Brownsfield Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Mill,_Ancoats" title="Brunswick Mill, Ancoats">Brunswick Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_House,_Manchester" title="Canada House, Manchester">Canada House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton_New_Mills" title="Chorlton New Mills">Chorlton New Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tootal,_Broadhurst_and_Lee_Building,_Manchester" title="Tootal, Broadhurst and Lee Building, Manchester">Churchgate House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Street_Warehouse" title="Dale Street Warehouse">Dale Street Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Mills" title="Havelock Mills">Havelock Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House,_Manchester" title="India House, Manchester">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Warehouse" title="Jackson's Warehouse">Jackson's Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House,_Manchester" title="Lancaster House, Manchester">Lancaster House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McConnel_%26_Kennedy_Mills" title="McConnel & Kennedy Mills">McConnel & Kennedy Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrays%27_Mills" title="Murrays' Mills">Murrays' Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mill,_Manchester" title="Old Mill, Manchester">Old Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Mill" title="Piccadilly Mill">Piccadilly Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mill" title="Royal Mill">Royal Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudehill_Mill" title="Shudehill Mill">Shudehill Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Warehouse" title="Watts Warehouse">Watts Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />(Grade I or II* listed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Muslim_Heritage_Centre" title="British Muslim Heritage Centre">British Muslim Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Unitarian_Church" title="Brookfield Unitarian Church">Brookfield Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlefield_Congregational_Chapel" title="Castlefield Congregational Chapel">Castlefield Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Moss_Side,_Manchester" title="Christ Church, Moss Side, Manchester">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Street_Chapel" title="Cross Street Chapel">Cross Street Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus,_Manchester" title="Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wood_Centre" title="Edgar Wood Centre">Edgar Wood Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_Monastery" title="Gorton Monastery">Gorton Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Platt_Church" title="Holy Trinity Platt Church">Holy Trinity Platt Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Gem" title="The Hidden Gem">The Hidden Gem</a> (Church of St Mary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Jewish_Museum" title="Manchester Jewish Museum">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Reform_Synagogue" title="Manchester Reform Synagogue">Manchester Reform Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ann%27s_Church,_Manchester" title="St Ann's Church, Manchester">St Ann's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Chrysostom%27s_Church,_Victoria_Park" title="St Chrysostom's Church, Victoria Park">St Chrysostom's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Cross,_Clayton" title="Church of St Cross, Clayton">Church of St Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_George,_Chester_Road,_Hulme" title="Church of St George, Chester Road, Hulme">St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_James,_Didsbury" title="Church of St James, Didsbury">St James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Evangelist,_Cheetham_Hill" title="Church of St John the Evangelist, Cheetham Hill">St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Hulme" title="Church of St Mary, Hulme">St Mary</a> (Hulme)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels,_Northenden" title="Church of St Michael and All Angels, Northenden">Church of St Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_Burnage" title="Church of St Nicholas, Burnage">St Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter,_Blackley" title="Church of St Peter, Blackley">St Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Brook_Street_Chapel,_Manchester" title="Upper Brook Street Chapel, Manchester">Upper Brook Street Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Wilfrid,_Northenden" title="Church of St Wilfrid, Northenden">St Wilfrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Airport railway station">Airport station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deansgate_railway_station" title="Deansgate railway station">Deansgate station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Piccadilly station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Oxford Road station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_Gardens_bus_station" title="Manchester Piccadilly Gardens bus station">Piccadilly bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudehill_Interchange" title="Shudehill Interchange">Shudehill Interchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O2_Apollo_Manchester" title="O2 Apollo Manchester">O<sub>2</sub> Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arndale" title="Manchester Arndale">Arndale Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall" title="Bridgewater Hall">Bridgewater Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlefield_Bowl" title="Castlefield Bowl">Castlefield Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Convention_Complex" title="Manchester Central Convention Complex">Central</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Live" title="Co-op Live">Co-op Live</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Theatre" title="Contact Theatre">Contact Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerhouse" title="Cornerhouse">Cornerhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Factory_(Manchester)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Factory (Manchester)">The Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Warehouse" title="Great Northern Warehouse">Great Northern Warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOME_(Manchester)" title="HOME (Manchester)">HOME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Palace Theatre, Manchester">Palace Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrs_Wood" title="Parrs Wood">Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Opera_House" title="Manchester Opera House">Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Printworks_(Manchester)" title="The Printworks (Manchester)">The Printworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Academy" title="Manchester Academy">Manchester Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritz_(Manchester)" title="The Ritz (Manchester)">O<sub>2</sub> Ritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2_Victoria_Warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="O2 Victoria Warehouse">Victoria Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Aquatics_Centre" title="Manchester Aquatics Centre">Aquatics Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Vue_Stadium" title="Belle Vue Stadium">Belle Vue Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadhurst_Park" title="Broadhurst Park">Broadhurst Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cycling_Centre" title="National Cycling Centre">National Cycling Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Indoor_BMX_Arena" title="National Indoor BMX Arena">BMX Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome" title="Manchester Velodrome">Velodrome</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etihad_Campus" title="Etihad Campus">Etihad Campus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium" title="City of Manchester Stadium">City of Manchester Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Stadium" title="Academy Stadium">Manchester City Academy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Regional_Arena" title="Manchester Regional Arena">Manchester Regional Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speedway_Stadium" title="National Speedway Stadium">National Speedway Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Squash_Centre" title="National Squash Centre">National Squash Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Memorial" title="Alan Turing Memorial">Alan Turing Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester#The_Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_of_the_Bang" title="B of the Bang">B of the Bang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glade_of_Light" title="The Glade of Light">The Glade of Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cenotaph" title="Manchester Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Mausoleum" title="Peacock Mausoleum">Peacock Mausoleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_Over_Blindness" title="Victory Over Blindness">Victory Over Blindness</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Albert Bridge, Manchester">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Blackfriars Bridge, Manchester">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_Street_Bridge" title="Corporation Street Bridge">Corporation Street Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Arch_Bridge" title="Hulme Arch Bridge">Hulme Arch Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irwell_Railway_Bridge" title="River Irwell Railway Bridge">Irwell Railway bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Bridge,_Salford" title="Palatine Bridge, Salford">Palatine Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_Street_Aqueduct" title="Store Street Aqueduct">Store Street Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bridge,_Greater_Manchester" title="Trinity Bridge, Greater Manchester">Trinity Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_Manchester" title="Victoria Bridge, Manchester">Victoria Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of castles in Greater Manchester">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="List of churches in Greater Manchester">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings_in_Manchester" title="Grade II listed buildings in Manchester">Grade II listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_Manchester#Manchester" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">Tallest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_cotton_warehouses" title="Manchester cotton warehouses">Warehouses</a></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Italics</i> denote building under construction</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_districts_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Template:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Template talk:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_districts_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan districts of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale" title="Calderdale">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/125px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/188px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/250px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Council" title="Bolton Council">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford_Metropolitan_District_Council" title="City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Bury Metropolitan Borough Council">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_Council" title="Coventry City Council">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Doncaster Council">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Council" title="Kirklees Council">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council" title="Leeds City Council">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Council" title="North Tyneside Council">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Council" title="Oldham Council">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Borough_Council" title="Rochdale Borough Council">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council" title="Salford City Council">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefton_Council" title="Sefton Council">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside_Council" title="South Tyneside Council">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens Council">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council" title="Sunderland City Council">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Council" title="Trafford Council">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Council" title="Wakefield Council">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Council" title="Walsall Council">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirral_Council" title="Wirral Council">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton City Council">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council_elections" title="Birmingham City Council elections">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford_Metropolitan_District_Council_elections" title="City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council elections">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bury Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_Council_elections" title="Coventry City Council elections">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council_elections" title="Leeds City Council elections">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council_elections" title="Liverpool City Council elections">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council_elections" title="Manchester City Council elections">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council_elections" title="Newcastle City Council elections">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council_elections" title="Salford City Council elections">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefton_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council_elections" title="Sheffield City Council elections">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council elections">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council_elections" title="Sunderland City Council elections">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council_elections" title="Wakefield Metropolitan District Council elections">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirral_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_City_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton City Council elections">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_North_West_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NW_England" title="Template:NW England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NW_England" title="Template talk:NW England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NW_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NW England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_North_West_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg/75px-North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg/113px-North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg/150px-North_West_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" 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title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Wigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Burnley" title="Borough of Burnley">Burnley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Chorley" title="Borough of Chorley">Chorley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fylde" title="Borough of Fylde">Fylde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyndburn" title="Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Pendle" title="Borough of Pendle">Pendle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribble_Valley" title="Ribble Valley">Ribble Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Rossendale" title="Borough of Rossendale">Rossendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ribble" title="South Ribble">South Ribble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lancashire" title="West Lancashire">West Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wyre" title="Borough of Wyre">Wyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_North_West_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_West_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_West_England" title="Portal:North West England">North West England portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games" title="1950 British Empire Games">1950</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1966</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchester</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2030_Commonwealth_Games" title="2030 Commonwealth Games">2030</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18125#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18125#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18125#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000098894196">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146697625">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145353708">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212972/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manchester"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhmrbJYm3tXW98GbWJjC">WorldCat</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manchester (England)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjqHf6RcKvWHFK8wGt96Bq">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037286-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81042321">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Manchester (Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129952&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590131605171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557207905171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/852531bf-3410-401f-b432-9c3157a386b9">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/147123828">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10037016">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester&oldid=1258092864">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester&oldid=1258092864</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manchester" title="Category:Manchester">Manchester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_establishments_in_Roman_Britain" title="Category:1st-century establishments in Roman Britain">1st-century establishments in Roman Britain</a></li><li><a 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