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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owenism_and_Josiah_Warren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owenism_and_Josiah_Warren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Owenism and Josiah Warren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owenism_and_Josiah_Warren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulation_by_Proudhon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulation_by_Proudhon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Formulation by Proudhon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulation_by_Proudhon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchism_and_the_IWA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism_and_the_IWA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Anarchism and the IWA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism_and_the_IWA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_by_American_individualists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_by_American_individualists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Development by American individualists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_by_American_individualists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theoretical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Theoretical developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-capitalist_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-capitalist_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Anti-capitalist critique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-capitalist_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Divisions and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Contemporary developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contract_and_federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contract_and_federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Contract and federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contract_and_federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Free association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_credit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_credit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mutual credit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_credit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usufruct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usufruct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Usufruct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usufruct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mutualism (economic theory)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="تبادلية (نظرية اقتصادية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبادلية (نظرية اقتصادية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualisme_(teoria_econ%C3%B2mica)" title="Mutualisme (teoria econòmica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mutualisme (teoria econòmica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismus_(ekonomie)" title="Mutualismus (ekonomie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mutualismus (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualisme_(%C3%B8konomisk_teori)" title="Mutualisme (økonomisk teori) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mutualisme (økonomisk teori)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismus_(%C3%96konomie)" title="Mutualismus (Ökonomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mutualismus (Ökonomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(majandus)" title="Mutualism (majandus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mutualism (majandus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μουτουαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουτουαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismo_(teor%C3%ADa_econ%C3%B3mica)" title="Mutualismo (teoría económica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mutualismo (teoría económica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprokisma_anarkiismo" title="Reciprokisma anarkiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reciprokisma anarkiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismo" title="Mutualismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mutualismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuellisme" title="Mutuellisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mutuellisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_(%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0)" title="상호주의 (경제이론) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상호주의 (경제이론)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualisme_(teori_ekonomi)" title="Mutualisme (teori ekonomi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismo_(economia)" title="Mutualismo (economia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mutualismo (economia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualizmus_(politika)" title="Mutualizmus (politika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mutualizmus (politika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Мутуализам (економска теорија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мутуализам (економска теорија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="മ്യൂച്വലിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മ്യൂച്വലിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualisme_(economie)" title="Mutualisme (economie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mutualisme (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0_(%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96)" title="ミューチュアリズム (経済理論) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミューチュアリズム (経済理論)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualisme_(%C3%B8konomi)" title="Mutualisme (økonomi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mutualisme (økonomi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualizm_(ekonomia)" title="Mutualizm (ekonomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mutualizm (ekonomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismo_(economia)" title="Mutualismo (economia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mutualismo (economia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(teorie_economic%C4%83)" title="Mutualism (teorie economică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mutualism (teorie economică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мютюэлизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мютюэлизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mutualism (economic theory)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualizmus_(Proudhon)" title="Mutualizmus (Proudhon) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mutualizmus (Proudhon)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismi" title="Mutualismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mutualismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(ekonomi)" title="Mutualism (ekonomi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mutualism (ekonomi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualismo" title="Mutualismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mutualismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualizm_(ekonomik_teori)" title="Mutualizm (ekonomik teori) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mutualizm (ekonomik teori)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anarchist school of thought and socialist economic theory</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the anarchist school of thought and economic theory. For the biological term and other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mutualism (disambiguation)">Mutualism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a 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<p><b>Mutualism</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist school of thought</a> and anti-capitalist market<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> socialist<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">economic theory</a> that advocates for <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> made up of individual <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' cooperative">workers' cooperatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">occupation and use property rights</a>. As proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of property">labour theory of property</a>, mutualists oppose all forms of <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a> and non-nominal <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>, which they see as relying on the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of labour</a>. Mutualists seek to construct an economy without <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership" title="Concentration of land ownership">concentration of land ownership</a>. They also encourage the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, which they propose could be supported through the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">mutual banks</a>, with the aim of creating a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal society</a>. </p><p>Mutualism has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>. It first developed a practical expression in <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a>'s community experiments in the United States, which he established according to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">equitable commerce</a> based on a system of <a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">labor notes</a>. Mutualism was first formulated into a comprehensive economic theory by the French anarchist <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, who proposed the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Unequal_exchange" title="Unequal exchange">unequal exchange</a> and the establishment of a new economic system based on <a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">reciprocity</a>. In order to establish such a system, he proposed the creation of a "People's Bank" that could issue mutual credit to workers and eventually replace the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>; although his own attempts to establish such a system were foiled by the <a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">1851 French coup d'état</a>. </p><p>After Proudhon's death, mutualism lost its popularity within the European anarchist movement and was eventually redefined in counterposition to <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>. Proudhon's thought was instead taken up by <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">American individualists</a>, who came to be closely identified with mutualist economics. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_K._Ingalls" title="Joshua K. Ingalls">Joshua K. Ingalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a> developed on mutualist theories of value, property and mutual credit, while <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> elaborated a mutualist <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">critique of capitalism</a>. The American mutualist <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Dyer Lum</a> attempted to bridge the divide between communist and individualist anarchists, but many of the latter camp eventually split from the anarchist movement and embraced <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>. </p><p>Mutualist ideas were later implemented in <a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">local exchange trading systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">alternative currency</a> models, but the tendency itself fell out of the popular consciousness during the 20th century. The advent of the internet generated a revived interest in mutualist economics, particularly after the publication of new works on the subject by American libertarian theorist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, the origins of mutualism lay in the events of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">directly democratic</a> structure of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431–432_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431–432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations of mutualist economic theory lay in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicalism</a> of English socialist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a>. Drawing from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberal</a> works of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a>, Spence called for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, and for the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> of production through <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' cooperatives">workers' cooperatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201883_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201883-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "mutualism" was first used during the 1820s; originally defined synonymously with terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">reciprocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">fair play</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1822, French utopian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> used the term "convergent compound mutualism" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">mutualisme composé convergent</i>), in order to describe a form of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">progressive education</a> that adapted the <a href="/wiki/Monitorial_System" title="Monitorial System">Monitorial System</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pupil-teacher" title="Pupil-teacher">pupil-teachers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owenism_and_Josiah_Warren">Owenism and Josiah Warren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Owenism and Josiah Warren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Josiah Warren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg/220px-Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg/330px-Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg/440px-Josiah_Warren_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a> that established some of the first experiments in mutualism</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Spence's mutualist platform was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a> becoming a pioneering force in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">history of the cooperative movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201883–84_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201883–84-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1826, the term "mutualism" was being used by members of Owen's <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">utopian community</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a>, in order to propose a more <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> left New Harmony and established the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a>, which was based on his ideas of "equitable commerce".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385,_497–498Martin197015–16Wilbur2019215_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385,_497–498Martin197015–16Wilbur2019215-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system set <a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">cost as the limit of price</a> and established exchange based on <a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">labor notes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385Wilbur2019220_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385Wilbur2019220-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with his mutualist principles, Warren refused to substantially grow his business, maintaining the equal exchange between shopkeeper and customer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped the shop would eventually be the nucleus for the establishment of a "mutualist village".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After running it for three years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 1830, Warren decided to liquidate the Time Store in an attempt to pursue his plan of building a mutualist village in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caught the attention of Robert Owen, who proposed that they instead build a mutualist community in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York</a>, but this project never met fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197024–26_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197024–26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren made the decision to delay the establishment of his mutualist colony until 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197031_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197031-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the preceding years sketching out the <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntarist structure</a> of the planned community, together with other prospective members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197035–36_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197035–36-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They established their anarchist community in <a href="/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio" title="Tuscarawas County, Ohio">Tuscarawas County, Ohio</a>, but it was short-lived, as an influenza epidemic forced them to abandon the village by 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197036–37_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197036–37-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren returned to New Harmony, where he established another Time Store, but he received little support from other community members and shut it down in March 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197043–44_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197043–44-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, his mutualist ideas were still taken up by other radicals of the period, with <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Evans" title="George Henry Evans">George Henry Evans</a> and his <a href="/wiki/National_Reform_Association_(1844)" title="National Reform Association (1844)">Land Reform Association</a> championing mutualist arguments against the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership" title="Concentration of land ownership">concentration of land ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197044–45_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197044–45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warren returned to Ohio, where he founded the mutualist community of <a href="/wiki/Utopia,_Ohio" title="Utopia, Ohio">Utopia</a> in 1847, taking over from an earlier Fourierist community that had established the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197057–58_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197057–58-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community adopted labor notes as its currency and committed itself to an economy of equitable commerce, with cost as the limit of price.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197059–62_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197059–62-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utopia grew to about one hundred residents and established various enterprises, demonstrating to Warren the potential of his economic principles of decentralisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197062–63_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197062–63-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1850s, Warren himself had moved on from Ohio and established the <a href="/wiki/Utopian_Community_of_Modern_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian Community of Modern Times">Utopian Community of Modern Times</a> on Long Island, New York,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386Martin197063_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386Martin197063-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his mutualist experiments would decline with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197063_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197063-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren's mutualist communities of Utopia and Modern Times ultimately lasted for twenty years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually evolving into traditional villages with only minor mutualist tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulation_by_Proudhon">Formulation by Proudhon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formulation by Proudhon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait painting of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, the first self-described anarchist and the primary proponent of mutualism</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "mutualist" was adopted in 1828 by the <i><a href="/wiki/Canut" title="Canut">canuts</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, who went on to lead a <a href="/wiki/Canut_revolts" title="Canut revolts">series of revolts</a> throughout the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this same time, the young French activist <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> was first being drawn towards Fourier's <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a>; by 1843, Proudhon had joined the Mutualists in Lyon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019215_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019215-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoption of the term "mutualist" by Proudhon and his development of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> would result in a shift of its meaning and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213–214_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213–214-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon held "<a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">mutuality</a>" (or "exchange in kind") to be a core part of his economic theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891Wilbur2019215–216_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891Wilbur2019215–216-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>System of Economic Contradictions</i> (1846), Proudhon described mutuality as a synthesis of "private property and <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutualist principle of reciprocity provided the basis for all its proposed institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92Wilbur2019215–216_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92Wilbur2019215–216-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">mutual insurance</a>. Proudhon considered the perfect expression of mutuality to be a <a href="/wiki/Synallagmatic_contract" title="Synallagmatic contract">synallagmatic contract</a> of equal exchange between <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equal individuals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon considered the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_exchange" title="Unequal exchange">unequal exchange</a> to be at the root of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of labour</a> and believed that a truly <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> ought to be built on reciprocity, without <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201892_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201892-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that under such conditions, commerce would progress towards equal exchange, where the value of a product or service reflects only the cost of its production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201892–93_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201892–93-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He envisioned the eventual "<a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">withering away of the state</a>" and its replacement with a system of economic contracts between individuals and collectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201893Vest2020113–114_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201893Vest2020113–114-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proudhon claimed that <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> constituted a form of <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a>, as proprietors used their title to extract labour-value from others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94Vest2020113–114_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94Vest2020113–114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as he characterised it: "the proprietor reaps where [they] did not sow".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Proudhon, <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a> represented the enclosure of the value of collective production, with the capitalist collecting <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rent</a> from their workers in the form of <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201894_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201894-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon's anti-capitalist economic theories stood in sharp contrast to liberal economists of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Carey" title="Henry Charles Carey">Henry Charles Carey</a>, who argued in defense of landlords and capitalists from the claims of workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201895–96_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201895–96-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon claimed that landlords and capitalists contributed nothing to production, and that their only claim to the contrary was by not impeding access to the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201896_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201896-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>, Proudhon began elaborating his proposal for a "Bank of the People".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750Wilbur2019216_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750Wilbur2019216-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought such a bank could guarantee <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> to all workers, enabling them bring the product of their labour under the <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a> of all that participated in production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201894–95North200750Wilbur2019216_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201894–95North200750Wilbur2019216-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he was <a href="/wiki/1848_French_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1848 French Constituent Assembly election">elected to the Constituent Assembly</a>, Proudhon lobbied for the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> into such a "Bank of the People"; he proposed that a 2-3% interest rate would be enough to cover all public expenses and would allow for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a>. Proudhon's "Bank of the People" was officially <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a> but was never able to establish itself in practice, as Proudhon was arrested and imprisoned following the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoleon Bonaparte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750–51_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750–51-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final attempt at writing a comprehensive mutualist programme, <i>The Political Capacity of the Working Classes</i> (1865), Proudhon proposed the establishment of a "mutualist system" of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism_and_the_IWA">Anarchism and the IWA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anarchism and the IWA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 1860s, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">French anarchist movement</a> first began to develop an organised expression, establishing <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> systems inspired by Proudhon's mutualist theories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his life, Proudhon himself had grown more cautious of using the term "anarchist" and instead referred to himself as a "federalist"; his followers also eschewed the "anarchist" label, instead calling themselves "mutualists" after his principle of mutual exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Proudhon's death in 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShantz20092-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his mutualist followers helped establish the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (IWA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431Shantz20092Wilbur2019216_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431Shantz20092Wilbur2019216-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Mikhail Bakunin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/220px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/330px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/440px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, the leader of the anti-authoritarian faction of the IWA, who argued that his <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist anarchism</a> was an extension of Proudhonian mutualism</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the IWA, the organisation was largely mutualist,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092Wilbur2019216_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShantz20092Wilbur2019216-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as exemplified by its contractual demands during its 1866 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Congress_(1866)" title="Geneva Congress (1866)">Geneva Congress</a> and 1867 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Congress_(1867)" title="Lausanne Congress (1867)">Lausanne Congress</a>. But in the following years, French mutualists began to lose control over the organisation to Russian and German communists based in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mutualism was gradually overshadowed by other anarchist schools of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200751Shantz20092_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200751Shantz20092-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1860s, the French section of the IWA was already shifting away from mutualism, with <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Eugène Varlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Malon" title="Benoît Malon">Benoît Malon</a> convincing it to adopt <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>'s platform of <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin himself held his collectivist theories to be "Proudhonism, greatly developed and taken to its ultimate conclusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434Wilbur2019217_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434Wilbur2019217-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although inspired by Proudhon's arguments for federalism, Bakunin broke from his mutualist economics and argued instead for the <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993275_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993275-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s, as divisions between the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarians</a> in the IWA grew sharper, Proudhonian mutualism gradually lost its remaining influence; although it continued to see minor developments by collectivists such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_De_Paepe" title="César De Paepe">César De Paepe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Pelletier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Pelletier (page does not exist)">Claude Pelletier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the programme of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435Shantz20092_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435Shantz20092-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the IWA finally split, members of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">anti-authoritarian faction</a> slowly adopted "anarchism" as the label for their philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217–218_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217–218-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Bakunin's death in 1876,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Russian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> had taken anarchist philosophy beyond both Proudhon's mutualism and Bakunin's collectivism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued instead for <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>, in which resources are distributed "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327Wilbur2019218_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327Wilbur2019218-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quickly became the dominant form of anarchism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 1880s, mutualism was slowly defined in opposition to anarchist communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutualism was redefined as a non-communist form of anarchism, due to its emphasis on reciprocity, <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>. As a result, different tendencies and interpretations of mutualism started to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_by_American_individualists">Development by American individualists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development by American individualists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warren's mutualist experiments, which inspired the <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">American individualism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891Marshall1993387_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891Marshall1993387-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laid a foundation for the introduction of Proudhonian mutualism to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren himself was later retroactively labelled a "mutualist" by the individualists of this period, who were inspired by his system of "equitable commerce".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Channing" title="William Henry Channing">William Henry Channing</a> synthesised Proudhon's mutualism with <a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a>, conceiving of "the coming era of mutualism" in <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218–219_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218–219-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhonian mutualism was later discussed in articles by a number of American utopian theorists, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_George_Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis George Shaw (page does not exist)">Francis George Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Albert Brisbane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles Anderson Dana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theoretical_developments">Theoretical developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theoretical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshua_K._Ingalls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Joshua K. Ingalls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Joshua_K._Ingalls.png/220px-Joshua_K._Ingalls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Joshua_K._Ingalls.png/330px-Joshua_K._Ingalls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Joshua_K._Ingalls.png/440px-Joshua_K._Ingalls.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joshua_K._Ingalls" title="Joshua K. Ingalls">Joshua K. Ingalls</a>, an early American mutualist who advocated for <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">occupancy and use</a> property rights and upheld the <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Two of the most important figures of this period were <a href="/wiki/Joshua_K._Ingalls" title="Joshua K. Ingalls">Joshua K. Ingalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were inspired by Proudhon's mutualist ideas as elaborated by Dana,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Marshall1993236Vest2020114_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Marshall1993236Vest2020114-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> synthesising it with American individualist traditions pioneered by Warren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387,_497–498Vest2020115_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387,_497–498Vest2020115-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ingalls was a vocal proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a> and an advocate of workers receiving the <a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">full product of their labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970139–140_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970139–140-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also argued against the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership" title="Concentration of land ownership">concentration of land ownership</a>, which he believed to be the principal source of <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970140–142_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970140–142-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead called for the institution of <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">occupancy-and-use property rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970144,_148–149_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970144,_148–149-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing from <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a>, Greene presented Proudhonian mutualism as a successor to Christianity, describing it as "the religion of the coming age."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene proposed the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">mutual banks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219Vest2020114_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219Vest2020114-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would issue loans at a <a href="/wiki/Nominal_interest_rate" title="Nominal interest rate">nominal interest rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed these could outcompete the high interest rates charged by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a> and lead to wages rising to the "full value of the work done".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene's model for a <a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">free price system</a>, which he argued would trend towards <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labor-value</a> as <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">social privileges</a> were abolished, represented a break from Owen and Warren's "labor for labor" theory of exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene argued that the fruit of all human labors was a product, not only of individual effort, but also of social circumstances that aided them in that effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVest2020115_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVest2020115-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Angela Heywood</a> established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Labor_Reform_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England Labor Reform League (page does not exist)">New England Labor Reform League</a> (NELRL), which published the individualist anarchist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Word_(US_magazine)" title="The Word (US magazine)">The Word</a></i> and widely distributed the works of American mutualists such as Warren and Greene, who were also members of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1872 to 1876, the NELRL attempted to lobby the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> to establish a mutual bank, but they were ultimately unsuccessful,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Vest2020114_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Vest2020114-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convincing them that state legislatures had already undergone <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">regulatory capture</a> by capitalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-capitalist_critique">Anti-capitalist critique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-capitalist critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Tucker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Benjamin Tucker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benjamin_Tucker.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Tucker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benjamin_Tucker.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Tucker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Benjamin_Tucker.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Tucker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, whose critique of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>'s tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> provided a foundation for the development of mutualist alternatives</figcaption></figure> <p>Inspired by the older mutualists within the NELRL, the young League member <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> quickly rose to prominence as one of the leading figures of individualist anarchism in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tucker integrated the earlier iterations of mutualism into a single ideological doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018104_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018104-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopting Greene's ideas on mutual banking and synthesising Proudhonian mutualism with the American individualist tradition of Warren and Spooner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018104Vest2020114–115Wilbur2019220_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018104Vest2020114–115Wilbur2019220-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i>, which he established in 1881, he contributed to the development of anarchist political thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018104–105Vest2020115Wilbur2019220_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018104–105Vest2020115Wilbur2019220-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing from the mutualism of Warren and Proudhon, he argued that the exploitation of labour derived from <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018105Wilbur2019220–221_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018105Wilbur2019220–221-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which collaborated with capitalists in order to extract labour value in the form of "interest, rent and profit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018105_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018105-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to combat coercive practices that allowed the proliferation of wealth and privilege, Tucker proposed the establishment of a "<a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">anarchistic socialism</a>", in which all forms of monopoly were abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018105–106_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018105–106-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tucker derided profit as antithetical to free competition and criticised capitalism for "abolishing the free market", arguing that a truly free market was governed only by the cost of production. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018106–107_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018106–107-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the center of his anti-capitalist critique were what he called the "Four Monopolies":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that of <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership" title="Concentration of land ownership">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108Vest2020115_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108Vest2020115-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Tucker was intensely critical of capitalism, he was uninterested in speculating on the makeup of a future mutualist society. This was eventually taken up by <a href="/wiki/John_Beverley_Robinson_(anarchist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Beverley Robinson (anarchist)">John Beverley Robinson</a>, who built on Tucker's critique to advocate for <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative economics">cooperative economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018108_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018108-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tucker's followers dedicated themselves to elaborating mutualist projects, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_B._Westrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred B. Westrup (page does not exist)">Alfred B. Westrup</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Kuehn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Kuehn (page does not exist)">Herman Kuehn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Clarence Lee Swartz</a> all writing extensively on the subject of mutual credit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divisions_and_decline">Divisions and decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divisions and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyer_D_Lum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Dyer Lum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Dyer_D_Lum.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Dyer Lum</a>, a Tuckerite mutualist that attempted to bridge the divide between individualist and communist anarchists</figcaption></figure> <p>By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, Proudhonian mutualism was firmly identified with American individualism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVest2020114–115Wilbur2019221_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVest2020114–115Wilbur2019221-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Tucker's followers came to define themselves in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Tucker himself didn't make the distinction, anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_(secularist)" title="Henry Seymour (secularist)">Henry Seymour</a> increasingly contrasted mutualism against communism, with mutualism eventually being used to refer to "non-communist anarchism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Tucker's disciples, <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Dyer Lum</a>, attempted to bridge the divide between the American individualists and the growing <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labour movement</a>, which was developing sympathies for <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018108–109_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018108–109-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, Lum joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a> (IWPA), in which he developed a <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> analysis of "<a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a>" that proposed a form of <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">occupation and use property rights</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">mutual banking</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018109_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018109-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, Lum worked to develop ties between different radical tendencies, hoping to create a "pluralistic anarchistic coalition" capable of advancing a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018109–110_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018109–110-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a>, Lum had aligned with the IWPA's view of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">labor unions</a> as a means to both combat the exploitation of labour and to <a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">prefigure</a> a future <a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">free association of producers</a>. In the 1890s, Lum joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL), within which he introduced workers' to mutualist ideas on banking, land reform and cooperativism through his pamphlet <i>The Economics of Anarchy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018110_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018110-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lum was instrumental in synthesising mutualist economics with <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist politics</a> into a "uniquely American ideology",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018110–111_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018110–111-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one which was taken up by the American individualist <a href="/wiki/Voltairine_De_Cleyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltairine De Cleyre">Voltairine De Cleyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018111_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018111-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But factional divides also began to exacerbate at this time, as Tucker's individualist group in Boston and immigrant <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialists</a> in Chicago split into opposing camps, while Lum attempting to mend relations between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018110_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018110-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lum and Decleyre together developed a perspective of "<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">anarchism without adjectives</a>", in an attempt to overcome the ongoing feud between individualist and communist anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018111–112_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018111–112-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But eventually the split drove many of Tucker's disciples away from the anarchist movement and towards <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>, with some like <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Clarence Lee Swartz</a> coming to embrace <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and setting the groundwork for modern <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">American libertarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018112_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018112-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_developments">Contemporary developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg/260px-FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg/390px-FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg/520px-FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free-market_anti-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anti-capitalism">Free-market anti-capitalist</a> mural</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 20th century, mutualist concepts were developed by the economists <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Borsodi" title="Ralph Borsodi">Ralph Borsodi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Gesell" title="Silvio Gesell">Silvio Gesell</a>; while mutualist ideas were implemented within <a href="/wiki/Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">local exchange trading systems</a> and by models of <a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">alternative currency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShantz20092-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a>, who became a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, adopted a mutualist programme of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a>, equal exchange and usufruct property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993413–414_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993413–414-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some anarchist theorists of the late 20th century were also inspired by mutualism, including American social critic <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a>, Italian essayist <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._George_Benello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. George Benello (page does not exist)">C. George Benello</a>, British social historian <a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Colin Ward</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShantz20092-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lamborn_Wilson" title="Peter Lamborn Wilson">Peter Lamborn Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993682Shantz20092_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993682Shantz20092-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to provide an alternative to the dominant anarchist schools of thought, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Gambone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Gambone (page does not exist)">Larry Gambone</a> attempted to revive the mutualist movement; he established the Voluntary Cooperation Movement, which managed to recruit the British anarchist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Simcock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Simcock (page does not exist)">Jonathan Simcock</a> and the American individualist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Peacott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Peacott (page does not exist)">Joe Peacott</a>, but it was short-lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018116_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018116-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 20th century, mutualism had largely fallen out of the popular consciousness, only experiencing a revival in interest when the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> improved public access to old texts. American libertarian theorist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a> was central to the renewed interest in the subject, self-publishing a series of works on mutualism. Carson's <i>Studies in Mutualist Political Economy</i> proposed a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>, developing a form of "<a href="/wiki/Free-market_anti-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anti-capitalism">free-market anti-capitalism</a>" based on Tucker's conception of mutualism. Interest in Proudhon's works was also renewed during the 21st century, with many of his texts being published by the Proudhon Library and compiled into the collection <i>Property is Theft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary aspects of mutualism are <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">free association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">free banking</a>, reciprocity in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualism</a> and dual power. Mutualism is often described by its proponents as advocating an <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist_free_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist free market">anti-capitalist free market</a>. Mutualists argue that most of the economic problems associated with capitalism each amount to a violation of the cost principle, or as <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> interchangeably said, cost the limit of price. It was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labour theory of value</a>, which was popularized—although not invented—by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in 1776 (Proudhon mentioned Smith as an inspiration). The labor theory of value holds that the actual price of a thing (or the true cost) is the amount of labor undertaken to produce it. In Warren's terms of his <a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">cost the limit of price</a> theory, cost should be the limit of price, with cost referring to the amount of labour required to produce a good or service. Anyone who sells goods should charge no more than the cost to himself of acquiring these goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contract_and_federation">Contract and federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contract and federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutualism holds that producers should exchange their goods at cost-value using contract systems. While Proudhon's early definitions of cost-value were based on fixed assumptions about the value of labour hours, he later redefined cost-value to include other factors such as the labour intensity, the nature of the work involved, etc. He also expanded his notions of contract into expanded notions of federation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_association">Free association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutualists argue that association is only necessary where there is an organic combination of forces. An operation requires specialization and many different workers performing tasks to complete a unified product, i.e. a factory. In this situation, workers are inherently dependent on each other; without association, they are related as subordinate and superior, master and wage-slave. An operation that an individual can perform without the help of specialized workers does not require association. Proudhon argued that peasants do not require societal form and only feigned association for solidarity in abolishing rents, buying clubs, etc. He recognized that their work is inherently sovereign and free.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Proudhon, mutualism involved creating <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a>. In this system, workplaces would be "handed over to democratically organised workers' associations. ... We want these associations to be models for agriculture, industry and trade, the pioneering core of that vast federation of companies and societies woven into the common cloth of the democratic social Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>K. Steven Vincent notes in his in-depth analysis of this aspect of Proudhon's ideas that "Proudhon consistently advanced a program of industrial democracy which would return control and direction of the economy to the workers". For Proudhon, "strong workers' associations ... would enable the workers to determine jointly by election how the enterprise was to be directed and operated on a day-to-day basis".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_credit">Mutual credit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mutual credit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutualists support <a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> and argue that <a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">free banking</a> should be taken back by the people to establish systems of free credit. They contend that banks have a monopoly on credit, just as capitalists have a monopoly on the means of production and landlords have a land monopoly. Banks create money by lending out deposits that do not belong to them and then charging interest on the difference. Mutualists argue that by establishing a democratically run <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">mutual savings bank</a> or <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit union</a>, it would be possible to issue free credit so that money could be created for the participants' benefit rather than the bankers' benefit. Individualist anarchists noted for their detailed views on mutualist banking include <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property">Property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> was an anarchist and socialist philosopher who articulated thoughts on the nature of property. He claimed that "<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft">property is theft</a>", "property is liberty", and "property is impossible". According to <a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Colin Ward</a>, Proudhon did not see a contradiction between these slogans. This was because Proudhon distinguished between what he considered to be two distinct forms of property often bound up in a single label. To the mutualist, this is the distinction between property created by coercion and property created by labour. Property is theft "when it is related to a landowner or capitalist whose ownership is derived from conquest or exploitation and [is] only maintained through the state, property laws, police, and an army". Property is freedom for "the peasant or artisan family [who have] a natural right to a home, land [they may] cultivate, ... to tools of a trade" and the fruits of that cultivation—but not to ownership or control of the lands and lives of others. The former is considered illegitimate property, while the latter is legitimate property.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>What Is Mutualism?</i>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Clarence Lee Swartz</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>It is, therefore, one of the purposes of Mutualists, not only to awaken in the people the appreciation of and desire for freedom, but also to arouse in them a determination to abolish the legal restrictions now placed upon non-invasive human activities and to institute, through purely voluntary associations, such measures as will liberate all of us from the exactions of privilege and the power of concentrated capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Bojicic_2010_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bojicic_2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Swartz also argued that mutualism differs from <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> and other collectivist philosophies by its support of private property, writing: "One of the tests of any reform movement with regard to personal liberty is this: Will the movement prohibit or abolish private property? If it does, it is an enemy of liberty. For one of the most important criteria of freedom is the right to private property in the products of ones labor. State Socialists, Communists, Syndicalists and Communist-Anarchists deny private property."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Proudhon warned that a society with private property would lead to statist relations between people.<sup id="cite_ref-Bojicic_2010_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bojicic_2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> private-property supporters, Proudhon stressed equality. He thought that all workers should own property and have access to capital, stressing that in every cooperative, "every worker employed in the association [must have] an undivided share in the property of the company".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usufruct">Usufruct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usufruct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutualists believe that <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> should not be a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> to be bought and sold, advocating for conditional titles to land based on occupancy and use norms. Mutualists argue whether an individual has a legitimate claim to land ownership if he is not currently using it but has already incorporated his labour into it. All mutualists agree that everything produced by human labour and machines can be owned as <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>. Mutualists reject the idea of non-personal property and non-<a href="/wiki/Lockean_proviso" title="Lockean proviso">proviso</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Lockean</a> <a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">sticky property</a>. Any property obtained through violence, bought with money gained through <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>, or bought with money that was gained violating <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> property norms is considered illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_1970_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_1970-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbur_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, a contemporary critic of Proudhon was the early <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communist">libertarian communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a>. Unlike and against Proudhon, he argued that "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature".<sup id="cite_ref-Graham2005_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2005-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_Pengam._Anarchist-Communism_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain_Pengam._Anarchist-Communism-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One area of disagreement between <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communists">anarcho-communists</a> and mutualists stems from Proudhon's alleged advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">labour vouchers</a> to compensate individuals for their labour and markets or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial market">artificial markets</a> for goods and services. However, the persistent claim that Proudhon proposed a labour currency has been challenged as a misunderstanding or misrepresentation.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other anarcho-communists, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> advocated the abolition of labour remuneration and questioned, "how can this new form of wages, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">labor note</a>, be sanctioned by those who admit that houses, fields, mills are no longer private property, that they belong to the commune or the nation?"<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>, Kropotkin believed that a wage system, whether "administered by Banks of the People or by workers' associations through <a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">labor cheques</a>", is a form of compulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivist anarchist">Collectivist anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> was an adamant critic of Proudhonian mutualism as well,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating: "How ridiculous are the ideas of the individualists of the Jean Jacques Rousseau school and of the Proudhonian mutualists who conceive society as the result of the free contract of individuals absolutely independent of one another and entering into mutual relations only because of the convention drawn up among men. As if these men had dropped from the skies, bringing with them speech, will, original thought, and as if they were alien to anything of the earth, that is, anything having social origin".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(movement)" title="Mutualism (movement)">Mutualism (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). <i>Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty.</i> Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp 5. “…’mutualism’ is now retrospectively used, in the twenty-first century, to refer to most anti-capitalist market anarchists…”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Fraser, Elizabeth. <i>Selected Writings of P. J. Proudhon.</i> Anchor Books: USA. 1969. pp 23. “Proudhon’s ’mutualism’ is a socialism of credit and exchange.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431–432-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431–432_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 431–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201883-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201883_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214–215_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201883–84-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201883–84_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385,_497–498Martin197015–16Wilbur2019215-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385,_497–498Martin197015–16Wilbur2019215_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 385, 497–498; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385Wilbur2019220-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385Wilbur2019220_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 385; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197020_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth2007">North 2007</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197022_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197024–26-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197024–26_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197031-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197031_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197035–36-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197035–36_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197036–37-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197036–37_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 385–386; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197043–44-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197043–44_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197044–45-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197044–45_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197057–58-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993385–386Martin197057–58_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 385–386; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197059–62-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197059–62_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197062–63-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197062–63_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386Martin197063-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386Martin197063_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 386; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin197063-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin197063_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993386_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019215-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019215_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213–214-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019213–214_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891Wilbur2019215–216-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891Wilbur2019215–216_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92Wilbur2019215–216-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92Wilbur2019215–216_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 91–92; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891–92_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201892-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201892_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201892–93-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201892–93_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201893Vest2020113–114-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201893Vest2020113–114_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94Vest2020113–114-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94Vest2020113–114_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 93–94; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201893–94_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201894-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201894_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201895–96-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201895–96_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201896-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201896_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750Wilbur2019216-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750Wilbur2019216_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth2007">North 2007</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201894–95North200750Wilbur2019216-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201894–95North200750Wilbur2019216_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 94–95; <a href="#CITEREFNorth2007">North 2007</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200750–51-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200750–51_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth2007">North 2007</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019216_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShantz20092-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShantz2009">Shantz 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431Shantz20092Wilbur2019216-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993431Shantz20092Wilbur2019216_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 431; <a href="#CITEREFShantz2009">Shantz 2009</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShantz20092Wilbur2019216-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShantz20092Wilbur2019216_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShantz2009">Shantz 2009</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth200751Shantz20092-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth200751Shantz20092_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth2007">North 2007</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFShantz2009">Shantz 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434Wilbur2019217-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993434Wilbur2019217_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 434; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993275-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993275_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435Shantz20092-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993435Shantz20092_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFShantz2009">Shantz 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217–218-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019217–218_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019214_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327Wilbur2019218-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993327Wilbur2019218_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 327; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson201891Marshall1993387-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson201891Marshall1993387_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019220_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218–219-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019218–219_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019219_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Marshall1993236Vest2020114-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Marshall1993236Vest2020114_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 236; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387,_497–498Vest2020115-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993387,_497–498Vest2020115_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 387, 497–498; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970139–140-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970139–140_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970140–142-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970140–142_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 140–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970144,_148–149-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018103Martin1970144,_148–149_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFMartin1970">Martin 1970</a>, pp. 144, 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219Vest2020114-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Wilbur2019219Vest2020114_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102–103_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVest2020115-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVest2020115_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Vest2020114-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018102Vest2020114_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018104-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018104_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018104Vest2020114–115Wilbur2019220-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018104Vest2020114–115Wilbur2019220_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, pp. 114–115; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018104–105Vest2020115Wilbur2019220-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018104–105Vest2020115Wilbur2019220_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 104–105; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018105Wilbur2019220–221-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018105Wilbur2019220–221_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018105-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018105_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018105–106-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018105–106_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018106–107-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018106–107_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108Vest2020115-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018107–108Vest2020115_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 107–108; <a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018108-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018108_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019221_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVest2020114–115Wilbur2019221-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVest2020114–115Wilbur2019221_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVest2020">Vest 2020</a>, pp. 114–115; <a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018108–109-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018108–109_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018109-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018109_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018109–110-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018109–110_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018110-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018110_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018110_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018110–111-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018110–111_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018111-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018111_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018111–112-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018111–112_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018112-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018112_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993413–414-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993413–414_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993682Shantz20092-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1993682Shantz20092_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, p. 682; <a href="#CITEREFShantz2009">Shantz 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson2018116-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson2018116_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarson2018">Carson 2018</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilbur2019222_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilbur2019">Wilbur 2019</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilbur_2018-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilbur_2018_99-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, Shawn P. (2018). "Mutualism". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl. <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism</i>. Springer. pp. 213–224. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319756202" title="Special:BookSources/9783319756202">9783319756202</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guerin, Daniel, ed. (2006) <i>No Gods, No Masters</i>. <b>1</b>. Oakland: AK Press. p. 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904859253" title="Special:BookSources/9781904859253">9781904859253</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent, K. Steven (1984). <i>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 156, 230. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195034134" title="Special:BookSources/9780195034134">9780195034134</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Colin (2004). <i>Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bojicic_2010-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bojicic_2010_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bojicic_2010_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bojicic, Savo (2010). <i>America America or Is It?</i> Bloomington: AuthorHouse. p. 369. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452034355" title="Special:BookSources/9781452034355">9781452034355</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisbord, Albert (1937). <i>The Conquest of Power: Liberalism, Anarchism, Syndicalism, Socialism, Fascism, and Communism</i>. <b>I</b>. New York: Covici-Friede. p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by James J. Martin. <i>Men Against the State</i>. p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_1970-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_1970_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, James J. (1970). <i>Men Against the State</i>. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles Publisher. pp. viii, ix, 209. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879260064" title="Special:BookSources/9780879260064">9780879260064</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham2005-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham2005_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2005" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Robert (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_A_Documentary_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas" title="Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas">Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas</a></i>. Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-251-2"><bdi>978-1-55164-251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55164-251-2&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alain_Pengam._Anarchist-Communism-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alain_Pengam._Anarchist-Communism_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pengam, Alain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Alain_Pengam__Anarchist-Communism.html#toc2">"Anarchist-Communism"</a>. According to Pengam, Déjacque criticized Proudhon as far as "the Proudhonist version of Ricardian socialism, centred on the reward of labour power and the problem of exchange value. In his polemic with Proudhon on women's emancipation, Déjacque urged Proudhon to push on 'as far as the abolition of the contract, the abolition not only of the sword and of capital, but of property and authority in all their forms,' and refuted the commercial and wages logic of the demand for a 'fair reward' for 'labour' (labour power). Déjacque asked: 'Am I thus right to want, as with the system of contracts, to measure out to each—according to their accidental capacity to produce—what they are entitled to?' The answer given by Déjacque to this question is unambiguous: 'it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature.' [...] For Déjacque, on the other hand, the communal state of affairs—the phalanstery 'without any hierarchy, without any authority' except that of the 'statistics book'—corresponded to 'natural exchange,' i.e. to the 'unlimited freedom of all production and consumption; the abolition of any sign of agricultural, individual, artistic or scientific property; the destruction of any individual holding of the products of work; the demonarchisation and the demonetarisation of manual and intellectual capital as well as capital in instruments, commerce and buildings."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Iain (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchism.pageabode.com/anarcho/proudhon-constituted-value-myth-labour-notes">"Proudhon's Constituted Value and the Myth of Labour Notes"</a>. <i>Anarchist Studies</i>. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kropotkin, Peter (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-the-wage-system">"The Wage System"</a>. <i>Freedom Pamphlets</i> (1). Retrieved 28 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodcock, George (2004). <i>Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements</i>. Broadview Press. p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bookchin, Murray (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Anarchists" title="The Spanish Anarchists">The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868-1936</a></i> (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873176047" title="Special:BookSources/9781873176047">9781873176047</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximoff, G. P. (1953). <i>Political Philosophy of Bakunin</i>. New York: Free Press. p. 167. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029012000" title="Special:BookSources/9780029012000">9780029012000</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacker1978" class="citation book cs1">Backer, Thomas B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ny3_bwAACAAJ"><i>The Mutualists: The Heirs of Proudhon in the First International, 1865–1878</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mutualists%3A+The+Heirs+of+Proudhon+in+the+First+International%2C+1865%E2%80%931878&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Backer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dny3_bwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson, Kevin</a> (2018). "Anarchism and Markets". 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Part I: Life and Works". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (5): 781–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F214822">10.1086/214822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264622055">264622055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=P.+J.+Proudhon%3A+A+Prophet+of+1848.+Part+I%3A+Life+and+Works&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=781-803&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264622055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F214822&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloverasWarnabyQuinn2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lloveras, Javier; Warnaby, Gary; Quinn, Lee (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/623924/1/Symplectic%20-%20Mutualism%20as%20market%20practice%20.pdf">"Mutualism as market practice: An examination of market performativity in the context of anarchism and its implications for post-capitalist politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marketing_Theory" title="Marketing Theory">Marketing Theory</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3): 229–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470593119885172">10.1177/1470593119885172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-5931">1470-5931</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210535234">210535234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Theory&rft.atitle=Mutualism+as+market+practice%3A+An+examination+of+market+performativity+in+the+context+of+anarchism+and+its+implications+for+post-capitalist+politics&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-249&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210535234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1470-5931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1470593119885172&rft.aulast=Lloveras&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Warnaby%2C+Gary&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-space.mmu.ac.uk%2F623924%2F1%2FSymplectic%2520-%2520Mutualism%2520as%2520market%2520practice%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Marshall, Peter H.</a> (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible" title="Demanding the Impossible">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Fontana Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1"><bdi>978-0-00-686245-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042028128">1042028128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042028128&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686245-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1970" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James J. (1970) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menagainststatee00martrich"><i>Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>: Ralph Myles Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879260064" title="Special:BookSources/9780879260064"><bdi>9780879260064</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8827896">8827896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Against+the+State%3A+The+Expositors+of+Individualist+Anarchism+in+America%2C+1827-1908&rft.place=Colorado+Springs&rft.pub=Ralph+Myles+Publisher&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8827896&rft.isbn=9780879260064&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenagainststatee00martrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2007" class="citation book cs1">North, Peter (2007). 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"Mutualism". In Hofmeester, Karin; van der Linden, Marcel (eds.). <i>Handbook The Global History of Work</i>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 491–504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042835-3"><bdi>978-3-11-042835-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mutualism&rft.btitle=Handbook+The+Global+History+of+Work&rft.pages=491-504&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042835-3&rft.aulast=van+der+Linden&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVest2020" class="citation book cs1">Vest, J. Martin (2020). "Barbarians in the Agora: American Market Anarchism, 1945–2011". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 112–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315185255-8">10.4324/9781315185255-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315185255" title="Special:BookSources/9781315185255"><bdi>9781315185255</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228898569">228898569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbarians+in+the+Agora%3A+American+Market+Anarchism%2C+1945%E2%80%932011&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Anarchy+and+Anarchist+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112-125&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228898569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315185255-8&rft.isbn=9781315185255&rft.aulast=Vest&rft.aufirst=J.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenello1992" class="citation book cs1">Benello, C. George (1992). Krimerman, Len; Lidenfeld, Frank; Korty, Carol; Benello, Julian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromgroundupessa00bene"><i>From the Ground Up: Essays on Grassroots and Workplace Democracy</i></a>. Boston: South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-390-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-390-X"><bdi>0-89608-390-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91-28535">91-28535</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24376378">24376378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Ground+Up%3A+Essays+on+Grassroots+and+Workplace+Democracy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24376378&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91-28535&rft.isbn=0-89608-390-X&rft.aulast=Benello&rft.aufirst=C.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromgroundupessa00bene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsodi2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Borsodi" title="Ralph Borsodi">Borsodi, Ralph</a> (2019) [1929]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisuglycivilization.com/"><i>This Ugly Civilization</i></a>. Baltimore: Underworld Amusements. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781943687220" title="Special:BookSources/9781943687220"><bdi>9781943687220</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244870407">1244870407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Ugly+Civilization&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Underworld+Amusements&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1244870407&rft.isbn=9781943687220&rft.aulast=Borsodi&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisuglycivilization.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson, Kevin</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kevinacarson.org/publication/mpe/"><i>Studies in Mutualist Political Economy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-published</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1419658693" title="Special:BookSources/978-1419658693"><bdi>978-1419658693</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/172923433">172923433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Mutualist+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Self-published&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F172923433&rft.isbn=978-1419658693&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkevinacarson.org%2Fpublication%2Fmpe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson, Kevin</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kevinacarson.org/publication/ot/"><i>Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CreateSpace" title="CreateSpace">BookSurge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439221990" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439221990"><bdi>978-1439221990</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311323130">311323130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organization+Theory%3A+A+Libertarian+Perspective&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311323130&rft.isbn=978-1439221990&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkevinacarson.org%2Fpublication%2Fot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson, Kevin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kevinacarson.org/publication/hir/"><i>The Homebrew Industrial Revolution: A Low Overhead Manifesto</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CreateSpace" title="CreateSpace">BookSurge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439266991" title="Special:BookSources/9781439266991"><bdi>9781439266991</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697667745">697667745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homebrew+Industrial+Revolution%3A+A+Low+Overhead+Manifesto&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F697667745&rft.isbn=9781439266991&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkevinacarson.org%2Fpublication%2Fhir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson, Kevin</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kevinacarson.org/publication/drs/"><i>The Desktop Regulatory State: The Countervailing Power of Individuals and Networks</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_a_Stateless_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for a Stateless Society">Center for a Stateless Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1523275595" title="Special:BookSources/978-1523275595"><bdi>978-1523275595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desktop+Regulatory+State%3A+The+Countervailing+Power+of+Individuals+and+Networks&rft.pub=Center+for+a+Stateless+Society&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1523275595&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkevinacarson.org%2Fpublication%2Fdrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cleyre2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_De_Cleyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltairine De Cleyre">De Cleyre, Voltairine</a> (2005). "Anarchism". In Presley, Sharon; Sartwell, Crispin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exquisiterebeles0000decl/"><i>Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of Voltairine de Cleyre</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. 67–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6093-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6093-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004059138">2004059138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Exquisite+Rebel%3A+The+Essays+of+Voltairine+de+Cleyre&rft.pages=67-82&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004059138&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6093-1&rft.aulast=De+Cleyre&rft.aufirst=Voltairine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexquisiterebeles0000decl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cleyre2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_De_Cleyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltairine De Cleyre">De Cleyre, Voltairine</a> (2005). "Anarchism and American traditions". In Presley, Sharon; Sartwell, Crispin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exquisiterebeles0000decl/"><i>Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of Voltairine de Cleyre</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. 89–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6093-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-6093-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004059138">2004059138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+American+traditions&rft.btitle=Exquisite+Rebel%3A+The+Essays+of+Voltairine+de+Cleyre&rft.pages=89-102&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004059138&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6093-1&rft.aulast=De+Cleyre&rft.aufirst=Voltairine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexquisiterebeles0000decl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesell1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Gesell" title="Silvio Gesell">Gesell, Silvio</a> (1958) [1916]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_Economic_Order" title="The Natural Economic Order">The Natural Economic Order</a></i>. Translated by Pye, Philip. London: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Owen_Publishers" title="Peter Owen Publishers">Peter Owen Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920780">920780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+Economic+Order&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920780&rft.aulast=Gesell&rft.aufirst=Silvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Goodman, Paul</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Stoehr" title="Taylor Stoehr">Stoehr, Taylor</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawinglinepolit0000good"><i>Drawing the Line: The Political Essays of Paul Goodman</i></a>. New York: Free Life Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914156-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-914156-17-9"><bdi>0-914156-17-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77-71943">77-71943</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3417667">3417667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+the+Line%3A+The+Political+Essays+of+Paul+Goodman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Life+Editions&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3417667&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77-71943&rft.isbn=0-914156-17-9&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrawinglinepolit0000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene, William Batchelder</a> (1919) [1850]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualbankingsho00greeiala"><i>Mutual Banking</i></a>. Denver: Reform League. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645147153">645147153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutual+Banking&rft.place=Denver&rft.pub=Reform+League&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645147153&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=William+Batchelder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmutualbankingsho00greeiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene, William Batchelder</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/mutualism/william-b-greene-communism-vs-mutualism/">"Communism vs. Mutualism"</a>. <i>Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Lee_%26_Shepard" title="Lee & Shepard">Lee & Shepard</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2567184">2567184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism+vs.+Mutualism&rft.btitle=Socialistic%2C+Communistic%2C+Mutualistic+and+Financial+Fragments&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Lee+%26+Shepard&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2567184&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=William+Batchelder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian-labyrinth.org%2Fmutualism%2Fwilliam-b-greene-communism-vs-mutualism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuehn1901" class="citation book cs1">Kuehn, Herman (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/anarchist-mutualism/herman-kuehn-the-problem-of-worry-1901/"><i>The Problem of Worry: The Principles of Scientific Mutualism Applied to Modern Commerce</i></a>. Chicago: N. B. Irving. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33202070">33202070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Worry%3A+The+Principles+of+Scientific+Mutualism+Applied+to+Modern+Commerce&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=N.+B.+Irving&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33202070&rft.aulast=Kuehn&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian-labyrinth.org%2Fanarchist-mutualism%2Fherman-kuehn-the-problem-of-worry-1901%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLum1886" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum, Dyer</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/anarchism-without-adjectives/dyer-d-lum-communal-anarchy-1886/">"Communal Anarchy"</a>. <i>The Alarm</i>. Vol. 2, no. 15. p. 2 – via The Libertarian Labyrinth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Alarm&rft.atitle=Communal+Anarchy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.aufirst=Dyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian-labyrinth.org%2Fanarchism-without-adjectives%2Fdyer-d-lum-communal-anarchy-1886%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLum1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum, Dyer</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsanarch00lumgoog/"><i>The Economics of Anarchy: A Study of the Industrial Type</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/George_A._Schilling" title="George A. Schilling">George A. Schilling</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7982163">7982163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Anarchy%3A+A+Study+of+the+Industrial+Type&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=George+A.+Schilling&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7982163&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.aufirst=Dyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsanarch00lumgoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1876" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1876) [1840]. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:What is Property?"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/What_is_Property%3F"><i>What is Property? Or, An Inquiry Into The Principle of Right and of Government</i> </a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Property%3F+Or%2C+An+Inquiry+Into+The+Principle+of+Right+and+of+Government&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1888) [1847]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/proudhon/philosophy/index.htm"><i>System of Economical Contradictions: or, The Philosophy of Poverty</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=System+of+Economical+Contradictions%3A+or%2C+The+Philosophy+of+Poverty&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Fsubject%2Feconomics%2Fproudhon%2Fphilosophy%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1849" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1849). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Translation:Confessions of a Revolutionary"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Confessions_of_a_Revolutionary"><i>Confessions of a Revolutionary, to serve as a History of the February Revolution</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+a+Revolutionary%2C+to+serve+as+a+History+of+the+February+Revolution&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1989) [1851]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Idea_of_the_Revolution_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century">The General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century</a></i>. Translated by Robinson, John Beverley. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853050671" title="Special:BookSources/9781853050671"><bdi>9781853050671</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220879063">220879063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Idea+of+the+Revolution+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220879063&rft.isbn=9781853050671&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (2012) [1853]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/working-translations/the-philosophy-of-progress-revised-translation/"><i>The Philosophy of Progress</i></a>. Translated by Wilbur, Shawn P. Libertarian Labyrinth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Progress&rft.pub=Libertarian+Labyrinth&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian-labyrinth.org%2Fworking-translations%2Fthe-philosophy-of-progress-revised-translation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1979) [1863]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principleoffeder0000prou/"><i>The Principle of Federation</i></a>. Translated by Vernon, Richard. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-7422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-7422-2"><bdi>978-1-4875-7422-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctvcj2hr8">10.3138/j.ctvcj2hr8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principle+of+Federation&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctvcj2hr8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-7422-2&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincipleoffeder0000prou%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1865" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1865). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/De_la_Capacit%C3%A9_politique_des_classes_ouvri%C3%A8res"><i>De la Capacité politique des classes ouvrières</i></a> [<i>On the political capacity of the working classes</i>] (in French). Paris: E. Dentu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+Capacit%C3%A9+politique+des+classes+ouvri%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Dentu&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDe_la_Capacit%25C3%25A9_politique_des_classes_ouvri%25C3%25A8res&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1927). Cohen, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proudhonssolutio0000pjpr"><i>The Solution of the Social Problem</i></a>. New York: Vanguard Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877000441" title="Special:BookSources/0877000441"><bdi>0877000441</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2197518">2197518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Solution+of+the+Social+Problem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2197518&rft.isbn=0877000441&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproudhonssolutio0000pjpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1894" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_(secularist)" title="Henry Seymour (secularist)">Seymour, Henry</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarian-labyrinth.org/anarchist-beginnings/henry-seymour-the-two-anarchisms-1894/">"The Two Anarchisms"</a>. London: Proudhon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Two+Anarchisms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Proudhon+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarian-labyrinth.org%2Fanarchist-beginnings%2Fhenry-seymour-the-two-anarchisms-1894%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Swartz, Clarence Lee</a> (1945) [1927]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.509231/"><i>What Is Mutualism?</i></a>. New York: Modern Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19347096">19347096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Mutualism%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Publishers&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19347096&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.509231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a> (1897) [1893]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/benjamin-tucker/instead-of-a-book/state-socialism-and-anarchism">"State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree, And Wherein They Differ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030333052/"><i>Instead Of A Book, By A Man Too Busy To Write One</i></a> (2nd ed.). pp. 1–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Socialism+and+Anarchism%3A+How+Far+They+Agree%2C+And+Wherein+They+Differ&rft.btitle=Instead+Of+A+Book%2C+By+A+Man+Too+Busy+To+Write+One&rft.pages=1-18&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffair-use.org%2Fbenjamin-tucker%2Finstead-of-a-book%2Fstate-socialism-and-anarchism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1852" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Josiah (1852) [1846]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23157421M/Equitable_commerce"><i>Equitable Commerce: A New Development of Principles for the Harmonious Adjustment and Regulation of the Pecuniary, Intellectual and Moral Intercourse of Mankind, Proposed as Elements of New Society</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Fowler_%26_Wells_Company" title="Fowler & Wells Company">Fowler & Wells Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489195268">489195268</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23157421M">23157421M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equitable+Commerce%3A+A+New+Development+of+Principles+for+the+Harmonious+Adjustment+and+Regulation+of+the+Pecuniary%2C+Intellectual+and+Moral+Intercourse+of+Mankind%2C+Proposed+as+Elements+of+New+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fowler+%26+Wells+Company&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489195268&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23157421M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23157421M%2FEquitable_commerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestrup1895" class="citation book cs1">Westrup, Alfred B. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newphilosophyofm00west/"><i>The New Philosophy of Money: A Practical Treatise on the Nature and Office of Money and the Correct Method of its Supply</i></a>. Minneapolis: F. E. Leonard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4739315">4739315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Philosophy+of+Money%3A+A+Practical+Treatise+on+the+Nature+and+Office+of+Money+and+the+Correct+Method+of+its+Supply&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=F.+E.+Leonard&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4739315&rft.aulast=Westrup&rft.aufirst=Alfred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewphilosophyofm00west%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMutualism+%28economic+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualism_(economic_theory)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson, Kevin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527173712/http://www.mutualist.org/id47.html"><i>Studies in Mutualist Political Economy</i></a>. BookSurge Publishing.</li> <li>Gambone, Larry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219094420/http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/proudanar.html">Proudhon and Anarchism: Proudhon's Libertarian Thought and the Anarchist Movement<i></i></a><i>. Red Lion Press.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene, William Batchelder</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4pYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Mutual Banking: Showing the Radical Deficiency of the Present Circulating Medium and the Advantages of a Free Currency</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/mutaidcontents.html"><i>Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Lloyd" title="J. William Lloyd">Lloyd, J. William</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122003004/http://www.zetetics.com/mac/blog/00000930.html"><i>Anarchist-Mutualism</i></a>. Individualist anarchist criticism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Long, Roderick T.</a>, ed. (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/wire/journal-libertarian-studies-20-no-1-winter-2006"><i>Journal of Libertarian Studies</i></a> <b>20</b> (1). This issue is devoted to Kevin Carson's <i>Studies in Mutualist Political Economy</i> and includes critiques and Carson's rejoinders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">Reisman, George</a> (18 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629011038/http://blog.mises.org/archives/005194.asp"><i>Mutualism: A Philosophy for Thieves</i></a>. Mises Institute. Austrian School and Objectivist criticism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Swartz, Clarence Lee</a>. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/swartz/mutualism.index.html"><i>What Is Mutualism?</i></a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren, Josiah</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020825042655/http://www.crispinsartwell.com/warren.htm"><i>Plan of the Cincinnati Labor for Labor Store</i></a>. Mechanics Free Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Weisbord" title="Albert Weisbord">Weisbord, Albert</a> (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weisbord.org/conquest9.htm">"Mutualism"</a>. <i>The Conquest of Power</i>.</li> <li>Carson, Kevin, <i>et al.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/mutualists-org-a-mutualist-faq">"A Mutualist FAQ"</a>. Mutualist: Free-Market Anti-Capitalism.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></li> <li><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarian_socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Template talk:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_socialism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian socialism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />of thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chalieu-Montal Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Models</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">People</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Gustav Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Francesc Pi i Maragall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Takis Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Robin Hahnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Chris Pallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schools_of_economic_thought" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Template:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Template talk:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools of economic thought"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schools_of_economic_thought" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools of economic thought</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern philosophy">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham School (economics)">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_economics" title="Ricardian economics">Ricardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">German historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Marxian critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />(20th and<br />21st centuries)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">Capability approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_School" title="Carnegie School">Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">Modern Monetary Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_school" title="Freiburg school">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism#Heterodoxy_and_Keynes–Marx_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism and Keynesianism">Keynes–Marx synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">Neo-Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics" title="Neo-Schumpeterian economics">Neo-Schumpeterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational expectations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater/freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralist_economics" title="Structuralist economics">Structuralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_school_of_political_economy" title="Virginia school of political economy">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">History of macroeconomic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-autistic_economics" title="Post-autistic economics">Post-autistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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