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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Società_foggiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Società foggiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Società_foggiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bari_crime_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bari_crime_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bari crime groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bari_crime_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stidda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stidda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stidda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stidda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_or_severely_weakened_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_or_severely_weakened_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defunct or severely weakened groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defunct_or_severely_weakened_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defunct or severely weakened groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defunct_or_severely_weakened_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basilischi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilischi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basilischi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilischi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuova_Mala_del_Brenta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuova_Mala_del_Brenta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nuova Mala del Brenta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuova_Mala_del_Brenta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banda_della_Magliana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banda_della_Magliana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Banda della Magliana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banda_della_Magliana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mafia_Capitale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mafia_Capitale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Mafia Capitale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mafia_Capitale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banda_della_Comasina_and_the_Turatello_Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banda_della_Comasina_and_the_Turatello_Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Banda della Comasina and the Turatello Crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banda_della_Comasina_and_the_Turatello_Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_criminal_groups_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_criminal_groups_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Italian criminal groups in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_criminal_groups_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Italian_criminal_groups_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Italian_criminal_groups_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-Italian criminal groups in Italy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Italian_criminal_groups_in_Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-Italian criminal groups in Italy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Italian_criminal_groups_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albanian_mafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian_mafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Albanian mafia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian_mafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian_mafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_mafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nigerian mafia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_mafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_mafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_mafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Romanian mafia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_mafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_triads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_triads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chinese triads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_triads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fight_against_organized_crime_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fight_against_organized_crime_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fight against organized crime in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fight_against_organized_crime_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prevalent criminal organizations and activities in Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Italian Mafia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mafia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mafia (disambiguation)">Mafia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg/290px-Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg/435px-Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg/580px-Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Incidence of organized crime's extortion in Italy by province in 2012<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> High</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8000; color:black;"> </span> Mid</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Low</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span> Absent</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Criminal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal organization">Criminal organizations</a> have been prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">the southern part of the country</a>, for centuries and have affected the social and economic life of many Italian regions. There are major native mafia-like organizations that are heavily active in Italy. The most powerful of these organizations are the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> from <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </p><p>In addition to these three long-established organizations, there are also other significantly active organized crime syndicates in Italy that were founded in the 20th century: the <a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_foggiana" title="Società foggiana">Società foggiana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> crime groups from <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a> from Sicily and the <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> crime groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Casamonica_clan" title="Casamonica clan">Casamonica</a>, the Spada and the Fasciani clan from <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four other Italian organized crime groups, namely the <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mala_del_Brenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala del Brenta">Mala del Brenta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Comasina" title="Banda della Comasina">Banda della Comasina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Turatello" title="Francis Turatello">Turatello Crew</a>, both based in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, held considerable influence at the height of their power but are now severely weakened by Italian law enforcement or even considered defunct or inactive. One other group, the <a href="/wiki/Basilischi" title="Basilischi">Basilischi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> region, is currently active but is considered to have mostly fallen under the influence of the larger and more powerful 'Ndrangheta. The latest creation of Italian organized crime (IOC), <a href="/wiki/Mafia_Capitale" title="Mafia Capitale">Mafia Capitale</a> (which was partially a successor or continuation of Banda della Magliana, involving many former Banda della Magliana members and associates), was mostly disbanded by the police in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai_-_Radiotelevisione_Italiana_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_-_Radiotelevisione_Italiana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best-known Italian organized crime group is the Mafia or Sicilian Mafia (referred to as <i>Cosa Nostra</i> by members). As the original group named "<a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a>", the Sicilian Mafia is the basis for the current colloquial usage of the term to refer to organized crime groups. It along with the Neapolitan Camorra and the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta are active throughout Italy, having presence also in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian organized crime groups receipts have been estimated to reach 7–9% of Italy's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 report identified 610 <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">comuni</i></span></a> which have a strong Mafia presence, where 13 million <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> live and 14.6% of the Italian GDP is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the ubiquity of organized crime in much of the country, Italy has only the 47th highest murder rate, at 0.013 per 1,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-NationMaster.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationMaster.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to 61 countries, and the 43rd highest number of rapes per 1,000 people, compared to 64 countries in the world, all relatively low figures among developed countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_crime_groups">Largest crime groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Largest crime groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicilian_mafia">Sicilian mafia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sicilian mafia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg/220px-SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg/330px-SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg/440px-SicilianMafia1900Cutrera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4871" data-file-height="3187" /></a><figcaption>1900 map of Mafia presence in Sicily. Towns with Mafia activity are marked as red dots. The Mafia operated mostly in the west, in areas of rich agricultural productivity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>mafia</i> originated in Sicily. The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> noun <i>mafiusu</i> (in Italian: <i>mafioso</i>) roughly translates to mean "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swagger#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:swagger">swagger</a>", but can also be translated as "boldness, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bravado" class="extiw" title="wikt:bravado">bravado</a>". In reference to a man, <i>mafiusu</i> in 19th-century Sicily was ambiguous, signifying a bully, arrogant but also fearless, enterprising and proud, according to scholar <a href="/wiki/Diego_Gambetta" title="Diego Gambetta">Diego Gambetta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mafiusu_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mafiusu-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reference to a woman, however, the feminine-form, <i>"mafiusa"</i>, means a beautiful or attractive female. The Sicilian word <i>mafie</i> refers to the caves near <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gambetta1996_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambetta1996-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were often used as hiding places for refugees and criminals. </p><p>The genesis of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> is hard to trace because mafiosi are very secretive and do not keep historical records of their own. They have been known to spread deliberate lies about their past and sometimes come to believe in their own myths.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mafia's genesis began in the 19th century as the product of Sicily's transition from <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as well as its unification with mainland Italy. Under feudalism, the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nobility" title="Sicilian nobility">nobility</a> owned most of the land and enforced the law through their <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private armies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial courts</a>. After 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">feudal barons</a> steadily sold off or rented their lands to private citizens. <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">Primogeniture</a> was abolished, land could no longer be seized to settle debts, and one fifth of the land became private property of the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-sardell_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sardell-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Italy annexed Sicily in 1860, it redistributed a large share of public and church land to private citizens. The result was a huge increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">landowners</a> – from 2,000 in 1812 to 20,000 by 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-bandiera_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandiera-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Mafia was deeply involved with citrus growers and cattle ranchers, as these industries were particularly vulnerable to thieves and vandals and thus badly needed protection. Citrus plantations had a fragile production system that made them quite vulnerable to sabotage.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickie2007p39_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickie2007p39-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, cattle are very easy to steal. The Mafia was often more effective than the police at recovering stolen cattle; in the 1920s, it was noted that the Mafia's success rate at recovering stolen cattle was 95%, whereas the police managed only 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, Sicily experienced a substantial construction boom. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the Sicilian Mafia gained control of the building contracts and made millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It participated in the growing business of large-scale heroin trafficking, both in Italy and Europe and in US-connected trafficking; a famous example of this are the <a href="/wiki/French_Connection" title="French Connection">French Connection</a> smuggling with Corsican criminals and the Italian-American Mafia. </p><p>The Sicilian Mafia has evolved into an international <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> group. It specializes in heroin trafficking, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, and military <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">arms trafficking</a> and is the most powerful and most active Italian <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> group in the United States, with estimates of more than 2,500 affiliates located there.<sup id="cite_ref-fbi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sicilian Mafia is also known to engage in arson, frauds, counterfeiting, and other racketeering crimes. It is estimated to have 3,500–4,000 core members with 100 clans, with around 50 in the city of Palermo alone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cosa Nostra has had influence in 'legitimate' power too, particularly under the corrupt <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democratic</a> governments, from between the 1950s to the early 1990s. Its reach included many prominent lawyers, financiers, and professionals; it has also exerted power by bribing or pressuring politicians, judges, and administrators. It has lost influence on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/Maxi-Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxi-Trials">Maxi-Trials</a>, the campaign by magistrates <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a> and other actions against corrupt politicians and judges; however it retains some influence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvatore_Riina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Salvatore_Riina.jpg/220px-Salvatore_Riina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Salvatore_Riina.jpg/330px-Salvatore_Riina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Salvatore_Riina.jpg/440px-Salvatore_Riina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Riina" title="Salvatore Riina">Salvatore Riina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sicilian Mafia became infamous for aggressive assaults on Italian law enforcement officials during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Riina" title="Salvatore Riina">Salvatore Riina</a>, also known as "Toto Riina". In Sicily the term <a href="/wiki/Excellent_Cadavers" title="Excellent Cadavers">Excellent Cadavers</a> is used to distinguish the assassination of prominent government officials from the common criminals and ordinary citizens killed by the Mafia. Some of their high ranking victims include police commissioners, mayors, judges, police colonels and generals, and Parliament members. </p><p>On May 23, 1992, the Sicilian Mafia struck Italian law enforcement. At approximately 6pm, <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> Magistrate <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a>, his wife, and three police body guards were killed by a massive bomb. Falcone, Director of Prosecutions (roughly, District Attorney) for the court of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and head of the special anti-Mafia investigative squad, had become the organization's most formidable enemy. His team was moving to prepare cases against most of the Mafia leadership. The bomb made a crater 10 meters (33 feet) in diameter in the road Falcone's caravan was traveling on. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Capaci_bombing" title="Capaci bombing">Capaci bombing</a>. </p><p>Less than two months later, on July 19, 1992, the Mafia struck Falcone's replacement, Judge <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a>, also in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily. Borsellino and five bodyguards were killed outside the apartment of Borsellino's mother when a car packed with explosives was detonated by remote control as the judge approached the front door of his mother's apartment. </p><p>In 1993, the authorities arrested Salvatore Riina, believed at the time to be the <a href="/wiki/Capo_di_tutti_capi" class="mw-redirect" title="Capo di tutti capi">capo di tutti capi</a> and responsible directly or indirectly for scores (if not hundreds) of killings. Riina's arrest came after years of investigation - which some believe was delayed by Mafia influence within the <a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">Carabinieri</a>. Control of the organization then fell to <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Provenzano" title="Bernardo Provenzano">Bernardo Provenzano</a> who had come to reject Riina's strategy of war against the authorities, in favor of an approach of bribery, corruption, and influence-peddling. As a consequence, the rate of Mafia killings fell sharply, but its influence continued in the international drug and slave trades, as well as locally in construction and public contracts in Sicily. Provenzano was himself captured in 2006 after being wanted for 43 years. </p><p>In July, 2013, the Italian police conducted sweeping raids targeting top mafia crime bosses. In <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia (Rome)</a>, a coastal community near the capital, police arrested 51 suspects for alleged crimes connected with Italy's <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>. Allegations included extortion, murder, international drug trafficking, and illegal control of the slot machine market.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camorra">Camorra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Camorra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaele_Cutolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Raffaele_Cutolo.jpg/170px-Raffaele_Cutolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Raffaele_Cutolo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Cutolo" title="Raffaele Cutolo">Raffaele Cutolo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> are unclear. It may date to the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the first official use of <i>camorra</i> as a word dates from 1735, when a royal decree authorized the establishment of eight gambling houses in Naples. The Camorra's main businesses are drug trafficking, racketeering, counterfeiting and money laundering. It is also not unusual for Camorra clans to infiltrate the politics of their respective areas. </p><p>The Camorra also specializes in <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette smuggling">cigarette smuggling</a> and receives payoffs from other criminal groups for any cigarette traffic through Italy. In the 1970s, the Sicilian Mafia convinced the Camorra to convert their cigarette smuggling routes into drug smuggling routes. Yet not all Camorra leaders agreed, sparking a war between the two factions and resulting in the murder of almost 400 men. Those opposed to drug trafficking lost the war. </p><p>The Camorra Mafia controls the drug trade in Europe and is organized on a system of specific management principles. In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Di_Lauro_clan" title="Di Lauro clan">Di Lauro clan</a> ran the then-largest open-air market in Europe, based in <a href="/wiki/Secondigliano" title="Secondigliano">Secondigliano</a>. The former leader of the clan, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Di_Lauro" title="Paolo Di Lauro">Paolo Di Lauro</a>, who designed the system, has been imprisoned since 2005. His organization however earned about €200 million annually, solely from the drug trafficking business. The Di Lauro clan war against the <a href="/wiki/Scissionisti_di_Secondigliano" title="Scissionisti di Secondigliano">Scissionisti di Secondigliano</a> inspired the current Italian television series <a href="/wiki/Gomorrah_(TV_series)" title="Gomorrah (TV series)">Gomorrah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Italy, the Camorra has a strong presence in Spain. There, the organization has established a massive business operation revolving around drug trafficking and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>. They are known to reinvest their profits into the creation of hotels, nightclubs, restaurants and companies around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Naples public prosecutor Giovanni Melillo, during a 2023 speech of the <a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Commission" title="Antimafia Commission">Antimafia Commission</a>, the most powerful groups of the Camorra in the present day are the <a href="/wiki/Mazzarella_clan" title="Mazzarella clan">Mazzarella clan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secondigliano_Alliance" title="Secondigliano Alliance">Secondigliano Alliance</a>. The latter is an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Licciardi_clan" title="Licciardi clan">Licciardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contini_clan" title="Contini clan">Contini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mallardo_clan" title="Mallardo clan">Mallardo</a> clans.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Ndrangheta"><span id=".27Ndrangheta"></span>'Ndrangheta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 'Ndrangheta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Macri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Antonio_Macri.jpg/170px-Antonio_Macri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Antonio_Macri.jpg/255px-Antonio_Macri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Antonio_Macri.jpg/340px-Antonio_Macri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Macr%C3%AC" title="Antonio Macrì">Antonio Macrì</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Derived from the Greek word <i>andragathía</i> (meaning courage or loyalty), the <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> formed in the 1890s in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. The 'Ndrangheta consists of 160 cells and approximately 6,000 members, although worldwide estimates put core membership at around 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-johnhooper_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnhooper-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group specializes in political corruption and cocaine trafficking. </p><p>The 'Ndrangheta cells are loosely connected family groups based on blood relationships and marriages. </p><p>Since the 1950s, the organization's influence has spread towards Northern Italy and worldwide. According to a 2013 "Threat Assessment on Italian Organized Crime" by <a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a>, the 'Ndrangheta is among the richest (in 2008 their income was around 55 billion dollars) and most powerful organized crime groups in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Italian_Organised_Crime_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italian_Organised_Crime-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 'Ndrangheta is also known to engage in cocaine (controlling up to 80% of that flowing through Europe)<sup id="cite_ref-johnhooper_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnhooper-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heroin trafficking, murder, bombings, counterfeiting, illegal gambling, frauds, thefts, labor racketeering, loan sharking, illegal immigration, and rarely some kidnapping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_crime_groups">Other crime groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other crime groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacra_Corona_Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sacra Corona Unita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a> (SCU), or United Sacred Crown, is a Mafia-like criminal organization from the region of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (in Italian <i>Puglia</i>) in Southern Italy, and is especially active in the areas of Brindisi and Lecce and not, as people tend to believe, in the region as a whole. The SCU was founded in the late 1970s as the Nuova Grande Camorra Pugliese, based in <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, by the Camorra member Raffaele Cutolo, who wanted to expand his operations into Apulia. It has also been suggested that elements of this group originated from the 'Ndrangheta, but it is not known if they were breakaways from it or the result of indirect co-operation with clans of the 'Ndrangheta. </p><p>A few years after the creation of the SCU, following the downfall of Cutolo, the organization began to operate independently from the Camorra under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Rogoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Rogoli (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Rogoli</a>. Under his leadership the SCU mixed its Apulian interests and opportunities with 'Ndrangheta and Camorra traditions. Originally preying on the region's substantial wine and olive oil industries, the group moved into fraud, gunrunning, and drug trafficking, and made alliances with international criminal organizations such as the Russian and Albanian mafias, the Colombian drug cartels, and some Asian organizations. The Sacra Corona Unita consists of about 50 Clans with approximately 2,000 Core members<sup id="cite_ref-fbi_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and specializes in smuggling cigarettes, drugs, arms, and people. </p><p>Very few SCU members have been identified in the United States, however there are some links to individuals in Illinois, Florida, and possibly New York. The Sacra Corona Unita is also reported to be involved in money laundering, extortion, and political corruption and collects payoffs from other criminal groups for landing rights on the southeast coast of Italy. This territory is a natural gateway for smuggling to and from post-Communist countries like <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. </p><p>With the decreasing importance of the Adriatic corridor as a smuggling route (thanks to the normalization of the Balkans area) and a series of successful police and judicial operations against it in recent years, the Sacra Corona Unita has been considered, if not actually defeated, to be reduced to a fraction of its former power, which peaked around the mid-1990s. </p><p><b>Local rivals</b><br /> The internal difficulties of the SCU aided the birth of antagonistic criminal groups such as: </p> <ul><li>Remo Lecce Libera: formed by some leading criminal figures from Lecce, who claim to be independent from any criminal group other than the 'Ndrangheta. The term Remo indicates Remo Morello, a criminal from the Salento area, killed by criminals from the Campania region because he opposed any external interference;</li> <li>Nuova Famiglia Salentina: formed in 1986 by De Matteis Pantaleo, from Lecce and stemming from the Famiglia Salentina Libera born in the early 1980s as an autonomous criminal movement in the Salento area with no links with extra-regional Mafia expressions</li> <li>Rosa dei Venti: formed in 1990 by De Tommasi in the Lecce prison, following an internal division in the SCU.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Società_foggiana"><span id="Societ.C3.A0_foggiana"></span>Società foggiana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Società foggiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_foggiana" title="Società foggiana">Società foggiana</a> - also known as <i>Mafia Foggiana</i> (<i>Foggian mafia</i>) and the <i>Fifth Mafia</i><sup id="cite_ref-urlPuglia_crimewave_points_to_emergence_of_fifth_Italian_mafia_|_World_news_|_The_Guardian_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlPuglia_crimewave_points_to_emergence_of_fifth_Italian_mafia_|_World_news_|_The_Guardian-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - is a <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">mafia</a>-type criminal organization. They are operating in a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Foggia" title="Province of Foggia">Province of Foggia</a>, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a> itself, and have significantly infiltrated other Italian regions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the group is considered one of the most brutal and bloody of all organized crime groups in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was about one <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> a week, one <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> a day, and an <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> attempt every 48 hours in Foggia province in 2017 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were wrongly reported as the work of the Sacra Corona Unita (the fourth mafia) by news media, unaware of the new independent mafia in Foggia province. "But that wasn't the case. We are witnessing what should be called a fifth mafia, independent of the Sacra Corona Unita" according to Giuseppe Volpe, a prosecutor and anti-mafia head of Bari.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Società foggiana is known to have numerous alliances with Balkans criminal groups, in particular with the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most powerful clans inside the Società Foggiana are: </p> <ul><li><i>Trisciuoglio clan</i></li> <li><i>Sinesi-Francavilla clan</i></li> <li><i>Moretti-Pellegrino-Lanza clan</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bari_crime_groups">Bari crime groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bari crime groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domenico_Strisciuglio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Domenico_Strisciuglio.png/180px-Domenico_Strisciuglio.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Domenico_Strisciuglio.png/270px-Domenico_Strisciuglio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Domenico_Strisciuglio.png/359px-Domenico_Strisciuglio.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Domenico Strisciuglio, head of the Strisciuglio clan, considered the most powerful clan operating in Bari.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bari crime groups also known as the "<b>Baresi clans</b>" are organized crime groups that operates in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> and in the surrounding area of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bari" title="Metropolitan City of Bari">Metropolitan City</a>. Its mainly a confederations between clans, which are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, smuggling and extortion as their primary activities. These clans were founded in the 1980s and 1990s and currently have hegemony in the illegal activities of the city of Bari, having also infiltrated in the politics of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three main clans in the city of Bari: the <a href="/wiki/Strisciuglio_clan" title="Strisciuglio clan">Strisciuglio clan</a> headed by the boss <i>Domenico Strisciuglio</i>, operating mainly in the northern area, the <i>Parisi clan</i>, headed by the boss <i>Savino Parisi</i>, operating mainly in the Japigia district and the <a href="/wiki/Capriati_clan" title="Capriati clan">Capriati clan</a>, headed by <i>Antonio Capriati</i>, known as <i>Tonino,</i> operating mainly in the Borgo Antico.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other clans present in the city are: the <i>Lorusso clan</i> of the Libertà, Carrassi and San Pasquale districts, the <i>Di Cosola clan</i> operating in the Carbonara, Ceglie del Campo and Loseto districts, the <i>Anemolo clan</i> operating in Poggiofranco, the <i>Misceo clan</i> operating in the San Paolo district, the <i>Fiore-Risoli clan</i> of the Poggio Franco and San Pasquale neighborhoods, the <i>Mercante-Diomede clan</i> operating in the Carrassi, Libertà, Poggiofranco, San Paolo and San Pasquale neighborhoods, the <i>Velutto clan</i> operating in Carrassi, Picone and San Pasquale, and the <i>Rafaschieri clan</i> operating in Madonnella.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stidda">Stidda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stidda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a> (Sicilian for <i>star</i>) is the name given to the Sicilian organization founded by criminals Giuseppe Croce Benvenuto and Salvatore Calafato, both of <a href="/wiki/Palma_di_Montechiaro" title="Palma di Montechiaro">Palma di Montechiaro</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a> province of Sicily. The Stidda's power bases are centered in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Favara,_Sicily" title="Favara, Sicily">Favara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a> and Agrigento provinces. The organization's groups and activities have flourished in the cities of Agrigento, <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a> in the provinces of the same name, Niscemi and Riesi of Caltanissetta province, and Vittoria of Ragusa province, located mainly on the Southern and Eastern coasts of Sicily. The group also has members and is active in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. </p><p>The Stidda has extended its power and influence into the mainland Italy provinces of Milan, Genoa, and Turin. The members of the organization are called <i>Stiddari</i> in the Caltanissetta province, and <i>Stiddaroli</i> in the Agrigento province. Stidda members can be identified and sometimes introduced to each other by a tattoo of five greenish marks arranged in a circle, forming a star called "i punti della malavita" or "the points of the criminal life." </p><p>The Cosa Nostra wars of the late 1970s and early 1980s brought the Corleonesi Clan and its vicious and ruthless leaders <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Leggio" title="Luciano Leggio">Luciano Leggio</a>, Salvatore "Toto" Riina, and <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Provenzano" title="Bernardo Provenzano">Bernardo Provenzano</a> into power. This caused disorganization and disenchantment inside the traditional Cosa Nostra power base and values system, leaving the growing Stidda organization to counter Cosa Nostra's power, influence, and expansion in Southern and Eastern Sicily. Stidda membership was also reinforced by Cosa Nostra <i>men of honor,</i> such as those loyal to slain Capo <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Cristina" title="Giuseppe Di Cristina">Giuseppe Di Cristina</a> of Riesi who had defected from Cosa Nostra's ranks during the bloodthirsty reign of the Corleonesi clan. </p><p>The organization also enlarged its membership by absorbing local thugs and criminals (picciotti) who operated at the far margins of organized crime. This allowed Stidda to gain more power and credibility in the Italian underworld. From 1978 to 1990, former Corleonesi clan leader and aspirant to the Cosa Nostra's "Capo di Tutti Capi" title, Salvatore Riina, waged a war within Cosa Nostra and against the Stidda. The war spread death and terror among mafiosi and the public, leaving over 500 dead in Cosa Nostra and over 1,000 in La Stidda, including Stidda captains Calogero Lauria and Vincenzo Spina. </p><p>With the 1993 capture of Salvatore Riina and the 2006 jailing of Bernardo Provenzano's, a new <a href="/wiki/Pax_Mafiosa" title="Pax Mafiosa">Pax Mafiosa</a> arose - following a new, less violent and low-key approach to criminal activities. As a result, the Stidda cemented its power, influence and credibility among the longer-established criminal organizations in Italy and around the world, making itself a bonefied underworld player. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defunct_or_severely_weakened_groups">Defunct or severely weakened groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defunct or severely weakened groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basilischi">Basilischi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Basilischi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basilischi" title="Basilischi">Basilischi</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basilischi" title="Basilischi">Basilischi</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">mafia</a>-type criminal organization active in the <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> region, founded in <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a> in 1994 with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a>. Its status as a mafia group was only recognized on December 21, 2007, with a verdict from the Potenza Court that sentenced twenty-six defendants to a total of 242 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-history_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ancient term, used as far back as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> to refer to a lethal reptile of the time, the name is known to the general public, especially due to Lina Wetmuller's film "<a href="/wiki/I_Basilischi" class="mw-redirect" title="I Basilischi">I Basilischi</a>" (1963). It carries a double meaning, representing both a large and lazy human lizard and an inhabitant of <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>. The name gained renewed fame through the second chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> saga, where the <a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a> was a huge and deadly mythological serpent. The Basilischi adopted this name as a symbol of their origins and their dangerous nature.<sup id="cite_ref-history_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuova_Mala_del_Brenta">Nuova Mala del Brenta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nuova Mala del Brenta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuova_Mala_del_Brenta" title="Nuova Mala del Brenta">Nuova Mala del Brenta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_maniero.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Felice_maniero.jpeg/220px-Felice_maniero.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Felice_maniero.jpeg/330px-Felice_maniero.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Felice_maniero.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felice_Maniero" title="Felice Maniero">Felice Maniero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuova_Mala_del_Brenta" title="Nuova Mala del Brenta">Nuova Mala del Brenta</a> (NMB), also known as the New Brenta Mafia, is a criminal organization based in the Veneto region of Italy. The group is believed to have emerged in the late 1990s as a successor to the original Mala del Brenta, which was active in the area during the 1970s and 1980s. </p><p>The original Mala del Brenta was a powerful criminal organization that operated in the Veneto region during the 1970s and 1980s. The group was involved in a wide range of criminal activities, including drug trafficking, extortion, and money laundering. The group's name was derived from the Brenta Canal, which was used to transport contraband. </p><p>The group was largely dismantled in the 1990s after many of its members were arrested and convicted. However, a new criminal organization, the Nuova Mala del Brenta, emerged in the region in the late 1990s. The group is believed to have connections to the original Mala del Brenta and is said to be involved in drug trafficking, money laundering, and other criminal activities. </p><p>The Nuova Mala del Brenta is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including drug trafficking, money laundering, and extortion. The group is also believed to have connections to other criminal organizations in Italy and abroad and has been linked to several high-profile crimes in recent years. </p><p>In 2018, Italian authorities arrested several members of the Nuova Mala del Brenta on charges of drug trafficking and money laundering. The group was accused of smuggling large quantities of cocaine into Italy from South America and using sophisticated money laundering techniques to conceal their profits. </p><p>In 2021, the group was linked to the murder of a prominent businessman in the Veneto region. The businessman, who was involved in several legitimate businesses, was reportedly targeted by the Nuova Mala del Brenta after he refused to pay extortion money. </p><p>The exact structure of the Nuova Mala del Brenta is not known, but it is believed to be a hierarchical organization with a leader or leaders at the top. The group is also believed to have a network of associates who assist with its criminal activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banda_della_Magliana">Banda della Magliana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Banda della Magliana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda_della_Magliana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Banda_della_Magliana.jpg/220px-Banda_della_Magliana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Banda_della_Magliana.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a> (English translation: Magliana Gang) was an Italian criminal organization based in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and active mostly throughout the late 1970s until the early 1990s. The gang's name refers to the neighborhood in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Magliana" title="Magliana">Magliana</a>, from which most of its members came. </p><p>The Magliana Gang was involved in criminal activities during the Italian "<a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">years of lead</a>" (or <i>anni di piombo</i>). The organization was tied to other Italian criminal organizations such as the Cosa Nostra, Camorra and the 'Ndrangheta. Most notably though, it was connected to <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Rivoluzionari" title="Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari">Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari</a> (NAR), the group responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1980_Bologna_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Bologna massacre">1980 Bologna massacre</a>. </p><p>In addition to their involvement in traditional organized crime rackets, the Banda della Magliana is also believed to have worked for Italian political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Licio_Gelli" title="Licio Gelli">Licio Gelli</a>, a grand-master of the illegal and underground <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">freemason</a> lodge known as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a> (P2), which was purportedly connected to neo-fascist and far-right militant paramilitary groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mafia_Capitale">Mafia Capitale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mafia Capitale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mafia_Capitale" title="Mafia Capitale">Mafia Capitale</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mafia_Capitale" title="Mafia Capitale">Mafia Capitale</a> was a mafia-type <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">crime syndicate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a>, that originated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and its capital <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai_-_Radiotelevisione_Italiana_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_-_Radiotelevisione_Italiana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in early 2000s by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Carminati" title="Massimo Carminati">Massimo Carminati</a> from the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banda_della_Comasina_and_the_Turatello_Crew">Banda della Comasina and the Turatello Crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Banda della Comasina and the Turatello Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Turatello" title="Francis Turatello">Francis Turatello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Comasina" title="Banda della Comasina">Banda della Comasina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renato_Vallanzasca_ca_1970s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Renato_Vallanzasca_ca_1970s.jpg/170px-Renato_Vallanzasca_ca_1970s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Renato_Vallanzasca_ca_1970s.jpg/255px-Renato_Vallanzasca_ca_1970s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Renato_Vallanzasca_ca_1970s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renato_Vallanzasca" title="Renato Vallanzasca">Renato Vallanzasca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Comasina" title="Banda della Comasina">Banda della Comasina</a> (English translation: Comasina Gang) was an organized crime group active mainly in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milan_metropolitan_area" title="Milan metropolitan area">Milan metropolitan area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lombardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, or <i><a href="/wiki/Anni_di_piombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Anni di piombo">anni di piombo</a></i>. Their name is derived from the Milan neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Comasina" title="Comasina">Comasina</a>, the founding location of the organization. The group was led by the Milan <a href="/wiki/Crime_boss" title="Crime boss">crime boss</a> <a href="/wiki/Renato_Vallanzasca" title="Renato Vallanzasca">Renato Vallanzasca</a>, a powerful figure in the Milanese underworld in the 1970s. The group began as a smaller <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a>, and continued to specialize in <a href="/wiki/Armed_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed robbery">armed robbery</a>, kidnapping, <a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">carjacking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truck_hijacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck hijacking">truck hijacking</a> even as they grew in power and expanded into other subtler areas of organized crime. The gang became notorious for brazenly setting up <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">roadblocks</a> and robbing members of the Milan police force. As the Banda della Comasina rose in power, they expanded into other areas of organized crime, such as <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">arms trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal gambling">illegal gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">contract killing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>. </p><p>The group's downfall was partially brought about by its brazen disregard for both subtlety and authority, as well as its continued reliance on kidnapping and armed robbery to make money. The gang's leader, Renato Vallanzasca, repeatedly escaped from police custody and continued to commit robberies and kidnappings of wealthy and powerful people, even while living as fugitive. In 1976, the group committed approximately 70 robberies and multiple kidnappings (many of which were never reported to police), including the kidnapping of a prominent <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> businessman. Several of the robberies resulted in the murder of the robbery victims and responding officers, including four policemen, a doctor and a bank employee. That same year, Vallanzasca (still a fugitive at this point) and his gang kidnapped 16-year-old Emanuela Trapani, the daughter of a Milanese businessman, and held her captive for over a month and a half, from December 1976 to January 1977. They only released the girl upon payment of a one billion randsom in Italian currency.<sup id="cite_ref-int_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, the gang killed two highway police officers who had stopped a car containing Vallanzasca and his gang members. Two other members of the Banda della Comasina, Carlo Carluccio and Antonio Furiato, were killed in separate gun battles with policemen, in Piazza Vetra in Milan and on the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A4_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A4 (Italy)">Autostrada A4</a> motorway respectively. </p><p>Vallanzasca was eventually captured, and while in prison, he developed an alliance and friendship with his former rival, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Turatello" title="Francis Turatello">Francis Turatello</a>, another recently incarcerated, powerful crime boss in Milan with strong connections to the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Gambino_crime_family" title="Gambino crime family">Gambino crime family</a> (as well as possible ties to the <a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a> and Italian political terrorist groups). As the leader of the so-called Turatello Crew, Francis Turatello was a protégé of the Sicilian Mafia and an important ally in Milan, for both the Sicilian Mafia and <a href="/wiki/Nuova_Camorra_Organizzata" title="Nuova Camorra Organizzata">Nuova Camorra Organizzata</a>. The Turatello Crew controlled various illegal rackets in the Milan underworld with the backing of the Sicilian Mafia and Camorra, controlling <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> in Milan and, like the Banda della Comasina, participating in robbery and kidnapping. </p><p>The Turatello Crew and Banda della Comasina had been in the middle of a gang war with each other when their leaders, Vallanzasca and Turatello, were incarcerated in the same prison, reconciling and bonding there. The newly forged alliance between the two crime groups only increased their influence and power in the Milan underworld, allowing them to control much of Milan's organized crime, even while their leaders remained incarcerated. </p><p>In 1981, Turatello was assassinated in prison by order of Camorra boss <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Cutolo" title="Raffaele Cutolo">Raffaele Cutolo</a>, and the Turatello Crew collapsed while the Banda della Comasina lost an important ally. Soon after Turatello's assassination, Vallanzasca, still imprisoned, organized and participated in a prison revolt in which two <a href="/wiki/Pentiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentiti">pentiti</a> (former gangsters that collaborate with the Italian government) were brutally killed. Despite repeated escape attempts, Vallanzasca remains in prison, serving four consecutive life sentences plus 290 years, and the Banda della Comisina collapsed and disbanded in the early 1980s in his absence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_criminal_groups_in_other_countries">Italian criminal groups in other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italian criminal groups in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian organized crime groups, in particular the Sicilian mafia and the Camorra, have been involved in heroin trafficking for decades. Two major investigations that targeted their drug trafficking schemes in the 1970s and 80s are known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Connection" title="French Connection">French Connection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Connection_Trial" title="Pizza Connection Trial">Pizza Connection Trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other investigations have thoroughly documented their cooperation with other major drug trafficking organizations. Italian crime groups are also involved in illegal gambling, political corruption, extortion, kidnapping, frauds, counterfeiting, infiltration of legitimate businesses, murders, bombings, and weapons trafficking. Industry experts in Italy estimate that their worldwide criminal activity is worth more than US$100 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian crime groups (especially the Sicilian Mafia) have also connections with <a href="/wiki/Corsican_mafia" title="Corsican mafia">Corsican gangs</a>. These collaboration were mostly important during the French Connection era. During the 1990s, the links between the Corsican mafia and the Sicilian mafia facilitated the establishment of some Sicilian gangsters in the <a href="/wiki/Lavezzi_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavezzi Islands">Lavezzi Islands</a>. </p><p>Those currently active in the United States are the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacra_corona_unita" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacra corona unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a> or "United Sacred Crown". The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) refers to them as "Italian Organized Crime" (IOC). These Italian crime groups frequently collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American Mafia">Italian-American Mafia</a>, which is itself an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to its dominance in global drug trade, the 'Ndrangheta became the first and only Italian criminal organization present on all continents in the world. It has a strong presence in countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular the 'Ndrangheta and the Camorra consider the UK an area of interest for laundering money, using financial companies and business activities, while having large investments in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside Italy, the Camorra is particularly present in Spain, having established a strong presence in the country since the 1980s. Among the most important clans operating in Spain are the <a href="/wiki/Polverino_clan" title="Polverino clan">Polverino clan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scissionisti_di_Secondigliano" title="Scissionisti di Secondigliano">Amato-Pagano clan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Contini_clan" title="Contini clan">Contini clan</a>. However, Camorra clans are also active in other European countries with varying degrees of presence. Its presence in the countries is mostly related to drug trafficking and money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 'Ndrangheta has carved out turf and formed close ties with organized crime groups in Latin American countries such as <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The Camorra also maintains important drug import routes from South America since the 1980s. And the Sicilian mafia had a presence in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Cuntrera-Caruana_Mafia_clan" title="Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan">Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan</a> in particular having established a strong settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Italian_criminal_groups_in_Italy">Non-Italian criminal groups in Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-Italian criminal groups in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous criminal organizations operating in Italy. They are mostly composed of non-Italians living in Italy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_mafia" title="Romanian mafia">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_mafia" title="Ukrainian mafia">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_mafia" title="Moroccan mafia">Moroccan</a> mafias, the <a href="/wiki/Triad_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad society">Chinese Triads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_organized_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian organized crime">Nigerian</a> gangs, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a growing number of criminal groups originating from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Kings_(gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Kings (gang)">Latin Kings</a>, operating most often in Lombardy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian gangs historically operate mainly in Rome, in Milan and in Apulia, but they are also expanding to other regions such as Emilia-Romagna or Molise.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these organizations focus their ambitions on prostitution and drug trafficking, under the control and with permissions of the Italian organized crime groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian_mafia">Albanian mafia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Albanian mafia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia#Italy" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian mafia § Italy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_mafia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg/220px-Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg/330px-Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg/440px-Albanian_crime_boss_Elvis_Demce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Elvis Demce, one of the main leaders of the Albanian mafia in Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The geographic vicinity, the accessibility to the EU through Italy, and the ties with the Calabrian and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> criminality have all contributed to the expansion of the Albanian criminality on the Italian scenario. </p><p>Further factors relative to the economy have rendered the Albanian criminality even more competitive. In fact, some organisations which reached Italy in the early 1990s, infiltrated the Lombardy narco-traffic network run by the 'ndrangheta. Albanian mafia leaders have reached stable agreements with the Italian criminal organisations, also with the mafia, so have gained legitimacy in many illegal circuits, diversifying their activities to avoid reasons of conflict with similar host structures. So, Albanian drug trafficking has emerged in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, expanding its drug trafficking operations also in <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian mafia is highly involved in the drug trafficking in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, being considered by the investigations as one of the most important organizations active in the Italian capital. In towns on the outskirts of Rome, in particular in <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a>, the Albanians were also considered for a time to be the main organization dedicated to drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notorious and important criminals of the Albanian mafia operating in and around Rome was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elvis_Demce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elvis Demce (page does not exist)">Elvis Demce</a>, arrested in 2022 and sentenced to 18 years in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The Albanian mafia is very active in the drug business in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, where it established alliances with the city's crime groups, in particular with the <a href="/wiki/Strisciuglio_clan" title="Strisciuglio clan">Strisciuglio clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian criminal groups are also responsible for trafficking weapons of war into Bari and its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bari" title="Metropolitan City of Bari">province</a>. Among the figures of the Albanian mafia operating in Bari is Aleksander Hodaj, responsible for massive heroin trafficking between Albania and the city.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_mafia">Nigerian mafia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nigerian mafia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Nigeria#Italy" title="Organised crime in Nigeria">Organised crime in Nigeria § Italy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_Nigeria&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The Nigerian mafia has a strong presence throughout Italy. <a href="/wiki/Castel_Volturno" title="Castel Volturno">Castel Volturno</a> in Campania is considered the headquarters of the Nigerian mafia in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is used as a hub by the Nigerian mafia for the trafficking of cocaine from South America, heroin from Asia and women from Africa. Nigerian gangs have established partnerships with indigenous organised crime groups and have adopted the structure and operational methods of Italian crime syndicates.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_crime_in_Nigeria_Migration_of_the_Nigerian_mafia_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_crime_in_Nigeria_Migration_of_the_Nigerian_mafia-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nigerian mafia pays tribute (a percentage of its profits from criminal rackets) to the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Palermo, a group of drug dealers linked to the Neo-Black Movement were convicted as members of a "mafialike organization" in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_mafia">Romanian mafia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romanian mafia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Romanian_mafia#Italy" title="Romanian mafia">Romanian mafia § Italy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_mafia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In Italy, most of the Romanian criminals are involved in theft and pimping, however, in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, they created an Italian-style mafia within their local community, extorting money from Romanian night-clubs that ran prostitutes, and would impose their own businesses and singers on weddings by force.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Also in Turin, Romanian criminals created the 'Brigada Oarza' group, specialized in extortion, robbery and drug trafficking. In 2014, 15 members of the Brigada Oarza were convicted of mafia affiliation, being sentenced up to 15 years in prison. It was the first Italian sentence that condemned a group of Romanian people for mafia-style criminal association.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the Brigada Oarza was allegedly the former professional boxer Viorel Lovu.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_triads">Chinese triads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chinese triads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the expert on terrorist organizations and mafia-type organized crime Antonio De Bonis, there is a close relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Triad</a> and the Camorra and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Naples" title="Port of Naples">Port of Naples</a> is the most important landing point for the activities managed by the Chinese groups in cooperation with the camorra. Among the illegal activities in which the two criminal organizations work together are human trafficking and illegal immigration aimed at the sexual and labor exploitation of Chinese people on Italian territory, drug trafficking and the laundering of illicit capital through the purchase of real estate, commercial establishments and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, investigators uncovered a plan between the Camorra and Chinese gangs: these exported industrial waste from Italy to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> which guaranteed revenues of millions of euros for both organizations. Industrial waste left <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a> and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. Among the clans involved in this alliance were the <a href="/wiki/Casalesi_clan" title="Casalesi clan">Casalesi clan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mario_Fabbrocino" title="Mario Fabbrocino">Fabbrocino clan</a> and the Ascione clan.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fight_against_organized_crime_in_Italy">Fight against organized crime in Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fight against organized crime in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg/220px-MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg/330px-MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg/440px-MaxiprocessoPalermo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>A hearing of the <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In order to combat the phenomenon more effectively, some legislative measures on the subject began to be created starting from the 1980s, such as the introduction of the crimes of mafia-type association and political-mafia electoral exchange, of a special prison regime, with the introduction of article 41 bis in the law on the Italian penitentiary system, international judicial cooperation<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the creation of some ad hoc bodies such as the High Commissioner for the coordination of the fight against mafia delinquency (later abolished). In the 1990s, due to the work of some Italian magistrates such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Caponnetto" title="Antonino Caponnetto">Antonino Caponnetto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">Direzione Investigativa Antimafia</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direzione_Nazionale_Antimafia_e_Antiterrorismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direzione Nazionale Antimafia e Antiterrorismo (page does not exist)">Direzione Nazionale Antimafia e Antiterrorismo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direzione_nazionale_antimafia_e_antiterrorismo" class="extiw" title="it:Direzione nazionale antimafia e antiterrorismo">it</a>]</span> were created. Many of the provisions on the matter were then collected in Legislative Decree no. 59 of 6 September 2011. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Antimafia_Pool" title="Antimafia Pool">Antimafia Pool</a> was a group of <a href="/wiki/Examining_magistrate" title="Examining magistrate">investigating magistrates</a> at the Prosecuting Office of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>) who closely worked together sharing information and developing new investigative and prosecutorial strategies against the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>. An informal pool had been created by Judge <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Chinnici" title="Rocco Chinnici">Rocco Chinnici</a> in the early 1980s following the example of anti-terrorism judges in Northern Italy in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-jamieson29_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamieson29-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most important, they assumed collective responsibility for carrying Mafia prosecutions forward: all the members of the pool signed prosecutorial orders to avoid exposing any one of them to particular risk, such as the one that had cost Judge <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Costa" title="Gaetano Costa">Gaetano Costa</a> his life. Costa had signed the indictments of 55 against the Mafia heroin-trafficking network of the Spatola-Inzerillo-Gambino clan after virtually all of the other prosecutors in his office had declined to do so – a fact that leaked out of the office and eventually cost him his life. He was murdered on 6 August 1980, on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Inzerillo" title="Salvatore Inzerillo">Salvatore Inzerillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneiders_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneiders-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1983, <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Chinnici" title="Rocco Chinnici">Rocco Chinnici</a> was killed by the Mafia. His place as head of the ‘Office of Instruction’ (Ufficio istruzione), the investigative branch of the Prosecution Office of Palermo, was taken by <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Caponnetto" title="Antonino Caponnetto">Antonino Caponnetto</a>, who formalized the pool. Next to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a>, the group included <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a>, Giuseppe Di Lello and Leonardo Guarnotta.<sup id="cite_ref-schneiders_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneiders-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stille85_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stille85-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group subsequently pooled together several investigations into the Mafia, which would result in the <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> against the Mafia starting in February 1986 and which lasted until December 1987. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommaso_Buscetta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Tommaso_Buscetta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Pentito" title="Pentito">pentito</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta" title="Tommaso Buscetta">Tommaso Buscetta</a> (in sunglasses) is led into court at the <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Maxiprocesso</i>) was a criminal trial against the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> that took place in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The trial lasted from 10 February 1986 (the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Corte_d%27Assise" title="Corte d'Assise">Corte d'Assise</a>) to 30 January 1992 (the final day of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a>), and was held in a <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunker</a>-style courthouse specially constructed for this purpose inside the walls of the Ucciardone prison. Sicilian prosecutors indicted 475 mafiosi for a multitude of crimes relating to <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Mafia</a> activities, based primarily on testimonies given as evidence from former Mafia bosses turned informants, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pentito" title="Pentito">pentiti</a></i>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta" title="Tommaso Buscetta">Tommaso Buscetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Contorno" title="Salvatore Contorno">Salvatore Contorno</a>. Most were convicted, 338 people, sentenced to a total of 2,665 years, not including life sentences handed to 19 <a href="/wiki/Crime_boss" title="Crime boss">bosses</a>; the convictions were upheld on 30 January 1992 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Italy">Supreme Court of Italy</a>, after the final stage of appeal. The importance of the trial was that the existence of Cosa Nostra was finally judicially confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-schneiders_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneiders-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be the most significant trial ever against the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a>, as well as the largest trial in world history.<sup id="cite_ref-big_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout and after the trial, several judges and magistrates were killed by the Mafia, including the two who led it—<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_Trial" title="Spartacus Trial">Spartacus Trial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Processo Spartacus</i>) was a series of criminal trials, each specifically directed against the activities of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Casalesi_clan" title="Casalesi clan">Casalesi clan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>. The trial was opened at the <a href="/wiki/Corte_d%27Assise" title="Corte d'Assise">Corte d'Assise</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a>. It was named after the historical gladiator, <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>, who led a rebellion of slaves beginning in old <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Capua</a> against the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The trial was initially chaired by its president, Catello Marano on 1 July 1998. It continued just over ten years, until its final verdict was eventually read on 19 June 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-cu300905_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cu300905-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cor200608_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cor200608-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that 10-year legal trial, 36 members of the clan were charged with a string of murders and other crimes. The Casalesi clan had exploited and extorted from every business and economic opportunity, from waste disposal to construction, in creating a monopoly in the cement market for their own building businesses to the distribution of materials. Building business would have to pay for the contracts, buy material from the clan, and keep paying for protection. The clan also controlled elections.<sup id="cite_ref-smh210608_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh210608-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 1,300 people were investigated, 508 witnesses gave evidence and 626 were interviewed in the trial which saw the heaviest penalties ever for organised crime with a total of 700 years of imprisonment. Over the course of the initial trial and the appeal, five people involved in the case were murdered, including a court interpreter. A judge and two journalists were threatened with death.<sup id="cite_ref-smh210608_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh210608-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ind200608_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind200608-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, 115 people were prosecuted, 27 life sentences, plus 750 years in prison were handed out to the defendants. On 15 January 2010, Italy's Supreme Court confirmed the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime in Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organized_crime_in_Italy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bari.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/23_aprile_13/in-puglia-effervescenza-criminale-tra-mafia-foggiana-criminalita-barese-sacra-corona-unita-88a276f7-fb5e-4330-9815-c38a4aabexlk.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"In Puglia effervescenza criminale tra mafia foggiana, criminalità barese e sacra corona unita"<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Censis&rft.atitle=Rapporto+Censis%3A+13+milioni+di+italiani+convivono+con+la+mafia&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.au=Maria+Loi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antimafiaduemila.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F20052%2F78%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKington2009" class="citation news cs1">Kington, Tom (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/01/mafia-influence-hovers-over-italians">"Mafia's influence hovers over 13 m Italians, says report"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908050448/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/01/mafia-influence-hovers-over-italians">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mafia%27s+influence+hovers+over+13+m+Italians%2C+says+report&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Kington&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Foct%2F01%2Fmafia-influence-hovers-over-italians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationMaster.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationMaster.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929181837/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita">"Crime Statistics – Murders (per capita) (more recent) by country"</a>. NationMaster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita">the original</a> on 29 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Murders+%28per+capita%29+%28more+recent%29+by+country&rft.pub=NationMaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fcri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mafiusu-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mafiusu_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This etymology is based on the books <i>Mafioso</i> by Gaia Servadio, <i>The Sicilian Mafia</i> by Diego Gambetta, and <i>Cosa Nostra</i> by John Dickie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambetta1996-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gambetta1996_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambetta1996" class="citation book cs1">Gambetta, Diego (1996) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3bv3tqWftYC"><i>The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-80742-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-80742-1"><bdi>0-674-80742-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Mafia%3A+The+Business+of+Private+Protection&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-674-80742-1&rft.aulast=Gambetta&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3bv3tqWftYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachetteAustralia2011" class="citation web cs1">HachetteAustralia (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrD0D4Fi9qg">"John Dickie on Blood Brotherhoods"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215105408/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrD0D4Fi9qg">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Dickie+on+Blood+Brotherhoods&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.au=HachetteAustralia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrrD0D4Fi9qg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sardell-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sardell_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason Sardell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031609-103313/unrestricted/JSardellMafia.pdf">Economic Origins of the Mafia and Patronage System in Sicily</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720120749/http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-031609-103313/unrestricted/JSardellMafia.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandiera-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bandiera_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oriana Bandiera (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/3123.html">"Private States and the Enforcement of Property Rights – Theory and Evidence on the Origins of the Sicilian Mafia,"</a> CEPR Discussion Papers 3123, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319025549/http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/bandiera/mafia1101.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2001, pp. 8–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickie2007p39-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickie2007p39_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dickie_(historian)" title="John Dickie (historian)">Dickie, John</a> (2007). <i>Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia</i>. Hodder. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-93526-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-93526-2"><bdi>978-0-340-93526-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosa+Nostra%3A+A+History+of+the+Sicilian+Mafia&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Hodder&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-340-93526-2&rft.aulast=Dickie&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoli2003" class="citation book cs1">Paoli, Letizia (2003). <i>Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515724-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515724-9"><bdi>0-19-515724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mafia+Brotherhoods%3A+Organized+Crime%2C+Italian+Style&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-515724-9&rft.aulast=Paoli&rft.aufirst=Letizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arlacchi. <i>Men of Dishonour</i>. p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fbi_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbi_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/lcnindex.htm">"FBI – Italian Organized Crime"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007213234/https://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/orgcrime/lcnindex.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+%E2%80%93+Italian+Organized+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fhq%2Fcid%2Forgcrime%2Flcnindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/mafia::sub::Current_Clans">"Museum of Learning -- Mafia: Current Clans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173722/http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/mafia::sub::Current_Clans">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Learning+--+Mafia%3A+Current+Clans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumstuff.com%2Flearn%2Ftopics%2Fmafia%3A%3Asub%3A%3ACurrent_Clans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantana2013" class="citation web cs1">Santana, Jen (19 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interpacket.com/6323/italian-police-make-over-100-arrests-in-massive-mafia-bust/">"Italian Police Make Over 100 Arrests in Massive Mafia Bust"</a>. Interpacket. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113312/http://www.interpacket.com/6323/italian-police-make-over-100-arrests-in-massive-mafia-bust/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Police+Make+Over+100+Arrests+in+Massive+Mafia+Bust&rft.pub=Interpacket&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.aulast=Santana&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpacket.com%2F6323%2Fitalian-police-make-over-100-arrests-in-massive-mafia-bust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontanelliGervaso1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montanelli, Indro; Gervaso, Roberto (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OoJAQAAIAAJ&q=camorra+bisca"><i>L'Italia del Seicento. (1600-1700)</i></a> (in Italian). Rizzoli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788817420112" title="Special:BookSources/9788817420112"><bdi>9788817420112</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506172248/https://books.google.com/books?id=0OoJAQAAIAAJ&q=camorra+bisca">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+del+Seicento.+%281600-1700%29&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9788817420112&rft.aulast=Montanelli&rft.aufirst=Indro&rft.au=Gervaso%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OoJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcamorra%2Bbisca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econ_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumpeter_(column)2016" class="citation news cs1">Schumpeter (column) (27 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/business/21705858-crime-families-naples-are-remarkably-good-business-mafia-management">"Mafia management"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065320/https://www.economist.com/news/business/21705858-crime-families-naples-are-remarkably-good-business-mafia-management">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Mafia+management&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft.au=Schumpeter+%28column%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F21705858-crime-families-naples-are-remarkably-good-business-mafia-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarano2007" class="citation web cs1">Farano, Adriano (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cafebabel.com/en/article/roberto-saviano-spain-in-mafia-hands-5ae00686f723b35a145e0ce3/">"Roberto Saviano: Spain in mafia hands"</a>. <i>Cafébabel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001143500/https://cafebabel.com/en/article/roberto-saviano-spain-in-mafia-hands-5ae00686f723b35a145e0ce3/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caf%C3%A9babel&rft.atitle=Roberto+Saviano%3A+Spain+in+mafia+hands&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.aulast=Farano&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcafebabel.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Froberto-saviano-spain-in-mafia-hands-5ae00686f723b35a145e0ce3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangione2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mangione, Antonio (15 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://internapoli.it/la-mappa-della-camorra-a-napoli-2-grandi-clan-e-tanti-gruppi-piccoli-gruppi-criminali-si-dividono-la-citta/">"La mappa della camorra a Napoli, 2 grandi clan e tanti gruppi piccoli gruppi criminali si dividono la città"</a>. <i>Internapoli.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013230601/https://internapoli.it/la-mappa-della-camorra-a-napoli-2-grandi-clan-e-tanti-gruppi-piccoli-gruppi-criminali-si-dividono-la-citta/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internapoli.it&rft.atitle=La+mappa+della+camorra+a+Napoli%2C+2+grandi+clan+e+tanti+gruppi+piccoli+gruppi+criminali+si+dividono+la+citt%C3%A0&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.aulast=Mangione&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternapoli.it%2Fla-mappa-della-camorra-a-napoli-2-grandi-clan-e-tanti-gruppi-piccoli-gruppi-criminali-si-dividono-la-citta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnhooper-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnhooper_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnhooper_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hooper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/italy.johnhooper">John Hooper on the Calabrian Mob that really runs Italy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201174301/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/08/italy.johnhooper">Archived</a> 1 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 8 Jun 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_Organised_Crime-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Organised_Crime_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/italian_organised_crime_threat_assessment_0.pdf">Italian Organised Crime: Threat Assessment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722033025/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/italian_organised_crime_threat_assessment_0.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Europol, The Hague, June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le criminalità organizzate nell'Italia meridionale continentale: camorra, 'ndrangheta, sacra corona unita Carlo Alfiero, Generale di Brigata - Comandante Scuola Ufficiali CC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlPuglia_crimewave_points_to_emergence_of_fifth_Italian_mafia_|_World_news_|_The_Guardian-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlPuglia_crimewave_points_to_emergence_of_fifth_Italian_mafia_|_World_news_|_The_Guardian_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/puglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia">"Puglia crimewave points to emergence of 'fifth' Italian mafia | World news | The Guardian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 19 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531070419/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/puglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Puglia+crimewave+points+to+emergence+of+%27fifth%27+Italian+mafia+%26%23124%3B+World+news+%26%23124%3B+The+Guardian&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F19%2Fpuglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panorama.it/news/la-mafia-foggia-la-nuova-gomorra">"La Mafia di Foggia è la "nuova Gomorra"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Panorama</i> (in Italian). 9 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809033533/https://www.panorama.it/news/la-mafia-foggia-la-nuova-gomorra">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panorama&rft.atitle=La+Mafia+di+Foggia+%C3%A8+la+%22nuova+Gomorra%22&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.it%2Fnews%2Fla-mafia-foggia-la-nuova-gomorra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivillini2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Civillini, Matteo (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/it/article/negeek/societa-foggiana-mafia-italia">"Come la Società Foggiana è diventata la mafia più brutale e sanguinosa d'Italia"</a>. <i>Vice</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612115321/https://www.vice.com/it/article/negeek/societa-foggiana-mafia-italia">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Come+la+Societ%C3%A0+Foggiana+%C3%A8+diventata+la+mafia+pi%C3%B9+brutale+e+sanguinosa+d%27Italia&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Civillini&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fit%2Farticle%2Fnegeek%2Fsocieta-foggiana-mafia-italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzo_Tondo2020" class="citation web cs1">Lorenzo Tondo (19 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/puglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia">"Puglia crimewave points to emergence of 'fifth' Italian mafia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531070419/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/puglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Puglia+crimewave+points+to+emergence+of+%27fifth%27+Italian+mafia&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.au=Lorenzo+Tondo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F19%2Fpuglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTondo2020" class="citation news cs1">Tondo, Lorenzo (19 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/puglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia">"Puglia crimewave points to emergence of 'fifth' Italian mafia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531070419/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/19/puglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Puglia+crimewave+points+to+emergence+of+%27fifth%27+Italian+mafia&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Tondo&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F19%2Fpuglia-crimewave-points-to-emergence-of-fifth-italian-mafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foggiatoday.it/cronaca/mafia-san-severo-apricena-lucera-relazione-dia-primo-semestre-2019.html">"Il ruolo della 'Società Foggiana' su San Severo, dove è guerra aperta tra clan per la conquista del business della droga"</a>. <i>FoggiaToday</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119195646/https://www.foggiatoday.it/cronaca/mafia-san-severo-apricena-lucera-relazione-dia-primo-semestre-2019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoggiaToday&rft.atitle=Il+ruolo+della+%27Societ%C3%A0+Foggiana%27+su+San+Severo%2C+dove+%C3%A8+guerra+aperta+tra+clan+per+la+conquista+del+business+della+droga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foggiatoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Fmafia-san-severo-apricena-lucera-relazione-dia-primo-semestre-2019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndaradio" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ondaradio, Redazione. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retegargano.it/index.php/notizie/societa/item/65422-i-tre-clan-in-guerra-ma-con-il-direttorio-per-il-controllo-di-cassa-comune-e-lista-estorsioni-la-nuova-relazione-dell-antimafia-4">"I tre clan in guerra ma con il direttorio. Per il controllo di cassa comune e lista estorsioni. La nuova relazione dell'antimafia (4) - Rete Gargano"</a>. <i>www.retegargano.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.retegargano.it&rft.atitle=I+tre+clan+in+guerra+ma+con+il+direttorio.+Per+il+controllo+di+cassa+comune+e+lista+estorsioni.+La+nuova+relazione+dell%27antimafia+%284%29+-+Rete+Gargano&rft.aulast=Ondaradio&rft.aufirst=Redazione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retegargano.it%2Findex.php%2Fnotizie%2Fsocieta%2Fitem%2F65422-i-tre-clan-in-guerra-ma-con-il-direttorio-per-il-controllo-di-cassa-comune-e-lista-estorsioni-la-nuova-relazione-dell-antimafia-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baritoday.it/cronaca/infiltrazioni-mafiose-politica-bari-angelo-cassano-crimine-potenza-economica.html">"I tentacoli dei clan baresi nella vita della città, don Angelo Cassano: "Organizzazioni criminali diventate potenza economica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BariToday</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BariToday&rft.atitle=I+tentacoli+dei+clan+baresi+nella+vita+della+citt%C3%A0%2C+don+Angelo+Cassano%3A+%22Organizzazioni+criminali+diventate+potenza+economica%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baritoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Finfiltrazioni-mafiose-politica-bari-angelo-cassano-crimine-potenza-economica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/09/24/il-clan-parisi-torna-in-cella.html">"Il clan Parisi torna in cella - la Repubblica.it"</a>. <i>Archivio - la Repubblica.it</i> (in Italian). 24 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321192139/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/09/24/il-clan-parisi-torna-in-cella.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archivio+-+la+Repubblica.it&rft.atitle=Il+clan+Parisi+torna+in+cella+-+la+Repubblica.it&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F2008%2F09%2F24%2Fil-clan-parisi-torna-in-cella.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baritoday.it/cronaca/mafia-121-condanne-clan-strisciuglio-operazione-vortice-maestrale.html">"Associazione mafiosa, traffico di droga, armi ed estorsioni: 121 condanne per il clan Strisciuglio"</a>. <i>BariToday</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128052812/https://www.baritoday.it/cronaca/mafia-121-condanne-clan-strisciuglio-operazione-vortice-maestrale.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BariToday&rft.atitle=Associazione+mafiosa%2C+traffico+di+droga%2C+armi+ed+estorsioni%3A+121+condanne+per+il+clan+Strisciuglio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baritoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Fmafia-121-condanne-clan-strisciuglio-operazione-vortice-maestrale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/09/11/news/bari_vecchia_mafia_cassazione_capriati_equilibrio_clan-365113765/">"Bari, fra i clan della città vecchia equilibri a rischio dopo l'assoluzione di Filippo Capriati"</a>. <i>la Repubblica</i> (in Italian). 11 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125214756/https://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/09/11/news/bari_vecchia_mafia_cassazione_capriati_equilibrio_clan-365113765/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=la+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Bari%2C+fra+i+clan+della+citt%C3%A0+vecchia+equilibri+a+rischio+dopo+l%27assoluzione+di+Filippo+Capriati&rft.date=2022-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbari.repubblica.it%2Fcronaca%2F2022%2F09%2F11%2Fnews%2Fbari_vecchia_mafia_cassazione_capriati_equilibrio_clan-365113765%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancklin2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francklin, Eleonora (14 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quintopotere.it/conflitti-tra-clan-per-il-controllo-del-territorio-dallascesa-dei-parisi-allo-stato-di-fibrillazione-degli-strisciuglio-la-mappa-criminale-di-bari/">"Conflitti tra clan per il controllo del territorio, dall'ascesa dei Parisi allo stato di fibrillazione degli Strisciuglio: la mappa criminale di Bari"</a>. <i>Quinto Potere</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321192331/https://www.quintopotere.it/conflitti-tra-clan-per-il-controllo-del-territorio-dallascesa-dei-parisi-allo-stato-di-fibrillazione-degli-strisciuglio-la-mappa-criminale-di-bari/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quinto+Potere&rft.atitle=Conflitti+tra+clan+per+il+controllo+del+territorio%2C+dall%27ascesa+dei+Parisi+allo+stato+di+fibrillazione+degli+Strisciuglio%3A+la+mappa+criminale+di+Bari&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft.aulast=Francklin&rft.aufirst=Eleonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quintopotere.it%2Fconflitti-tra-clan-per-il-controllo-del-territorio-dallascesa-dei-parisi-allo-stato-di-fibrillazione-degli-strisciuglio-la-mappa-criminale-di-bari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergi" class="citation web cs1">Sergi, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/633694">"Fifth Column: Italy's Fifth Mafia, the Basilischi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102011312/https://www.academia.edu/633694">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifth+Column%3A+Italy%27s+Fifth+Mafia%2C+the+Basilischi&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F633694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Mafia-capitale-il-libro-mastro-del-clan-di-Carminati-e-i-doppi-stipendi-dei-politici-dff94d81-a2bc-4e4f-b666-62d6286c16e7.html?refresh_ce">"Mafia capitale, il libro mastro del clan di Carminati e i "doppi" stipendi dei politici"</a>. <i>Rainews.it</i>. Rai - Radiotelevisione Italiana. 4 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617081926/http://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Mafia-capitale-il-libro-mastro-del-clan-di-Carminati-e-i-doppi-stipendi-dei-politici-dff94d81-a2bc-4e4f-b666-62d6286c16e7.html?refresh_ce">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rainews.it&rft.atitle=Mafia+capitale%2C+il+libro+mastro+del+clan+di+Carminati+e+i+%22doppi%22+stipendi+dei+politici&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rainews.it%2Fdl%2Frainews%2Farticoli%2FMafia-capitale-il-libro-mastro-del-clan-di-Carminati-e-i-doppi-stipendi-dei-politici-dff94d81-a2bc-4e4f-b666-62d6286c16e7.html%3Frefresh_ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-int-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-int_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110308132431/http://nottecriminale.wordpress.com/tag/la-banda-della-comasina/">"Notte Criminale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nottecriminale.wordpress.com/tag/la-banda-della-comasina/">the original</a> on 8 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notte+Criminale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnottecriminale.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fla-banda-della-comasina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal1988" class="citation news cs1">Blumenthal, Ralph (28 July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/28/nyregion/acquitted-in-pizza-connection-trial-man-remains-in-prison.html">"Acquitted in 'Pizza Connection' Trial, Man Remains in Prison"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502091244/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/28/nyregion/acquitted-in-pizza-connection-trial-man-remains-in-prison.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Acquitted+in+%27Pizza+Connection%27+Trial%2C+Man+Remains+in+Prison&rft.date=1988-07-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F07%2F28%2Fnyregion%2Facquitted-in-pizza-connection-trial-man-remains-in-prison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/organized-crime">"Organized Crime"</a>. <i>Federal Bureau of Investigation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112840/https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/organized-crime">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=Organized+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Finvestigate%2Forganized-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuffrida2019" class="citation news cs1">Giuffrida, Angela (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/italy-mafia-networks-are-more-complex-and-powerful-says-minister">"Italy mafia networks are more complex and powerful, says minister"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520224057/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/30/italy-mafia-networks-are-more-complex-and-powerful-says-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italy+mafia+networks+are+more+complex+and+powerful%2C+says+minister&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Giuffrida&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F30%2Fitaly-mafia-networks-are-more-complex-and-powerful-says-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossi2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grossi, Luca (4 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antimafiaduemila.com/home/mafie-news/254-focus/91029-l-olanda-una-narco-colonia-della-ndrangheta-a-nord-dell-europa.html">"L'Olanda: una narco-colonia della 'Ndrangheta a nord dell'Europa"</a>. <i>Antimafia Duemila | Fondatore Giorgio Bongiovanni</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606233444/https://www.antimafiaduemila.com/home/mafie-news/254-focus/91029-l-olanda-una-narco-colonia-della-ndrangheta-a-nord-dell-europa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antimafia+Duemila+%7C+Fondatore+Giorgio+Bongiovanni&rft.atitle=L%27Olanda%3A+una+narco-colonia+della+%27Ndrangheta+a+nord+dell%27Europa&rft.date=2022-08-04&rft.aulast=Grossi&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antimafiaduemila.com%2Fhome%2Fmafie-news%2F254-focus%2F91029-l-olanda-una-narco-colonia-della-ndrangheta-a-nord-dell-europa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/02/01/gratteri-la-germania-e-il-secondo-paese-con-la-piu-alta-presenza-di-ndrangheta-nessuno-fa-nulla-i-clan-portano-soldi-e-aiutano-il-pil/7429007/">"Gratteri: "La Germania è il secondo Paese con la più alta presenza di 'ndrangheta. Nessuno fa nulla, i clan portano soldi e aiutano il pil"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Il Fatto Quotidiano</i> (in Italian). 1 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213230954/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2024/02/01/gratteri-la-germania-e-il-secondo-paese-con-la-piu-alta-presenza-di-ndrangheta-nessuno-fa-nulla-i-clan-portano-soldi-e-aiutano-il-pil/7429007/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Fatto+Quotidiano&rft.atitle=Gratteri%3A+%22La+Germania+%C3%A8+il+secondo+Paese+con+la+pi%C3%B9+alta+presenza+di+%27ndrangheta.+Nessuno+fa+nulla%2C+i+clan+portano+soldi+e+aiutano+il+pil%22&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfattoquotidiano.it%2F2024%2F02%2F01%2Fgratteri-la-germania-e-il-secondo-paese-con-la-piu-alta-presenza-di-ndrangheta-nessuno-fa-nulla-i-clan-portano-soldi-e-aiutano-il-pil%2F7429007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corrieredellacalabria.it/2023/05/04/la-frontiera-belga-della-ndrangheta-qui-appoggi-familiari-e-lo-snodo-per-il-narcotraffico/">"La frontiera belga della 'ndrangheta. "Qui appoggi familiari e lo snodo per il narcotraffico"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Corriere della Calabria</i> (in Italian). 4 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516175824/https://www.corrieredellacalabria.it/2023/05/04/la-frontiera-belga-della-ndrangheta-qui-appoggi-familiari-e-lo-snodo-per-il-narcotraffico/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Calabria&rft.atitle=La+frontiera+belga+della+%27ndrangheta.+%22Qui+appoggi+familiari+e+lo+snodo+per+il+narcotraffico%22&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corrieredellacalabria.it%2F2023%2F05%2F04%2Fla-frontiera-belga-della-ndrangheta-qui-appoggi-familiari-e-lo-snodo-per-il-narcotraffico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltaccoditalia.info/2020/04/14/mafia-nel-regno-unito-la-relazione-della-dia/">"Mafia nel Regno unito: la relazione della Dia | Il Tacco d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). 15 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604155847/https://www.iltaccoditalia.info/2020/04/14/mafia-nel-regno-unito-la-relazione-della-dia/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.occrp.org&rft.atitle=How+the+Camorra+Went+Global&rft.aulast=Civillini&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Anesi%2C+Cecilia&rft.au=Rubino%2C+Giulio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Finvestigations%2F6750-how-the-camorra-went-global&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedazione2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redazione (31 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anteprima24.it/napoli/camorra-arrestato-in-spagna-boss-del-clan-contini-era-in-fuga-da-tre-mesi/">"Camorra, arrestato in Spagna boss del clan Contini: era in fuga da tre mesi"</a>. <i>Anteprima24.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321190036/https://www.anteprima24.it/napoli/camorra-arrestato-in-spagna-boss-del-clan-contini-era-in-fuga-da-tre-mesi/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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No-one would believe it'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 16 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311224320/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-17/castel-volturno-is-headquarters-for-nigerian-mafia-in-italy/12033684">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27You+can%27t+tell+people+a+place+like+this+exists+in+Italy.+No-one+would+believe+it%27&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-03-17%2Fcastel-volturno-is-headquarters-for-nigerian-mafia-in-italy%2F12033684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/10/02/news/milano_ricostruirono_banda_dei_latin_king_9_condanne_due_anni_all_inca_supremo_pena_piu_alta_a_3_anni_e_4_mesi-416550403/">"Milano, ricostruirono banda dei Latin King: 9 condanne. Due anni all' 'Inca Supremo'. Pena più alta a 3 anni e 4 mesi"</a>. <i>la Repubblica</i> (in Italian). 2 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008155954/https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/10/02/news/milano_ricostruirono_banda_dei_latin_king_9_condanne_due_anni_all_inca_supremo_pena_piu_alta_a_3_anni_e_4_mesi-416550403/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A lui 18 anni, 16 al rivale"</a>. <i>RomaToday</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arrestato latitante a Trieste"</a>. <i>BariViva</i> (in Italian). 6 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Torino%2C+15+romeni+condannati+per+mafia%3A+la+prima+volta+in+Italia&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F14_ottobre_27%2Ftorino-15-romeni-condannati-mafia-prima-volta-italia-7c33c6b0-5df9-11e4-8541-750bc6d4f0d9.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/locale/iasi/foto-video-capo-di-tutti-capi-povestea-boxerului-roman-conducea-clan-mafioti-puscarie-1_51c55865c7b855ff56b68cfd/index.html">"FOTO VIDEO Il capo di tutti capi. Povestea boxerului român care conducea un clan de mafioţi din puşcărie"</a>. <i>adevarul.ro</i>. 22 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adevarul.ro&rft.atitle=FOTO+VIDEO+Il+capo+di+tutti+capi.+Povestea+boxerului+rom%C3%A2n+care+conducea+un+clan+de+mafio%C5%A3i+din+pu%C5%9Fc%C4%83rie&rft.date=2013-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fiasi%2Ffoto-video-capo-di-tutti-capi-povestea-boxerului-roman-conducea-clan-mafioti-puscarie-1_51c55865c7b855ff56b68cfd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfoglio.it/cronache/2018/04/16/news/cosi-la-mafia-cinese-se-la-intende-con-la-camorra-189623/">"Così la mafia cinese se la intende con la camorra"</a>. <i>www.ilfoglio.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123191722/https://www.ilfoglio.it/cronache/2018/04/16/news/cosi-la-mafia-cinese-se-la-intende-con-la-camorra-189623/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilfoglio.it&rft.atitle=Cos%26igrave%3B+la+mafia+cinese+se+la+intende+con+la+camorra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfoglio.it%2Fcronache%2F2018%2F04%2F16%2Fnews%2Fcosi-la-mafia-cinese-se-la-intende-con-la-camorra-189623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTG242017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">TG24, Sky (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2017/04/26/plastica-da-prato-a-hong-kong--patto-mafia-cinese-e-camorra">"Rifiuti, scoperto un traffico di plastica da Prato a Hong Kong"</a>. <i>tg24.sky.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918205022/https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2017/04/26/plastica-da-prato-a-hong-kong--patto-mafia-cinese-e-camorra">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tg24.sky.it&rft.atitle=Rifiuti%2C+scoperto+un+traffico+di+plastica+da+Prato+a+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=TG24&rft.aufirst=Sky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftg24.sky.it%2Fcronaca%2F2017%2F04%2F26%2Fplastica-da-prato-a-hong-kong--patto-mafia-cinese-e-camorra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganized+crime+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Italy seeks worldwide help in war on Mafia</i>. John Phillips. The Times (London, England), Wednesday, July 29, 1992; pg. 8; Issue 64397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamieson29-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jamieson29_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamieson, <i>The Antimafia</i>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneiders-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schneiders_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneiders_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneiders_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.multimania.co.uk/ocnewsletter/SGOC0502/Schneiders.html">Giovanni Falcone, Paolo Borsellino and the Procura of Palermo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021092210/http://members.multimania.co.uk/ocnewsletter/SGOC0502/Schneiders.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Peter Schneider & Jane Schneider, May 2002, essay is based on excerpts from Chapter Six of Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider, Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia and the Struggle for Palermo, Berkeley: U. of California Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stille85-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stille85_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stille, <i>Excellent Cadavers</i>, pp. 85-90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-big-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-big_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfonso Giordano, Il maxiprocesso venticinque anni dopo – Memoriale del presidente, p. 68, Bonanno Editore, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7796-845-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7796-845-6">978-88-7796-845-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cu300905-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cu300905_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuntrastamu.org/mafia/contributi/naz04.htm">Il maxiprocesso Spartacus e il silenzio della stampa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109105103/http://www.cuntrastamu.org/mafia/contributi/naz04.htm">Archived</a> 9 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cuntrastamu, 30 September 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cor200608-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cor200608_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/campania/cronache/articoli/2008/06_Giugno/19/spartacus_sentenza_casale.shtml">«Processo Spartacus», 16 ergastoli ai Casalesi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202626/http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/campania/cronache/articoli/2008/06_Giugno/19/spartacus_sentenza_casale.shtml">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Corriere del Mezzogiorno, June 20, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh210608-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smh210608_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh210608_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/camorra-get-terms-they-cant-refuse/2008/06/20/1213770924683.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1">Camorra get terms they can't refuse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216184416/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/camorra-get-terms-they-cant-refuse/2008/06/20/1213770924683.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1">Archived</a> 16 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sydney Morning Herald, June 21, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind200608-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ind200608_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/godfathers-of-836425bn-mafia-family-get-life-after-epic-trial-1415909.html">Godfathers of €25bn mafia family get life after epic trial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520072505/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/godfathers-of-836425bn-mafia-family-get-life-after-epic-trial-1415909.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Independent, 20 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corriere.it/cronache/10_gennaio_15/processo-camorra-cassazione_ea2a7510-020f-11df-866a-00144f02aabe.shtml">La Cassazione conferma le condanne al clan dei Casalesi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226113347/https://www.corriere.it/cronache/10_gennaio_15/processo-camorra-cassazione_ea2a7510-020f-11df-866a-00144f02aabe.shtml">Archived</a> 26 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Corriere della Sera, January 15, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2010/01/15/news/la_cassazione_conferma_sedici_ergastoli_contro_i_casalesi-1964886/">La Cassazione conferma la sentenza: Sedici ergastoli contro i Casalesi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425025103/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2010/01/15/news/la_cassazione_conferma_sedici_ergastoli_contro_i_casalesi-1964886/">Archived</a> 25 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, La Repubblica, 15 January 2010</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" title="Template:Organized crime groups in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Organized crime groups in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized crime groups in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_crime_groups_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a> groups in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Balkans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_%C3%87ole" title="Gang of Çole">Gang of Çole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Gaxhai" title="Gang of Gaxhai">Gang of Gaxhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Pusi_i_Mezinit" title="Gang of Pusi i Mezinit">Gang of Pusi i Mezinit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_mafia" title="Bulgarian mafia">Bulgarian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Organized crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_mafia" title="Montenegrin mafia">Montenegrin mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mafia" title="Romanian mafia">Romanian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_mafia" title="Serbian mafia">Serbian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zemun_Clan" title="Zemun Clan">Zemun Clan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gangs in the United Kingdom">British Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Angels_Motorcycle_Club" title="Blue Angels Motorcycle Club">Blue Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_firms_(organised_crime)" title="British firms (organised crime)">British firms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_crime_syndicate" title="Clerkenwell crime syndicate">Clerkenwell crime syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kray_twins" title="Kray twins">Kray firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Crime_Family" title="Lyons Crime Family">Lyons Crime Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Street_Gang" title="Quality Street Gang">Quality Street Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Gang" title="Richardson Gang">Richardson Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_gang" title="Whitney gang">Whitney gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mob" title="Irish Mob">Irish Mob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutch_Organized_Crime_Gang" title="Hutch Organized Crime Gang">Hutch Organized Crime Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keane-Collopy" title="Keane-Collopy">Keane-Collopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinahan_Organised_Crime_Group" title="Kinahan Organised Crime Group">Kinahan Organised Crime Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthy-Dundon" title="McCarthy-Dundon">McCarthy-Dundon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Westies_(Irish_gang)" title="The Westies (Irish gang)">Westies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satans_Slaves_Motorcycle_Club" title="Satans Slaves Motorcycle Club">Satans Slaves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Crime in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%99" title="Radovan Krejčíř">Krejčíř organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Mr%C3%A1zek" title="František Mrázek">Mrázek organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Denmark" title="Crime in Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK81" title="AK81">AK81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cobra_(gang)" title="Black Cobra (gang)">Black Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_to_Familia" title="Loyal to Familia">Loyal to Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Team" title="X-Team">X-Team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannonball_Motorcycle_Club" title="Cannonball Motorcycle Club">Cannonball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_France" title="Organized crime in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_mafia" title="Corsican mafia">Corsican mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_de_la_Brise_de_Mer" title="Gang de la Brise de Mer">Gang de la Brise de Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Bar_Gang" title="Petit Bar Gang">Petit Bar Gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_(organized_crime_in_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu (organized crime in France)"><i>Milieu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_R%C3%A9gional_d%27Action_Viticole" title="Comité Régional d'Action Viticole">Comité Régional d'Action Viticole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized crime in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/36_Boys" title="36 Boys">36 Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zein_crime_family" title="Al-Zein crime family">Al-Zein crime family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jackets" title="Black Jackets">Black Jackets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremium_Motorcycle_Club" title="Gremium Motorcycle Club">Gremium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri-Clan" title="Miri-Clan">Miri-Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanen_Germania" title="Osmanen Germania">Osmanen Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringvereine" title="Ringvereine">Ringvereine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana" title="Banda della Magliana">Banda della Magliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_della_Comasina" title="Banda della Comasina">Banda della Comasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilischi" title="Basilischi">Basilischi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamonica_clan" title="Casamonica clan">Casamonica clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_del_Brenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala del Brenta">Mala del Brenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_Capitale" title="Mafia Capitale">Mafia Capitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriati_clan" title="Capriati clan">Capriati clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strisciuglio_clan" title="Strisciuglio clan">Strisciuglio clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_banditry" title="Sardinian banditry">Sardinian banditry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonima_sarda" title="Anonima sarda">Anonima sarda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_foggiana" title="Società foggiana">Società foggiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda">Stidda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Uno_Gang" title="White Uno Gang">White Uno Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_the_Netherlands" title="Organized crime in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_Boys" title="Hopi Boys">Hopi Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Surrender_Motorcycle_Club" title="No Surrender Motorcycle Club">No Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penose" class="mw-redirect" title="Penose">Penose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satudarah" title="Satudarah">Satudarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w_mafia" title="Pruszków mafia">Pruszków mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_mafia" title="Slovak mafia">Slovak mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician mafia">Galician mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Charlines" title="Los Charlines">Los Charlines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Sweden" title="Organized crime in Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6draskapet" title="Brödraskapet">Brödraskapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6dspatrullen" title="Dödspatrullen">Dödspatrullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtrot_(criminal_network)" title="Foxtrot (criminal network)">Foxtrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucked_For_Life" title="Fucked For Life">Fucked For Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naserligan" title="Naserligan">Naserligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Gangsters_(gang)" title="Original Gangsters (gang)">Original Gangsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4ljen%C3%A4tverket" title="Södertäljenätverket">Södertäljenätverket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Soviet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mafia" title="Armenian mafia">Armenian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_mafia" title="Azerbaijani mafia">Azerbaijani mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_mafia" title="Chechen mafia">Chechen mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mafia" title="Georgian mafia">Georgian mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">Russian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers%27_Circle" title="Brothers' Circle">Brothers' Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orekhovskaya_gang" title="Orekhovskaya gang">Orekhovskaya gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solntsevskaya_Bratva" title="Solntsevskaya Bratva">Solntsevskaya Bratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambovskaya_Bratva" title="Tambovskaya Bratva">Tambovskaya Bratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralmash_gang" title="Uralmash gang">Uralmash gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thief_in_law" title="Thief in law">Thief in law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_mafia" title="Ukrainian mafia">Ukrainian mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Clan" title="Donetsk Clan">Donetsk Clan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_mafia" title="Turkish mafia">Turkish mafia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ylemez_Gang" title="Söylemez Gang">Söylemez Gang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mafia" title="Kurdish mafia">Kurdish mafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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