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<span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Viennese_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Viennese_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Viennese School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Viennese_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In art and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Viennese School</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Новая венская школа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новая венская школа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Escola_de_Viena" title="Segona Escola de Viena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Escola de Viena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_v%C3%ADde%C5%88sk%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola" title="Druhá vídeňská škola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá vídeňská škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ail_Ysgol_Fienna" title="Ail Ysgol Fienna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ail Ysgol Fienna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_Wienerskole" title="Anden Wienerskole – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden Wienerskole" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Schule_(Moderne)" title="Wiener Schule (Moderne) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wiener Schule (Moderne)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus_Viini_koolkond" title="Uus Viini koolkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uus Viini koolkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_Escuela_de_Viena" title="Moderna Escuela de Viena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moderna Escuela de Viena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Viena_Skolo" title="Dua Viena Skolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Viena Skolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienako_Bigarren_Eskola" title="Vienako Bigarren Eskola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vienako Bigarren Eskola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دومین مکتب موسیقی وین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین مکتب موسیقی وین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_%C3%A9cole_de_Vienne" title="Seconde école de Vienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde école de Vienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EB%B9%88%EC%95%85%ED%8C%8C" title="제2빈악파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2빈악파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Վիեննական երկրորդ դպրոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիեննական երկրորդ դպրոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_be%C4%8Dka_%C5%A1kola" title="Druga bečka škola – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druga bečka škola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_scuola_di_Vienna" title="Seconda scuola di Vienna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda scuola di Vienna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="האסכולה הווינאית השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האסכולה הווינאית השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaun%C4%81_V%C4%ABnes_skola" title="Jaunā Vīnes skola – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaunā Vīnes skola" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Втора виенска школа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора виенска школа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Weense_School" title="Tweede Weense School – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Weense School" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%BD%E6%B4%BE" title="新ウィーン楽派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新ウィーン楽派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_wienerskole" title="Den andre wienerskole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre wienerskole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_wienerskulen" title="Den andre wienerskulen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den andre wienerskulen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_Vena_maktabi" title="Yangi Vena maktabi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi Vena maktabi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_szko%C5%82a_wiede%C5%84ska" title="Druga szkoła wiedeńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druga szkoła wiedeńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Escola_de_Viena" title="Segunda Escola de Viena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Escola de Viena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Новая венская школа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая венская школа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Viennese School" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_dunajska_%C5%A1ola" title="Druga dunajska šola – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Druga dunajska šola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Друга бечка школа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друга бечка школа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_Wienin_koulukunta" title="Toinen Wienin koulukunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen Wienin koulukunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_Wienskolan" title="Andra Wienskolan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra Wienskolan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нова віденська школа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова віденська школа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%B9%90%E6%B4%BE" title="第二维也纳乐派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二维也纳乐派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q248243#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wienerschule.jpg/220px-Wienerschule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wienerschule.jpg/330px-Wienerschule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wienerschule.jpg/440px-Wienerschule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Second Viennese School</figcaption></figure><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of composers in 20th century Vienna</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-R-I-RI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/P-R-I-RI.png/350px-P-R-I-RI.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/P-R-I-RI.png 1.5x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Prime, retrograde, inverse, and retrograde-inverse permutations.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Second Viennese School</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Zweite Wiener Schule, Neue Wiener Schule</i>) was the group of <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> that comprised <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and his pupils, particularly <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, and close associates in early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Vienna</a>. Their music was initially characterized by late-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> expanded tonality and later, a totally chromatic <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionism</a> without a firm tonal centre, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>; and later still, Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a> said that the twelve-tone method, when it had evolved into maturity, was a "veritable message in a bottle", addressed to an unknown and uncertain future.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this common development took place, it neither followed a common time-line nor a cooperative path. Likewise, it was not a direct result of Schoenberg's teaching—which, as his various published textbooks demonstrate, was highly traditional and conservative. Schoenberg's textbooks also reveal that the Second Viennese School spawned not from the development of his serial method, but rather from the influence of his creative example. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Arnold_Schoenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of students of Arnold Schoenberg">List of students of Arnold Schoenberg</a></div> <p>The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, who were among his first composition pupils. Both of them had already produced copious and talented music in a late Romantic idiom but felt they gained new direction and discipline from Schoenberg's teaching. Other members of this generation included <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Jalowetz" title="Heinrich Jalowetz">Heinrich Jalowetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Stein" title="Erwin Stein">Erwin Stein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egon_Wellesz" title="Egon Wellesz">Egon Wellesz</a>, and somewhat later <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gerhard">Robert Gerhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_von_Hannenheim" title="Norbert von Hannenheim">Norbert von Hannenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Pisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul A. Pisk">Paul A. Pisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rankl" title="Karl Rankl">Karl Rankl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Rufer" title="Josef Rufer">Josef Rufer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ullmann" title="Viktor Ullmann">Viktor Ullmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Zillig" title="Winfried Zillig">Winfried Zillig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schoenberg's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a> is sometimes included as part of the Second Viennese School, though he was never Schoenberg's pupil and never renounced a traditional conception of tonality. </p><p>Though Berg and Webern both followed Schoenberg into total chromaticism and both, each in his own way, adopted twelve-tone technique soon after he did, not all of these others did so, or waited for a considerable time before following suit. Several yet later disciples, such as Zillig, the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> Gerhard, the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian</a> Hannenheim and the Greek Skalkottas, are sometimes covered by the term, though (apart from Gerhard) they never studied in Vienna but as part of Schoenberg's masterclass in Berlin. </p><p>Membership in the school is not generally extended to Schoenberg's many pupils in the United States from 1933, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kirchner" title="Leon Kirchner">Leon Kirchner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Strang" title="Gerald Strang">Gerald Strang</a>, nor to many other composers who, at a greater remove, wrote compositions evocative of the Second Viennese style, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> pianist <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a>. By extension, however, certain pupils of Schoenberg's pupils, such as Berg's pupil <a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Apostel" title="Hans Erich Apostel">Hans Erich Apostel</a> and Webern's pupils <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Spinner" title="Leopold Spinner">Leopold Spinner</a> and Ludwig Zenk, are usually included in the roll-call. </p><p>The broader circle of the Second Viennese School included, among others, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Adler" title="Oskar Adler">Oskar Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Apostel" title="Hans Erich Apostel">Hans Erich Apostel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gerhard">Robert Gerhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_von_Hannenheim" title="Norbert von Hannenheim">Norbert von Hannenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Jalowetz" title="Heinrich Jalowetz">Heinrich Jalowetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Jelinek" title="Hanns Jelinek">Hanns Jelinek</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Jemnitz" title="Sándor Jemnitz">Sándor Jemnitz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Jokl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Jokl (page does not exist)">Otto Jokl</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Jokl" class="extiw" title="de:Otto Jokl">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kolisch_Quartet" title="Kolisch Quartet">Kolisch Quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Kurzmann-Leuchter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter (page does not exist)">Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Kurzmann-Leuchter" class="extiw" title="de:Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Leuchter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Leuchter (page does not exist)">Erwin Leuchter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Leuchter" class="extiw" title="de:Erwin Leuchter">de</a>]</span>, Olga Novakovic, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pisk" title="Paul Pisk">Paul Pisk</a>, Rudolf Ploderer, Josef Polnauer, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Ratz" title="Erwin Ratz">Erwin Ratz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Reich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Reich (page does not exist)">Willi Reich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Reich" class="extiw" title="de:Willi Reich">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Rufer" title="Josef Rufer">Josef Rufer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schacht" title="Peter Schacht">Peter Schacht</a>, Julius Schloss, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Stein" title="Erwin Stein">Erwin Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ullmann" title="Viktor Ullmann">Viktor Ullmann</a>, Rudolf Weirich, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Weiss" title="Adolph Weiss">Adolph Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Wellesz" title="Egon Wellesz">Egon Wellesz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Zillig" title="Winfried Zillig">Winfried Zillig</a>. </p><p>Contemporaneous performers, friends, admirers, and supporters of the circle at various times included figures as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Guido_Adler" title="Guido Adler">Guido Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Josef_Bach" title="David Josef Bach">David Josef Bach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006198–199_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006198–199-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bachrich" title="Ernst Bachrich">Ernst Bachrich</a>, Imre [Emerich] Balabán and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> of the New Hungarian Music Society, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Bittner" title="Julius Bittner">Julius Bittner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Bodanzky" title="Artur Bodanzky">Artur Bodanzky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Brunswick" title="Mark Brunswick">Mark Brunswick</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek1998788_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek1998788-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Buhlig" title="Richard Buhlig">Richard Buhlig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(conductor)" title="Edward Clark (conductor)">Edward Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eimert" title="Herbert Eimert">Herbert Eimert</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Feist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Feist (page does not exist)">Gottfried Feist</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Feist" class="extiw" title="ca:Gottfried Feist">ca</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Marya_Freund" title="Marya Freund">Marya Freund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Galimir" title="Felix Galimir">Felix Galimir</a> of the Galimir Quartet, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Ganz" title="Rudolph Ganz">Rudolph Ganz</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Gutheil-Schoder" title="Marie Gutheil-Schoder">Marie Gutheil-Schoder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Alois Hába</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Hertzka" title="Emil Hertzka">Emil Hertzka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Horenstein" title="Jascha Horenstein">Jascha Horenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felicie_H%C3%BCni-Mihacsek" title="Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek">Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Itor_Kahn" title="Erich Itor Kahn">Erich Itor Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Keller" title="Hans Keller">Hans Keller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Kleiber" title="Erich Kleiber">Erich Kleiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Klitsch" title="Wilhelm Klitsch">Wilhelm Klitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Wolfgang_Korngold" title="Erich Wolfgang Korngold">Erich Wolfgang Korngold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Krasner" title="Louis Krasner">Louis Krasner</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Koffler" title="Józef Koffler">Józef Koffler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf" title="Erich Leinsdorf">Erich Leinsdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Lutyens" title="Elisabeth Lutyens">Elisabeth Lutyens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Martin_(composer)" title="Frank Martin (composer)">Frank Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Mitropoulos" title="Dimitri Mitropoulos">Dimitri Mitropoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soma_Morgenstern" title="Soma Morgenstern">Soma Morgenstern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johanna_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Johanna Müller-Hermann">Johanna Müller-Hermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Ogdon" title="Will Ogdon">Will Ogdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Oppenheimer_(artist)" title="Max Oppenheimer (artist)">Max Oppenheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otakar_Ostr%C4%8Dil" title="Otakar Ostrčil">Otakar Ostrčil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Reti" title="Rudolph Reti">Rudolph Reti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Rognoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Rognoni (page does not exist)">Luigi Rognoni</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Rognoni" class="extiw" title="it:Luigi Rognoni">it</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Ros%C3%A9" title="Arnold Rosé">Arnold Rosé</a> et al. of the <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_Quartet" title="Rosé Quartet">Rosé Quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosbaud" title="Hans Rosbaud">Hans Rosbaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Roslavets" title="Nikolai Roslavets">Nikolai Roslavets</a> et al. of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Contemporary_Music" title="Association for Contemporary Music">Association for Contemporary Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen" title="Hermann Scherchen">Hermann Scherchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Sangiorgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Sangiorgi (page does not exist)">Alfredo Sangiorgi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Sangiorgi" class="extiw" title="it:Alfredo Sangiorgi">it</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Schlee (page does not exist)">Alfred Schlee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Schlee" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Schlee">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmid_(conductor)" title="Erich Schmid (conductor)">Erich Schmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schulhoff" title="Erwin Schulhoff">Erwin Schulhoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Schwarzwald" title="Eugenie Schwarzwald">Eugenie Schwarzwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stadlen" title="Peter Stadlen">Peter Stadlen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erika_Stiedry-Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erika Stiedry-Wagner (page does not exist)">Erika Stiedry-Wagner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Stiedry-Wagner" class="extiw" title="de:Erika Stiedry-Wagner">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShreffler199421–22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreffler199421–22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> et al. of the <a href="/wiki/International_Composers_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="International Composers Guild">International Composers Guild</a>, Steuermann's sister <a href="/wiki/Salka_Viertel" title="Salka Viertel">Salka Viertel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViertel19693,_56–58,_80–82,_101,_167,_197,_206–210,_220,_257–260,_280–281,_314–316_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViertel19693,_56–58,_80–82,_101,_167,_197,_206–210,_220,_257–260,_280–281,_314–316-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Waldbauer" title="Imre Waldbauer">Imre Waldbauer</a> et al. of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldbauer-Kerpely_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldbauer-Kerpely Quartet (page does not exist)">Waldbauer-Kerpely Quartet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldbauer%E2%80%93Kerpely-von%C3%B3sn%C3%A9gyes" class="extiw" title="hu:Waldbauer–Kerpely-vonósnégyes">hu</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Zweig" title="Arnold Zweig">Arnold Zweig</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Vienna" title="Young Vienna">Jung-Wien</a></i> writers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Altenberg" title="Peter Altenberg">Peter Altenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the school included highly distinct musical personalities (the styles of Berg and Webern are in fact very different from each other, and from Schoenberg—for example, only the works of Webern conform to the rule stated by Schoenberg that only a single row be used throughout all movements of a composition<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—while Gerhard and Skalkottas were closely involved with the folk music of their respective countries) the impression of cohesiveness was enhanced by the literary efforts of some of its members. Wellesz wrote the first book on Schoenberg, who was also the subject of several <a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">Festschriften</a> put together by his friends and pupils; Rufer and Spinner both wrote books on the technique of twelve-tone composition; and Leibowitz's influential study of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern, <i>Schoenberg et son école</i>, helped to establish the image of a school in the period immediately after World War II in France and abroad. Several of those mentioned (e.g. Jalowetz, Rufer) were also influential as teachers, and others (e.g. Kolisch, Rankl, Stein, Steuermann, Zillig) as performers, in disseminating the ideals, ideas and approved repertoire of the group. Perhaps the culmination of the school took place at Darmstadt almost immediately after World War II, at the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_New_Music_Summer_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt New Music Summer School">Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik</a>, wherein Schoenberg—who was invited but too ill to travel—was ultimately usurped in musical ideology by the music of his pupil, Webern, as composers and performers from the Second Viennese School (e.g. Leibowitz, Rufer, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a>, Kolisch, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heiss" title="Hermann Heiss">Heiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stadlen" title="Peter Stadlen">Stadlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Heinz_Stuckenschmidt" title="Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt">Stuckenschmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Scherchen" title="Hermann Scherchen">Scherchen</a>) converged with the new serialists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Maderna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a>, et al.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Viennese_School">First Viennese School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Viennese School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Viennese_School" title="Special:EditPage/Second Viennese School">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a></div> <p>German musical literature refers to the grouping as the "Wiener Schule" or "Neue Wiener Schule". The existence of a "<a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a>" is debatable. The term is often assumed to connote the great Vienna-based masters of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Music_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Music Era">Classical</a> style working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>. Though Mozart and Schubert did not study with Haydn, Beethoven did for a time receive lessons from the older master, Haydn, though he was not a pupil in the sense that Berg and Webern were pupils of Schoenberg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_culture">In art and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In art and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berg, Schoenberg, or Webern featured (or were inferred) in the work of composers <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dellaira" title="Michael Dellaira">Michael Dellaira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Staar" title="René Staar">René Staar</a> and writers <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gert_Jonke" title="Gert Jonke">Gert Jonke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Rosselli" title="Amelia Rosselli">Amelia Rosselli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erika_Fox" title="Erika Fox">Erika Fox</a> named her "Malinconia Militare" (2003) after the first line of Rosselli's "Webern Opus 4". </p><p>Webern's Op. 27 was used in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Bust_Out" title="Bust Out">Bust Out</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandalkonzert" title="Skandalkonzert">Skandalkonzert</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVolbachAdorno1950" class="citation journal cs1">Volbach, W. R.; Adorno, Theodor W. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40089560">"Philosophie der neuen Musik"</a>. <i>Books Abroad</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40089560">10.2307/40089560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-7431">0006-7431</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40089560">40089560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Books+Abroad&rft.atitle=Philosophie+der+neuen+Musik&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=394&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0006-7431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40089560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40089560&rft.aulast=Volbach&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft.au=Adorno%2C+Theodor+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F40089560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Viennese+School" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Stephan" title="Rudolf Stephan">Rudolf Stephan</a>, "Wiener Schule", <i>Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik</i>, second, revised edition, edited by musicologist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Finscher" title="Ludwig Finscher">Ludwig Finscher</a>, 26 volumes in two parts, (Kassel, Basel, London, [etc.]: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1998): Part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 9 (Sy–Z): cols. 2034–45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-1128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-1128-3">978-3-7618-1128-3</a> (Bärenreiter); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-41025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-476-41025-2">978-3-476-41025-2</a> (Metzler). citation from cols. 2035–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006198–199-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006198–199_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson 2006</a>, 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenek1998788-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenek1998788_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenek1998">Krenek 1998</a>, 788.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShreffler199421–22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShreffler199421–22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShreffler1994">Shreffler 1994</a>, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViertel19693,_56–58,_80–82,_101,_167,_197,_206–210,_220,_257–260,_280–281,_314–316-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViertel19693,_56–58,_80–82,_101,_167,_197,_206–210,_220,_257–260,_280–281,_314–316_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViertel1969">Viertel 1969</a>, 3, 56–58, 80–82, 101, 167, 197, 206–210, 220, 257–260, 280–281, 314–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perle, George. <i>Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern</i>, p.2n3. Fourth Edition. 1977. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03395-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03395-7">0-520-03395-7</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson, Julius. 2006. "Anton Webern, the Social Democratic Kunstelle and Musical Modernism." <i>Austrian Studies</i> 14(1):197–213.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKrenek1998">Krenek, Ernst. 1998. <i>Im Atem der Zeit: Erinnerungen an die Moderne</i>, trans. Friedrich Saathen and Sabine Schulte. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-455-11170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-455-11170-5">978-3-455-11170-5</a> (hbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFShreffler1994">Shreffler, Anne C. 1994. <i>Webern and the Lyric Impulse: Songs and Fragments on Poems of Georg Trakl</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-16224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-16224-7">978-0-198-16224-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFViertel1969"><a href="/wiki/Salka_Viertel" title="Salka Viertel">Viertel, Salka</a>. 1969. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kindnessofstrang00vier">The Kindness of Strangers</a></i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. First edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-076470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-076470-7">978-0-03-076470-7</a> (hbk).</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>René Leibowitz, <i>Schoenberg et son école</i> (Paris, Editeur J B Janin, 1947) translated by <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a> as <i>Schoenberg and His School: The Contemporary Stage of the Language of Music</i> (New York, Philosophical Library, 1949)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Viennese_School&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoenberg.at/">Arnold Schoenberg Center in Vienna</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atonality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atonality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atonality_and_post-tonality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-tonal_music_theory" title="Post-tonal music theory">post-tonality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales and<br /> tuning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">Equal temperament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition" title="Mode of limited transposition">Mode of limited transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_chord" title="Mystic chord">Mystic chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatonic_scale" title="Octatonic scale">Octatonic scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">Whole tone scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and<br /> schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tone_rows_and_series" title="List of tone rows and series">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques<br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">Chromaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_set" title="Cyclic set">Cyclic set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissonant_counterpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissonant counterpoint">Dissonant counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_tonality" title="Dynamic tonality">Dynamic tonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">Emancipation of the dissonance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie" title="Klangfarbenmelodie">Klangfarbenmelodie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymodal_chromaticism" title="Polymodal chromaticism">Polymodal chromaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_model" title="Distance model">Distance model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">Quartal and quintal harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_Clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone Clock">Tone Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_cluster" title="Tone cluster">Tone cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_field" title="Unified field">Unified field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_atonal_compositions" title="List of atonal compositions">List of atonal compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Composition_schools" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Composition_schools" title="Template:Composition schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Composition_schools" title="Template talk:Composition schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Composition_schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Composition schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Composition_schools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Five" title="American Five">American Five</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_School_of_music" title="Bologna School of music">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_School_(music)" title="Boston School (music)">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_New_England_School" title="Second New England School">Boston Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne School (music)">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_School" title="Darmstadt School">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Pastoral_School" title="English Pastoral School">English Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Group" title="Frankfurt Group">Frankfurt Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvat_auki" title="Korvat auki">Ears Open Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_del_51" title="Generación del 51">Generación del 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovane_scuola" title="Giovane scuola">Giovane scuola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(music)" title="Group of Eight (music)">Grupo de los ocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_los_cuatro" title="Grupo de los cuatro">Grupo de los cuatro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_renovaci%C3%B3n_musical" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo de renovación musical">Grupo de renovación musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_renovaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo renovación">Grupo renovación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrennikov%27s_Seven" title="Khrennikov's Seven">Khrennikov's Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Music_Manchester" title="New Music Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_school" title="Mannheim school">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Mighty Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_School" title="Neapolitan School">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_School" title="New Jewish School">New Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Simplicity" title="New Simplicity">Neue Einfachheit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Simplicity#Other_groups" title="New Simplicity">Ny Enkelhed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)" title="New York School (art)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oeldorf_Group" title="Oeldorf Group">Oeldorf Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Arts_Union" title="Sonic Arts Union">Sonic Arts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turkish_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="The Turkish Five">The Turkish Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li> <li>Viennese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Klassik#Vorklassik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener Klassik">Viennese preclassicism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Klassik#Vorklassik" class="extiw" title="de:Wiener Klassik">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Saeculorum" title="Vox Saeculorum">Vox Saeculorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandelweiser" title="Wandelweiser">Wandelweiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_School" title="West Coast School">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)"><img alt="Mighty Handful." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mighty_Handful.jpg/40px-Mighty_Handful.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mighty_Handful.jpg/60px-Mighty_Handful.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mighty_Handful.jpg/80px-Mighty_Handful.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Viennese_School" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Viennese_School" title="Template talk:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Viennese_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Viennese School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Viennese_School" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Viennese School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (1874-1951)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vier_Lieder_(Schoenberg)" title="Vier Lieder (Schoenberg)">Vier Lieder</a></i>, Op. 2 (1899-1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Buch_der_h%C3%A4ngenden_G%C3%A4rten" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Buch der hängenden Gärten">Das Buch der hängenden Gärten</a></i>, Op. 15 (1907-1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herzgew%C3%A4chse" title="Herzgewächse">Herzgewächse</a></i>, Op. 20 (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a></i>, Op. 21 (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Vier Lieder</a>, Op. 22 (1913-1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i>, Op. 4 (1899, 1916-1917 and 1943 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1</a>, Op. 7 (1904-1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2 (with soprano)</a>, Op. 10 (1907-1908, 1919 and 1929 <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Quintet_(Schoenberg)" title="Wind Quintet (Schoenberg)">Wind Quintet</a>, Op. 26 (1923-1924)</li> <li>Suite, Op. 29 (1925–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 3</a>, Op. 30 (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 4</a>, Op. 37 (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a></i>, Op. (1900-1903, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1910-1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a></i> (1914–1922, rev. 1944)</li> <li>"Prelude" to <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a></i>, Op. 46 (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande_(Schoenberg)" title="Pelleas und Melisande (Schoenberg)">Pelleas und Melisande</a></i>, Op. 5 (1902-1903, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Orchestra" title="Five Pieces for Orchestra">Fünf Orchesterstücke</a>, Op. 16 (1909, rev. 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for orchestra</a>, Op. 31 (1926-1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a></i>, Op. 34 (1929-1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a>, Op. 38 (1906–1940) and Op. 38b (<a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for 2pf, 1941-1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Drei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Drei Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 11 (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechs_kleine_Klavierst%C3%BCcke" title="Sechs kleine Klavierstücke">Sechs kleine Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 19 (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces_for_Piano" title="Five Pieces for Piano">Fünf Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 23 (1920-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_for_Piano_(Schoenberg)" title="Suite for Piano (Schoenberg)">Suite für Klavier</a>, Op. 25 (1921-1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Klavierstücke</a>, Op. 33a (1928-1929) and Op. 33b (1931)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i>, Op. 17 (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i>, Op. 18 (1910-1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a></i>, Op. 32 (1928-1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1930–32, compl. <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kocsis" title="Zoltán Kocsis">Kocsis</a> 2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36 (1934-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg#Textbooks" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Harmonielehre</a></i> (1910-1911, rev. 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_biblische_Weg" title="Der biblische Weg">Der biblische Weg</a></i> (1922-1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> (1883-1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langsamer_Satz" title="Langsamer Satz">Langsamer Satz</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia_(Webern)" title="Passacaglia (Webern)">Passacaglia</a>, Op. 1 (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_(Webern)" title="Symphony (Webern)">Symphony</a>, Op. 21 (1927-1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Nine_Instruments_(Webern)" title="Concerto for Nine Instruments (Webern)">Concerto for Nine Instruments</a>, Op. 24 (1931-1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_for_piano_(Webern)" title="Variations for piano (Webern)">Variations for piano</a>, Op. 27 (1935-1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Webern)" title="String Quartet (Webern)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 28 (1937–38)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> (1885-1935)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (first setting, 1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Early_Songs_(Berg)" title="Seven Early Songs (Berg)">Seven Early Songs</a> (1905-1908, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Berg)" title="Piano Sonata (Berg)">Piano Sonata</a>, Op. 1 (1907-1908, rev. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Berg)" title="String Quartet (Berg)">String Quartet</a>, Op. 3 (1910, rev. 1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a></i>, Op. 4 (1911-1912, iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">rearr.</a> 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Orchestra_(Berg)" title="Three Pieces for Orchestra (Berg)">Three Orchestral Pieces</a>, Op. 6 (1913-1915, rev. 1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>, Op. 7 (1914-1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerkonzert_(Berg)" title="Kammerkonzert (Berg)">Kammerkonzert</a> (1923-1935; ii "Adagio" <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for cl, vl, pf 1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schlie%C3%9Fe_mir_die_Augen_beide" title="Schließe mir die Augen beide">Schließe mir die Augen beide</a>" (second setting, 1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> (1925-1926 for <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, 1928 ii-iv <a href="/wiki/Arrangement_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangement (music)">arr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">str. orch.</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a></i> (1928-1935, <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orch.</a> compl. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Cerha" title="Friedrich Cerha">Cerha</a> 1962-1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Wein" title="Der Wein">Der Wein</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)" title="Violin Concerto (Berg)">Violin Concerto</a> (1935, rev. ed. Douglas Jarman 1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Ode-to-Napoleon%22_hexachord" title=""Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord">6-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_hexachord" title="Schoenberg hexachord">6-Z44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. 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href="/wiki/Skandalkonzert" title="Skandalkonzert">Skandalkonzert</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Private_Musical_Performances" title="Society for Private Musical Performances">Society for Private Musical Performances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_trichord" title="Viennese trichord">Viennese trichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve-tone_technique_and_serialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Template:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_technique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone technique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_technique_and_serialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">Combinatoriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(music)" title="Complement (music)">Complementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derived_row" title="Derived row">Derivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">Hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_class" title="Interval class">Interval class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Invariance" title="Twelve-tone technique">Invariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derived_row" title="Derived row">Partition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross partition">Cross partition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">Tone row</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tone_row#total_chromatic" title="Tone row">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tone_rows_and_series" title="List of tone rows and series">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutterakkord.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/54px-Mutterakkord.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/81px-Mutterakkord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mutterakkord.png/108px-Mutterakkord.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="3675" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Permutation_(music)" title="Permutation (music)">Permutations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique#Transformations" title="Twelve-tone technique">Prime row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_(music)" title="Retrograde (music)">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic inversion">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_inversion" title="Retrograde inversion">Retrograde inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_(music)" title="Multiplication (music)">Multiplication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers">Notable<br /> composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<i><a href="/wiki/Serialism#Notable_composers" title="Serialism">more</a></i>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-interval_twelve-tone_row" title="All-interval twelve-tone row">All-interval twelve-tone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-trichord_hexachord" title="All-trichord hexachord">All-trichord hexachord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">Chromatic scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_series" title="Duration series">Duration series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_class_(music)" title="Equivalence class (music)">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_composition" title="Formula composition">Formula composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctualism" title="Punctualism">Punctualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">Semitone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">Set theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_point" title="Time point">Time point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4189860-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002002866">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zweite Wiener Schule (umělecká skupina)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0119290&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534905205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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